DOCSLIB.ORG

(Matthiola Incana L.) Flower

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Matthiola Incana L.) Flower FOLIA HORTICULTURAE Folia Hort. 29/1 (2017): 51-61 Published by the Polish Society DOI: 10.1515/fhort-2017-0006 for Horticultural Science since 1989 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open access http://www.foliahort.ogr.ur.krakow.pl Meiotic behaviour and morpho-phenological variation in cut stock (Matthiola incana L.) flower Sepideh Famil Irani, Mostafa Arab* Department of Horticulture College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran 20th Km Imam Reza Road, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT Morpho-phenological and meiotic studies were performed in twelve cultivars of Matthiola incana. All of the cultivars were diploid (2n = 2x = 14) with basic chromosome number x = 7. A number of aneuploid PMCs (n + 1) were observed in plants of two cultivars, named ‘Nobel’ (NB) and ‘Goddess’ (GD), at the diakinesis stage. Trisomic individuals with the frequency of 20% and 5% and (2n + 1 = 15) somatic chromosomes were observed in seeds obtained from single-flowered plants of the cultivars NB and GD, respectively. An additional chromosome was mostly observed in the form of a chain trivalent or a rod univalent. Various meiotic abnormalities were found in all the cultivars to different degrees. In these cultivars, the percentage of cells with meiotic abnormalities was higher in anaphase I. Cytomixis was observed for the first time in Matthiola incana. ANOVA tests revealed significant differences in morpho-phenological characteristics. ‘Nobel’ differs from the others in all of the vegetative features investigated in this study. All the cultivars studied except ‘Nobel’ and ‘Pacific Crimson’ possessed high pollen fertility (> 90%). Five groups of the cultivars based on morpho-phenological features disagree with the clustering of cultivars based on meiotic traits. It is thought that the various morpho-phenological features observed among the cultivars could be due to their different genetic background and not only to meiotic anomalies. Key words: aneuploidy, chiasma frequency, chromosome pairing, pollen fertility, vegetative and floral traits INTRODUCTION plants, it has been observed that mutations in the AGAMOUS (AG) gene cause deactivation of the The stock flower Matthiola( incana L.) is a species gene. So, in an AGAMOUS mutant there are petals of the Brassicaceae family. It is regarded as an instead of the stamen and carpel (Meyerowitz et al. important ornamental plant due to its pleasant 1989). Production, however, is problematic because aroma and beautiful form (Sanchez et al. 2005). of the genetic disorder in the double-flowered plant, This plant exists in two forms: single-flowered and which lacks the stamen and carpel. The double- double-flowered. The double-flowered stock plant is flowered form is sterile and can only be produced popular on the market and that makes it an important from seeds obtained from single-flowered plants export commodity worldwide (Winge 1931, Eid (Johnson 1953, Mizukami and Ma 1997). The et al. 2009). Seeds of the stock flower contain oil seeds of the single-flowered plant produce various rich in linolenic acid (55-65%) that is of medicinal percentages of double-flowered plants, depending importance (Yaniv et al. 1999). In double-flowered on the cultivar. According to reports there are *Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 36041089; e-mail: [email protected] (M. Arab). 52 Meiotic behaviour and morpho-phenological variation in cut stock three types of single-flowered stock plant used as and cytological properties. Double-flowered plants a production base for double-flowered plants. These are sterile, so their meiotic properties cannot be are the “Single” type that, when self-pollinated, studied and no relationship has been determined do not produce double-flowered plants; the between cytogenetic and morpho-phenological second type (“High double”) can produce 25% properties in double-flowered plants. Therefore, in double-flowered plants, and the “Eversporting” this study, double-flowered plants were excluded type produces 40-50% double-flowered plants from the beginning of the experiment and were (Emsweller et al. 1937). Some reports suggest counted only for the purpose of investigating the that the effect of chromosomal abnormality could double-flowered plant rate of each cultivar. be connected with the appearance of double- flowered plants, as well as other morphological MATERIAL AND METHODS properties (Frost and Lesley 1954). Most studies on Plant material chromosomes related to this plant date back 50 years. Based on these studies, the basic chromosomal The meiotic and morpho-phenological study was number (n = 7, 2n = 2x = 14) was reported for performed in twelve cultivars of M. incana listed this plant (Allen 1924, Frost and Lesley 1927). in Table 1. One hundred seeds of each cultivar were Frost (1931) identified aneuploidy in a plant called sown in seedling trays, and at the four-leaf stage, “Snowflake” with 86% double-flowered progenies: the plants were transferred to small plastic pots, cytological investigation determined additional then elimination their requirement for chilling, the chromosomes in this type. Philp and Huskins (1931) seedlings were transferred to 20-cm-diameter pots reported that this additional chromosome had for better development and put in the greenhouse a V shape that was eliminated during meiotic under the same conditions. The average daily division but remained in mitosis. Frost and Lesley temperature in the greenhouse was 15-18ºC, and (1959) reported that an extra chromosome occurred the minimum temperature was 10ºC. All the plants as a consequence of chromosome breakage at of each cultivar were labelled and after recording the first meiotic anaphase. This presented the their morpho-phenological properties and the possibility of more than one additional fragment time of full opening of the inflorescence (flower), of chromosome in the process (Armstrong and collecting buds of the plants was conducted. Huskins 1934). Chromosomal research plays an Analysis of morpho-phenological characteristics important role in studies relating to systematics and In general, 14 morpho-phenological traits related to determinations of genetic diversity (Ortega et al. vegetative and reproductive growth of each plant 1977). There is high diversity among stock flower were measured. This experiment was performed cultivars in terms of morphological properties, such in a completely randomized design (CRD) with that the appearance of double-flowered progenies 20 replicates (single-flowered plants) per cultivar. is variable (Tatsuzawa et al. 2012). However, no systematic study has been done to date to determine Separation of single- from double-flowered the chromosomal characteristics of stock cultivars. plants In this study, we investigated: i) cytological According to Ecker (1993), seedlings with pale traits such as chiasma frequency and chromosome green cotyledons were considered double-flowered pairing, ii) morphological (vegetative and plants. There are two types of cultivars in this reproductive) traits, iii) phenological characteristics study: of three types of stock cultivars: “Eversporting” i). Non-selectable cultivars. In cultivars with no cultivars, named ‘Cinderella Red’ (CR), ‘Goddess selectivity potential (the cultivars NB and ES), White’ (GD), ‘Pacific Crimson’ (PC), ‘Rose Pink’ the separation of single-flowered plants (Fig. 1e) (RP), ‘Lavender Lilac’ (LL), ‘Miracle Mid Blue’ from double-flowered plants (Fig. 1f) was not (MB), ‘Avalanche White’ (AV), ‘Hot Cakes Purple’ possible until the emergence of inflorescence. (HP), ‘White Stock’ (WS) and ‘Deep Blue Stock’ ii). Selectable cultivars. They (all the cultivars, (DB), a “High double” cultivar named ‘Nobel except NB, ES) have the potential to be White’ (NB) with 80% production of double- distinguished (double-flowered from single- flowered plants, and the ”Single” type cultivar flowered plants) at the four-leaf stage by the ‘Esfahan Purple’ (ES), which produces single- colour of the cotyledon. So, individuals with flowered plants. Finally, our intention was to a pale green cotyledon (double-flowered plants) categorize cultivars according to morphological were counted and removed. Sepideh Famil Irani, Mostafa Arab 53 Table1. Data showing twelve stock cultivars with locality, type, meiotic chromosome number, chromosome association, pollen fertility, percentage of double-flowered plants No. of Chromosome associations PFd PDe Cultivar Code Sourcea diakinesis nb Type of stock at diakinesisc (%) (%) cells Cinderella Red CR JPN 378 7 [7II], [5II+1IV], [6II+2I], [5II+4I] 94.7 45 Eversporting [7II], [7II+1I], [5II+1IV], [6II+1III], Nobel White NB JPN 510 7 82.1 80 High double [4II+1III+1IV, [6II+2I], [3II+2IV] [7II], [7II+1I], [6II+2I], [5II+1IV], Goddess White GD NED 491 7 96.4 70 Eversporting [4II+1III+1IV], [6II+1III] Pacific Crimson PC USA 569 7 [7II], [5II+1IV] 89.8 60 Eversporting Rose Pink RP USA 248 7 [7II], [5II+1IV], [3II+2IV] 93.9 50 Eversporting Lavender Lilac LL USA 339 7 [7II], [5II+1IV], [6II+2I] 97.5 45 Eversporting Miracle Mid Blue MB USA 277 7 [7II], [5II+1IV] 95.4 50 Eversporting Avalanche White AV USA 225 7 [7II], [5II+1IV], [3II+2IV] 98.5 60 Eversporting Hot Cakes Purple HP IRN 338 7 [7II], [5II+1IV] 95.3 30 Eversporting White Stock WS IRN 458 7 [7II], [5II+1IV], [3II+2IV] 98.6 40 Eversporting Deep Blue Stock DB IRN 340 7 [7II], [5II+1IV], [3II+2IV] 98.9 35 Eversporting Esfahan Purple ES IRN 297 7 [7II], [5II+1IV] 97.4 00 Single aJPN – Japan, NED – Netherlands, IRN – Iran; bn – haploid number; cchromosome associations were observed at diakinesis (italics – extra chromosome
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COST EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION of SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS By
    COST EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS By TODD JASON CAVINS Bachelor of Science Southwestern Oklahoma State University Weatherford, Oklahoma 1997 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December, 1999 COST EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS Thesis Approved: ' 1 Thesis Advisor .. ;.; ,, ( Dean of the Graduate College 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The purpose of this study was to improve production methods of various specialty cut flower species. Improving production methods allows growers to reduce cost, improve plant quality and earn higher profits. This study involved three research areas of specialty cut flowers. Partial funding was provided by a S.A.R.E. grant and Bear Creek Farm, Stillwater, OK. I would like to thank my principle advisor Dr. John Dole for his encouragement, support, honesty and perseverance. I would like to thank Dr. Janet Cole and Dr. Jim Ownby for serving on my thesis committee. Dr. Cole offered valuable insight and direction towards the research. Dr. Ownby contributed with his wealth of knowledge in plant physiology. A special thanks goes to Vicki Stamback and the gang at Bear Creek Farm. Vicki's experience as a specialty cut flower grower allowed me to gain personal knowledge of the cut flower industry that would not have taken place without her. Vicki's efforts and cooperation greatly improved this study. I want to thank Randall Smith and Leah Aufill for their assistance and plant care. Tim Hooper also contributed by offering his experiences from the floriculture industry and providing stress relieving lunch breaks.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatty Acid Composition of Matthiola Longipetala Ssp. Bicornis from Turkey
    INTERNATİONAL JOURNAL OF AGRİCULTURE & BİOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 10–140/DNK/2011/13–4–581–585 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Fatty Acid Composition of Matthiola longipetala ssp. Bicornis from Turkey SENGUL KARAMAN1, MEHMET GULSEVEN, NAZAN COMLEKCIOGLU AND AHMET ILCIM Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Avsar Campus, 46000 Kahramanmaras, Turkey 1Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The fatty acid composition and morphological characteristics of Matthiola longipetala ssp. bicornis was studied. Wild Matthiola plants and seeds were collected from its native areas in Turkey. The native plants were cultivated in two different sowing times (autumn sowing & late winter sowing) and some morphological characters and seed oil composition were measured. Plant height, number of siliqua, siliqua length, seed yield, thousand seeds weight and seed length values were found to be the highest in autumn sowings. The quantative analysis of seed oil of cultures and wild plants were compared and oil ratio were obtained as 21, 11 and 11% in autumn sowing, late winter sowing cultures and native plants respectively. γ- linolenic acid was found as main component at all Matthiola plants. The ratio of γ-linolenic acid was obtained 65.6, 63.0 and 62.6% in autumn sowing, late winter sowing and wild plants, respectively. The other main constituents of the all oils were obtained as oleic and linoleic acids. The ratios of oleic and linoleic acids were obtained 11.04% and 10.70% in autumn sowing, 13.18% and 11.53% in late winter sowing, 12.46% and 11.01% in wild plants, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Fragrant Annuals Fragrant Annuals
    TheThe AmericanAmerican GARDENERGARDENER® TheThe MagazineMagazine ofof thethe AAmericanmerican HorticulturalHorticultural SocietySociety JanuaryJanuary // FebruaryFebruary 20112011 New Plants for 2011 Unusual Trees with Garden Potential The AHS’s River Farm: A Center of Horticulture Fragrant Annuals Legacies assume many forms hether making estate plans, considering W year-end giving, honoring a loved one or planting a tree, the legacies of tomorrow are created today. Please remember the American Horticultural Society when making your estate and charitable giving plans. Together we can leave a legacy of a greener, healthier, more beautiful America. For more information on including the AHS in your estate planning and charitable giving, or to make a gift to honor or remember a loved one, please contact Courtney Capstack at (703) 768-5700 ext. 127. Making America a Nation of Gardeners, a Land of Gardens contents Volume 90, Number 1 . January / February 2011 FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 5 NOTES FROM RIVER FARM 6 MEMBERS’ FORUM 8 NEWS FROM THE AHS 2011 Seed Exchange catalog online for AHS members, new AHS Travel Study Program destinations, AHS forms partnership with Northeast garden symposium, registration open for 10th annual America in Bloom Contest, 2011 EPCOT International Flower & Garden Festival, Colonial Williamsburg Garden Symposium, TGOA-MGCA garden photography competition opens. 40 GARDEN SOLUTIONS Plant expert Scott Aker offers a holistic approach to solving common problems. 42 HOMEGROWN HARVEST page 28 Easy-to-grow parsley. 44 GARDENER’S NOTEBOOK Enlightened ways to NEW PLANTS FOR 2011 BY JANE BERGER 12 control powdery mildew, Edible, compact, upright, and colorful are the themes of this beating bugs with plant year’s new plant introductions.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of the Traditional Medicinal Plant Matthiola Incana (L.) R
    biology Article Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of the Traditional Medicinal Plant Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. Maria Fernanda Taviano 1 , Natalizia Miceli 1 , Rosaria Acquaviva 2, Giuseppe Antonio Malfa 2 , Salvatore Ragusa 3, Deborah Giordano 1, Guillermo Cásedas 4 , Francisco Les 4,5 and Víctor López 4,5,* 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Polo Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (M.F.T.); [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (D.G.) 2 Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (G.A.M.) 3 Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego (Zaragoza), Spain; [email protected] (G.C.); fl[email protected] (F.L.) 5 Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 May 2020; Accepted: 9 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. (Brassicaceae) is widely cultivated for ornamental purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant. In the present work, the hydroalcoholic extract from the aerial parts of this species has been evaluated in different bioassays in order to detect potential pharmacological applications. The cytotoxic capacity against the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines was tested using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The extract was investigated as a neuroprotective inhibitor of central nervous system (CNS) enzymes such as monoamine oxidase A, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and as a natural enzyme inhibitor of α-glucosidase and lipase involved in some metabolic disorders such as obesity or type 2 diabetes.
    [Show full text]
  • Illustration Sources
    APPENDIX ONE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES REF. CODE ABR Abrams, L. 1923–1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. ADD Addisonia. 1916–1964. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Reprinted with permission from Addisonia, vol. 18, plate 579, Copyright © 1933, The New York Botanical Garden. ANDAnderson, E. and Woodson, R.E. 1935. The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the United States. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Reprinted with permission of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. ANN Hollingworth A. 2005. Original illustrations. Published herein by the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth. Artist: Anne Hollingworth. ANO Anonymous. 1821. Medical botany. E. Cox and Sons, London. ARM Annual Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1889–1912. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. BA1 Bailey, L.H. 1914–1917. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. The Macmillan Company, New York. BA2 Bailey, L.H. and Bailey, E.Z. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Revised and expanded by the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. Reprinted with permission from William Crepet and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. BA3 Bailey, L.H. 1900–1902. Cyclopedia of American horticulture. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. BB2 Britton, N.L. and Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British posses- sions. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. BEA Beal, E.O. and Thieret, J.W. 1986. Aquatic and wetland plants of Kentucky. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Reprinted with permission of Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Garden History Plant Lists
    Southern Plant Lists Southern Garden History Society A Joint Project With The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation September 2000 1 INTRODUCTION Plants are the major component of any garden, and it is paramount to understanding the history of gardens and gardening to know the history of plants. For those interested in the garden history of the American south, the provenance of plants in our gardens is a continuing challenge. A number of years ago the Southern Garden History Society set out to create a ‘southern plant list’ featuring the dates of introduction of plants into horticulture in the South. This proved to be a daunting task, as the date of introduction of a plant into gardens along the eastern seaboard of the Middle Atlantic States was different than the date of introduction along the Gulf Coast, or the Southern Highlands. To complicate maters, a plant native to the Mississippi River valley might be brought in to a New Orleans gardens many years before it found its way into a Virginia garden. A more logical project seemed to be to assemble a broad array plant lists, with lists from each geographic region and across the spectrum of time. The project’s purpose is to bring together in one place a base of information, a data base, if you will, that will allow those interested in old gardens to determine the plants available and popular in the different regions at certain times. This manual is the fruition of a joint undertaking between the Southern Garden History Society and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. In choosing lists to be included, I have been rather ruthless in expecting that the lists be specific to a place and a time.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County 5Th Edition
    cHeckliSt of tHe vaScUlaR PlaNtS of SaN DieGo coUNty 5th edition Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana Downingia concolor var. brevior Thermopsis californica var. semota Pogogyne abramsii Hulsea californica Cylindropuntia fosbergii Dudleya brevifolia Chorizanthe orcuttiana Astragalus deanei by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson San Diego Natural History Museum and San Diego State University examples of checklist taxa: SPecieS SPecieS iNfRaSPecieS iNfRaSPecieS NaMe aUtHoR RaNk & NaMe aUtHoR Eriodictyon trichocalyx A. Heller var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson {SD 135251} [E. t. subsp. l. (Brand) Munz] Hairy yerba Santa SyNoNyM SyMBol foR NoN-NATIVE, NATURaliZeD PlaNt *Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton {SD 122398} red-Stem Filaree/StorkSbill HeRBaRiUM SPeciMeN coMMoN DocUMeNTATION NaMe SyMBol foR PlaNt Not liSteD iN THE JEPSON MANUAL †Rhus aromatica Aiton var. simplicifolia (Greene) Conquist {SD 118139} Single-leaF SkunkbruSH SyMBol foR StRict eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §§Dudleya brevifolia (Moran) Moran {SD 130030} SHort-leaF dudleya [D. blochmaniae (Eastw.) Moran subsp. brevifolia Moran] 1B.1 S1.1 G2t1 ce SyMBol foR NeaR eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §Nolina interrata Gentry {SD 79876} deHeSa nolina 1B.1 S2 G2 ce eNviRoNMeNTAL liStiNG SyMBol foR MiSiDeNtifieD PlaNt, Not occURRiNG iN coUNty (Note: this symbol used in appendix 1 only.) ?Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. indian tHiStle i checklist of the vascular plants of san Diego county 5th edition by Jon p. rebman and Michael g. simpson san Diego natural history Museum and san Diego state university publication of: san Diego natural history Museum san Diego, california ii Copyright © 2014 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson Fifth edition 2014. isBn 0-918969-08-5 Copyright © 2006 by Jon P.
    [Show full text]
  • Matthiola Incana1
    Fact Sheet FPS-402 October, 1999 Matthiola incana1 Edward F. Gilman, Teresa Howe2 Introduction Stock is an upright annual growing to about 18 inches tall with 1.5 inch diameter flowers borne toward the top of the plant (Fig. 1). Stock is well adapted to planting in central Florida in late winter for a good flower display for about one month in late spring. General Information Scientific name: Matthiola incana Pronunciation: math-EYE-oh-luh in-KAY-nuh Common name(s): Stock, Gillyflower Family: Cruciferae Plant type: biennial; perennial; herbaceous USDA hardiness zones: all zones (Fig. 2) Planting month for zone 7: Jun; Jul Planting month for zone 8: May; Jun Planting month for zone 9: Apr; May; Nov; Dec Planting month for zone 10 and 11: Feb; Mar; Nov; Dec Origin: not native to North America Uses: mass planting Figure 1. Stock. Availablity: grown in small quantities by a small number of nurseries Texture: medium Description Foliage Height: 1 to 2.5 feet Spread: 1 to 2 feet Leaf arrangement: alternate Plant habit: upright Leaf type: simple Plant density: open Leaf margin: undulate Growth rate: moderate Leaf shape: oblanceolate 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-402, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: October, 1999 Please visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. Edward F. Gilman, professor, Environmental Horticulture Department, Teresa Howe, coordinator - Research Programs/Services, Gulf Coast REC, Bradenton, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.
    [Show full text]
  • STOCK (Matthiola Incana) Stock (Matthiola Incana) for the Is a Fragrant, Spiky Flower
    STOCK (Matthiola incana) Stock (Matthiola incana) for the is a fragrant, spiky flower. A member of the Brassicaceae fam- FARMER FLORIST ily, it is suitable for cool-season production. Stock prefers full sun exposure; when Weeds can be avoided if beds are Double flowers are 1¼ springtime temperatures begin to rise, it covered in white plastic mulch, stops producing marketable flowers. Some which reflects sunlight and keeps inch wide and appear in stock plants will have single flowers rather roots cool. If no mulch is used and close clusters along 6–8 than the more desirable doubles. weeds become problematic in pro- inches of the stems. The duction, be sure to use a herbicide Stock can be sensitive to potassium deficien- overall length when cut registered for use on stock. One cy, the symptoms of which occur at flower- suggested chemical control is tri- is 12–28 inches. The ing time and manifest in brown leaf tips and fluralin (Treflan), a pre-emergence main colors of stock are margins. Good plant nutrition is necessary (applied before planting) herbicide for better quality; however, high levels of white, red, pink, cream, that controls annual grasses and a nitrogen can cause weak stems. A soil test purple, and yellow. few broadleaf weeds for about 6–8 is recommended to determine what, if any, weeks. It is volatile and must be amendments are needed. incorporated by irrigation immedi- Aphids (Figure 1) and thrips can attack ately after application. The granu- Production stock plants in production. Diamondback lar formulation is most often used moths, flea beetles, and springtails can also to reduce vapor losses.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Propagation of Matthiola Incana (Brassicaceae)-An Ornamental Plant
    POJ 4(7):435-440 (2011) ISSN:1836-3644 In vitro propagation of Matthiola incana (Brassicaceae)-an ornamental plant Behzad Kaviani 1*, Afshin Ahmadi Hesar 1, Ardashir Kharabian-Masouleh 2 1Department of Horticultural Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran 2Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, NSW 2480, Australia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Tissue culture techniques are applied for micropropagation and production of pathogen-free plants. Successful in vitro propagation requires an understanding of specific requirements and precise manipulation of various factors. Direct plant production from cultured explants is important to minimize somaclonal variation in regenerated plants. In this study, an efficient protocol for micropropagation of Matthiola incana using shoot tips is presented. Seeds from mother plants were germinated on MS medium without growth regulators. Shoot tips from in vitro germinated seedlings were subcultured on solid MS medium supplemented with kinetin (KIN)(0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)(0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L). Four-week-old in vitro plants, obtained from micro- cuttings, showed successful shooting and rooting. MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L KIN without NAA resulted in the best shoot length (1.166 cm) and largest number of node (4.64). When the shoot tips were inoculated in the medium containing 2 mg/L NAA without KIN and medium containing the combination of 1 mg/L NAA + 2 mg/L KIN, the best result was observed for root number (1.85) and root length (5.2 cm). Moreover, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll content of plants were calculated.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Families for Designers Constructing Monobotanic Designs
    Plant Families for Designers Constructing Monobotanic Designs Examples only; Not inclusive Legend: Family (Common name of family; for some an alternate is also correct (alt.); Genus or Genus/species (Common Name) (also sometimes placed in this family) Acanthaceae (Acanthus) Acanthus (Bear’s Breeches) Barleria (Philippine Violet) Hypoestes (Polka Dot Plant) Justicia (Shrimp Plant) Strobilanthes (Persian Shield) Adoxaceae (Moschatel) Sambucus (Caprifoliaceae, Sambucaceae) Viburnum (Caprifoliaceae, Viburnaceae) Amaranthaceae (Amaranth) Alternanthera (Chenopodiaceae) Amaranthus (Amaranth) (Chenopodiaceae) Beta vulgaris (Beet) (Chenopodiaceae) Celosia (Chenopodiaceae) Gomphrena globosa (Chenopodiaceae) Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis) Allium (Onion, Leek, Garlic) (Alliaceae, Liliaceae) Clivia miniata (Natal Lily, Bush Lily) (Liliaceae) Crinum (Crinum Lily) (Liliaceae) Galanthus (Snowdrop) (Liliaceae) Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) (Liliaceae) Hymenocallis (Spider Lily) (Liliaceae) Leucojum (Snowflake) (Liliaceae) Lycoris (Naked Lady, Hurricane Lily, Spider Lily) (Liliaceae) Narcissus (Daffodil) (Liliaceae) Tulbaghia violacea (Society Garlic) (Alliaceae, Liliaceae) Apiaceae (alt. Umbelliferae) (Parsley) Anethum (Dill) Angelica Carum (Caraway) Coriandrum (Coriander) Daucus carota (Queen Anne’s Lace, Carrot) Eryngium (Sea Holly) Foeniculum (Fennel) Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) Apocynaceae (Dogbane) Asclepias (Butterfly Weed) (Asclepiadaceae) Catharanthus (Vinca, Periwinkle) Nerium oleander (Oleander) Plumeria hybrids (Frangipani) Aquifoliaceae (Holly) Ilex
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Phylogenetic Relationship of Turkish Species of Matthiola (Brassicaceae) Based on ISSR Amplification
    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2016) 40: 130-136 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1412-34 Study of phylogenetic relationship of Turkish species of Matthiola (Brassicaceae) based on ISSR amplification 1, 2 3 4 5 6 Bekir DOĞAN *, Mustafa ÇELİK , Murat ÜNAL , Abdurrahman SEFALI , Esra MARTİN , Ayla KAYA 1 Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey 2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 3 Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey 4 Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey 5 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey 6 Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey Received: 19.12.2014 Accepted/Published Online: 08.07.2015 Final Version: 09.02.2016 Abstract: Matthiola W.T.Aiton is a taxonomically complex genus in which there are many problems, mostly with Matthiola longipetala and M. odoratissima. Matthiola species native to Turkey were collected from various locations in Anatolia, and their DNA was isolated. Revision studies performed on the basis of molecular data obtained from studies conducted in recent years have made the phylogenetic relationships and systematic positions of the taxa more apparent and reliable. Consequently, the remaining taxonomic problems among the species have been resolved through the use of DNA-based molecular analysis methods, which, unlike phenotype studies, are not affected by environmental factors. The inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting method was used in the study because its properties were considered to be more reliable and consistent than those of the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method.
    [Show full text]