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Community Strategies and Remedies for Natural Resource Conflicts in India CONTENTS MIDCOURSE MANOEUVRES: Community strategies and remedies for natural resource conflicts in India Women walking aſter a day at coal mines in Hazaribagh, Jharkhand Centre for Policy Research (CPR)–Namati Environmental Justice Program June 2018 Author(s): Kanchi Kohli, Meenakshi Kapoor, Manju Menon and Vidya Viswanathan Citation: Kohli, K., Kapoor, M., Menon, M., & Viswanathan, V. (2018). Midcourse Manoeuvres: Community strategies and remedies for natural resource conflicts in India. New Delhi: CPR-Namati Environmental Justice Program This work has been carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada About Centre for Policy Research (CPR) Editing and Proofreading: Ruchi Vadehra The Centre for Policy Research (CPR) has been one of India's leading public policy think tanks Photograph Credits: Joe Athialy, Maruti Gowda, Anjana John, Kanchi Kohli, Manju Menon, since 1973. The Centre is a nonprofit, independent institution dedicated to conducting research Vinod Patgar, Bipasha Paul, Manjit Yadav, Janabhiyakti and Centre for that contributes to a more robust public discourse about the structures and processes that Integrated Rural and Tribal Development (CIRTD) shape life in India. Contact Information: CPR-Namati Environmental Justice Program www.cprindia.org Centre for Policy Research Dharma Marg, Chanakyapuri About Namati New Delhi-110021 In a world where billions live outside the protection of the law, Namati is dedicated to putting the law in people's hands. It is building a global movement of grassroots legal advocates Design and Layout: Printforce who work with communities to advance justice. These advocates are fighting on the front Disclaimer: There is no copyright on this publication. You are free to share, translate and distribute lines to ensure that people can protect their land, access essential services, and take part in this material. We request that the source be acknowledged and a copy/link of your reprint, report the decisions that govern their lives. or translation be sent to the CPR-Namati Environmental Justice Program. www.namati.org MIDCOURSE MANOEUVRES: Community strategies and remedies for natural resource conflicts in India CONTENTS Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Land Governance ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8 3. Key Constitutional and Legal Provisions Governing Land Use Change ...................................................................14 4. Land Use Change ..........................................................................................................................................................................21 5. Impacts .............................................................................................................................................................................................38 6. Conflicts Arising out of Land Use Change ...........................................................................................................................45 7. Strategies and Remedies ...........................................................................................................................................................52 8. Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................................................70 References .......................................................................................................................................................................................72 Case Study I: Bhavanapadu-Kakarapalli Thermal Power Project, Andhra Pradesh.............................................77 Case Study II: Goa-Karnataka Border NH-66 Highway Expansion Project, Karnataka ......................................88 Case Study III: Shree Maheshwar Hydro Power Dam, Madhya Pradesh .................................................................99 Case Study IV: Gevra Mines, Chhattisgarh .........................................................................................................................115 Annexure I: ....................................................................................................................................................................................128 Annexure II: ................................................................................................................................................................................130 Acknowledgment This study builds on the long history of work that social movements, researchers, and civil society organisations have been involved in for the last several decades. Other than primary and secondary data collection, the study has gained substantially through conversations with several people engaged in research and on-ground processes. In particular, we would like to acknowledge the substantial inputs from R. Sreedhar (Environics Trust), Ramesh Sharma (Ekta Parishad), Rahul Chaturvedi (Foundation for Ecological Security), Rana Sengupta (Mine Labour Protection Committee), Namita Wahi (Centre for Policy Research), V. Vivekanandan (South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies), Bipasha Paul (Janabhivyakti), Kumar Sambhav and Ankur Paliwal (Land Conflict Watch). Ward Berenschot (Leiden University), Navsharan Singh (IDRC), Gino Cocchiaro (Natural Justice), Laura Goodman (Namati), Alok Shukla (Chhattisgarh Bachao Andolan), Mahabaleshwar Hedge (CPR-Namati) and Bharat Patel (CPR-Namati) were critical to designing the initial framework of the three country research that this India component is a part of. Preeti Venkatram and Anjana John contributed through the data collection and preliminary analysis. Krithika Dinesh (CPR-Namati) and Kush Tanwani (law student, Nirma University) provided specific inputs for the section on strategies and remedies. Law interns Harshit Pande, Sampada Nayak, and Fizza Zaidi contributed to data collection for the section on sectoral land use change. We thank all the interviewees who generously shared their views, perspectives and facts related to the case studies. The list is available along with all the references used for this study. The study was made possible with the support from International Development Research Center (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. 2 Abbreviations AAQ Ambient Air Quality FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of ADB Asian Development Bank Commerce and Industry ADC Autonomous District Council FIR First Information Report AP Andhra Pradesh FPIC Free Prior Informed Consent APIIC Andhra Pradesh Industrial FRA The Scheduled Tribes and Other Infrastructure Corporation Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act APPCB Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board FSI Forest Survey of India BNHS Bombay Natural History Society GoI Government of India CA Compensatory Afforestation Ha Hectares CAO Compliance Advisor Ombudsman HC High Court CBA The Coal Bearing (Areas Acquisition HCL Hindustan Copper Limited and Development) Act HFO Heavy Fuel Oil CEM Community Environment Monitoring HTL High Tide Line CGPL Coastal Gujarat Power Limited IASRI Indian Agricultural Statistics CHP Coal Handling Plant Research Institute CIDCO The City and Industrial Development IBA Important Bird Area Corporation of Maharashtra IFA Indian Forest Act CIL Coal India Limited IFC International Finance Cooperation CM Chief Minister IFI International Financial Institution CM Civil Miscellaneous IISC Indian Institute of Sciences CPI (M) Communist Party of India (Marxist) IL&FS Infrastructure Leasing & Financial CPMDI Central Mine Planning and Design Services Institute INR Indian National Rupee CPRs Common Property Resources J&K Jammu & Kashmir CR&R Chhattisgarh Rehabilitation and JFM Joint Forest Management Resettlement JPC Joint Parliamentary Committee CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone KMPH Kilometer per hour CZMA Coastal Zone Management Authority KSTPS Korba Super Thermal Power Station CZMP Coastal Zone Management Plan LAA The Land Acquisition Act DOLR Department of Land Resources LPS Land Pooling Scheme EAC Expert Appraisal Committee MASS Machimar Adhikar Sangharsh Sangathan EC Environmental Clearance MCL Mahanadi Coalfields Limited ECEPL East Coast Energy Private Limited MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests EIA Environment Impact Assessment MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forests EMP Environmental Management Plan and Climate Change FBV Forum for Better Visakha MoSPI Ministry of Statistics and Programme FCA The Forest (Conservation) Act Implementation 3 MoTA Ministry of Tribal Affairs PVTG Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups MoU Memorandum of Understanding R&R Rehabilitation & Resettlement MP Member of Parliament RFCTLARR The Right to Fair Compensation and MPSEB Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation
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