EUROPE.
BY , JOHN WII,T.IAJ.f DRAPER, M.D., LL.D., ., 1'1IOI'ESSOIt III TIUI: 1I1IIVBlI8nT 01' nw YOBlt; A1ITJIOa 01' A ·TBJ!.ATISB Oil J!UJUlI' PIlYBlOLOGY,' BTO.. JIl'C.
IN, TWO VOLUMES.-VoL. II.
REYISED EDITION.
~riON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET. -OOVENT GARDEN. 1815. , \ I \
C" -1- ..... r: .~..... ' ---
LONDOM = PRINTED BY WILLLUf CLOWES AND iONS, STAMFORD 6TRltltT AND CHAaJNQ CJl()'" OONTENTS.
'0'
CHAPTER I.
TU 10GB 01' FAITH IN TH1!: WEST. THE 'I'HREE ATTACKS: NOBTHElIK OR )lORAL; WESTEpI OR IN'l'ELIJI:CTt1-U-: EASTlmN OB MILITARY. TBB 1I0BTRBBN OR HOUL ATTACIt ON 'l'RlII ITAUAB SYSTEX, ABD ITS ft)(PORUT ruu-m.s& G6O!JI'Ophical Boutwlari68 oj ltalian Christianity.-AUooka upoo it. The Northern Of" moral Attack.-Ths Emperor oj Gennany iwt, M II reJormatim in the Papacy.-Gerbm, the repr68eniatitJe oj thf!18 Idem. i. ~ Pope.-They are both poiwned, by the ItaZians. Com~ oJtAI intell8cttUJl Rejectitm oj the Italian Syst6m.-It originates in the .Ambian dootri'1l8 oJ the BUpremacfJ oj BetJIOA O!let' Authoriiy.-The questiOll oj Tra1l8libstantiatiOll.-BNe and dmJelop mB1II oj ScliolaBtitMm.-Mutinll among the Monk&. Gregory YIL BpOfItaneotUily accepts and m/O'rcel a BeJorm in tAB Churc1t. --bvercornea tAl Emp6TOf' 01 Germanll.-h 011 ~ poin' oj establ411.ing a Eur0p64" Theooracy.-The P0pe8 IBize the m11itarrt and mtmetary BeIOU1'Ce8 01 Europe U'rough the Ormades. • • • • • Page 1
CHAPTER IL
THE AGIl 01' 1!'AI'l'H Jl{ THliI WE8T-(Continlled). TRB WllSTKBN Oil U;TBLLIIC'l'VAr. ATTAClI: ON !rBB l'rIJ.lAK 5YSTEIC. TIle il~telleotual ConditiOA 01 Chrilttmdom c:cmtraated tDitT. that 01 Arabian Spain. Diffuricm oj Arabian intellectual InflUlltlC68 through Frarlctl and Sitn."ly. -.&.ample oj Sarae.m BcWrtoe in Allu.uea, anel 0/ PhilollophlJ ift Alga=tuli.-InAOCBnt Ill. prepares eo.combat u.-InjluenceB.-Buult. to lYCllCem P.urOj?e 01 the Sack 0/ (f,07l8tantinople by the Catholics. iv CONTENTS.
The 'pread of Mohammedan light Liwature i. /oUotCfd. h, Ilere'1l' The Of'UBhing of HereBY in the South oj France h, armed Force, the InlluWtion, mendicant Order., auricular Con/flllion, an(' au",i.try. The rising Sentiment i. embodied in Frederick II. In Slrl',.-Ili. Conflict tcith and Overthrow b1l the Popt.-8pread 0/ Mutiny amon!1 the mendicant Order.. • • • • . 1'I>l 27
ClIAPTER Dr. THE AGE at I'AlTB Ilf TWI WUT-( ColitinUl'd). OVERTHROW OJ' '1'HlI JTAJ.I.UI 1Y8T1lII "H.CBY TaR •. 00111\1\180 IIInLIU'lU.&L ".U lIon'&L ProgreB8 of Irreligion CI7IIC1Ig the mendicant Ort/I'1I.-PulJlhdion oj heretical Boo'ka.-The Everlasting Oo.pel and tI.. OornITumt on UIlJ Apocalypse. Conflict between Philip the Fair and Boni/aoe VI11.-0utrRge upon and death of the Pope. 'The French King ret7lO1l61 the Pap~ IrOOl Rome fa AV;g1101I.-Post. mortem Trial 01 the Pope lor AtheUm and Im'MOl'alitv.-CalUa and Comelluenc68 of the Atheiem 0/ the Pope. The TemplarB Jall into Infidelity. - Their Trial, nmviIJtion, ana Punishment. Immoralities oj Ole Papal Court at Avignon.-l16 retllrn '(1 ll(1mt. CaUle. oj the great 8chi.m.-Diwrganization oj the Italian foIy.irm. Decomposition oj the Papacy.-Three Pope •. 71/,6 Council of eon,tance attempt. to convert tilt papal Auloom,., into a constitutional Munarchy.-It murder, John HUll. arnl JerO/Tl4 of Prague.-Pontijicate 0/ Nicolas V.-Ena of tlie tilt, llerlual illjluence of the Italian Sy8tem . . 77
CHAPTER IV.
THE AGE OF FAITB 1lf !l'B1!I WhT-{ConcllUkd).
EFJ'I!CT OJ' THII U8T1IIIU1' OB JlILITABr .TT.CL-QIIlIE..... L BEVIE'" or TIIlI "ell or FAITH. T1/,6 Fall of Constantinople.-It. f7W1II'nta"1l Elect 011 the Italian ,')y.tem. CONTENTS.
GENBBAL REVIEW OJ' 'l'HB INTELLECT11AL CONDITION D\ TIlE AGZ 01' FAITB.-Supematuraliam and it. Logic spread aU _ EfQope.-l "destroyed by the J61D8 and Arabiaf'l&-Its total Extinction. l'h. JetDish Physiciam.-Their .Acquirements and InftU[!flC6.-Theit ColUftora with the Imposture-medicintJ oj EUf'0p8.-Their Effect 01'& tM higher ClasS68.-Opposiliora to them. Two Impuls68, the Intellectual and Moral, operating agaimt the Medialml ,tat. oj Thing ••-DoomjaU oj the Italiara System through the intellectual Impuuejrom th. West and the moral from the }forth. Aotion oj the jOf'f1l6f' through Astroraomy.-Origita oj the moral Impulse. -Tluir cunjoint 'rresi3tibltJ Efect.-DisC01JtJr1J oj the ,tat. oj Affair. ira Italy.-Th#J Writing. oj MaclKaveZZi.- What the Ohurch Aad actually done. Entire MotItJIIIent oj the Italian System determined from a oorarideration oj the jour &volts against it • : • . • • . • . Page lOS
CHAPTER V.
APPBOACH OJ' TBB AGB OJ' BBASON IN BUllOI'lL
IZ III I'IlBCEDED BY ILUlITDIB DlSOOVIIBY. COflBicliwation oj the definite Epochs oj Social LiJe. Experimsntal Philosophy emerging in the Age oj Faith. The Age oj Reason ushered in by Maritime Discovery lind the rise 01 European Criticism. M.6.mTnm DISCOVERy.-XlIll three great Voyage/!. CoL1JllBU8 disCO'lJ8'r' .America.-DE G..uu. doubles the Cap' ani' reaches India.-MAGELLAN circumnavigates the Earth.-The Material IIna intellectual.Results oj each oj th68tJ Voyagea. DIGBEIlSION ON TIlE SoCIAL CoNDITION OJ' AMERICA..-In isolated "uman Societiea the pt'OOtJ88 of Thought and of Civilizat10ra is alt.Dall' thtJ ltlme.-Man paB868 through a detel'minat. BUCCe8Bion oj Ideas and .embodies them in determinattJ ImtiMions.-Th. stat. of Mexico and PtJrV proveI the inflUtJnetJ oj Lallfin the detlelopmtJnt of MaR. 151 CO~TENTS.
CIIAPTER Vl
APPROACH 01' TBlI AG. 01' BIWIOlf ll1 lrt11&OP ..
IT 18 I'1UIOKDBD BY 'fDB area 0' CBrrlOlll1l. ll/l8toration oj Greek Literature and P'hiIOIOpll, ilt 1I4ly.-1JM¥1o}Imt1" oj Modem Languag/l8 and Rile 01 OrltlcWm.-IlIImin'lIt Vllngrr to Latin Ideas. IIII1ention oj Printing.-It f'fJ'IXJlutionizel the Communicatima of Know ledge, especially acta on Publi4 lVor8Mp, and nnder. 1114 J'ulpit secondary. TIlE REFOBMATlON.-Theory oj Supererogation and Ule 01 l11clulyeTtcu. -The Right oj Indil1idual Judgment a"erted.-PolUical Hi,torv 0/ the Origin, Culmination, and Check oj tl.e Rl'/ormatlolt.-Itt Effect. in ItaIV' CaU81J8 oj t11e Af'f'est oj the lleJormation.-J'IternIJl ('.(Iu.t'. in Protei tanti8m.-Ezternal in the PolicgoJ llome.-77.e (J()flllt~,·Rcformation. -Inquisition.-J/l8UitB.-Secea8icm oj the great CritiOl.-Culmination oj the BeJormation in America.-EmergffiOO of Indillidval Liberty oJ Thought • • • • • • Page 190
CHAPTER VIL.. ", DIGBEBSION ON THE CONDITION OJ' ENGliJrD AT rn! nD 01' TUI AO_ Ol!' I'AlTIL
Condition oj England at the Suppreltrion oj the Monaaterl"" Ccmdititm oj EnYland at 1M ebe oj th, NfI6nlunlJ. Ctnlu,.,.-Looomo. 'ion, Literature, Ltibrarie&-8ocial. and prlMte Lif. 01 I7uI Laity and Clergy.-Bndaliiy in the AdminUtraticm oj TAlw.-J'rtljliIJar1l oj Literatur,.-The Theatre, itB three PAaeu.-Mlmc£" .lfvral, antJ RealPlaYB. Estimate oj tM Ad'llClfICI made in the Age oj FIIIIA - Compariaora !DiLA that «lreoo1J made in the Age oj Reason • 22!) CONTENTS. vii
CHAPTER vm. 'l'IiB JroBOl'B.Ur AG. OP BBASON.
IlUECTlOll 0., A11'I'II0RI'IT AIID 'J'UDmoll'. AlI'D ADOPl'lOW ~ s:I1III'rmC 'rBllm. DIliCOVKBY or 11lB nUB 1'OSI'TI0N O. rBB BARTH Dr 'l"JU: mIIVEB8B. EcdesiasticaZ Attempt to enJorce the GEOCENTRIC DOC'l'BDI1!I that the EarU~ ia the Centre oj the Univene, anll the f1W8t important Body i1l it.. The liEuOCENTlUC DOC'l'BINE Owl the SUR is 1M Centre oj the &lar System, 11M the Eart& G amall Planet, comes gradually iflto Prominenc& Strug!J18 between the EccZeriaaticCl1 IIntlAstf'OflO'micaZ Parliu.-Actiflitg. 0/ thtJ Inquisition.-JJuming oj BBUlio.-ImpriBonment oj GALILEO. INVEN'l'ION 01' THE TELESOOI'E.-Oompl6tB ~ o/the Ecclesiastical Idea.-Rise 0/ PhyBicaZ A8tronomy.-NEWTOlt.-Rapi
EvwerICCII 01 (l alot.cZ" declining Temperature, anll. therefore, of G Ion, Time.-Ths Process oj ENflI3 by CatIutrophe IItlll by LtJ",.-AfW1Dg, viii CONTENTS.
0/ Individual and 1lac6 Development.-Both a,.. deUnnlned 6rI tmehangeab~ Leu". Conclusion that ehs Plan 0/ t1tS Unifier" indicate. CI MullipUcit, 0/ Worlde in infinite SpacfS, and a S~Bio'IJ 0/ Worldl i'IJ injlnite 7'1'1116 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Page 294
CHAPTER X. TBE BUlIOPEAB AGIil 011' UAIIOlf-{ Continued).
Pcmtion 0/ Man according to ths Heliocentric and Geocentric Thsorlu. OJ' AlmrAL LIFE.-TltS tranJitory Nature 0/ living FomJI.-1lelatione oj PlantB and .A.nimaZ,.-.A.ni'11Uil.B are .Aggregate. 0/ Matter expending Force originally derif16d from the Sun. THE ORGANIO SEBIES.-Ma'll a Member 0/ it.-Hil PolitiMa dekrmined by .Anatomical and Phllriological IntJUtigation oj Ail NerfJOUl Evdem. It. triple Form: .Automatic, In8tinctive, Intellectual. 'I.'Ae .ame progresBifl8 DBfJelopment if IBtm in individual Man, I'll Ole entire animal Series, and in the LiJe oj the Globe.-They (Ire (Ill uncl6f t!/,8 Control oj an eternal, univerMil, irreliltible La.",. The .Aim oj Nature iI intellectual Det7elopment, and Auman Irutitl4litm. must conJorm thereto. Summary oj the Inf1estigation oj ths Position oj M"n.-ProdKCtiora oj Inorganic and Organic Form. by ths Eun.-Natvre oj .Animalt and thsir Series.-.Analogieland Differencu betUle/1ll thlm and MaIL-TItS Soul.-T/tS World • • • • • • • • • • • • • 337
CHAl'TEB XI. THE EUBOPBAJIt AGB 01' UAIOX-( ConUmwl).
~HII.llllIo. O. IICIDICB UD DlDlllrJll'. European ProgreBI in the .A.cquilition 0/ IIMCt KlIOUlledge.-Itl1letem blafUJB to that oj Greece. DillCO'Deries rupecting the .Air.-IlI" mecAanieal aRd cMmical Properlka. -Its Relation to .Animale and Plants.-The Windl.-Meteorologg. SoundB.-.A.coustic .P1&e7IomentL ix:
D~ rCBpectilig th6 Ocean.-Physical aoo chemical Phenomena.- Tld~ and Current ••-Clo1J.iU.-Decumposilion uJ Water. DiaCOlJenu respecting other materiaISubttta_.-Progres. oj Ckemictry_ Discor;eriec rmpect:ng Ele.cil-icity, Magnetism, Light, Heat. Mechanical PhiZocophy and I1I1JefItionc -PhysicaZ l~trumcm,..-Tlie Rault tllUlltrated by the Cotton Mall'UJacture-Steam-enui_Bleach ing-{hnall-Railway•. -Impt'OfJemtJntc in thIJ Construction 01 Ma chiMry.-Social Changec produced.-Ita Effect on intellectual Activit!/. The lCicntijic ContributiOll8 (lJ 1)arious Nationc, aoo ~pecially of Italy • • rage 366
CHAPTER :xn.
CONCLUSION-THE JTTt;RE OF Et:ROPE. Summary 01 the Argument pre8C1lted in this Book respecting tIle mental PrlJ9Tf!" oj Europe. llitellechl(d Derelopme1lt i. the Oliect 01 Individual Life.-It i8 also tile BuuU ollJOCial P'f'OIJru. •. NationB arriving at Maturity inctinciirJely attempt their ot"'" intellectual Orgonuation.-Ezampk oj the Manner ira. tohich thi. laB been tlon6 ii, Chin4.-ItIJ Impe:rfection.-lYhat it hac accompli8hed. The Organization 01 public I:ntellect i8 tl,e End to tohich EuropeQ/~ Oicl1izatioll is tending ". • 39~
,·OL. II. (402)
INDEX.
ABBA OUMNA, a distinp,ished Jewish Academies, accusation of her.., physician, L 401. against the Italian, ii. 213. Abbot Arnold, his sanguinary order at Foundation of modern learned, il. the capture of Bezien, ii. 62. 287. Abdallah penetrates Africa as Car .. Aoademy. Old, (ounded by Plato, L 169. Tripoli, i. 334. _ Middle, fouuded by Arcesilaua, i. AMalmalek invades Africa, 1. 334- 169. AMerrahman .Iain at the battle ot New, founded by Carneades, i. 169. Tours, ii. SO. fourth, founded by Philo ot AhderrahlIlllB ill., descriptioll of tbe Lari.., L 170. Court. ot; ii. 32. Fu\h, founded by Aatioch.. of J... Introduces cottOIl manufacture into calon, L 170. Spain, ii. 386. Acher118ian Cave, ,upel'lltitioualy be Ahderrahmaa Safi improves the ph.,. lieYed to lead to hell, L 86. tometry ef the stan, Ii. 42. Acbilles, tpear ot; pr~ed .. • Ahdulmalek, his BCrDpulous integJ:ity relit'., L 51. in regard to the church 01 Puzzle, advanced by Zeno the Damascus, i. 338. El8lltic u one of four argument. Abelard, Peter, hili character and doc against the possibility of motion, trines, ii. 1 L L 122. Abkah, his temporary success in sub Aco.. tics, diSC01'eries in, and pheno jugating Africa, i. 334. mena of, ii. 870. Aboul \Yera discovers thl' variation of Adrian, Pope, inCDn the diapl.uur. the moon, i. 325. of Charlemagne in eomequenu Abraham Ibn SahaI, obscene character of Hlling hi. v_Is at .laves, I. of the 80ngs of, ii. 35. 373. Absorption of the soul of man, the Adriatic Sea, North, change of deptJa Veda doctrine of, 1. 60. in, i. 80• Abu-Bekr, the successor of Mohammed .. Affinity, first employed in Its modent Al Beithar, a Moorish writer Oil acceptation b1 Albertaa Magnus, botaJIY, ii. 89. ii. 153. Alberto Magnus constructs a brazen Mrica, circumnavigation ot, br tlle mall, ii. 116. • hips of Pharaoh Necho, i. '18. His extensive acquirements, ii. 153• Conquered by the Arabs, L 833. Alberuni, a Moorish write!' on gams. Effects of the lou ot; on Italy,i. 350. ii.39. Circumuvigation ot; by V &soo de Albigensiall reVolt, ii. 147. Gama, ii. 168. Albucasis, a skilful surgeon of Cor Age of the earth, problem of, II. 294- dova, ii. 39. Proofs of, ii. 334. Alby, edict. of Council ot; against the Age of Faith, Greek, f. 143. Jewish physiciana, ii. 125. Ita problems, i. 217. Al-Cawthor, rivet' of, mentioned in European, f. 808. the Koran, t 846. In the East, end of, I. 326. Alchemist!!; Saracenic, L 409. In the West. i. 849j Ii. 1,27, 77, Alchemists, minor, of Enstland, 105. FJ'IIIlce, and Germany, ii. 155. Ita literary condition, if. 128. Alchemy, theory 8lId object of, i.4-06. Results of, in England, ii. 229. Alcuin, • Benedictine monk, founded Contrast ot; and age of Beason, ii. the Universit1 oiParia, i. 437. 389. Alemanni, Christianized at the begin Age or Greek decrepitude, I. 207. ning ot the sixth century, 1. 365. Age of Inquiry, Greek, its IOlutions, Alexander, Bishop of Constantinople, i.211. his controversy with Arius, i. History or, European, i. 239, 265. 285. Age of Reason, Greek, its problema, i. Alexander 11. excommunicates the 221. BIShop of Milan, ii. 11. Approach or, iI. 1S1, 190•• Alexander IV., Pope, he endeavours History of, ii. 252, 294 to destroy the "Everlasting Age or Reason, Greek, i. 111. Gospel," ii. 78. Ages, duration of Greek, i. 222. Alexander of Aphrodisais. his prin Ages of life of' man, i. 14, ciples and tendencies, i. 259. Of intellectual progress of Europe, Alexander the Great, his invasion of i.19. Persia, i. 171. Algazzali's, of life of man, ii. 52. His character, i. 174. Each has its oWlllogic, iL 192'. Alexandria, foundation of, i. 173. Agriculture in a rainless country, Political state of, i. 200. i.85. Decline or the school of, i. 204. Air, modern discoveries of the rela· Description of, i. 323. llom or. L 102. Its capture, i. 834. AU-la-Chapelle, adorned by Charle .e Alniad .. of Anna Comnena, Ii. 59. magne, i. 873. Alganali, his writings and doctrines, Aimadin, battle o~ f. 535. ii.SO. AI Abbas, a Moorish writer on botanr, Albakem, Khali~ his extensive library, ii.39. ii.82. Alaric, capture or Rome bt, L 300. Alhallen discovers atmosphenc refrac Albategnlus discovers the motion of tion, ii. 42. the sun', apogee, i. 825. Review o~ ii. 45. Determines the length or the His conc\nsions on the extent of ,ear, ii. 4-1. the atmo-.phera confirmed, ii. S67 2D2 404 Ali, believed by the Shiites to be an America, United States ot, separation incarnation of God, i. 847. of Church and State ill, Ii. U.3, Ris patronage of literature carried 227. out by his BUcceSSOn, ii. 86. Opportune occurrence of the Revo Alineations, employed by Ripparehus lution, ii. 150. in making a register of the stars, Culmination of the Reformatloll io, i. 202. ii.226. Alliacus, Cardinal, the five memoirs American tragedy, Ii. 166. of, ji. 254. Ammon, St., wonder related or, I. Almagest, ()t Ptolemy, description ot, 427. i. 203. Ammonius Saccas, reputed author of Translated by Averrhoes, Ii. 67. the dootrine. of Neo-Platonism, Almaimon, his :etter to the Emperor i.211. Theophilus, ii. 40. Amron, the Mohammedan general, Detel'Illine. the obliquity of the takee Alexandria, i. 333. ecliptic, ii. 41. Amulets, whence their .uppose4 Also the size of the earth, ii. 41. - power derived, L 403. His accnracy confirmed by tho Anabaptista, number o~put to death, measurements of Fernel, ii. 255. ii.226. Almansor patronizes learned mon ir Aaalogy of Greek and Indiaa Philo respective of their religious . sophy, i. 210. opinions, i. 336. . Analys1B, higher, COlJlmenceJDent of Alps, upheaval of, i. S1. the, i. 134. Al-Slrat bridge, ItpOkea ot in the Political dangera of, i. 139. Koran, i. 846. Anuagor.. condemned to deat.h tor Alwalid I., Khalif, prohibitl tha Ule impiety, i. 50. of Greek, i. 339. His doctl'lDea, i. 108. Amadeus, elected" Pope Fe~ V.," ii. PersecutIOn and death or, 110. 103. Ana:llmaliller of Miletus, hl8 doctrinel, Amber brought from the Baltic, i. i.106. 46. OnglDate. cosmogony and biology, Supposed by Thale. to possess a i.'107. 11 ving soul, i. 97. Anuimenes or MiletUi hold. lhe doc Its electrical power imputed to a trine that air is the tirs& prin. soul residlDg in it, i. 100. ciple, i. 98. Study of its phenomena has Jed to Anchorete, Dumber of, l. '32. important results, ii. 376. Animals, Vada doctrine of UI4I of, 1. 61. Ambrose of MIlan converts St. Augus Are localized U 'trell U 'plant., ii. tine, i. 304. S09. Apology for the impostures prac Order of lucceaioll of, Ii. 321. tised by, i. 313. Animals, cold and bot.-blooded, ii. Ambrose ParI! lays the foundatioll ot S32. modern surgery, ii. 285. Characteristica o~ ii. 339. America, persecutions practised In, ii. ID lower tribes or, movements are 117. automatie, ii. 849. Discovery of, ii. 163. Their instinctive and intellectual Where name first occurs, ii. 163, apparatns, ii. 351. Crime of Spain in, ii. 188. Their nature, ii. 363. Antiquity of its civilization, ii, AIIalogy between, and )faD, ii. 189. 364. INDEX." 405 Anselm, Archhlshop of Canterb1ll'1, Arabs cultivate learning, i. 33S. takes part in the dispute between Rapiwty of their intellectual de. the reaIistll and nomina1istt, ii.l!.!. velopment, i. SS6. Anthony, St., a grazing hermit, i. Invade SpaiD, ii. 28. 427. Arabs, eivilliation and refinement o( Delusions of, i. 429. Spanish, ii. SO. APthropocentrio stage of thought, J. Introduce the manufacture 01 cot.. 36. "ton into Europe, ii. S86. Ideas, promineJlce of, i. 64. Invent eotton paper, and the print-. Ruin ot; ii. 279. ing of ca.lico by wooden blocks, Philosophy, review of, ii. 287. , ii. 886. Antunony, its uses, and origtn of its I Arantius, a distinguished anatomist, :name, ii. 156.. ii. 284. Antiochua of .A8calou, founder of the Arcesilaus, founder oC the Middle fourth Academy, i. 170.. Academy, i. 169. Antiochus, KiDl of Syna, cedes his .Archimede9, the writings of, i. 194. Euro~Q pGIIBOSSlol)8 to Rome, i. llJS mechanical inventions held in.. 246.. contempt by Patristicism, i. 316. - .Antisthenes, lounder 01 the Cymcal ArclinUB, hIB poems held in venera- School, L 149., tion, i. 51. Anton ina, rie ofBeliArius, her cruel Arddha Chiddi, the fouder DC Buddh- treatment of Sylvenus, i. 354. ism, life of, i. 66. Antoninus, llarcua Aurehus, EmperOl", Argo:nautic TOyage, object o~ i. 41. his acknowledgments to, Epiu- Its r~ nature, i. 45•• te~ua, i. 259. Ariminium, Coucil of, i. 289. Antonio de Dominis, outrage on thtl Aristarchus attempts to ascertain the body 0' ii. 225. , SUD'II distance, i. 199. Apennines, upheaval of, i. 31. , AlistiPl'us, the fouder of the Apocalypse, comments oD, ii. 'IS. _ Cyreuuie School, i. 149. Apollonius PerglllWl, the writlngs Qt; I Aristotle keeps a druggist's shop in i. 201. Athen."a i. 129, 397. His geometry underrated. by 1>:'.. ' Biogtsphy of, i. 176. trillticiam, i. 316., His works translated into Arabic, Apollonius of Tya:na aida in the iIltre- i. 402. duetion of Orientall&tD, i. 310. ' .AriHotelism eompared with Platonism Wonders related. of, ii. 115. . i. 177. Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominic&a, 'tho Arithmetic, Indian, ii. 40. rival of Dun. Scotus, 0..14. .Ari~ his heresy, i. 285. SojoUrDa with AJ.bedus lIagnus, ll. His death, i. 288. 116. Folitical results ot his heresy. i. Arnbiall in1lUllll~' lmportance ~ 326. i. 883. Arnold of Brescia, murder o~ ii. 25. So~ry. 1. S90. Arnold tie Villa Nova, biographical School SYbtem, it 36., , sketch of, ii. 130. Practical &eience, it. 8S. Art, Black, i. 404. Medioineand 8urgery, it. 3S Artesian Wells, ii. 301. Astronomy, ii. 41. , Articulata, anatomy of, ii. S50. Practical art, ii. 43. .Asclepions, effect of the destructioll Commm:e, U,,43. of, i. 387. _ Numerals, ii. 49. Nature and organization or, i. 39S. 406 INDEX. Aselliun discovers the lacteals, U. Auricular ClOnt_lon, lntzoiluctloa of, 285. Ii. 65. Asoka, King, patronizes Buddhiam, L "Auculta FiIi," Papal bull o~ U. 83- 67. Australian, Ilow a.ftected. by phy.leal Aspasia, history of, significant, 1.132. circDmstancee, 1.26. Astrolabe, known to the Saracens, ii. Avenzoar, a Moorilih writer on pbar 42. J1Iscy, ii, 89. Astronomical refraction, understood A verrhoe., of Cordova, the chief com . by Alhazen, ii. 46. mentator on ArittoUe, ii. 89. Astronomy, primitive, i. 39. Hi. theory of the IOUI. U. 193. Passes beyond the feticla stage, i. Confounde4 foroe wltll the JIIyehical 100. principle, U. 843. Of Eratosthenes, t 199. Bia erroneou. view of man, H. 857. How she takes her revenge on the A. riee1lDa, the geological rio... or, L Church, i. 360. 4U. The intellectual impulse makee ita A. physiciaD and philotophu, Ii. 89. attack through, ii. 133. A.rignon, P"pacy 1'emom to, Ii. 86. Astronomy aB'ords illustration of lhe Voluptnousneu of, ii. 95. magnitude and age of the world, Papacy leav... ii. 96. ii.278. Azof, Sea of, dependency .tthe lfedi Athanasius rebels against the Emperor terraJIean, i. 28. Constantine, i. 289. First introduces monasticism into, Bablloaaan, extent of astroDOlD.ic.U Italy, i. 433. obsetvatiou, i. 192- Athene, statuts of, L si. Bacon, Lord, natureoChia philoeophy, .Athens, her progress in art, i. 132. ii.258• Athens, her philosophy. i. 133, .Bacon, Roger, titIei of hie worb, h. Her Call, ii. 109. 120. Atlantic, nrst voyage across.-ii. 162. J. the Ctiend of the Pope, U. 182- Atmosphere, height ot, determiaed Hill hbtorl anel hil duoovm., Ii.. by Alhazen, Ii. 47. 153. Effects of light on, ii. 320. Baconiaa phUoeoph,.. ita priaalplet u .... The phenomena and properU/l' of, deratood and carried late praetice ii.867. • eighteell huadrM ,.... 1Je6J" Atomic theory, suggested by I>emOoo Bacoll was bora, Ii. 175. critus, L 125. Bactrian empire, Europesa w.. traft, Attalus, King of l'ergamus, effect of mitted througla, L '"' his bequest. to Rome, i. 247. J3acibee, John, til. _on4 Eog1l. mar •o\ttila, King 'of the BUDS, "tilt tyr, deDiei t.1'aaIabetantiatioa, ii• scourge of God," invadee Africa" , 99. i. ~50. ~,dad, Kh.llU of, patroniH learning, Augsburg, Diet of, ii. 211. 1. 833. Augustine, St" causee Pelagia. to be Ita univerJit,. founded by the Khalil j expelled from Africa, i. 294:. AI Raschld, L 402- Writee the" City of God," 1. SOl. Baghant Gita, 1. ~. Character of that work, L 304- Bainel on the utent 01 the eottoa Denies the possibility of 'he ..It,\tJ- manufacture, Ii. 886. podes, i. 815. , Bajuet, defeata Sigi."UDd, Kiag 01 His notion ofthe Virgin, i. 361. Hungary, .t the ba~tle 01 ~ On spontaneous generation, ii. 329. polis, Ii. 106. .I1mn. 40f .. BalaDee or W'JSd-... probabll writ BemardiDi, reteI', the rather el St.. teD bl Alh.ueD, ii. '7. Francis, ii. "- b.&lhoa dusconn ~e Great South Sea, Bertha, Queeo of Kent., asa_ ill ~e Ii. 171. COIlversioll.of Englaad ... Christi. &ll, JoIa.., hiB preachiag aD iadu of anity~ i. 366. the stu. of tlHl times, ii. u.8. Buien, t.he capture 0( by Abbot At' balthuar c-a, Pope Jon UlIL, auld, ii. Ga. ii. 98. CoUDW o~ opposes the Jewish phr Barbariaos, Northel1lt their iJlBaeDAll siciaas, ii. 125. ,Oil. civiliut.iOll ill. It.aII, i. '16. Bible, UaDlllat.ed ill.to Latin bl Je Barbaroesa, Frederick, BUrRoden All rome, i. 800. Dold of BreaJCia to the ChlU'Ch, ii. Its superiority to the Koran, i. M:L sa. Translated iato English by Wick- Barsumu assists ill. the muder of the 1i1Fe, ii. 99. Bishop of Coustaat.iDople, i. 297. Its character uti general circula Basil Valelltine iDtnducea antimony, tion, ii. 224.. Ii. 156. Biologyoriginakls with Aauimuder. Basil, St., Bishop of CEsarea, founder i. 107. of the Buileua order or lQoaU, Bird" migratioll at; i. 6. i. 436. Bishops., riYalneli of the three, i. 29B. &sIe, Council 0( Ii. 102- Thm tate, i. 306. Bavarians, Christ.ia.lliaed, i. 365. Accusatioa of Bouse of Commous .. Beatific V'woo," queationed bl John agaiDA the English, ii. 235- XXIL, ii. 94- Thea reply, ii. 236. l3eccber iDtroduc:ed the phlogistic the mack Art sprang from Chaldee 110- ory, ii. 286. tions, i. '04.. llechil, the discoverer of phoephorus, Black Sea, & dependency of the 1Iecli i. '10. temmean, i. 28. Belgrade, taken by Soliman the lIsg BleaclaiDg by chlorine, ii. 88G. llificent., ii. 109. Blood admixture, eft'ect ot;, i. 15. Ilelisarius I'eCOnquen Africa, i. 327. Degeneration, its decl, ii. 1" Captures Rome, i. 35G. Boccaccio obtaiaa a pl'Ofessonhlp tor Benedetto GaetaDi, Cardinal, his parti Leoatiua Pilatus, Ii. 1M. cipatioD. in eausiag the a'bdieatioll Bodin's, " De Republica,· i. G. of Peter Morrone, CeleatiDe V .. Boelhius falls a Yictim to the wrath ii. 800 of Theodoric, i. 35S. Benedict., St., miracles related ot;, i. BiB character, i. 358. 435. BoUma, Tom. origia 01 the nickname, Benedic:tlnes, thm numbers, i. 436. ii. S44. BeD Eua, his JlWDerGUS acquirements, :Boniface VIIL, Pope, " :Benedetto ii, 123- Gaetaai," his qUlU'l'lll -.ita ~ Berengar of Toars, opinions 0( ii. ColoDllas, ii. ao.. 10. BoIIit'ace of SavoY. Arehbiahop iIf llnT of hiB docbiDee _bracecl hI Canterbury, hia rapacity, ii. 75- W il'kli1Fe, Ii. 98. BoIlilaee, all l.uglish miI&ioaarJ' oC Berkeley, his doctrine oa the exist-, the seventh ceatury. i. 366. enee 0' matter, i. 231. Boob, lougenty at; ii. 1101. Benuml .t Claimu stimulatea the Borelli 00 circular motion, ii. 272- secon4 Crusade, it II .. , ' Applies IIl&thematics to a1lllCQ)q Eu-nud, St., attacb Abelard, ii.ll. DlClnment., ii. 286. ,Boyl., impr4lves th, air-pUJllp, ii. 286. Cabot; Sebutian, ftdiaeonrt Ne,,~ Bradley determlnes, the velocity of fGundland, and attempts to find • . direct stellar light., ii. 299.· north-west pB88age to ChiDa, U• .Bl'I}hman, .GW regarded according to 174. the IlIStitutes of Menu, 1. 63- Cabral di8covera Brazil, Ii. 1'14. ~ttempte<1 to reconcile ancient tra. Cadesu., elfect Gf the battle or, L ditiollS with modera philosophical 8SS. . r'4iscoveries, ii. ass. , Clesalplnua first gives a clusUicatioll Brain, functiollll, ii. 351. Gf plants, ii. 890. ·]3r!aksp!&f,l\Ticholas, afterwards Pope ClIlSar beoolDes master Df the world, L Adrian IV., ii. 25. . 248. B~,. discQver~ ,of.. the ·quinary Calico printing, antiquity Df the art• .. ,arrangementpfllowers, ii. 286. • and how improved, ii. 886. Brindley, a mlllwnght'. apprentice, ii. Caliguls, Emperor, an adept In ' al . ;J8S. chemy, i. 407. His engineering triumph in the Calixtua m., Pope, issues his {ulmi j ••c~st.ructioli of canals, ii. 38;.· natiou against Halley'S comet. Bruchion, the library in, i. 318. Ii. 253. Bruno, Giordano, *eaohes the heJio. Callimachus, author of. treatise Gil '. qIll}trio theory, ii. 257. birds, and a poet, i. 201. Is burnt as a heretic, ii. 258. Callisthenes acoompenies Alexander B~}l~es, "hy.supposed by Diogenes to the Grea~ in his campaigllll, i. pe lnc;apj\ble of taought, 1. 102. 172. Buddhism, Its ris!!; i. 65. Ja hanged by his orden, i. 174-. .r~e organisation of, i. 67. TraDBlllits to Aristotle reeordlt Its fundamental principle, 1. ,6S. of nstronGmlcal Gbservations, i • . ,lts, view!! of the"nstl1l'8 of man, i 192. 70. Calvin ebuLlishe. a Dew reIigi01ll Philosophical estimate of. i. 72. lees, fi. 211. Bulgarial\s !lODver'ed by a pictlll'ey" Cauaes Servetua to be burnt as a )l6'l., heretiC, ii. 225. B1plSeJ\, lJ.is estimate 'Of E\lIIebiua'. Calydonian boer, hide Df, preserYpd al ChronGlogy. i. 198" • relie, I. 51. Bunyan, John, ,his writings B1l1'p8SI CambyS8B conquel'l Eupt, I. '19, I. "tPose of St. Auptlne, j. 80S. 186. • His twelve years' impri8OllU1ent for Canal of Egypt, reopened by Necho, i. preaching, Ji. 242. '18. Probable source of lDuch of the :ma.o A warning from the oracle or ~ ehinery of the PlIgrim'a Progress, Amun call_ Necho to stop the • "ij.,248. \ . _. , conatructioa of, i. 93. . BU/-'Iler.'. J' &cred Theory, Df -the Cleared again frGm land, t 825. Earth," Ii. 286. Canab the preCUJ'SOJ"l 01 raihrays, fi- Brzanti\l:e IIY'~ adepted i. Italy, i. ' 887. 13*9. , OfChina,.tkeir in&uence, ii.400. l ,dG'VIlr.mnen~perseeut.es the Nesto Cannibalism of Europe, i. 82. ~i~ .and Jews, i. 385•. CanoWe 01 Epleuras, Imperfection of; Suppr~QD. Gf lDedicine, i. 886.. • , i.167. ' CallOSa, lC$ie at, the Kin&, Df Ger ~~Q4nia".quoted ,Gn 'he inllueJlC8 I of . many seekiDf psrdOil Df the Popt', the Jews, ii. 120., i.i.19. INDU. 40~ Cape or Good. Hope, doubled. by V MCO Chadizah. the wife or Mohammed, i.t de Gama, 11.168. , 830,881. First pJad.e hon jn Europe by the Chuia Molllli, meaning of the IlIIme, Jews, ii. 17{>. i.67. Caracalla, alluded to in the reply' of The founder of Buddhism, i. 342~ the Christians to. the Pagaas,.. i. Chalcedon, Council of, i. 297. 302. It determines I the rel&tion of the Carat, ita derivation and IligumcatioD, two naturea of Christ, i. 299- U. 44. Chaldee notions give rile. to the b1aek CUt'Deadest the founder .of the ,New art, i. 4~ Academy, his doctrlDes, i. 169. Chi1ona, battle of, i. S50. Carthage, descriptioll of, i. 129.. Charlemagne, his iniluence in the. con Ita conquest contlPIlplated by Alex.. ' version of Europe, i. 364., auder the Grea.t, i.. 174. . Disapproves of idolatry, 1. 368. Most ell'ect.ually controlled. by inn,. Developes the pollcy of his father< ding Africa, i. 245. , Pepm, i. 8n. Herachua contemplates making it , I!i crowned.. Emperor' of the West, the metropo& of the Eastern em~ i.871. ph:e, 1. 329. .' The immorality ~f his privata life, Carthage stormed and. dest,:oyed· by i.874. Hassan, i. 334. Charles Martel gaiDs the battle. of CarthagiJI.ian commerce" nature, and Tours, i. 868. extent. ~r, i. 130. His relatIOns to. the Church, i. 869~ "' Caroliman Books" puuhshed. by :rope Gregory Ill. seeks his aid, i. Charlemagne, aga.ins~ imagq wor 423. , ship, 1. 87~. . Ch~ the .80111'(18 of their supposedl Caspian and Dead Boos, level et, u. power, i. 408. , B05. Chemistry't fetichism of, i. 101., Caltelli assists in the verification of :rythagorean, i. 116. the laws of motion, ii. 271. Scientific, cultivated by the· .Arab~ Create& h]'drauliCII, i1. 285- i. 408. Lays the foundatiollo of h:ydraulics, Chemistrr. FOgres. of, ii. 814. i1. B90. Chilpel'lo II. permitted to retain his. Casuist~, development or, ii. 66. title, i. 869. Catalogue of stait contained in the .Al Chilperic III deposed, and. shUll up magest of :rtolemy, L 203. in the convent, of St.. Omell" i .. C.atasterisim.s of Eratosthenes, i. 196. , 870. Catastrophe, insufficiency of .. ,.wgle, China, lle1' policy, ii. 895. . ii. &16. , Chinese Bu..tdhiam. i. 'l2. 14., Doctrine of, ii. 823. ' I Choaroe" ll., his luccesses,.i. 828., Cato caw;es C~eades to.. ba ,t:a:pel~ed The deet of m. wen on COlBDlet'ce,. , from Rome, i. 164. , . J.837. , '. • Celibaor, of clergy ~iate4. OIl by the ((hristilm repll1 to the ac -christianity. three modUioatioDl of, L Clergy, responaible for the mataaere H 271~ The.ualonica, L 318. Judaic, i. 271. Support the delulioa ot .uperua Gnostic. i. 273. turalism, ii. 113- Platonic, 1. 273. American, ii. 227. Spreads from Syria, 1. 274- English aocused by the Commons, .4.ntagonizes imperialism, i. 275. ii. 285. Its persecutiou, 1. 277. Discipline Act, ii. 237. Hellenized, i. 290. Deltr&ded condition of the tower, in Paganization of, L 309. England, Ii. 242. Expelled from Palestine, Asia Mi "Clericis laicoc," bull issued by Pope DOf, Egypt, and Carthage, 1. 832. Boniface, ii. 82, Paganisms o~ 1. 359. Clermont, Council ot, authori%ea the Allied to art, L 359. Firat Cruade, Ii. 21. -Chronology of Eratosthenes, 1. 197. ClimaCUl, John, author of .. Ladder ot Church, Greek and Latin, 1. 29L ParadiM," ii. 69- Effects of union of, aDel State, i. Climate., in tim. and place, iL 817. 377. Clotilda, Queen ot the Frank., COUD&eI, What she had done, it 14,S. her husband Clovis, I. 866. Services, their influence on the Clouds aDd their aomenclat1ll'll, Ii. people, ii. 202. 378. Separation of, and State, ii. 227. Cnidos, medical echool o~ L 898. Cicero, his opinioDl aDd principlee, i. Cnudeauya, aqueduct o~ ii. 186. 258. Coal period, ii. 820. Cimbri, e&DII of their invasion, L 30. It. botany, ii. 832. Cipher, its derivation and. meaning, Cobham, Lord, hanged (01' heret)' aDd ii.40. treaaon, ii. 99. Alluded to by Pope Sylvester, ii. 49. Cochlea, its (unction, L 5. -Cucle, the quadrature of, treated 'by Ca!nobitism euceeedl Eremitism, .. Archimedes, i. 194- 432. -Circumnavigation of Urica, why un Coffee-hoo.., their political ..d dertaken by the EgyptiaB Kings, IIOCial importaDoe, Ii. 2.9. i.. 78. • Coinage, it. adulteration, 1. 251. Its repetition contemplated by Alex Coiter create. pathological aaatomy, ander, i. 17B. Ii. 285. • Of the earth~ Ii. 172. Cold, infiuence or, 011 man, L 28. Results of, Ii. 173. Collegea founded by the Jew., i..02, ..circumstances, how far maD 11 the iL 121. creature of, i. 389• Colonial .yatem, origia o( Greek, i. . Clement V.. Pope, tak. up his rea£. 128. ,41ence stAng.oD, Ii. 86. ColODie., Greek, e81entially weak, • -Clement of Alexandria, his Invective 113. against the corruptiona 01 Chris- Pbilosophlcal inlluenee of, I. 128. tianity, i. 358. ' ColoDDaa, their quarrel with Popa ·-Cleomedes, an aatronomer of .AJuan.. BODUace, Ii. 80. dna, i. 202. I Colouua of Ramese. II., its great ant&- ·Cleopatra,'the las~ 01 the Pto1emi_, i. , quity, L 87. 200. Coloun ot rainboW', ii. 37t. Is presented with OIle of the Alex Colom_n, • mi.ionarr of &he mila andriaD libraries,. 1. 318. cent~ry, 1. 866. CoJumbu, IIi. early lite, Ii. 159. Copais, tunnel o( i. S2. Is confuted by the Coullcil ot Sala Copernican system, condemned brthe manca, ii. 161. InquisitiOIl, iA. 268.. Hil voyage acrolill the Atlantic, ii. Theory of, rectified, ii. 268. 162. , Copunicu8, the works 04 if. 255. Discovery of Ameriea, ii. 163- Hia doctrine, ii. 256. Conunerce, development of l1editer Copronymus the Iconoclast, ~ 418. ranean, i. 45. Corda,·.. descriptioll ot, U. 30. Favourable to the spread of new Corinth, . mechanical art reached ita ideas, i.127. perfection in, i. 132. (:ommerce, Dlany of the devices of lIer fall, ii. 109. modern, known to the Carthagi Cosmas Indicopleustea, hiB argument nians, i. 180. against the .pheneity of the (:ommnDltlea, Jlatun ofprogresa of, i. earth, ii. 159. 12. Cosmo de' Medici, ii. 192. Comnena, Anna, .. J,lexia4" o~ ii. Cosmogony. originatel with AIlui. 59. mander, i. 107. Condlllac, his theory of melJl,0l'1 and Of Anuagorae, i. 109. compariloJl, i. 232. or Pythagoras, i. 115- Conon of Alexandria, i. 194- Cotton manufacture, ii. 385. Cuzco, the metropol~ 01 Peru, de- Did1!Dus, wonderful taciturnity reJ , 'S(ll'iption of, ii. 181. lated of, I. 427. Cycle of hfe, i. 233. DiocIes, a writer on hyglen. and Cyclopean struotureS, 1. 82. gymll88tics, i. 891. Cyulcal school, i. 149. Dioclotian, state ofthiDg. UDder, L 216. Cypriau, his complaints agaillst tb. Diogenes qf Apollonia de'felope8 tbet , clergy and conft'Ssora, i. 358. doctrinel of Anaximenes, t. H. Cyprian, St., hi. 'remarks at the Diogenel of Sinope utends the d0c Council of Carthage, i. 291. trines of Cynicism, I. 149. Cyprus taken by the Saracens, I. 835. Dfoscorus, Bishop ot AleX&lldrla, de Cyrenaic school, i. 149. posed by the Council of (''hal-' CyrIl, St., his acts, i. 321. mOil, i. 291. An eccle~iastical demagogD', I. B91. DJat'ar, or Geber, an Arabiaa chemist. lIesmb. nitric acid and aqU' regia, i. 410. Dallle" 'hi. 'estimate 01 tho fathers, I>jond_bour, medical college of, 11.225. founded by the Nestorians and Damascus taken, r. 334. Jewe, L 891. . Damasus, riots all the elettion of; I. Patronized by the Khalil J.l Baa 292. chid, L 4-02. Damiani, Pete1", his charges against Docetes, their ideas of the nature of the pnests of Milan, ii. 'L Christ, i. 270. Death, interstItial, i. U. Dogmatist., their theory of the treat "Defender of Peaee," nature of the ment of diseaae, L 399. work, ii. 93. Dominic, St., wonder. related o~ ii. 63. Deification, John Erigena 011, if. 9. Dominicans, they oppose Galileo, ii DeltYt 'anthropomorphio ideaa 01, In 262. .. the Koran, i. 842. Donatists recalled from baDishm8llt. Delos, a slave market, i. 246. "y CoDstaDtine, 1. 281. Deluges, ancient, L 30. Drama, an indu of Datlonal Dlenta) DelllSlODS, of the sense, i. 230. coodltion, ii. 249. Created by the mind, i. '429. Draper'. Phy,iology qnoW OD cere Demetnus Phalereus, bis instruo bnl .ight, i. 430. tioM to collect books, i. 188. On the benefitll conferred by th.. Demetrius Poliorcetes q noted, i. 100. CJ.urch, it. 145. Democritus asserts the unrebabllit1 On the lIece1llty of resorting to of knowledge, i. 124. .ulItomyaDd phrsiology, Ii. 343. Descartes, his theory of clear fde:lS, Dreams, AIganali" new ot their i.231. natare, it. 61. Introduces' the theory or &11 ether Drwds, i. 241. and vortices, iI. 285. Dn lIolay,bUJ'Dt at tbe stake, ii. 92. Desert, influences of the, i. '6 •• l>una Scotus, John, • Franciscan Destin:1t 'Democ:ritUB's opinion ot; i. monk, the rival of TholtJaa 125. , Aquinas, it. 14.. Stoical doctrine of, i. 185. DUverney on tbe sense of hearing, it. Deucalion, deluge ~ i. 51. 286. Development of organisms, Albazen', , 'theory of, it 48. ' Ear, i. 5. Dew, the nature of, ii. 3M. Earth, globular form o~ implied by Diaphl'agnl 'of DiC8lllPchlllli, i. 196. the lY"1age of Columbus, it. 164.' 113 Earth, globular lo~ or. proved 111 Eleans, $lebasUan d.e, the Lieutenanb its shadoW' ill eclipses of the of Magellan, ii.173. mooD. ii. 171 .. Elcatio philosophy. i. 118. Ia not the immovable centre 01 the Influence of the Rchool, i. 220•• UIliverse, it. 254- Electricity, discoveries in. ii. 3n., Age of, ii. 278. _ Electro-magnetism, ii. 37B. Its slow cooling, ii. 801. Elixir of Life, i. 407. , M~n density of, U. 802. , EJfect of the search for~ OIl medicine, Movement of the crust ot;, ii. 806. i.411. " , Development of lite on, ii. 355. Eloquence~ Parliamentary, decline Earthquakes, ii. 802. of its power, h. 204. Easter, dispute respecting, i. 291. ElphillStone, quotation froD!., i. 64. Ebionites, their doctrine of our ElYSIUm, •• 36, Sanour's lineage, i. 272.. Emanation, doctrine of', i. 225. Ebll Djani, physician to the SuItall Empedocles, biography of, i. 123., Saladin, and author of a work Emplrics, their doctrine, i. 399. on the medical topography oi England, conversion of, i. 866. Alexandria,.ii. 124- Policy of 8n Italian town gave an Ebn Junia, a Moorish astronomer, ii. impress to its history, ii, 17. 41. Its social condj.tion, ii. 229. • Astronomical table of, ii. 4'l CondItion of, at the suppression 'of Ebn Zohr, competltor oi Raschl, ii. the monasteries, ii, 230. 123. Backward eondition 04 ii. 233. Ecclesiasticism, its decline, ii. 143. State of, at the close of the seven Its downfall, ii. 284- teenth century, il, 2SS. Eclipse, solar, predicted by ThaIes, j, Ephesus, Council of, called "Rphber 97. Synod," i. 297 •. l:cliptic, discovery of obliquity or, Dotermines that the two natures falsely imputed to Anaxlmenetl, of Christ make but one person, i.99. i.299. Det.ermined with accuracy by Al~ Epictetus, his dOQtrine.s, i. 259. maim on, ii. 41. Epicureans, modern, i. 16S. Slow procsss 01 its secula.r val"iA~ Epicurus, the doctrlD8 of~ i. 165. tion, ii. 804. , His irreligion, i. 168. Ecstasy, i. US. Epicycles and eccentrics, Hipparchus'. Edessa, church of, fre-built by Mao theory of, i. 202. wiyah tor his Christian subje..t." Epochs of indiVldual life, i. 14. i.838. . Of national hfe, i. 19. Uwud I. of England compels the Erasmus becomes alienated from the clergy to par taxes, ii. 81. Reformers, ii. 225. Egypt, conquest of, byCambyses, i. 79. Wonderful popularity of his "Col· A.ntiquity of oivilization in, i. 81. loquies," Ii. 238. Pre-historio Life of, i. 81. F.ratosthenes. the wrltin~S and works Influence of, on Europe, i. 82. of, i. 196. A.ntiquity of its monarchy, i. 84. .Astronomy o!, i. 199. Geological age of, i. 87. "Eremitism, Its modUications, i. 432. Geographyand topography ot; i. 87. Erigena, John. a Pantheist employed Roman annexation of, i. 248. by tho Archbishop ofRheims,u. 9. Egyptian ports opened, i. 77. i.ssenes, a species of the first hermite Theology i. 91. among the Jews, i. 425. 414 II'nZL Ether, mOTements o( If. 882. Eutychianlsm, f. 296. Ethical philosophy, i. 143. .. Everlasting Gospel." ii. 75. Ita secondary analysis, L 184. Existence depends on phYSical condi- Ethi"cs of Plato, L 158. tions, L 7. Ethnical element, definition or, and Extinction of.peeles, Que or, I. 8. COJIditloDl of chang. in, 1. 12. ExtinctioDl and orestions, law ot, Ii. Eucharist, diEerence of opinion about, 311. ii.210. Eye, arranged OD refined prtnripleJ Euclid of Alexandria, his various of optics, I. 5. works,I.193. FunctioDl or, Ii, 380. His reply to Ptolemy Philadelphus, Capabilities of the human, U. 3S1. L 398. Euclid of Megara, all Imitatot at Socrates, L 148. FabrtciDl ab Aquapendente discoven EugeniDl IV., Pope, dethroned by the valYea in the veins, il. 285. the Councll of Basle, ii. 102. 'alrl. d.troyed b1 tobacco, ii. 126. Eumenes, King of Pergamus, esta raith, tW'o kinds o~ Ii. 192. blishes a second library ill .Ales· FalloplUl di.tlDguisbtd by hll clisJec. Andria, i. S18. tioDl, II. 28 •• Eunapius, his opinioll or Plotinus, i. Futing, continued, it. elfeet on tb. 212. mind, L 429. Eun08tos, harbour o~ cODDected by a Fau8tUl, his acc_ti08 to Aupatine, canal with lake Mareotis, L 323. L 310. Euripides tainted with heresy, L SO. Felis V., Pope, abdicatet, U. 103. Europe, description or, L 23. FeliI, Bishop or Rome, eseommuni· Greeted elentiol1 or, above the cated by Acacius, Bishop of eon. sea, i. 23. .tantinople, i. 852. Vertica1 displacement or, i. 29. Fernel establishea tbe true bture of Conversiol1 of, L 365. syphilis, il. 232. Psychical change in, L 364. Meaau1'lll t.he .iz. or tb. earth, ii. Social conditiol1 or, after Charla. 255. magne, i. 376. Fetich. IUppoaed • panacea, I. 886. Eubarism or, iI. 27. Fetichism diSplaced bT.tar W'onhlp, Future or, Ii. 39a. I. 3. Europeaa climate, modification 01 DllIicu1ty or earlT cuttiyaton ot Asiatic intruders by, i. M. I phil_phT t.o emerge trom, i. 100. Old religion, L 240. t Feudal .,.tem, hoW' It. originated, i. Priesthood, L 240. I 376. Slave-trade, L 373. I Fire, aaerled b1 HeraclltDl to be the Eu..ebius, his contempt orphUOIIOphr, fint principle, L 104. i.314. rare, liquid fir Greek, used b1 the Perverts chronology, i. 191. Arabi, L 408. Is deposed, i. 297. l'ireW'orki used by the Arabf<, i. His apology lor the Fathers, t 3U. 408. His chronology subverts that of FlagellantJ, their origin, U. 78. Manetho and Eratoethenes, i. 316. FlariaDus, Bisbop 01 ConstantiAople, His admission of his own want of depoled, L 297. truthfulness, i. 360. Florence, tbe Academy 01 AtbeD! ".. Eutachiu distinguished by his dm. yiyed ill the Mediceaa gardeu I18ctions, ii. 284. of; ii. 193. INDEX. Flortilltin. AcademiciallS enoneoual,. Galileo, his degradation and puui$h- suppose water to be incompres ment, ii. 264. Bible, ii. 372. • His death, ii. 265. Originate correct notions 01 the His three laws of motion, ii. 269. radiation of heat, ii. 883. Be-discovers the mechanical proper- Show that. dark beat JIl&y be re ties of fluids, ii, 372, 390. flected by mirrors, ii. 390. Geber, 01' Djafar, the alchemist, dis Florentius, a prieat, attempts to poDon covers nitric acid and aqua regia. 81. Benedict, i. 435. ,i. 409. Food, location of animals controlled GelllSius, his fearless addr888 to the by, ii. 310. Emperor, i. 353. lte nature, iI. 341. Geminus, an Alexaudrian astl'Onomer~ Force, animal, ite eource, ii. 339. i.202, FormOlns, Pope, cOllverted the Bul -Gilbert proposed. to determine the Gregory VII., bit policv, Ii. 15. longItude by magnetio observa Gregory IX., Pope, eicommunicate. tions, ii. 167. Frederick n., iI. 67. Adopts the views or Copernicus, ii. Gregory XL, Pope, restore. the 260. Papacy to Rome, Ii. 96. - Publishes his book on the mApet, Gregory XIL, Pope, depo.ed 'by the ii.284. COuncil of Pi&a, n. 97. Gilbert 01 Ravenna electe{ antipope, Gregory the Great, bls bistory, t 355. ii.20. Burna the Palatine Library, i. 3.'>7. -Gisella, Queen of' Hungary, asst. ill Attempts to reconvert England, i. the conversion of her lIubjects 366. to Christianity, i. 865. GTegory of Naziallzum, his opiniol1 of Glass, its rate of dilatation by heat, Councils, L 299. ii. 300~ Grew discovers the .exes of plants, Globes, used bY' tbe Sarllcens, Ii. 41. fl. 286. Gobi, dry climate of', i. 25. Grimaldi discovers the diJfractiou of Character of'its botany. L 25. light, if. 390. Was once the bed of a sea, i. 29. Grost@te, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln. -Ooldl Ancient valup. of, i, 251. tbe re.ult or hi. Inquiry ioto Potable, attempts to make, i. 407. the emolument. or roreip ee Problem of; solved by Djafar, i. 409. eleaia8t.ics, 11. 55. Gotama, the founder of Buddhism., Makes a .peeking bead. Ii. 116. bfe of, i. 67. Grotius, his opinioll ot tbe Reforma Goths become permanently settled In tioD, ii. 225. the Eastern empire, i. 300. Guido, a Benedictine monk, the inven Adopt the Byzantine system, i. 349. tor of tbe scale ofmUBlc, L 431. . Have possession of Italy, i. 850. Gulf Stream, its influence on tbe Date of tbeir conversion, i. 365. western conntries ot Europe, i. Gotschalk, his persecution, ii. 8. 24; ii.871. Graaf, a physiologist, ii 286. GunpoWder, its composition given by {;reece, Roman invasion of; L 247. Marcus Grll!cus, L 408. Greek mythology, i. 38. Transformations of, i. 43. Hadea, :. 89. Cause of its destruction, i. «. Ongin of tbe Greek, L 92. Secession of literary mell and Hadrian IV., Nicbolas Breakspear, ii. philosopbers, 1. 47. 25. Movements repeated in Europe, i. Hallam, bis opinion ot Leonardo da 53. Vinci quoted, Ii. 268. Philosophy, origin of, i. 94. lIalley'. comet, hoW' described and Summary of, i. 141. regarded, Ii. 253. Its four grand topics, i. 223. HalluCU1ation, fasting frequent Fire, i. 408. can.. of, L 428. Learning, revival of, it 193- Hannina, the earliest Jewish pbysi Cause of dislike of, ii 195. 'Cian, L 400. Gregory fl.. Pope, defends Image Haroun, & pbysiciaFa of Alexandria, worship, i. 421. the first to describe the mall Gregory IlL, Pope, defies the emperor, pox, i. 401. i.423. Haroun-al-Rascbid, Khalil, sends Gregory VL, Pope, purchases the Pa Charlemagne tbe keys of ODr pacy,!. 381. Saviour', sepulchre, 1. 874. INDEX. 417 Haroun-al-Raschid placet! all his Heraclius, the effect on commerce 01 public schools under John Masull, his long wars, i. 337. i.392. He~ules, legend of, i. 37. I;'atronizes a medical college and Heresy, Pelagian, i. 293. founds a university, i. 402. Nestorian, i. 295. Causes Homer to be tl'anslated into Eutychian, i. 296. 8yriac, U. 34. Followed the spread of literature, Harpalus, emplo;red by Alexander in Ii. 60. his scientific undertakings, i.173. Heretics, burning ot', by the Inquisi~ Harvey dIScovers the circulation of tion, ii. 75. the blood, ii. 285. ' Hermits, their origm, 1. 424. Hassan takes Carthage b;r storm, i. 334. Aerial, i. 426. Heart constructed upon the principles Grazing, f. 427. of h;rdraulics, i. 5. Their numbers, i. 432. Heat, control of, over life, i. 8. Hero, the inventor of the fil'llt steam~ Distribution of, in Europe, i. 26. englDe, i. 205, 387. Sources of, i. 103. Herodotus, i. 49. Boundary of organisms by, ii. 309. Herschels, their discoveries, iL 276. Decline of, in the earth, h. 318. Hesiod extende tlle theogon;r ot Properties of, ii. 383. Romer, i. 43. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Hessians, period of their conversion, Great, superintends the building i.865. of monumental churches, i. 309. Riero's crown gives origin to h;rdro The inHuence she exercised In the statics, i. 195. rehgion of the world, i. 366. Hieroglyphics, their origin and value, Her benevolence in founding hospi i.83. tals, i. 886. Hilarion, a hermit of the fourt!. Adopts image-worship, i. 414. . century, i. 425. Heliocentric theor;r, its meaning, ii. Said to be the first to establish a 254. monastery, i. 432. Resistless spread of, ii. 274. lhlary, Bishop of Aries, his contumacy Heming introduced street-lamps in denounced, i. 300. England, ii. 241. Hildebrand brought on an ecclesia& Henry V., Emperor of German;r, his tical reform, ii. S. resistance to the Popes, ii. 24. Ris difBculty in reconciling t.he. Henl'Y VIlL, King of England, had dogmas of the Church With th& personal reasons for discontent, suggestions of reason, ii.12. ii.216. Becomes Pope Gregory VII., ii, The instrument, not the author, of 15. the revolutIon, ii. 238. Hindu polytheism, i. 34. Henry the Fowler IISserts the power of Philosophy, i. 56. the monarchical prinCiple, i. 376. Hipparchus, the writings or, i. 202. lieraclltu8, hiS phllosophical system, Hippocrates, his opinion of Democritus" i. 104- L 126. Heraclius, Emperor, resists the second Review of, i. 893. Persian attack, i. 326. Historians, secession or, from th& Hie contemplated abandonment. of public faith, i. 49. Constantinople, i. 829. Hobbes, his philosophical opinions, i. Defeated at the battle of Alznadin, 231. i.335. 1Ioly places, loss of, ii. 134. YOLo II. 2 E 418, INDEX. Homer, theogony of, extended by He- .. Imitation oC Christ," tendency or, stod, 'i. 43. , ii. 196. 1H0m Intellectual impulse makes its attack Jewish physicians, their writings, ii. through astronomy, ii. 188. 120. Development the 111m of Ilature, ii. Jewish-Spanish physicians, writing. 359. of, ii. 123. Interstltial death, i. 14. Jews, conversion o~ i. 270. Creations, ii. 812. ,Are the teachers of the Saracens, i. lnvestit1J.res, the con/Uot on, ii. 17. 384. Invisible, localization ot the, i. 36. Their inBuence on supernaturalism, Ionian. philosophy. puerilities ot, i. ii.119. 106. Medical studies among, ii. 121. Irene, the Empress, puts OI1t her son's ExpUlsion of, from France, ii. 126. eyes, i. 874. Their geographical knowledge and:' Her lupentltioua cruelty, i. 420. its results, Ii. 175• Iris, its function, i. 5. . John, King of England, is excommuni. !sill, her worship, i. 187. cated by Pope Innocent III., ii. lsothlmnal bues, i. 24, 26. 54. larafil, the angel, i. 345- John, Pope, died in prison, i. 353. Italian Christianity, boundaries of, ii. John VIIl., Pope, pays tribute to the 1. Mohammedans, i. 379. System, its movements, ii. 150. John XVI., Antipope, eruel and igno Italy, relations of, ii. 127. minious treatment of, i. 381. Degraded state of, ii. 127. John nn., Pope, the practical cha· Immorality of, ii. 136. racter of hlS policy, ii. 93. Cause of her degradation, ii. 143. John of Damascus takes part ill the Scientific contributlons of, ii. 390. Iconoclastic dispute, ii. 59. Causes of her depression, il, 891. Joshua ben Nun, a professor at Bag dad, i. 402. James I., his proceedings against Journallsm is gradually supplanting witchcraft, il, 117. oratory, ii. 204. Joson, the voyage of, i. 41. Judgment, future, according to the Jaxartes, its drying up, i. 29. Egyptian theology, i. 92. Jerome of Prague, hls martyrdom, ii. Accol'ding to the Korea, i. 845. 101. Right of individual, asserted by Jerome, St., deaounces Pelagiua, i. Luther, ii. 209. 294. Jugurthine War, i. 247. Tran.,latea the :Bible into Latin, i. Juhan, Emperor, attempts the I'estor S06. ation or paganism, i. 311. His equivocal enoomiums on mar· J usttnian clos~s the philosophical riage, i. 359, 427. schools in Athens, i. 216. Jerusalem, position of, i. '11: His re-conquest of .Athcs, j. 327. Bishops of, i. 272. Elfect of hia 'Wars, i. 351. Church (If, i. 291. Conquers Italy, i. 354. }<'all and pillage of, L 328, 335. Justin Martyr, his illustrations of his Capture of, ii. 22. idea of the divine ray, 1. 274. Surrender of, to Frederick II., ii. 68. JesUIts, the Order of, instituted, ii. Kaleidosoope, an optical instrument, 220. ii.380. The utent of their influence, ii. Kalid, the .. Sword of God, U defeats 221. Heracliua at the battle of Aima Causos of their suppression, ii. 222. din, i. 335. 2 B 2 420 DrDEX. Kant, his philosophical doctrines, i. Lawyers, their agency lint recoguil:ed, 232. ii. 81. Kempie, Thomas 1, autbor of the Theil' power antagonistic to the " Imitation of Christ," ii. 196. ecclesiastical, ii. 82. Kepler, the effect of the discovery of Their opposition to supernaturalism. his laws, i. 4. ii. 113. His work prohibited by the Inqui- Leaning towen, I. 80. sition, ii. 263. Leaves of plants, their action, II. 33~. His mode of inquiry, ii. 266. Legends of Western Saints, i. 435. Discovery of his laws, ii. 267. Legion, Roman, how constl'Ucted. \. Cause of his laws, ii. 274. - 251. Kiersi, Council of, quotation from, 1. Leibnit2:, his doctrine of the mind, j, 369. 23!. Kirk's lambs, ferocity of, ii. 244. Hia contribution to geology, Ii. 28G. Koran, passages from the, i. 831. Leit, the first discoverer of AmerlCD, Review of the, i. 340. Ii. 164. tentulul, spurious letter or, to the Labarum, story of, believed, i. 309. Roman .enate, 1. 861. Lactantius, his argument against the Leo III., Pope, crown. Charlemague globular form of the earth, i. In St. Peter's, t. 371. 315. Assaulted by the nephewl of Adrian, " Ladder of Paradise," ii. 59. i. 378. Langton, Stephen, Magna Charta ori Leo the Chazar continues All icono ginates from his suggestiOn, ii. clastic policy. I. 419. 54. teo the Great, i. 3tl2. Languages, modern, their effects, ii. Leo the Isaurian, the lounder or II 192. new dynasty at Constantipole, i. Languedoc, light literature of, ii. 35. 416. Laplace discovers the cause of the Publishes an edict prohibiting the irregularity ofthe moon's motion, worship of image., i. 417. ii. 278. Leo X., Pope, exposed to obloquy, il. On some of the phenomena of the 218. solar system, ii. 280. Hia character, ii. 215. Lapland, oause of the contentment Is reponed to have contracted and inferiority of, i. 13. 'yphiJiA, ii. 232. Lateran Council, second, vests the Leontlus Pllatus, description of, by elective power to the Papacy in BoccaCCIo, it. 194. the CardlDa1s, ii. 15. Lesches, poem. of, t. 51. Third, defines the new basis of the Levites, their manner of healing, i. Papal system, ii. 18. 400. F oarth, establishes the lIecessit y of Lewenboeck diecoYers 8permatozoa, il. auricular oonfession, ii. 65. 286. Latin, the use of, as a sacred language, Liberty 1I0t appreciated in India, i. required by the Chm'Ch, iI. 191. 62- Lavaur, massacre of, ii. 62. Mental when maintained, Ii. 227. Law, the world ruled by, i. 20. Libraries, Alexandrisn, Blze 0(, .. Succession of affairs determined by, 188. i.389. Establishment of, L 317. .-Eternity and universality of, ii. Licinins neutralizes the potior of Con 359. atantlne, i. 278. INDEX. 42t Lire, individual, is ola mixed kind, i. lombards, converted at the lleginning 2. of the sixth century, i. 365. Social, its nature, i. 2. London, condition of, towards the First opinion of savage, i. 3. close of the seventeenth century, Varinble rapidity of, i. 18. ii.238. Light, velocity of motion of, ii. 279, Lorenzo de' Medici, his patronage ot 298. literature and philosophy, il.la5. Proves the age of the world, ii. Loretto, miracle of, Ii. 80. 298. Louis XIV., his order in council pun- White, ii. 379. ishing sorcery, ii. 118. Chemical influences of, ii. 383. Louis, St., his charactel', ii. 73. Limestone deposited from the sea, ii. Lucius Apuleius, i. 211. 321. Lucretius, the irreligious nature of his Lipari, the crater of, supposed to be poem, i. 257. the opening into hell, i. 354, Luitprand captures Ravenna, i. 422. 357. Luitprand quoted on Constantinople, Lippershey first constructs a telescope, ii.58. ii.261. Luther, experiences of, ii. 117. Lisbon, the great earthquake of, ii. The revolt of, ii. 149. 302. History of, iI. 208. Listening contrasted with reading, ii. ExcommunicatIOn of, ii. 211. 203. Looked upon with contempt by the Lister, author of II synopsis of shells, ii. Italians, ii. 215. 286. Lyceum, Aristotle founds II school in, Ascertains the continuity of strata, ~. 176. ii.286. Lyons, Council of, ii. 71. Literary men, their influence, ii. 150. Literature, spread of gay, from Spain, :Macaulay, Lord, has taken too limited ii.60. a View of the Reformation, ii. Pro:Bigate character of, in England, 227. h.244. Macedonian campaign opens a Ilew Lithotomy, new operations for, by world to the Greeks, i. 45. the Alexandrian surgeons, i. 399. Its ruinous effects on Greece, i.172. Livy, writings of, vindICtively pur Its effect on intellectual progress, i. sued by Gregory the Great, i. 186. 357. Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, Locke, hiS theory of' the sources of . his heresy, i. 289. ideas, i. 231. Machiavelli, the principles o~ ii. 137. LocomotIOn, followed by mental deve His cc History efFlorence," ii.143. lopment, ii. 119, 136. Machinery, SOCIal changes effected by. PrOVlSlOns for, show the social con Ii. 888. dibon of II nation, ii. 239. Magellan, his great voyage, ii. 169. Locomotives, invented by Murdoch, ii. MagiC and necromancy, Plotinus re 887. sorts to, i. 214. Logie, Al'lstotle's, i. 177. Magic lantern, h. 380. Character of medileval, ii. 111. Magna. Charta. origmates from. sug Each age of bfe has its own, ii. gestion of Stephen Langton, it. 192. M. ., Logos," Philo's idea Of the, i. 210. :Magnet supposed by Thales to have a. JustlD Martyr's idea of the, i. 274. hVlng soul, i. 97. INDEX:. Magnetio variation, discovel'1 of the Medicine, Byzantine, luppression or, line of, ii. 163. i.386. Erroneously supposed by Columbus Origin of Greek, L 393. to be immovable, ii. 165. Egyptian. i. 397. Magnetism, discoveries in, ii. 378. Alexandrian, i. 398. Mohammed n., ii. 107. Narse~. the eunuch, sent l.y Justi llohammedanlsm, causes ot'the spread nian against Rome, i. 351. oC, i. 837. Nations, progl'ess of, lib that Clf iu- Popular, i. 845. dividuals, i. 12. Sects of, i. 347. Secular v'ariations of, i. 16. Arl'est or, in Western Europe, ii. 30. Death or, i. 17. Literature or, ii. 84. Are only trausitional forms, i. 17. Uniformly patroniacd physical sci Nearehus, an intimate f)'iend of Alex- ence, ii. 121. ander the Great, i. 1'13. Monllllteries, condition of EU'l'ope at NebuIll!, uistence 0; h. 282. thlliuppress.lon of, ii. 280. Nebular hypothesis, ii. 28l. Monasticism, amelioration of, i. 431. Necromancy, Alexand1ian, 1. 404. Spread of, from Egypt, i 433. Neo-Platonism, its origin imputed to Monks, African and European, i. 237. Ammonius Saccas, i. 211, Labours and 11lCCeSSes of, i. 365. Nervous system, general view of, ii. Their origin and history, i. 424. 346. Diftcrenccs of Eastern and Western, Three distinct parts of human, ii. i. 434. 353. Their intellectllal infillence, i. 438., Nestorians, their origin, i. 295. Monotheism preceded by imperialism, Early cultivate medicine, i.' 885. i. 2~6. Their history and pt'ogress, i. 391. Roman, its boundaries, i. 261. New academy founded by Carneades, Montanus, the pretended Paraclete, i. i. 169. 291. Newspapers, their origill; ii. 204. Moon, variations of, discovered b When tirst regu181'lr issued ill EDg Aboul Wefa, i. 3~5. land, ii. 249. Volcanic action in, Ii. 304. Were first issued in Itllly, ii. 390. Moon boast of an Arab descent, i. 337. Newton, quotation from" Principia" Moral playa, ii. 248. of, i. 120. Moris, Lake, i. 96. Availed himself of the doctrines of Moslems, their creed, h. 37. Hlpparchus, i. 202. Motion, the three laws of, ii. 269. Under no oblIgation to Bacon, ii. Muggleton, Lewis, hiS doctrines, ii. 259. 239. Publication or the "Principia" of, Murdoch inVllnts the locomotive, ii. ii.272. 887. His mathematical learning and ex- Musa completes the conquest ofAfrica, , perimental skill, ii. 286. i. 333. Niagam Falls furnish proof or time Arrested at the head of his army, i. from etreet produced, ii. 305. 369. Prove thfl enormous age of the Museum of Alexandria, i. 187. earth, ii. 334. It.~ studies arranged in four facul Nicrea, Council of, summoned by Con ties, i. 897. stantine, ~ 286. Musia, scale of, invented by Guido, i. Second council of, summoned by 437. Irene, i. 420. Mycene, gate of, i. 32. Nicene Creed, i. 287. Mythology, Greek, origin of, i. 31. Nicholas V. a patron of art, ii. 110. , Nicomedia, church of, destroyed, i. 277. Napier invents and perfects loga- Niebuhr, his opiniou of the Greek ac rithms, ii. 285. count of the Pel'sian war, i. 131. 424 INDEX. Nile, inundation8 of, i. 86. Oratory lupplanted by jou11lah.m, Ii. NlJ'wana, the end of 8uccessive uist 204. ences in the Buddhist doctrine, Orchomenos, ruinl of, L 82. i. 71, 230. Orders, monastic, rise and progress or, Nitria, why well adapted for monks, L 1.433. 432. Orestes compelled to interfere to .top Nogaret, William de, the legal advI a riot in AleJ:andria, i. 822. ser of Boniface, ii. 84. Organ, the, invented by Sylvester, a Advises King Philip the Fair, U. Benedictine monk, i. 437. 91. Organisms, permanence of, due to ex 'iomades, Asiatic, i. 29. . ternal condi tiona, i. 8. j ominalism, doctrine of, sprang from Control of physical agents over, i. scholastic philosophy, ii. 11. D. ~orman Invasion of England favoul'ed Date. of Yarious, ii. 321. by Pope Gregory VIL, ii. 16. Orpheus, legend of, i. 37. Norway, depth of rain in, i. 25. Osiris, daily ceremony before tomb of, Elevation and depression in level of, i.89. ii. 307. One of the divinities of the Egyp ~orwegians, diet of, accounted for, L tian theology, i. D1. 27. 81t, of temple of, ginn to the Novatus the heretic, i. 284. chuI'ch, 1. 319. Number the first principle according Osporco changes hi. unseemly name to the Pythagorean philosophy, into SerglUa, Ii. 143. i.ll3. Ostrogoth monarchy overthrown, I. Numenius, a Trinitarian, i. 211. 351. ~umerals, Arabic, derived from the Otho nl., Emperor, coutemplates a Hindus, ii. 40. reform in the Church, and is POI Introduced into dift'erent countries, loned by Stephania, h. 6. ii. 49. Otranto taken by the Mohammedans, ii. 10D. Oaks, objects of adoration among the Otto, Guericke, invented the aIr-pump German nations, i. 241. Ii. 286. Obelisks, EgyptIan, prodigious height Oxus, it, drying up, i. 29. of, i. 76. Observatories first introduced into Pacilic Ocean craned, ii. 171. Europe by the Arabs, ii. 42. Paganism, attitude of, i. 2G8. Ocean, its size, ii. 371. • Death-blow given to, by Theodosius, Octave, the grand st.andard of harmo i.312. nica1 relation among the Pytha Pagans, accUialioD or, aga1l1st the goreans, i. 116. Christiana, i. 301. Oliva, John Peter, hi8 comment on Painting and ICUlpture, relatIOn ot the Apocalypse, ii.78. the Church to, i. 360. OlympIan deities, their nature, i. 50. PalllJOntology, historical sketch ot Omar, Khalif, takes Jerusalem, i. early,.ii. 314. • 335. Palatine library burnt by Gregory ~ His behaviour contrasted with that the Great, i. 357. of the Crusaders, ii. 22. Pandataria, Sylverius banished to, i. Opinion and Reason, Parmenides's work 354. on, L 121. Pantheism, theology of Iadia uDd.er. Optics. discoveriea in, ii. 379. 181d with, i. 69. IliDEX. 425 Pall theism adopted by Parmenides, L Perictione, the reputed mother ot 121. Plato, i. 151. Greek, i. 223. Periodicities, human cause of, i. 7. Pnpacy, history of, i. 290. Peripatetics, their philosophy, i. 178. Consolidation of its power in the Persecutions, moral eftects of, ii. 225. West, i. 862. Persepolis, burning ot by Alexander Signal peculiarity of, i. 378. the Great, i. 174-. Human origin of', i. 882. Perses, revolt of, i. 246. Paper, Invention of', iI. 200. Persia, Greek invasion of, i. 171. !)nppus, an Alu:andrian geometrician, Subdued by Othman III., i. 335. i.204. PersilU\ invasioll of Europe, i. 130. Parabolani diverted from their ori Attack on the Byzantine system, i. ginal intent by Cyril, i. 821, 886. 326. "Paraclete," doctrinE's of faith dis Personi6ed (orms introduced, i. S1. cussed In the, ii. 10. Perturbations, astronomical, account· Paradise spoken of with clearness by ed for,ii. 274. lIohammed, i. 845. Peru, its coast, a rainless district, i. Parliament, its accusation against the 86. clergy, ii. 285. A description of, U. 179. Parma, John of, the General of the Peter d'Apono, the alchemist, the Franciscans, ii. 77. wonders imputed to him, iI. 116. l'armenides, doctri.. es of, i. 121. Peter de Brueys, his martyrdom, ii. Pascal, his view. of humanity, i. 18. 60. The influence of his writings, ii. Peter Morrone becomes Celestine V., 285. i. 79. Path.zone, i. 24. Peter the Hermit, ii. 22, 135. Patristic18m, introduction of, i. 314. Peter the Venerable,his acquirements, Doctrines of, i. 815. ii.12. Confitct of, With philosophy, i.316. Peter's pence, ii. 54. Decline o~ U. 129. Petrarch, his opinion of .A vignoD, fi. End of geography oft ii. 164. 95. Ethnical ideas of,'ii. 165. His zeal for learning, ii. 194-. End of, ii. 225. Pharaoh Nacho, his ships first double Paulus Ai:mtlius, his severity, i. 249. the Cape of Good Hope, ii. 167. Pausanil\S, i. 131. Philadelphus Ptolemy, i. 189. Pelagian controversy, its el1ect on Pa Phillie, mysterious temple of, i. 89. pal Bupenority, i. 293. Philip the Fair protects the Colonnas, P1!lagius, hiS doch·tnes, i. 293, 866. Ii. 81. • PenaMes, the Veda doctrine of, L Phihston, a writer on regimen, i. 397. 61. Philo of LarISsa, founder of the fifth Pendulum first applied to clocks by academy, i. 170. the Moors, ii. 42. Philo the Jew thinks he is inspired, i. repin, the SOil of Charles Martel, i. 209. 370. Compares the mind to the eye, i. Pergamus, library of, trllIlSferred to 234. Egypt, i. 318. Philosopher's stone, i. 407. Ptrlclea embraces obnoxious opinions, Philosophers, persecution of, i. 311. i. 50. The revolt or, h. li9. Bis the age of improvement In Philosophical crIticism, effect of, i. 46. architecture and oratory, i. 132. Schools, Indian, i. 65. 426 INDEX. l'hilollophiclli principles, application Plotinus, writinga or, L 212,404. of, i. 237. Plutarch leans to platonlzinz Orien Philosophy, peripatetlo, L 178. taU.m, I. 210. Greek, end and lIummal'J of, i. 217. Poggio Bracciohnl quoted, U. 101. Greek and Indian, tbe analogy be Polarization of light lends .apport tit tween, i. 236. the undulatory tbeory, ii. 382- Reappearance of, Ii 3. Pole .tar, lJ. 30S. Phlogiston, theory of, Ii. 374. Polycrates, Bishop ot EphesllS, op Phocreans buiIC Marseille", i. 46. poses Victor, Bisbop ot Rome, L PhreniClans, enterprise of, i. 45. 291. Phosphorus discovered by Achild Be- Polygamy, institution or, I. 831. chil, i. 410. Secured the conquest. ot AfrlC1l, i. PhotJUs, hi. iowo works, ii. 59. 834. Photography, ii. 383. Its influence in contolidating the PhysICal In.-trumente, improvement. conque.ts or Mohammedanism, •• in, ii. 384. 3:i8. Physicians, classes o( i. 897. Pol ythellm, its antaioniem to _cience, Jewish, i. 400. l. '9. Oppose ftupernaturalism, ii. 113. 810wn_ of it. declinp, I. 52. Are disliked by the Church, ii.121. Pontifical power IIllJ1taJDed by ph, Physics of Zeno, 1. 183. lical lorce, i. 300. Physiology, its phase. tne same AI Popes, biography .~ front .A.D. 757, those of physics, i. 5. L 878. OC Plato, i. 156. Had no faith In the rl'.lu1t or the Of Aristotle, I. 180. Crusades, ii. 23. Plccolommi lays the fODndatJoD of Porphyry, hie writlnp, i. 214, 404. general anatomy, ii. 285. Porsenn. takes Rome, I. 244. Pietro de Vinea undertakes to poison POlldonius, i. 232. Frederick lL, ii. 72. Praxagoraa mote on tbe puIse, i. 897. P'mzons of Palos assist Columbus, U. Pre-exl8tence, Plato', notlou ot,l. 16u. 161. Press, libertl ot, secured, Ii. 250. Pis&, Council of, deposes the rival .. Principia,' Newton's, quotation Popes, it. 97. from, i. 120. The first botanical gardens esta PublicatioD 0(, Ii. 272. blished at, iI. 890. Its incomparable merit, II. 275. Plagues, mortality of ancient, i. 250. Printing, In'fention of, h. 198. Plants, effect of seasons on, i. 6. Effects o~ h. 200. Their dependence on the air, i.102, Problem. of Gr4!~k pbl108Ophy, i. 217. ii. 339. Proclu.t burn. Vltallan'•• hlpe, i. 215. Plata!a, fabulollS number slain at n .. theology, I. 21;). battle af, i. 130. Procopiu.t, the bl8torian, eecretary to Plater first classified disell8es, ii. 285. BelisariUl, 11. 08. Plato, his prC)found knowledge of hu Prof.lhus, a Jew, appointed regent. or mau nature, i. 53. the faculty of Montpelber, Ii. His doctrines, i. 152. 12j. Platonism, Plutarch leans to, i. 210. Prosper AlplDus writes 011 diagnmris. Resppearance o( in Europe, Ii. 193. ii. 285. Plays, miracle, moral, real, it. 246. Prot~tant, origin olthe name, Ii. 211. PIt-lades, a nickname given to lenn Provincial letters of Paecal, illBUeDCe lJ.exaadrian poets, i. 201. of, Ii. 286. INDEX. 42T Psammetichus overthrows the ancient Rainy days, number of, i. 26. pohcy of Egypt, i. 75. Influence of, I. 27. "' PsaMMltea," II work of Archimedes, Rameses II., his pohey, i. 78. i. 195. Raschi, his varied nequtrements, ii. Psychology, origin o~ i. 101. 123. Solution of questions o~ Ii. 344. Ravenna, Gerbert appointed Arch Ptolemies, political posibon of, i. 18G. bIShop of, ii. 6. BlOgraphy of, i. 200. Ray leads thl' way to comparative Ptolemy, lua "Synta:us," i. 203. anatomy, il. 286. . Puffendorf, author of the "Law of Raymond Lully, 881d te bave been Nature and Nations," Ii. 286. compelled to make gold fol' Ed Pulpit, influence of, affected by the ward II., h. 155. preM, Ii. 201. Raymond de PennaCorte complIes a Decline of eloquence of, ii. 203. list of decretals, Ii. 70. Its relabon to the drama, ii. 249. Reading, its advantage over listening, State of, an index of tha mental iI.203- condition of a nation, Ii. 249. Realism, its origin, Ii. 11. Punic wars, results of, i. 245.. Reason, Algazzah's doctrine of the Puranas, i 65. faJIibibty of, Ii. 51. Pyramids of Egypt, size of, 1. 75. Reductio ad absurdum introduced The Great, its antiqUlty and won by Zeno, i. 122. ders, i. 81. Reflect.lon,DemocritllS'. view of, i.125. What they have witnessed, i. 84. Reliel: acbon, ii. 848. Their testlmllny unreliable as to Reformation attempted in Greece, i. the age of the world, ii. 327. 50. Pyrrhll, the founder of the Sceptics, Influences leading to, ii. 190. 1.164. Dawn of the, ii. 204.. Pyrrhus, the Epirot, i. 244- In Switzerland, ii. 210. Pythagoras, biography of, i. 111. Organization of, Ii. 211. The service he rendered us, 1. 230. In Italy, iI. 212. Arrest of, ii. 214- Quintus Sextius, i. 258. Counter, 11. 219. QUIPus, a Peruvian instrument for Culmination of, in America, ii. 226_ enumeration, ii. 185. Relics, age or, i. 51. Quito, why it was regarded as a holy Worship of, i. 414. place, ii. 185•• Reminiscence, Plato's doctrine of, i.. 153. Rah, a Jewish anatomu.t, i. 400. Republic of Plato, i. 159. Rabanus, a Benedictine monk, sets Revolution, French, ii. 150. up a school in Germany, i. 437. Rhacotis, Alenndria erected 011 the Rabbis cultivate medicine, Ii. 122. site of, i. 19a. Radbert, his Views on transubstantia Rhazes discovers sulphuric acid. L 410. tion, ii. 10. Rhazes, a Moorish writer on botany0- Railways, ii. 887. ii.39. Rain, quantity of ill Europe, 1. 25. Rheims, Gerbert appointed Arch- Maximum points Ilf, i. 25. hishop of, ii. 5. Rainless countries, agriculture in, i- Rhodes r&lSed from the sea, i. 30. 85. Rhodl&ns, maritIme code of, L 4.5, OCthe West, i. 86. Richard L of England treacherously- Peru one, ii. 180. imprisoned, ii. 25. 428 ISDEL Richard I. of England, his treatment &hara Desert strect. the distributioa by Saladin contrasted with that of heat ia Europe, i. 24. he received from a Christian Saladin retakea Jeruaalem, II. 25. prince, ii. 136. HIS noble behaviour to Richard I., Rienzi, a demagogue, ii. 95. iI. 136. Rig Veda, asserted to have beon re Salamanca, Columbul confuted by the vealed by Brahma, i. 58. CounCil of, ii. 161 • .. , Robber Synod," the council of Ephe Council of, it, reply when urged sus, i. 297. to teach phySical Icicnce, iI. Roderic, King of the Goths, ii. 28. 278. Jtoderigo de Triana, the first of Sampson, Agnes, burnt for witch Columbus'. crew to desOlT land, craft, Ii. 117. ii.163. Samuel, aa accomplished Jewish phy Roman power, influence of, i. 52. .ician, i. 400. Christianity, influence of, on the Sanctorio laya the foundation of people, i. 241. modern physiology, ii. 285. History, importance of, i. 242. Invent. the thermometer, ii. 390. Power, triple form of, i. 243. Sanscrit vocabulal'Y, I. 33. First theocracy and legends, i. 243. Saracens, their pohcy, i. 336. History, early, i. 243. Cause olthelr check: iD the conquest Slave laws, atrocity of, i. 249. of France, l. 869. Slave system, social effects of, i. 249. Are taught by the Neatorianl and Depravity, i. 252. Jew., i. 3S .... Women, their dissoluteness, i. 253. They dominate iD the llediter Ethnical element disappears, i. 255. ranean, i. 422. Conquest, effects of, i 256. Their chemistl'Y, medicine, 8n(1 ,nome, cause of permanence of, i. 11. .urgery, ii. 89. Unpitying tyranny of. i. 267. Their philosophy, ii. 49. Fall and sack of, by Alaric, i. 300•• Early cultivators of astronomy, h. Fall and pillage of, by the Vandale, 133. i. 350. Sardica, Couucil or, i. 292. Progress of, to Papal supremacy, i. Satan, notion of, had become debated, 352. i.414. Relabons of, to Constantinople, i. Sautree, William, the firs~ Engli&h 353. martyr, ii. 99. Three pressures upon, ii. 1. Saviour, ID Koran never called Son Pillaged, sacked, and fired l,y of God, i. 342. Henry, ii. 20. Model of, eventually receIved, i. Immorahtles of, brought to hght 361. by the Crusades, ii. 136. Scandinavian geological motion, i. Its geological peculiarities, ii. 307. 30. 'l~omer, his estimate of the velocity uf Discovel'Y of America, Ii. 164, 175. light confirmed, ii. 299. Sceptics, rise of, 1. 163. Roscehn of Complegne, an early SchIsm, causes of the great, ii. 96. advocate of NomlDalism, ii. 11. Scholastic philosophy, rise of, Ii. 11. 'Ruysch improves minute anatomy, ji. Theology, rise or, il. 12. 286. SchOOls, philosophIcal Greek, merely points of reunion, i. 112. ,saoramentarians, separate from the The Megaric, Cyrenalc, and LlItheranq, Ii. 211. Cynical, i. 148. INDEX. 429 Science, Alexandrian, suppressed, i. Sigismund, Emperor, his treacherous 325. conduct to John Huss, Ii. 101. Sculpture, relation of Church to, i. Silver, its comparative value ill. Rome, 360. i.251. Scs of Azor, a depElndency of thEl Simon Magus, all. Oriental magician, Mediterranean, i. 28. • wonders related of, li. 114, Seasons, elfect of, 011 animal. and Simony, organization of, ii. 97. plants, i. 6. Sirius, its 81lpposed Influence on the Sebastian dEl Eleano, thEl Lieutenant waters of thEl Nile, i. 90. of Magellan, ii. 173. Slave system, Roman, i. 24g. Secular geological movement of Slavery under Charlemagne, i. 373. Europe and Asia, i. 29. Recognized in certain cases ill Inequahties olsatellites, ii. 277. Mexico, Ii. 176. Semicn'cular canals, their function, Slavians converted by Greek mission. i.5. aries, i. 367. Seneca, the influence of his writings Smyrna, Erasistratus established a accounted for, i. 258. school there, i. 899. Sens, CounCil of, report of, to Rome, Snow, w!.tribution of, in Europe, i. ii.11. 26. Scnsation, Democritus confounds it Snowy days, number of, at various with thought, 1. 125. placesr i. 26. Senses, AIgaZ2iah's doctrine of the Social wal', important results of, i. fallibilIty,of, Ii. 50. 247. Septuagint Bible, the translators of, Eminence, no preservative from so entertalDed by Ptolemy Phila Cial delusion, ii. 117. delphus, i. 190. Society, the intellectual class the tr1lll ~erapion, causes of its umbrage to representative of a community, Archbishop Theophilus, i. 318. i. 13. Destruction of, i. 319. Sociology, comparative, ii. 359. Sel'apis, establishment of thEl worship Socrates, Aristophanes eXCites the of, i. 187. people agalDst, i. 47. Description of the temple of, i. His mode of teaching, and his 318. doctrlDes, i. 143. Statue of, destroyed, i. S19. Character ot', in Athens, i. 146. 'fern pIe of, used for a hospital, i. "The Mad," i. 150. 399. Solar system proves the existence of Servetus, the burning of, by Calvin, law, i. 4. Ii. 226. Soliman the Magnificent takes Bel Almost detected the circulation of grade, ii. 109. the blood, Ii. 285. SonDltes, one of thEl seventy-threa Servile rebellion in Sicily, i. 247. Mohammedan sects. i. 347. Seville, tower of, an observatory SopateJ' accused of magic, and decapi built by the Arabs, ii. 42. tated, i. 310. Shakespeare, quotation from, i. 207. Sophists, their doctrines, i. 135. His position with regard to Enghsh Their influence, i. 220. literature, ii. 249. Sorcery, interminghng of magic and, Shepherds. the, their exertions in L 402. behalf of King Louis, ii. 76. Introduction of European, ii. 115. ShiitE's, one of the seventy-three Soul, Indian ideas of the, i. 60. Mohammedan sects, i. 347. Purification of, i. 61. 430 INDEL Soul, Diogenes' opinion of that of the Star-worbh;p, fetichibm displaced by, world, i. 99. i.3. Plato's doctrine of the triple con The philosophy or. 1. 90. stitution of, i. 156. Steam-engine first invented by Hero, Greek problem as to the nature of, i. 205, 887. i.218. The nature of Watt'. impro1'ement As to the immortality and absorp in, ii. 885. tion of, i. 228. Steno first recognizes the twoColc! The human, ii. 365. division of rocks, iI. 315. Sound, nature and properties of, ii. Stephania, wife of CrescentiUl, poisons 369. Otho IlL, ii. 7. Spain, Roman annexation of, t. 247. Stephanus, a grammarian of Constan Arab invasIOn of, ii. 28. tinople, ii. 58. Literature of, ii. 85. Stephen II., Pope, consecrates Pepin Crime of, ii. 166. and hi. family, i. 870. Sparta, Lycurgus abolished private Stephen IlL, Pope, urges CharletnRgne property in, i. 129. again.' the Lombard8, I. 371. Spartacus, the gladiator, I. 248. Stephenson, George, hie improvement Species, Cuvier's doctrine of the per in t be IncomotJve, and its results, manence of, ii. 826. ii.887. OppositIOn to the doctrine of trans Stercorists, their doctrines, II. 10. mutation of, Ii. 828. Stereoscope, an optical instrument, ii. Specific gravity, Alhazen's tables of, 880. . clearly approach our own, ii. Stemus, hie mechanical works, ii. 48. 269. Sphlilrus, the Stoic, fraud practised Revives correct riews of the me on, i, 189. chanical properties of water, ii. Spheres, music of, a belief entertained 872. by the Pythagoreans, i. 116. Stigmata, marks miraculously im Sphinxes, one of the wonders of pressed on the body of St. FranCIS, ancient Egypt, i. 76- ii. 640. Spinal cord, its separate and conjoint Stihcho, a Goth, compel. Alme to re actIOn, ii. 852- treat, and Rhsdogast to lur Spires, first Diet of, ii. 210. render, L 300. Spirit, in chemistry, had ai first a Is murdered by the Emperor, his Ii teral meaning, i. 405. master, L 300. Spiritualists, their devout regard for Stoicism, its Intention, 1. 183. the" Everlasting Gospel," ii. 78. StoICS, exoterio philosophy o( i. 184. Spontaneous generation, Anui- Struve, hi, estimate 01 the velOCity of mander's doctrine of, i. 107. light, Ii. 299. Anaxagoras's doctrine of, i. 10~. Stylites, St. Simeon, all aerial martyr Stage, state of, an index of the mental of the fi£t.h century, L 426. condition of a nation, ii. 249. Snccess too often the criterion of Stancari first counted the vibratiOll8 right, L 332. of a string emitting musical Sun, agency of, i. 103. notes, ii. 890. Aristarchus'. attempts to ascertain .stars, multiple, i. 4. the distance of, i. 199• Coloured hght of double, Ii. 277. The source of force, ii. 839. Our cluster of, how divided, ii. InfInence or, OD org:.nic and inor 280. ganic nature, ii. 362. lNDEX. 431 Sun-ciials, invention of, wrongfully Templars, ap08tasy, arrest, and ascribed to Anaximander, i. 107. punishment of, Ii. 90,91,92. Supererogation, thel.heory 04 ii. 207. TeDSODS, or poetic disputations, origi Su pernat ural appeal'llnces, cause of, i. nated among the Arabs, IL 34. 428. Tertulhan, his letter to Scapula, i. Supernaturalism, its adoption by the 275. age ot" f<h, u. 112. Denounces- the Bishop of Rome as Overthrow of, in Ii'rance, ii. 126. a heretic, i. 291. Superstitiollll, dlsappearance of, i. 255. Denies the Scripture authority for Swammerdam apphes dissection to certain observances, i. 358. the natural hIStory of insects, ii. His impression of the personal ap 286. pearance of the SaViour, i. 861. Sweden, change of level in, ii. 807. Testimony, human, value of, ii. 119. Sybarls, II luxurious Italiot city, i.. Tetractys, the number "teo," why 128. 60 called, i. 114. SylverlUs, Pope, deposed by the Em Tezcuco, description of, ii. 178. peror's wife, Theodora, i. 854- Thabor, mysterio1lll light of, ii. 59. Sylvester, II Benedictine monk. in Thales, philosophy of, i. 95. vents the organ, i. 437. Thaumulns, the name of Ammonius Sylvester 11., Pope, is believed to have changed to, i. 322. made a spealnng head, ii. 115. Theatre, the English, ii. 245. Symmachus, Senator, falls a victim Thebit Ben Corrah determines the '0 the wrath oC Theodoric, the length of the year, ii. 41. GothiC king, 1. 853. Theodora, Empress, restores image " SyntaxiS," the great work of worship, i. 421. Ptolemy, i. 203. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, effect of the Syphilis, moral state 'f Europe indi conquest of Italy by, i. 353. cated by the spread of, ii. 231. The change in his pohcy, i. 358. Syria, importance of conquest of, to Theodorus, Bishop his tongue cut the Arabs, i. 335, out, i.378. Theodosius, Emperor, fanaticism 04 i. Tacitus, his testimony to the depraved 312. state of Roman morality, i. 254. IUs cruel vengeance at Thessalonica, Taresiua created Patriarch by Irene, i. 313. i. 420. HIS acts, i. 317. Tarik lands at Gibraltar, &0 called in Orders the Serapion to be torn memory of his u.ame, ii. 29. down, i. 819. Tartars, why they prefer a milk diet, Theodosius, an Alexandrian geometri i. 27. ' C18D.. i. 204- Tartarua, one of the two divisions of Theon, an Alexandrian geometrician., hell, according to AnaxiDienes, i. and father of Hypatia, i. 204, S6. 822. Tuation, amount or Roman, i. 251. Theophilns, Arehbishop of Alexandria, 'I'aylor, Jeremy, his testimony 11$ to his character, i. 317. the authority of the Fathers, ii. Cause of his umbrage at the 225. Serapion, L 318. Telescope, invention 04 ii. 261, S80. Persecutions or, i. 819. 'l'emperature, life can only be main TheoplW.us, Bishop of Antioch. first tained within a narrow range, introduced the word .. Trinity.... i. 7. i..273. 432 lNDEL Theophilus, .Emperor, image-worship Transmutation of species, doctrine or, restored at h18 death, L 421. has met with oppotition, Ii. 3:.!8. His surly and insolent reply to AI TransubstantiatIon, a tWill-eister o( maimon, ii. 40. transmutation, i. 407. Theosls, its meaning as employed by The doctrine ot, first attack"d by John Erigena, ii. 9. the new philosophers, Ii. !I. Therapeutal, early Egyptian hermits, The. Italiall. doctrine of, rejected by i.424. the German alI.d SWlSS reformers, Thermotics, science of heat, ii. 383. ii.210. Thessalonica, massacre at, i. 313. Tribonian !luspected of being an Thomas ;\ Kempis, the reputed author atheist, i. 359. of "The Imitation of Christ," ii. Trinitarian disputes had their ltart 196. ing point In Alexandria, i. 191. Thought, (,onfounded with sensation Trinity, the lndiall. doctnne of, i. by Democritus, i. 125. 64. Variation of human, ii. 20;;. The Egyptian doctrine or, i. 91. Thucydides, his secret dlsbebef of the Is assumed in the doctrine ot N u Trojan war, i.. 49. menlUl, i. 211. ThurlDglans converted in the seventh The word does not occur in the and eighth centuries, i. 365. Scripturee, i. 273. Tides and currents explained on the Triumvirate, the Fmt, UlUrp5 the theory of gravitatIon, ii. 371. power ot tbe senate and people, Time, nothlDg absolute in, i. ~ 7. i. 248. TOrricelli, weight of atmosphere Trojall. war, various vieWB enter under:;tood before, ii. 47. tained about, i. 50. -HydrostatIcs created by, ii. 285. Horse, 8Uperstltious notiollS ot t.he COMItructs the barometer, and de tools with which ia wu made, I. monstrates the pressure of the 51. air, ii. 390, Troubadours use tbe Langue d'Oc in Toscanelll. a Florentine astronomer,· the north of France, Ii. 60. and friend of Columbus, ii. Trouv~r81 use the Langue d'Oil in 160. the south ot France, ii. GO. Constructs his gnomon in the Tupac Ynpanqui, Inca, quoted, i .. Cathedral of Florence,. ii. 255. 183. Tours, battle of, i. 368. • Turkish invasion, effect ot, iI. 110. Trade-wind, under the dominion of Turks, their origin and progress, ii. law, i. 4. 105. Transformation, the world ia under Tutching, his severe alI.d prolonged going unceasing, i. 59. puni~hment, ii. 244. TranSItional forms, nature of, i. 12. Tyoho makes a new catalogue of tlte Trausmigratioll of souls, the Veda atars, ii. 284. doctrine or, i. 61. Tympanum, its function, i. 5. The Buddhist doctrine .f, i. 71. Types, Platonic, i. 152. 'l'he Pythagorean doctrine ot; does Tyre, tall or, i. 80. ' not implyotht\ absolute immorta Tyrialls, their enterprise, L ,;;. lity of the soul, i. 117. • Plato's doctrine of, i. 1:16. IDphilas invents an alphabet tor the Transmission, hereditary, nature of, Goths, i. 867. . ii. 333. ~ "Unam Sanctam," the bull o~ iaaued l'ransmutation flf metals, i. 406. by Pope Bow(ace, ii. 83. INDEX'. 433 Under-world, primitive notioDll re- Venice, commer.:ial rivalry between specting, i. 89. Genoa and, li. 158. Undulatory theory of light, ii. 881. Tak~ tile lead in the publication of L'nifomuty, doctrine of, ii. 828. books, ii. 199. Unity of mankind, i. 10. Venus, light of the planet, ii. 304. Religious, implies tyranny to the Verona, Fracaster wrote on the petri individ ual, ii. 227. factioDB found at, ii. 815. Universe, unch/Ulgeability of, taught The first geologlcal museum esta by Anaxagoras, i. 108. blished at, li. 390. Its magnitude, ii. 292, 885. Vesicles, ne"e, strncture and func Unreliability of aense, Zeno's illustra tions of, ii. 347. , tion of, i. 123. Victor, Bishop of Rome, requires the Urban II. instltutes the Crusades, ii. Asiatic b18hops to conform to hIS 20. view respectmg Easter, i. 291. Urban VI.• his crnelty to his cardinals Victor Ill. denounces the life of Pope and b18hops, ii. 96. Benedict IX. as foul and exe crable, i. 3S1. Vienne, Council of, ii. 89. V &lentinl&n issues an edict denounring Vieta improves algepra, and applies the contumacy of Hilary, i. 300. it to geometry, Ii. 284. Is a Nicenlst, i. 311. Vigilius purchases the Papacy for two V &lerins, Count, the Pelagian question hundred pounds of gold, l. 354. settled through his influence, i. Vinci, Leonardo da, his contribUtiona. 294. to science, li. 268. Vallisneri, an Italian geologist of the First asserts the trne natlUe of eighteenth century, Ii. 815. fossil remains, Ii. 314, 890. Vandal attack, i. 827. Compares the actIon of the '@ye to. Vandals converted in the fourth cen that of a camera obscura, ii. tury, i. 865. 880. Van Helmont introdnced the theory Virgin Mary, worship or, i. 296. of ntabty into medicine, ii. 285. Various art types of the, i 361. Variation of organic forma, i. 8. Visconti, Barnabas, irreverence of, ii. Man not exempt from law of, i. gs. 10. Visigot.hs, apread of. through Greece,. Human, best aeen when examined Spaiu, Italy, i. 300. on a hue of the mendlan, i. 11. Vision, correct ideas respecting, Ii. The political result of human, i. 380. 11. Vitello publishes a treatise on optics Varolius, a dlstlDguished anatomist, ii. in the sixteenth century, ii. 255_ 284. Vocabulary, Indo-Germanic, i. 32. Varro, Terentius, his scepticism, i. Volcanoes, ii. 801. 257. Volta, indebtedne&ll or chemistry to, Vasco de Gama doubles the Cape of ii. 391. Good Hope, ii. 167. Voltaic electricity, fi. 377. Vatican hbrary founded by Nicholas Voyages, minor. ii." 74. . V•• ii. 111. Vulgate becomes the ecclesiastical Veda15m, the adoration of nature, its , authority 'of the West, L 306. doctrines, i. 58. JeaJous fears of Rome respectmg Ita changes, i. 64. aepreciation ot the authority ot '\"edlC do<'trmes, minor, i. 62- ii. 195._ VOL. II. 2 F ·434 INDEX. Wales, South, thickness of coal Witchcnlfl:, introduction or European, beal'ing strata in, ii. 308, ii. 115. Walter the Penniless, one of the first Women, condition of, In India, i. 83. Crusaders, ii, 22. "Sub-introduced," i. 859. ar, effect of, on the low Arab class, Exerted extraordinary infiuence In i.339. the conversIOn ot Europe, i. 865. Moral state of Europe indicated by Woodward improves mindl'alogy, ii. the usages of war, ii. 232. 286. 'War system, Roman, i. 250. World, to determine tho origin and Water, importance of, in Egypt, i. 9G. manner of production of, the The cUl'ious treatise of Zosimas on first object of Greek philosophy, the virtues and compositIon of, i.217. i.408. lIindu doctrine or the absorption or, Physical and chemical relation of, i.226. ii. 372. Moral, is governed by principles ana Watt, James, has l'evolutionized the logous to those which obtain in industry of the world, i. 387. the physical, I. 348. HIS discovery of the constitution of Expected end oi, i. 377. water, iL 340. Anthropocentric Ideas of the begin His invention of the steam-engine, ning 0(, Ii. 297. ,Ii. 385. Worlds, infinity of, Ii. 292. Weeka origin of the, 1. 403. Succession of, ii. S36. weepmg statues, held in supersti Wonns, synod of, Ii. 18. tIOUS veneration by the vulgar, i.51. Xantippe, the wife or Socrates, her Westel'nEmpire becomes extinct, i.351. character unfairly Judged o~ 1. Westphalia, Peace of, the culmmation 147. of the Reformation, ii. 212. Xenophanes, the representative ot • Whewell, his testimony to the incom gmat phil08oph.ical ad vance, i. parable merit of Newton'a 118• •, Principia," ii. 275. Xerxes, his exploltll enggerated, i. WIckliffe translates the Bible, ii. 99. 130. The revolt of, ii. 148. Ximenes, Cardinal, bnrns Arabic William of Champeaux opens a school manuscripts, ii.177. of logic in Pans, ii. 14- William, Lord of Montpellier, hIS Year, length of', dptPl'tllined br AI edict respectlDg the practice of bategnius and Thcblt Ben Corrab, medicine, ii. 123. ii. 41. William de Noguet assists King Yezed, Khalif, origiu oC Iconoclasm Philip agaillSt Pope Bozliface II., Imputed to, i. 417. ii.84. Yolinda de Lusignan, Frederick com Also against the TempI81'S, ii. 91•. peJled to marry her by Hono Wilham de Plaisian prefers a long rias Ill., ii. 61. list ot charges against Pope York, Archbltibop o~ excommunicated, Boniface, Ii. 84. ii.75. 'Willis, his researches on the brain Yucay, the site oCthe national palace and n~rvous system, ii. 286. of Peru, ii. 182. 'Winking pictures held in supersti tious veneration by the vulgar, Zachary, Pope, enters blto an alliADce i.51. With King Pepin, i. 370. INDEX. 435 Zaryab, the musician, honour paid Zeno the Stoic, rival of Epicurus, i. him by the Khahf Abderrahman, 182. h.34. • Ziska, John, desecration of the body Zedekla8, physician to Charles the of, ii. 149. Bald, fabulous story of, II. 120. Zosimus, Pope, annuls the decision of Zehra. splendour and magnificence of Innocent r., and declares (the the palace and gardens of, lit 32. opinion of Pelagius to be ortho Zemzen, a well, one of the fictiOns of dox, i. 294:_ popular Mohammedanism, i. 345. Zosmlls the Panopolitan, describes Zeno the Eleatic, the doctl'ines of the process of distillation, i. 408. Pnrmenides C31Tled out by, i. Zuinglius, the leader of the Swiss Re 122. 'I' formatloD, ii. 210. THE END. ItOlIDOlI: 1'1I.~ Br WILU.ur CLOWES Alo"D SONS, ST.urroll.~ STII.l