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Cultural and Heritage Tourism Trends in the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, 2004

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Cultural and Heritage Tourism Trends in the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, 2004 CULTURAL AND HERITAGE TOURISM TRENDS IN THE AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA, 2004 - 2014 by Mncedi Justice Mboniswa A Dissertation Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Geography at the University of Fort Hare June 2017 Supervisor: Professor. L. Wotshela Co-Supervisor: Dr. R. Pillay i DECLARATION I, Mncedi Justice Mboniswa, do hereby declare that the dissertation entitled ‘Cultural and Heritage Tourism Trends in the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape, South Africa, 2004 – 2014’, is the product of my own investigation except where otherwise stated, and that it has not been submitted for a degree to any other University. NAME : MNCEDI JUSTICE MBONISWA SIGNATURE: …………………………………….. DATE : ……………………………………. PLACE : UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE, ALICE CAMPUS ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God Almighty who is the source and the strength of my life and without whom this would not be possible. I also pass my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Wotshela and co-supervisor, Dr. Pillay for their time, dedication, guidance and support throughout this research. A word of appreciation is also extended to Professor Seethal for organising the supervisor-linked bursary from the Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre (GMRDC) and for availing the Geography Department’s resources for this study. My parents, who nurtured and developed me to be the person that I am today, thank you. My heart-felt gratitude and thanks also goes to my wife, Siyolise Cindy and my children Unako Mangaliso and Kungentando Ziphozethu; who supported me throughout this project. Last but not least, I thank all those who spared their precious time during interviews to give me the information I needed to make this research a reality. iii DEDICATION To my late parents, Langa Howard Mboniswa and Nomasomi Patricia Mboniswa. You have not lived long enough to see the fruits of your hard labour. This is a token of my gratitude to you. Also to my daughters, Unako Mangaliso and Kungentando Ziphozethu Mboniswa. This work must serve as an inspiration to you in your future endeavours. iv ABSTRACT The promotion of tourism in a country, especially those with high levels of poverty is one of the strategies that can potentially improve socio-economic conditions of citizens. In South Africa, cultural and heritage tourism is seen as one of the ways in which cultural resources can be utilised to benefit marginalised communities and individuals. Such resources can also serve as source of income since both domestic and international tourists can activate industry as they are interested in learning more about other cultures and heritage. There are on-going debates, however on what constitutes cultural and heritage tourism, who it benefits and how this enterprise is located within various communities of South Africa. This research therefore aims to fill this gap through investigating cultural and heritage tourism development trends within the Amathole District Municipality (ADM) and how this development trend impacts on employment creation and improving the socio-economic conditions of citizens within this area of ADM. To realise this aim, the study looks at the availability of cultural and heritage tourism structures within the ADM and the database records on these structures. This study adopts the community benefit tourism initiatives approach to tourism development in the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province. This qualitative study reveals how the community benefit tourism approach v encompasses rewards to local communities, in as much as it enhances sustainability of tourism initiatives. In bringing out these aspects, the study also examines efforts of the government and private sector in the up- keeping of tourism initiatives, especially for marginalised communities of South Africa. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii ACRONYMS xvi CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Definition of Cultural and Heritage Tourism .......................................................... 3 1.3 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................... 5 1.4 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Research Aim ...................................................................................................... 14 1.6 Research Objectives ............................................................................................ 14 1.7 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 15 1.8 Synopsis ............................................................................................................... 15 1.9 Research Methods and Techniques .................................................................... 16 1.10 Study Area ......................................................................................................... 17 1.11 Significance of the Study ................................................................................... 19 1.12 The Structure of the Dissertation ...................................................................... 20 vii CHAPTER II THE STUDY AREA: AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Location of the Study Area .................................................................................. 22 2.3 Historical Background of the Amathole District Municipality ............................... 25 2.4 Demarcation of the Amathole District Municipality ............................................. 29 2.5 Population and Demography of Amathole District Municipality .......................... 32 2.6 Socio-Economic Status of Amathole District Municipality ................................... 34 2.7 Growth Potential of the Amathole District Municipality ........................................ 35 2.7.1 Enterprise Development ............................................................... 36 2.7.2 Co-operative Development ........................................................... 36 2.7.3 Heritage Resource Management ................................................... 37 2.8 Amathole District Municipality's Tourism Development ...................................... 40 2.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL OVERVIEW OF TOURISM: 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 42 3.2 Overview of the Tourism Industry ........................................................................ 42 3.3 Historical background of the Tourism Industry .................................................... 43 3.4 Tourism Growth and Global Market Forces .......................................................... 49 3.5 Organization of the tourism industry: .................................................................... 51 3.5.1 The Global Context ....................................................................... 51 viii 3.5.2 The Regional Context (Africa) ...................................................... 54 3.5.3 The National Context (South Africa) ............................................. 55 3.6 The Role of the National Heritage Council (NHC) in the Development of Cultural Heritage in South Africa............................................................................ 56 3.7 The Role of the South African Heritage Resource Agency (SAHRA) in the Development of Cultural Heritage in South Africa ............................................ 57 3.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 62 CHAPTER IV TOURISM LEGISLATION IN SOUTH AFRICA 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 63 4.2 The South African Government Three-Tier Spheres .............................................. 66 4.3 The Role of the Provincial Sphere on Tourism Development ................................ 66 4.4 Institutional Arrangements for Tourism Development in the Eastern Cape…………………………………………………… ....................... 69 4.5 Tourism Development at the Municipal Level: The Amathole District Municipality……………………………………………………… .................... 77 4.6 Challenges Facing the Development of Tourism in the ADM.................................. 84 4.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 87 ix CHAPTER V EMPIRICAL DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 88 5.2 Justification of the time period for this research .................................................... 90 5.3 The study sites ..................................................................................................... 93 5.3.1 The Rharhabe Kingdom: Mngqesha Great Place .......................................... 97 5.3.1.1 Attractions at the Kingdom ........................................................
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