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Japanese Colonial Policy Studies, 1909-1945: Nitobe Inazō, Yanaihara Tadao, and Tōbata Seiichi

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Japanese Colonial Policy Studies, 1909-1945: Nitobe Inazō, Yanaihara Tadao, and Tōbata Seiichi Japanese Colonial Policy Studies, 1909-1945: Nitobe Inazō, Yanaihara Tadao, and Tōbata Seiichi by So Jung Um A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Leslie Pincus, Chair Professor Emeritus Rudolf Mrazek Associate Professor Youngju Ryu Professor Hitomi Tonomura So Jung Um [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1811-9889 ○C So Jung Um 2017 To my parents ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ABSTRACT v INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1: Nitobe Inazō: The Founder of Japanese Colonial Policy Studies 20 Introduction Nitobe and Colonial Policy Studies Colonization as a Natural Phenomenon Colonization as the Utmost Development of Humanity Conclusion Chapter 2: Yanaihara Tadao: The Reformer of Colonial Policy Studies 65 Introduction Smithian Theory Marxist Imperialism Studies The Ideal of Colonial Policy: Development Without Exploitation Conclusion iii Chapter 3: Tōbata Seiichi: The Adapter of Colonial Policy Studies 105 Introduction Colonization: The Movement of Capital Colony as Creation Empire as Creation: Counter-Colonization The Grand Regional Economy Conclusion CONCLUSION 152 APPENDIX: A Chronology of Japanese colonialism 157 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 164 iv ABSTRACT My dissertation explores the historical origins, development, and transformations of Colonial Policy Studies, an academic discipline in Japan in the era of imperialism, through the writings of its three leading scholars, Nitobe Inazō, Yanaihara Tadao, and Tōbata Seiichi. Founded at Sapporo Agricultural College in Hokkaido, this new, academic discipline took a more systematized form when Nitobe established it at Tokyo Imperial University in 1909. Until 1945, when the Japanese empire collapsed, the discipline provided Japanese society with a basic framework through which they defined colony, colonization, and colonial policy, and legitimized Japanese colonization as a universal phenomenon of the time. Previous studies have dealt with the three economists within a binary framework of ethical judgment, namely, whether they were internationalists believing in benefits of empire or imperialists advocating exploitation. By placing the colonial policy scholars in the discursive context of their times, my dissertation demonstrates how these opposing terms were, in fact, mutually implicated in their attempts to explain, legitimate, and sometimes criticize Japan’s expanding colonial enterprise. Moreover, my study elucidates the continuities that link the conceptual assumptions and theoretical foundations of the three scholars and lend the discipline an internal coherence. Each of the three scholars represents a distinctive phase in modern Japanese history: Nitobe representing the “nationalist” 1910’s, Yanaihara, the “internationalist” 1920’s and 1930’s, v and Tōbata, the “militarist” late 1930’s and the early 1940’s. This discursive analysis of their lecture notes, monographs, scholarly pieces, and policy papers for the Japanese government demonstrates that they all advocated colonization in some form as an engine of development leading to a greater good, and all believed that empire could be disentangled from imperialism as exploitation, whether in the present or in an imagined future. All three saw colonization as an encounter between different societies with different stages of economic development and as the collective efforts of these societies to utilize all available resources to the maximum to increase human wealth, freedom, and equality for the benefit of all. Ultimately, I show that they served to legitimate and veil Japan’s actual exploitative colonial policies by claiming colonization to be development without exploitation. vi INTRODUCTION Colonial Policy Studies (Shokuminseisakugaku or Shokumin’gaku) is a modern Japanese academic discipline, which was established at the beginning of the Japanese empire in the late 19th century1 and abolished with the collapse of the empire in 1945. In the beginning, the discipline started as a class in the Faculty of Agriculture at Sapporo Agricultural College (Sapporo nōgakō) in Hokkaido. The class was called Agricultural Policy and Colonial Policy (nōseigaku oyobi shokuminsaku) in 1887 and Colonial History (shokuminshi) in 1890. Later, in 1907, it grew to the status of an independent expanded curriculum, titled Colonial Studies (shokumin-gaku). The main subject of the discipline in this period was “internal” colonization focusing on the agricultural development of Hokkaido, the northern periphery of Japan. The discipline made a big stride forward in 1909, when its center moved from Hokkaido to Tokyo. Nitobe Inazō (1862-1933), a graduate of Sapporo Agricultural College, founded Colonial Policy Studies in the Faculty of Law at Tokyo Imperial University, with the help of Gōtō Shinpei, the then head of civilian affairs in the colonial government of Taiwan, and other political and business leaders of Japan. By that time, Nitobe already had established himself as a well-known pacifist and internationalist scholar and had once served as a government bureaucrat in the Meiji period. It was at this juncture that Colonial Policy Studies emerged as a powerful discourse set and institution in imperial Japan. Under the leadership of Yanaihara in the 1920s, 1 See the Appendix for a chronology of Japanese colonialism. 1 the new academic discipline was systemized; its textbooks were published, the curriculum was solidified, and the programs were funded by the Japanese government. In this period, the discipline became even more closely related to economics, particularly, studies on the international economy. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, the discipline made another transformation; it developed into a part of area studies departments focusing on Asian countries. As Japan occupied a portion of China, including Manchuria, and later some South East Asian countries through war with Western imperial powers, Colonial Policy Studies became integrated with several disciplines in the human and social sciences, such as history, linguistics, ethnography, anthropology, and medicine, under the name of Colonial Studies (shokumin-gaku). Colonial Studies, once an academic field primarily addressing the agricultural economy of colonies, was expanded into interdisciplinary area studies on Asia at that time. After 1945, Colonial Policy Studies was abolished along with the demise of the Japanese empire, but the academic tradition managed to continue, as some of its classes were taught under the name of International Economy (kokusai keizaigaku). Eventually, in 1952, the old discipline was reconstructed as International Relations studies at Tokyo University by combining International Economy and International Politics (kokusai seijigaku), which became the theoretical foundation for Japan’s foreign development assistance programs. Colonial Policy Studies has wielded a significant discursive power in Japanese society throughout the modern era until the present day. In pre-1945, it provided Japanese people with terms and a framework to theorize and define colonial relations between Japan and its colonial and occupied territories as well as to enact and to legitimize the Japanese imperial project. After 1945, this system of colonial knowledge continued to provide the intellectual and ideological 2 ground on which Japanese people characterized the relationship between Japan and its neighboring developing countries; this system also became the basis for establishing international organizations to manage relationships in the region. As historian Alexis Dudden shows in her book, Japan’s Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power,2 the history of Japanese imperialism was not only about colonial politics and ruling institutions, but also about the discursive legitimization of empire. Japanese aggrandizers in the transformative Meiji era (1868-1912), the period of Japan’s modern nation- building, realized the necessity of defining their colonial policies in mutually referential terms of law, that is, international law, if they were to gain full legitimacy for Japan as a colonizing nation in the international politics of imperialism: “Colonizing politics were above all a reflexive process,” as Dudden states. Therefore, the Japanese leaders expended a great deal of effort to make their territorial expansion through colonization, as in the annexation of Korea, legal in the eyes of the international community. This discursive project of the Meiji leaders, demonstrating Japanese colonization as a recognized practice of the day, was an important factor in the making of modern imperial Japan. This dissertation explores the history of Colonial Policy Studies, which, as an academic project of Japanese political and intellectual leaders, had as much discursive power as the language of international law. The leaders attempted to legitimate Japan’s imperialist claims within Japan and abroad with this new discipline – a discipline that “confirmed by its logic that the Japanese knowledgeably controlled their colonies.” In other words, Colonial Policy Studies explained to both the Japanese and the world, “how Japan’s empire engaged with and also was 2 Alexis Dudden, The Japanese Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005). 3 upheld by the prevailing international political science of the day.”3 The founder of Colonial Policy Studies, Nitobe Inazō, was well aware of this legitimating effect of the new discipline.
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