SENEGA'S USE OF STOIC THEMES, WITH AN

INDEX OF IDEAS TO BOOKS I-VII OF THE SPISTULAE MORALES

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School

of the Ohio State U.uiversity

By GEORGE ROBERT HOLSINGER, JR., B.S. in Ed., M.A.

The Ohio State University

195>2

Approved by

Adviser i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to acknowledge with grateful appreciation the invaluable assistance given in the preparation of this dis­ sertation by Dr. Kenneth M. Abbott of the Department of

Classical Languages, the Ohio State University. I desire also to offer thanks to my wife, Yvonne, for her constant assistance and encouragement.

9S17G8 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction • iii

Seneca as Stoic ...... 1

Seneca as a Literary M a n • 7

Seneca's Use of StoicThemes ...... 13

Index of Ideas ...... 60

English -* Latin Index ••.••...... 295

Terms in Special Classifications ...... 309

Bibliography ...... 312

Autobiography ...... 315 iii INTRODUCTION

It should be mentioned at the outset that this dissertation is but the first section of a proposed work which will encompass the entire body of Senecan writing in an Index of Ideas, which proposed work in turn will be directly connected with a detailed study of the influences of Roman Stoicism upon the thought of the writers of the early Christian Church, among them St, Augustine, St, Jerome, and

Tertullian. This particular point has not been thoroughly studied in the past.

It is hoped that the Index of Ideas which comprises the main part of the dissertation will be of use to scholars who have inte­ rested themselves in various phases of the Roman Empire, its thought patterns, and its practices* In the index section, the scholar who is concerned with Roman Stoicism and its development will find classified the thoughts of Seneca on various aspects of Stoicism, and, incidentally, on the relative merits of certain of the Stoic philosophers* The person who is concerned with Roman private life of the period will find in the index citations locating Senecan opinion on the gladiatorial games, on the Roman banquet, and on the Roman way of keeping the holidays. The scholar who is interested in the history of Roman literature will find cited the statements of Seneca on the lyric poets, on the style of various Latin writers, on the qualities of a good prose style,etc. The man interested in the effect of Roman

Stoicism upon the fathers of the early Christian Church will find indexed here the thoughts of Seneca on the existence of God, on mono­

theism, on the efficacy of prayer, and on the effect of sin upon the This index is intended principally as an index to the ideas, views, and subjects of Seneca* It is,of course, selective and cites only those sections of the letters in which an idea or subject is actually discussed or defined. E.g., this index does not include citations of every use of the Latin word voluptas , but will refer the reader only to those passages where some discussion or definition of the idea of voluptas is to be found. The index is not intended as a substitute for the

Index Verborum to the works of Seneca which is now in preparation, and the scholar who is interested in the Latin usage of Seneca and his phraseology -will rely in many cases on that index for his infor­ mation.

In this index, all of the ideas, subjects, proper names, and place names discussed in the first seven books of the Epistulae Morales are classified alphabetically according to Latin title (e.g. voluntas, paupertas, gladiator,Caesar,etc.), and under each such classification are found the citations referring to the particular section of the individual letter in which mention of this classification is found.

Latin classification headings have been used, so that the index can more readily be used by foreign scholars not familiar with the con­ notations of certain English words. After the main body of the index, there has been provided an additional English index arranged alpha­ betically, so that the reader can have a complete control check of the topic in question. A listing of words in five special classifications

(medicine; law and public life; sports; military life; business) has V been included also for the convenience of readers interested in special fields of endeavor*

In addition to -the sections mentioned above, three preliminary sections are included* The first, concerned with Seneca as a Stoic, attempts to show Seneca's place in relation to the history of late

Homan Stoicism* The second deals with Seneca as a literary man, and it includes a discussion of the estimation of Seneca as a literary figure by his contemporary critics, a personal evaluation of his style, and a brief outline of the standard method of literary construction used in the Epistulae* The third; is a discussion of Seneca's use of certain representative Stoic themes in his literary technique*

These chapters are included to enhance the usefulness of the main body of the index for those persons interested in Seneca primarily as a literary figure of the Homan Empire, or as an exponent of

Roman Stoicism, and to show whether and in what particular ways

Seneca differs from or adds to Stoic theory*

The basic texts of the Epistulae Morales used for the purposes of this dissertation are Otto Hense's second edition of the letters and Richard M. Gummere's edition in the Loeb Classical Library* vi

SIGIiA.

Epicurus

Ep. epiatula aut epistulae

L. Lucilius

S. Seneca 1

SENECA’S USE OF STOIC THEMES,WITH AN INDEX OF IDEAS TO BOOKS I-VII

OF THE EPISTULAE MORALES

SENECA AS STOIC

In the period of the late Roman Stoa, to -which Lucius Annaeus

Seneca belongs, philosophers were increasingly concerned with the everyday problems of men, rather than with philosophical problems of a purely theoretical nature* To the late Roman Stoics, questions of an ethical nature were much more absorbing than those questions whose answers lay in the realm of mere intellectual exercise* The

Stoic philosophy of the period was one of precept, rather than of philosophical concept* R*H. Barrow-*- aptly states the character of late Roman Stoicism when he writes:

Stoicism, and particularly Roman Stoicism, paid little attention to a basic philosophy and built up a large body of precept. Though reference was made to one or two fundamental postulates, what really carried author­ ity was the example or the teaching of the Stoic "wise man11 or sage (sapiens), the man who possessed the Stoic insight into the canons of moral behavior, 'What will the ’'sage" do in such and such circumstances?' is the Stoic criterion, whereas the earlier Greek question was 'How am I to discover by an intellectual process what is right and therefore what is right in this parti­ cular case?5

The important thing for the Stoics was that man should learn to live according to nature. Nature was in fact the power which ordained that all things should exist as they do exist. Nature was not always

■^Barrow, R,H,, The Romans, Penguin Books,Ltd,,Harmondsworth* Middlesex, 191,?. p. 1 6 2 ------2 called natura by the Roman Stoics, but also ratio or fa turn, or providentia, and sometimes even Deus , at which point Stoicism became pantheistic* As Stoicism developed, natura came to mean that particular nature of man -which distinguished him from the animals,i.e., the use of ratio* The Stoics believed that through philosophia man could rise above all the tribulations forced upon him by for tuna, and thus could avoid most of the problems of man­ kind* I shall not say a great deal here about the Stoic belief in regard to death, to virtue, to happiness, or to the other areas of Stoic belief which are treated more fully in the sections on the Stoic themes* We can observe here, however, that on many of these questions Stoicism was not consistent, this it seems being the danger of a philosophy of precepts*

The most important of the philosophers of the Stoic school in the first century, A.D. were L. Annaeus Cornutus, C. Musonius Rufus,

Seneca, and,towards the end of the century, Epictetus. In the second century late Stoicism's most important figure was M. Aurelius*

Efy the third century the school had almost disappeared from the scene.

The doctrine of Stoicism, however, was not confined to the circle of professional philosophers, but spread through the ranks of the common man. The philosophy also had a marked influence on Neo—Platonism and on the philosophy of the early Church Fathers, in particular St. Je­ rome, St. Augustine, and Tertullian* (This dissertation, as has been noted in the Introduction, is intended to be part of the basis for a 3 proposed further study of the relationship of Roman Stoicism to

Christianity.)

Seneca and his philosophy have been the subject of much scholar­ ly discussion. A great deal of time has been devoted by various authors to the subject of the inconsistencies ■which appear as we compare his philosophy and his private life* I shall be concerned in these brief remarks with the philosophical thought of Seneca, and shall not be concerned with a total estimate of him as a man, or with the influence of Stoicism upon the conduct of his public and private affairs* Let us now go on to consider Seneca as a philosopher of the late Roman Stoa*

Gummere^ claims that Seneca is '‘unique in his interpretation of this Stoic philosophy, because to so marked a degree he admits into it the theories of other schools.” We find Seneca speaking frequently of Epicurus and quoting freely from him, especially in the first thirty-three of the Epistulae. He speaks favorably of

Plato, of Socrates, of Carneades, and of the members of the Cynic school* Seneca began by following certain tenets of pythagoreanism, and he was influenced strongly by Posidonius. Pohlena^ mentions this

■^Gummere,Richard Mott, Seneca the Philosopher and his Modem Message, Marshall Jones Go*, Boston,1922. p.62

2 Pohlenz, Max, Die Stoa, Vanderhoeck und Ruprecht, Gottingen,19^8 p. 307 h attraction and influence of Posidonius and adds that the concept of universality set forth by Posidonius was the one particular point of his philosophy which could not be accepted by Seneca, be­ cause of his practical and ethical view of philosophy, a view which is common to the period of the late Stoa in Rome. Seneca, in the development of his thought, avoids many of the extremes of early

Stoicism. He avoids many of the paradoxes of earlier philosophy, he makes fun of the foolishness of much syllogistic reasoning (as he claims, for example: Mouse is a syllable; a mouse eats cheese; therefore, a syllable eats cheese I Ep. lj.8,6), he establishes the spirituality of the soul in contrast to the older view which held that the animus could be defined as corpus, and he avoids completely divination and sacrifice as practiced by the older Romans and places new emphasis on proper methods of prayer. For Seneca, phi­ losophy demands no pedigree or rank. The slave can attain a virtu­ ous life, he believes, and this thought guides him toward his lenient view of the treatment of slaves which will be discussed later. To Seneca, the will is all important. The only thing which a man truly needs to attain a life of virtue is to wish to attain that sort of life. Pohlenz1 says of this view:

Der entscheidende Faktor bei der' Selbsterziehung ist aber

^■Pohlenz, Max, op. cit. p. 319 5

fur Seneca der Wille.....Seine eigentliche Kraft entfaltot der Wille aber in der sittlichen Er- ziehung: Quid tibi opus est,ut bonus sis? velleCSOjli).

The appeal of Seneca for the fathers of the early Christian Church was great, and St, Jerome and St, Augustine found in him much common interest and belief. Much has also been written about the spurious correspondence between Seneca and St. Paul, and the reader who wishes to examine these interesting documents for himself is referred 1 2 to Claude Barlow’s excellent edition. Schanz also provides an illuminating discussion of the correspondence in his chapter on

Seneca as philosopher.

The reasons for this great appeal are rather obvious. Seneca was, first of all, a firm believer in the brotherhood of man, in the impor­

tance of amicitia through which a man may share his benefits with a

friend, not derive benefit from the friendship itself, as advocated by

the Epicureans. In Ep. 1*7 he speaks to Lucilius of the importance of

a fellow-feeling with one’s slaves, he urges Lucilius not to intimidate

his slaves or to humiliate them, and he even advocates the unheard-of

practice of dining with them* There are many allusions throughout the

Epistulae Morales to a single deity, there is strong argument for the

idea of the deus in nobis , and there are many remarks on the need for

^Barlow,Claude,Epistulae Senecae Ad Paulum et Pauli Ad Senecam Quae VocanturT American Academy, ftome, 1939*

2Schanz,Martin, Geschichte der Romischen Literatur, C.H. Beck’sche Ver 1 agsbuchhandlung, Munchen, 1913. pp. iilU-17 • Vol. 8, Part 2(2). proper methods of prayer* Seneca is a champion of women and has wide sympathy for their cause, he decries the brutality of the games and the drunkenness associated with them, he points out the evils of a life of sin, and he sees strong hope of a life for the soul after death, a life in which some reward for righteousness will be given*

Thus, Seneca was allied strongly to St* Jerome, to St. Augustine, and to Thomas a Kempis, not only through the similarity of certain of his precepts to theirs, but also through the firm bond of a great sympathy of attitude. Partly because of this strong bond and alliance to

Christianity, Seneca's popularity extended into the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and into modern times where he is looked on with at least slightly more favor than by his contemporary critics*

In summary, the characteristics of Seneca’s Stoicism are these: a new concept of the importance of the individual and his will, a strong emphasis on the brotherhood and fellow-feeling of men, and a stronger leaning toward a feeling of the importance of a Deity and the need for subjection to His will. Along with this went a discarding of many of the earlier philosophical quibblings and a close attention to the daily ethical problems of men* In these ways was Seneca unique; through these concepts he came more and more to fit the epithet of

"anima naturaliter Christiana.” 7

SENECA AS A LITERARY MAN

It is impossible to consider any of the works of Seneca in a thorough manner without some attention to his worth, as a man of letters# We know that Seneca is not read to any great extent in our

American colleges and universities, and that when he is read, his works are considered quite often from the point of view of his philo­ sophy and its relation to Stoic doctrine# What then can be said of

Seneca as a literary man?

Seneca was treated rather severely by critics contemporary with him# Quintilian, in his Institutes (x,l, 125-158), criticizes him for his striving for effect, and he feels that Seneca's basic philo­ sophical knowledge is not strong# Quintilian does admit that much of the body of his literary work is admirable, but he further states that much of the charm of the Senecan writing lies in its very faults.

Quintilian, of course, wanted most of all to bring back to Rome the standards of Ciceronian style, and thus he sums up his criticism with a comparison of Seneca with Cicero: potioribus praeferri non sinebam.

Aulus Gellius (Noctes Atticae, xii,2,l) agrees with Quintilian in the matter of Seneca's lack of basic education, and he further criticizes his style and subject matter as he says: Cuius libros adtingere nullum pretium operae sit, quod oratio eius vulgaris videatur et protrita, res atque sententiae aut inepto inanique impetu sint aut levi aut causidioali argutia, eruditio autem vernacula et plebeia. One can readily see why the person familiar with the complex

style of Cicero would not be overly pleased with his first experience 8 with the style of Seneca. His style,broken up into the well- known minutissimae sententlae , is extremely repetitive, and, even in the course of a single letter, Seneca may repeat a moral teaching many times in only slightly varied form. Arnold1 re­ marks that "it is not possible to deny...that he seldom gives us a continuous or thorough treatment of any important subject." He further adds that "his writings aim at immediate effect, rather than at the slow building up of ordered knowledge."

Despite the sometimes erratic and monotonous effect of his style, the writing of Seneca, particularly in the Epistulae Mora­ les , shows force and color, and, by virtue of its conversational tone, holds the interest of the reader throughout passages which in other philosophers would be extremely dull. He makes wide use of personal anecdote and experience in the Epistulae to illustrate his philosophical point. Although he admits that the Senecan style 2 has faults, Norden praises its energy, and he feels that Seneca is particularly to be commended for the energetic statement of his dogma* Norden also feels that the style has definite theatrical elements•

Seneca’s style, as a result of his education, shows strong influences of the suasoriaa and controversiae and is highly rhetor­ ical. He makes wide use of rhetorical figures in his style and

Arnold, E. Vernon, Roman Stoicism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1911* p. llU ’ 2Norden,Eduard, Die Antike Kunstprosa, B.G. Teubner,Leipzig,19®9. Pp. 306-lU. Vol. 1 both Bourgery^ and Summers^ have compiled extensive lists from 3 his -writings# J. Wight Duff, in his chapter on Seneca, further notes that the Epistulae Morales at points show strong resemblance to the standard Stoic diatribe.

No matter what his contemporary critics said about him, Seneca was popular with the general reader of his day, and his popularity during the period of the Renaissance was great# At least part of this popularity was due, in my opinion, to the fact that Seneca was writing in the letters a ready guide to the conduct of a philoso­ phic allysound life* He was concerned with the daily problems of men, and not with the development of a thorough philosophical sys­ tem. His writings can be compared with the very popular articles in essay style which appear in our American periodical press, and which offer to the ordinary man solutions to the complex problems of the modern world. Wenley^ feels that in the main body of his writings, Seneca "excels even Tacitus in the thrust of individual­ izing moral analysis."

1-LBourgery,Abel, Seneque / v Prosateur, Societe / / d'Edition "Les Belles Lettres," Paris,1922.

2Summers, Walter C., Select Letters of Seneca, Macmillan Co.,Ltd., 1910. 3Duff,J.Wight, A Literary History of Rome in the Silver Age, Chas. Scribner’s Sons, New York,1927. Pp. 196-27?j

Stoicism and Its Influence, Marshall Jones Co0,Boston, i92in 10

Norden?" mentions that the style of Seneca was a matter of

controversy with many critics in the first centuries of the

Roman Empire, and he advances the theory that the ground for the bitterness had a political basis in the conflict between two

factions in Rome, the one extolling the name of Seneca, the other,

a reactionary faction demanding a return to the standards of the

Roman Republic, taking Cicero as its guiding light* Aside from

this theory, it seems to me that much of Seneca’s difficulty in

finding acceptance by contemporary critics lay in the fact that

he represented such a drastic departure in style from the Ciceronian

way of writing which had been considered by most critics and teachers

(e.g., Quintilian) the model for a good prose style. It was not necessarily that Seneca was a worse writer than Cicero, but

that he was a different sort of writer. He very possibly had

the same difficulty in finding acceptance as do exponents of

modem art and music, for example, in our society.

SenecaTs language in the Epistulae Morales combines the literary

and the vulgar. Rhetorical elements are once again to be observed.

He strives to make the letters popular and conversational, and so

uses much colloquial language (e.g., pilicrepus, arnica, scordalus,etc.).

He also borrows freely from the world of commerce for words like

crustularius, kalendarium, porto rium,etc.

■^Norden, Eduard, op. cit. Pp. 306-11* There has been much debate through the years whether or not the Epistulae Morales are actually letters, or simply philosophical essays. Some scholars (Lipsius, Helgenfeld, Gercke, Schanz, and

Bourgery to mention a few) have argued that the Epistulae can in no way be considered to form an actual body of correspondence. Others (J.W. Duff and M. Albertini among them) have held that the letters are pieces of regular correspondence. I feel with Duff^ that the matter is of no particular importance to the modem reader. Seneca obviously intended that the letters have the appear­ ance of a correspondence > since he met all the requirements of the epistolary form. I feel, however, that in actuality the letters are simply a form of the philosophical popular essay and should be so considered.

Through a close consideration of the Epistulae Morales, the reader can note a definite pattern of literary construction therein. For our purposes let us consider briefly here the letters within the scope of this dissertation, namely •Cipistulae 1-69* In the first twenty—nine letters Seneca follows this general method of literary construction: (a) An introductory section rather directly tied in with

some phase of the activity of Lucilius. E.g., in Ep« £

Seneca commends Lucilius on his progress.

1 Duff, J. Wight, op. cit. 12

(b) The main body of the letter, involving generally

an ethical point of philosophy* This section takes

the introductory material as a point of departure*

E.g., in Ep. 5 Seneca discusses the demands of a

life in pursuit of philosophy in connection -with

the introductory mention of Lucilius' progress.

(c) The closing section, including a quotation

from Epicurus, Hecato, or another philosopher,

followed by a brief discussion of the quotation

in terms of its application to daily life.

E.g., in Ep. 5 Seneca concludes with a quotation

from Hecato on hope and fear, followed by a dis­

cussion on these points*

Beginning with Ep. 30 and extending generally through 69, Seneca varies this method of literary construction to some extent. He no longer demands of himself an introductory mention of Lucilius, and he no longer uses the quotation as a standard method of close* From

Ep. 30 on, the letters seem to drop the strict demands of the episto­ lary form, and they become even more akin to the popular essay*

(E.g., Ep. 58 - Here,the paucity of the Latin language in comparison with Greek is discussed, followed by a philosophical discussion of

Plato's concept of being. ) 13 SENECA'S USE OF STOIC THEMES

It is my purpose in this section to show the relationship of

Seneca with the basic doctrine of Roman Stoicism, and to illustrate his use of representative Stoic themes in the literary construction of the Epistulae. It would be a relatively simple matter, of course, to list the themes common to all of the Stoic writers, but this sec­ tion of the dissertation will show which of the themes are generally significant and most important to Seneca, and will show further which themes comprise the central ideas of individual letters.

The representative themes which are listed and discussed, it should be noted, are the basic themes of Roman Stoicism, i.e., the themes which are consistently used in the discussions of the Stoic philoso­ phers.

In considering the Stoic themes and Seneca's use of them, the user of this Index should keep one point clearly in mind; All Roman writing is eclectic and chooses freely from all of the philosophical systems to form a system of Roman thought. Thus, an idea which at first seems to be clearly Stoic or Epicurean in nature may in fact at this period be a standard Roman concept culled originally from the Stoics or Epicureans and made an integral part of Roman thought. E.g. , it does not seem to me that we can safely say that the Senecan con­ cept of temperantia is definitely Stoic in nature (even though tem- perantia stands as one of the four cardinal virtues of Stoicism), since his concept of temperantia has become by this time a central idea of Roman thought. Other examples of this sort of thing would be the Senecan concept of metus mortis; contentus parvo; providentia; etc. For the purposes of this dissertation, however, the themes whic^ are consistently found in the writings of the Stoics will be con­ sidered Stoic themes.

In this chapter I shall treat each of the themes in this way:

First, a general statement of the Stoic position in regard to the theme in question will be made. (In formulating this statement, the works of the standard authorities on Roman Stoicism have been utilized:

Arnold, Pohlenz, Gummere, Wenley, et al. It is not my purpose here to add original material on the beliefs of Seneca and the Stoics, but to make a simple statement of the generally accepted views.) After stating the Stoic position, I shall state Seneca's view on the con­ cept, especially wherever his view differs from standard Stoic be­ lief. Filially, I shall,list the letters in the first seven books of the Epistulae Morales in which the particular theme is the basic unit of composition, in addition showing how other themes, Stoic and literary, are used in support or illustration of the main theme.

A listing then will be made of other main themes throughout the first seven books to which the theme in question is auxiliary*

The following is a list of the representative Stoic themes which will be used in the development of this section. It consists of major themes used by the Stoic philosophers. In using this section the reader will note that certain themes which do not appear on this list are cited as major or supporting themes. These themes are for the most part literary in nature, and are not themes common to the basic Stoic doctrine. BASIC STOIC THEMES

AMBITIO

AMICITIA ANIMUS

CONSTANTIA DEUS

DISSIMULATIO

DOLOR

FQRTITUDO

FORTUNA C FATUM, FOES )

GAUDIUM (VOLUPTAS)

IRA

IUSTITIA LIBERTAS MORS

NATURA

NECESSITAS (VOLUNTAS)

PAUFERTAS (CONTENTUS PARVO)

PHILOSOPHIA (SAPIENTIA)

VIRTUS

VOTA 16 AM BITIG

Ambitio, which in Seneca means self-seeking or seeking after fame and glory, is to be avoided by all virtuous men* Ambitio is so much the worse, because it goes beyond the natural cravings of men who should govern their lives according to the demands of nature* In thi3 regard the tenets of Seneca are in keeping with the significant

Stoic doctrine of life according to nature* Also in keeping with the

Stoic belief in regard to the importance of philosophia, Seneca feels that there is nothing worse than the philosopher practicing his pro­ fession for the sake of gain or ambitio*

In the first seven books of the Epistulae , ambitio does not appear as a basic unit of composition in any single letter. It is used, however, as an auxiliary theme in Ep* 7 where the evil influence of the crowd in regard to ambitio is discussed; in Ep. 9 where in discussing amicitia

Seneca states that one never makes a true friend for the sake of ambitio; in Ep. 22 where the life of the good man is discussed , and ambitio is used in support of the central theme in the sense that the truly good man will not become involved in ambitious schemes; in Ep*

52 where in discussing philosophers , Seneca states that the philoso­ pher is evil who practices hi3 profession because of ambitio; in Ep*

69 where ambitio is used in support of the general theme of the false­ ness of avaricious goals*

In Ep. 60, ambitio is very close to being the central theme*

There are in actuality two closely interwoven themes in this short letter, vota and ambitio* Vota seems predominant. AMICITIA

Friendship in all of its aspects is one of the most widely treated themes in Books I-VII of the Epistulae. In addition to a rather large number of letters which are built entirely about the major theme of amicitia , friendship is also brought in as an

auxiliary theme in many of the philosophical discussions. In the Stoic and Senecan view, the following points in regard to

amicitia are significant

(a) Despite the high degree of self-sufficiency which he

maintains, the wise man desires friends, neighbors, and

associates. (b) Despite the pleasure one takes in having friends, the

wise man knows also how to bear the loss of friends with

equanimity.

(c) (k*eat danger lies in those friendships which are made

for material reasons alone.

(d) Friendship produces between men a partnership of inte­ rests. There can be no such thing as good or bad fortune

for an individual, because all men live in common. No man

can live happily who has regard for his own interests alone,

but man must live for his neighbor, if he wishes to live in

happiness himself. The sage who has a great deal in common

with his fellow man will then hold everything in common

with his friends. (e) The true friend can be retained in the spirit because

of the common bond, even though he be absent* Amicitia is used as the central unit of composition in the 18 following letters:

In Ep. 3 where the central theme is supported by the

auxiliary theme of fides as it is involved in friend­

ship. The themes of quies and inquies and inertia

are also discussed in the final section of the letter

in a departure from the major theme.

In Ep. 6 the idea that men have all things in common

is stressed. In support of the major theme, the fol­

lowing auxiliary themes appear:

possessio - Possession of a thing is of no value in it­

self without friends to share it.

scientia - Knowledge is not pleasing, if it must be kept

to one's self. It rather should be shared with a friend.

mores - Men gain more by association with men of strong

and firm character than they do by listening to their

lectures* In closing, Hecato is quoted on friendship to one's self.

In Ep. 9 the relationship between philosophia and amicitia

is discussed. The following auxiliary themes also appear:

animus - In connection with friendship and self-sufficiency

the difference between the Cynic and the Stoic soul is

discussed. se contentus - The wise man is self-sufficient, but he

still desires friends and neighbors.

nobilitas - The sage desires friends, so that his noble qua3.itles may not lie dormant, utilitas - The sage does not make friendships for the sake of utility, according to the Stoic belief, amor — Pure love as concerned with friendship, sapiens - The various qualities of the sage in connection with friendship are discussed. felicitas — Happiness is discussed in a departure from the major composition unit in the closing sections of the letter,

E. and the comic poets are quoted.

In Ep. 35 the Joining of minds developed to the same de­ gree is discussed. The following auxiliary themes appear: amor - The differences between love and friendship are dis­ cussed. gaudium - The joy of a completed friendship is cited, constantia - A discussion of consistency as a needed ele­ ment in the character of the sago. Lucilius must develop his character to this point in order to enjoy the friend­ ship of a kindred mind with Seneca,

In Ep, 63 amicitia is discussed from the point of view of grief for lost friends. (Dolor is also a strong theme in this letter and is discussed as a major theme under dolor,)

The following auxiliary themes appear: fortuna - A discussion is given of the need for rising through philo sophia above the reach of the whims of fortune which takes away dear friends through death. memoria - The joy in remembrance of lost friends is men—

tioned.

amor - One cannot have truly loved a friend who is lost, if

he cannot now love another friend and be consoled by the new

friendship*

mors — The need is cited for reflection on the fact that

death also will come to the man who is now mourning for

his lost friend*

Amicitia also appears as an auxiliary theme to the following major units of composition:

argumentatio, supervacua (ii5)

cavillatio verborum (U8)

constantia (20) migratio (2)

otium (19)

reformatio (25)

villa Vatiae (55) virtus,bona (66) ANIMUS 21 The soul and its characteristics are widely discussed in the first seven books of the Epistulae. The older Stoic view held that the animus was in actuality synonymous with substance or body0 Seneca, however, states clearly his belief in the spirituality of the soul, and its close relationship with God, There was some debate among the philo­ sophers whether the soul died along with the body, whether it con­ tinued as part of what they termed "the world-soul," or whether it had some sort of individual immortality* Seneca believes in this indi­ vidual immortality, and he states in Ep* Si '• "And so we come to this question: Can the soul be immortal? This you can be sure of: if the soul survives the body after the body is crushed, the soul can in no way be crushed out, simply because it does not perish. The rule of immortality has no exceptions, and nothing can harm that which is immortal." Seneca clearly states his belief in the divine origin of the soul in Ep. Uls "Just as the rays from the sun do certainly touch the earth, but still remain at the source from which they are sent; so the great and holy soul which has been sent down so that we may have a clearer knowledge of divinity does certainly associate with us, but still clings to its origin. On that origin it depends, it turns its gaze, and it longs to go, and only as a superior thing does it concern itself with us," Seneca states elsewhere his belief in a definite separation of the soul from the body, as he claims that great souls are sometimes put into poor bodies by Nature, and that the soul is not disfigured by the ugliness of the body, but rather is the body made more beautiful by the beauty of the soul. In sum­ mary, he states that the things which are to be praised in man are 2? the peculiar properties of that man: the soul and reason brought to perfection in the soul©

The theme of animus does not appear as the central unit of com­ position in any of the letters of the first seven books* It is used, however, as an auxiliary theme to the following major units: axnicitia (6,9*63)

deus in nobis (Ul-)

deus, causa (65)

dolor aut amicitia (63)

migratio (2 8 )

mors (2U)

mors, senectus (2 6 )

meditatio mortis (57)

otium (8,10,36,56)

paupertas (18)

philosophia (l6,ijl|.,53) turba (7)

virtus (66)

vitia loci (51,55)

voluntas (3li) CONSTANTIA 23

In the Senecan and Stoic view, consistency -was a significant as­ pect of the virtuous life* It was the highest duty and proof of wis­ dom that the word and deed of a man be in accord, that - in the words of Seneca - " a man be always equal to himself and always the same*"

On the other hand, the lack of consistency was a definite fault and was an indication of a wavering mind* Seneca exhorts his readers in their eclectic quest for philosophical wisdom to choose from the works of the philosophers whose words are consistent with their deeds, and he likewise warns them to avoid those philosophers whose words and deeds are inconsistent* Seneca defines the central idea of wisdom in this way (Ep. 20,5)• Quid est sapientla? Semper idem velle atque idem nolle* Of course, he tells his followers in ad­ dition: Licet illam exceptlunculam non adicias, ut rectum sit, quod velis; non potest cuiquam idem semper placere nisi rectum.

Although constantia stands as one of the four cardinal virtues of Stoicism, it appesuns in the first seven books of the letters only once as the theme which is the central unit of composition.

In Ep* 20 it is the central unit and is supported by

the following auxiliary themes:

sapientia and philosophia — The pursuit of wisdom and

the service of philosophy demand constantia*

amicitia - Consistency in frugal living will show one

who one's true friends are*

paupertas — See amicitia*

contentus parvo - Part of philosophical perfection consists

in being consistently satidfied with one's lot* divitiae - It is possible for a man to have riches and ^

still be consistent and philosophically sound*

In addition to the letter cited, constantia also appears as an auxiliary theme to major themes in the following locations:

amicitia (35)

constantia should be considered in close connection with the

major theme of magistri in (52)

gaudium (23)

fortitudo (67)

malum (31) villa Vatjae aut vitia loci

virtus (66)

voluntas (3h) 25 DEUS

Roman Stoicism was not consistent in its view of a deity* At times in the Stoics there is mention of a personal God to whom men may turn for aid, at other points God seems to be synonymous with Fate, and, in some of the Stoics, God seems to be the same as Nature, that all- guiding principle in conformity with which all men must live* (At this point, as I mentioned earlier, Stoicism had certain qualities of pantheism*) God is to the philosophers also the logos which is the core of the universe, and He is also Providence which cares for all* (Cf. Pohlenz^)

Seneca’s view of God is one of the factors which allies him so closely with the writers of the early Christian Church* He speaks, it is true, of the Gods who are confounded amid the dissolution of the world, he mentions philosophy as a defense against the arrangement of the universe by the Gods, and he tells Lucilius that through philo­ sophy he may become an equal of the Gods, but he also makes frequent mention of a single deity, a personal deity who is concerned with the problems of men and to whom men can look for aid* His theory of the deus in nobis is, of course, a case in point (Ep.ltl)* In developing this theory he states that a ’’holy spirit dwells within us,” that there are no occasions when outward prayer is necessary, since God dwells within man, that no man can be good or rise above Fortune

■'"Pohlenz, Max, Die Stoa, Vanderhoeck und Ruprecht, Gottingen, 19U8* p* 320 f f * 26 without the help of this God. In a later letter (Ep. 65) he states that God has within Himself the patterns of all behavior - the Platonic ideas . His mind comprehends the harmonies and the measures of every­ thing which is to be carried out. Later in this same letter, Seneca cites goodness as God's reason for the creation of the world. Finally,

Seneca states that the first or general causa is creative reason, or

God. To Seneca, God was more human than the Gods of the Stoics. In his view, there is more of the ratio than of the faturn in God.

Deus is the central unit of composition in I4I and 65.

In Ep. Ul where the famous theory of deus in nobis is set forth, the following auxiliary themes are present.

vota - There is no need for ostentatious external prayer,

since God dwells within each man.

animus - The soul is described as having definite divine

origins and divine connections which constantly influence

it, even though it rests within the body of man during his

lifetime.

natura - Man must live in accordance with his own nature.

In Ep. 65 the main portion of the letter is devoted to a

discussion of causae, and Seneca states his view that God

is the first or prime cause. The following auxiliary themes

also appear:

animus - The nature of the soul as connected with God is

discussed, and the attention paid to the soul by the

sapiens is investigated. 27 libertas — Seneca advocates the contemplation of God and the universe as the way to true philosophical perfection*

Deus is also an auxiliary theme to the following subjects: amicitia (9 ) bonum (31) cavillatio verborum (l|li,l4.8) constantia (20) esse (being) (58) otium (10,22) philosophia (16,53) paupertas (18) senectus (12) virtus (66) turba (7 ) 28 DISS3MULATI0

Hypocrisy as classified by Seneca is directly connected with the Stoic virtue of constantia , and thus may be considered with constantia*

Pissimulatio appears as an auxiliary theme to the following

subjects: '

constantia (20)

mors (2U)

vita philosophi (22)

voluntas OU) DOLOR

Dolorj in the sense of grief or pain,is considered by Seneca and the Stoics to be one of the emotions above which the sapiens , by virtue of his hold on philosophical truth, can rise* The sapiens will have contempt for pain, says Seneca, because, if it can be borne, pain is slight* If it cannot be borne, it is short. Some virtue arises from pain, but the man who lives merely to endure un­ ending pain is a fool* On the other hand, the man who dies in order to avoid pain is a coward (Ep. 58,36), In speaking of pain of heart, or grief, Seneca demands a short period of mourning beyond which the philosophically sound person will not go. His view is more lenient than that of the Stoics who maintained that any outward show of emo­ tion, such as tears, was vain show and vulgar parading of sorrow. They considered all things provoking tears and groans beneath notice. The significant point once again is that, in both the Senecan and Stoic view, the sapiens who is fortified by philosophia will be able to rise above the tricks of Fortune, and will be undisturbed by all of her attacks upon him. Dolor, in tbs sense of pain of heart, is used as the major unit of composition in only one of the epistulae in the first seven books.

It is so used in Ep* 63* In Ep. 63 it is supported by the following auxiliary themes:

amicitia - The proper bounds for the mourning of lost

friends are set. fortuna - A discussion is held of the need for avoiding

the snares of Fortune through philosophy. mortal it as — Through our grief, we should constantly •* consider our own mortality.

(Ep. 63 has also been classified under amicitia. The themes of amicitia and dolor are closely interwoven in this letter, and in this instance combine to form a major unit of composition.)

Dolor is also used as an auxiliary theme to the following major units: metus (13) (In Ep.13 Seneca states his more lenient view in regard to sorrow. The Stoics claim that all things provoking tears and groans are in vain. Seneca does not claim this, but urges Lucilius not to magnify his grief by anxiety ahead of time•) mors (2U) philosophia (£3) virtus (66) 31 FORTITUDO

Fortitudo stands as one of the four cardinal virtues of Roman

Stoicism. Fortitude and the endurance of suffering were considered important for the virtuous man, because through fortitudo he was able to withstand the onslaughts of Fortune, and thus was able to bring into play all of the other aspects of the virtuous life#

Fortitudo appears only once in the first 3aven books as the major theme of a letter. In. Ep. 67 Seneca discusses it, and he sums up his view in this way: Cum aliquis tormenta fortiter patitur, omnibus virtutibus utitur# In addition to the main theme in Ep# 67, the following auxiliary themes are used:

virtus - Fortitude is a significant element of

the virtuous life#

vota - A discussion of praying for suffering

which one must endure# providentia, constantia, patientia, etc* - These

abstract virtues are discussed in connection

with fortitudo.

Fortitudo is also used as an auxiliary theme to:

virtus (66) 32 FORTUNA - FATUM - 5DRS

Fortune, or fate, or chance are to Seneca and the Stoics the cycle of events as they happen to affect the life of men in this world* As has been mentioned earlier, inconsistency again exists among the Stoics in regard to this particular point, since some of the Stoics thought of

Fortuna as God , other considered God synonymous with Providence and

Fate,etc* Seneca resolves some of this disagreement as he looks upon

Deus as a more personal God to whom men can turn for aid, and upon

Fortuna or Fatum as the inexorable course of events as they affect mankind. To Seneca and the Stoics, one way alone appeared to offer to man a clear method of rising above Fortune, and that way is through philosophia and sapientia, through the attaining of virtuso

This theme does not appear as the central unit of composition in any single one of the letters in the first seven books. It is, however, used as an auxiliary theme to the following major units:

amicitia (9,63)

deus in nobis (ifL)

dolor (63)

exercitatio (15)

fortitudo (67)

gaudium-voluptas (59).

metus-sollicitudo (13)

mors (U)

otium (8,li*,36,68)

paupertas (18)

philo sophia (16, 37, Ui;, 53) senectus (12)

servitude* (U7) significatio rerum (U2) vita philosophi (22) vitia loci (5l) GAUDIUM - VOLUPTAS

Seneca and the Stoics make a strong distinction between true joy and mere sensual pleasure. Sensual pleasure is considered a vice by the Stoics; true joy is attained only through philosophy and life in a state of virtue*

In the first seven books of the Epistulae, gaudium appears as the central.unit of composition in 23 and 59*

In Ep* 23 it is supported by the following auxiliary

themes:

fors - In order to gain true joy through philosophy, man

must cease to find pleasure in the gifts of chance*

virtus — Through the attainment of virtue, man reaches

a state of pure joy*

mors - One must prepare for death in order to attain true

joy. philosophia - The pursuit of philosophy is a sure means

toward the attainment of true joy*

In Ep. 59 pleasure and joy are contrasted and appear as dual

themes. The following auxiliary themes are found:

verba — The literary theme of the use of words appears

as an auxiliary theme in a departure from the major

theme. sapientia — The effect of wisdom is unending joy*

fortuna — The whims of Fortune must be avoided in order

to attain piure joy* 35 Gaudium also is used as an auxiliary theme to the following major themes:

constantia (20)

mors(U,30) amicitia (6)

senectus (12)

virtus (66)

voluptas (27) (Gaudium and voluptas here appear as dual

themes.)

In the first seven books, voluptas appears as the central unit of composition in 27 and, 59*

In Ep. 27 the following auxiliary themes appears vitia - Pleasures enter through the avenue of vice, and

the results of these vices are harmful.

mens - No man can buy a sound mind.

paupertas - Epicurus is quoted on the substance of true

wealth.

In Ep. 59 voluptas appears as a dual theme with gaudium

(Cf. discussion above.)

Voluptas also appears as an auxiliary theme to the following major

themes:

esse (being) (58)

faroa Lucilii (21)

Marcellinus (29) sapiens (39)

senectus (12)

significatio rerum turba (7) 37 IRA.

In keeping with the Stoic doctrine, Seneca believes that anger re­

presents a departure from the rational mean of the philosophical life,

and that it thus is an evil to be avoided* Anger is in actuality a

temporary form of madness, and this is indicated clearly by the appear­

ance of angry men. Anger is not, however, merely instinct, but it alsd

involves some consent of the will. Here, of course, we come back to

the importance of the will iij the philosophical thinking of Seneca.

Seneca also discusses the means of averting anger, and the danger of

anger to an otherwise healthy mind.

Although the subject of ira is a popular one with the Stoics, and

although Seneca discusses it at length in his famous philosophical essay,

De Ira, the subject is discussed in the first seven books of the

Epistulae in only three letters.

In Ep. llj. where the main topic of discussion is withdrawal

from the active world, Seneca cautions against the purpose­

ful seeking out of discomforts, and here he charges his

follower not to provoke the anger of those in power by

willful disobedience.

In Ep. 18 where paupertas is the major theme, ira is also

discussed in a departure from the main theme in the final

paragraphs. In Ep. 29 in discussing the weak character of Marcellinus,

Seneca points out the fact that in such a man anger is an

indication of inconstantia. 38

IUSTITIA Iustitia, although one of the four cardinal virtues of Stoicism, and although discussed widely in many of the Stoic writers (e.g. Cicero), is found, used as an auxiliary theme in only one of the letters in the first seven books of the Bpistulae. At that point, Ep. 66, it supports the major theme of virtus and its aspects* 39 LIBERTAS The Stoic and Senecan concept of freedom is bound up in the idea of the importance of philosophy* Through philosophy, according to their concept, man can become truly free as he is relieved of his dependence upon the Gods and other men, as he comes to rely entirely upon himself* Pure freedom in this concept lies in turning away completely from the demands and desires of our bodies, and in turning toward the demands and needs of the soul* Although philosophy is a

stem mistress and demands full attention to her concepts, the very

servitude toward philosophy is freedom.

Although this concept of philosophical freedom is used as an auxiliary theme with a fair rate of frequency in the first seven books, it is not used as a central point of composition in any one letter. It is used as a supporting theme in many of the letters which discuss the value of the philosophical life.

Libertas is used as an auxiliary theme to the following subjects: deus (65)

exercitatio (15)

mors (2l±)

otium (8,11^,36)

philosophia (17)

profectus (32)

senectus (12,26) vita philosophi (22)

tempus (1) vitia loci (5l) virtus (66) MORS 1x0 Seneca and the late Roman Stoics realized that death was one of the greatest causes of fear and anxiety in men* Since the philo­ sophy at this period was concerned in the main with the ethical be­ havior of men, and with the providing of solutions to their problems through philosophy, it is quite natural and to be expected that Se­ neca in the first seven books of the Epistulae devotes a great deal of space to the discussion of mors, mors voluntaria, and metus mortis.

The significant points in the Senecan view of death are these:

(a) All of life is but a preparation for death. From the

day of a man's birth, he is moving toward death. The

final hour does not bring death, but simply completes

the death process.

(b) Death should be before the eyes of young and old

alike* No one is too old to hope for another day of

existence, but the strong desire to clutch to life is

to be avoided.

(c) Death is not to be feared, because it is either a com­

plete end which is in no way to be feared, or simply a pro­

cess of change. There should be no fear of ceasing to

exist, because in actuality it is the same as the condition

before birth or existence#

(d) In some circumstances death is to be invited. It is

foolish to commit suicide merely to avoid pain, but, on the

other hand, it is foolish to remain alive merely to endure

unending pain. ua (e) Through philosophia man reaches the virtuous state

in which he has contempt for death, and thus does not fear it.

In regard to this whole problem of death, the Stoic philosophers are once again inconsistent. Wenley^ states that ’’the majority of the Stoics appear to have run the gamut between reluctant denial and vague hope. Some admitted an indeterminate existence after death; some held that the question could not be, or at all events, had not been settled; others, like Cicero, no doubt representing the temper of Stoic ’hearers1 deemed the soul ’divine1 and therefore ’necessarily eternal.1 ” At any rate, mors and the fear associated with it were recognized as among the basic problems facing men* {Note: For a discussion of the Senecan view of the immortality of the soul, see

ANIMUS. )

Mors is used as the major unit of composition in2k »3 0 , 6 1 , and

63. In h the following auxiliary themes appear:

gaudium - Joy is to be felt through the rewards of philo­

sophy.

philosophia - Philosophy is the answer to the fear of death* paupertas - In the closing section, Epicurus is quoted on

poverty.

"Hvenley, R.M., Stoicism and Its Influence, Marshall Jones Co., Boston, 192U. Pp. 92-93; In Ep. 2k the following auxiliary themes are found:

sollicitudo - Seneca cites the foolishness of anxiety

in regard to things -which have not yet happened.

animus - The soul will be dulled by petty anxieties.

constantia - There is great need for consistency between word and deed#

In Ep. 30 the following auxiliary themes are found: philosophia - Philosophy makes one joyful in the sight of death.

fortitudo - One is braver at the moment of death than when approaching death# metus - Reasons are given for the foolishness of the fear of death. natura - Nature demands that we live in accordance with her laws. senectus - Death is to be expected in old age*

In Ep. Bk the following auxiliary themes are found: metus - The reasons for avoiding a fear of death are given# voluntas - Man can escape necessities, such as death, by wishing to do what necessity forces upon him#

In Ep. 61 the following auxiliary themes are found: voluntas — Death, a necessity, lo made easier by man’s willingness to accept the necessity# i;3 In Ep. 63 the following auxiliary themes are found:

animus - Man reaches steadfastness of soul by rising above

fortuna through

philosophia.

amicitia - The proper limits of grief for a dead friend are

set forth by Seneca.

amor - Having lost one whom you love, you should seek another

to love in an equal way.

mortalitas - The need for meditation on man's mortality is

discussed.

In addition to the letters cited above, mors appears as an auxiliary theme to the following subjects:

amicitia (9*63,) brevitas vitae (ii9)

causae (65) esse (being) (58)

fortitudo (67)

gaudium (23) inquies (69) otium (36)(8)

reformatio (25)

senectus (12) (26 - In 26 mors is interwoven closely with the major theme. The two themes seem to be joint major themes.)

tempus (l) vitia loci (5l)

turba (7) voluptas (27) kh NATURE

"Live according to naturel" was the constant exhortation of the philosophers of the Stoic school. It is in this concept of nature, however, that more inconsistencies appear. To some of the Stoics nature was synonymous with God and Stoicism became for them pan­ theistic, to others nature was fate, to others it was benevolent

Providence* As Stoicism developed, nature came more and more to mean the nature of man himself, in other words the nature of man as distinguished from that of the animals in the use of reason*

The hope for all men,said the Stoics,lay in subordination to the power of nature through philosophy.

Seneca tells us that reason demands of a man only that he live in accordance with his nature* He states that the various aspects of nature are firm proofs of 4. divine Being* He indicates further that ratio is in its essence the imitation of nature, that the greatest good a man can possess is to conduct himself in accord with the law of this all-important guide*

Natura is not used as a central unit of composition in any of the letters in the first seven books. It does appear as an auxiliary theme to the following major unitss

amicitia (3*9) otium (36 ) causae (63) paupertas (17) constantla (20 ) philosophia (5,16,5 0 )

deus in nobis (1*1 ) reformatio (25)

metus (13) (57) sapiens (39)

mors (1*, 30) sapientia (1 1 ) vita philoBophi (22) virtus (66) voluptas (27) vota (60) U6 NECESSITAS - VOLUNTAS

One of the most significant points in Seneca’s Stoicism is his concept of the importance of the mil, and the relationship of the will to the demands of necessity, Pohlenz'*' in his work, Die Stoa, looks upon Seneca’s idea of Per Wille as one of the key points of his philosophy, Seneca’s concept briefly stated is this: The way to philosophical perfection is open to the man who wishes or wills to obtain it. Naturally, says Seneca, certain obstacles are thrust in man’s way by necessity, Man attains virtue by wishing to do what is forced upon him by that necessity, Seneca states in Ep, 3U>3* "Quid aliquid?” inquis; ’’adhuc volo,” In hoc plurimum est, non sic quomodo principia totius operis dimidium occupare dicuntur; ista res animo constat, Itaque pars magna bonitatis est velle fieri bonum.

The importance of voluntas is discussed in letters 3k and 35 of the first seven books of the Epistulae , In Ep, 3k the importance of the will is the central unit of composition as in this very brief letter Seneca discusses the progress of his pupil, Lucillus, In

Ep, 35 the theme of voluntas is an auxiliary theme to the main theme of amicitia in connection with the need for consistency of the will in attaining philosophical perfection, and the need for the philoso­ phical perfection of Lucilius in order that he may enjoy a friendship of kindred minds with Seneca,

"Spohlenz, Max, Die Stoa, Vanderhoeck und Ruprecht, Gottingen,19U8, P. 319* hi Necessitas Is also used as an auxiliary theme to the following major composition units:

argumentatio (Uf>)

constantia (20)

mors {l$h)

virtue (66)

vita philosophi (37)

senectus (12) ue PAUPERTAS

In addition to giving man a clear course to follow in carrying out properly the officia of his state of life, the Stoic philosophy was concerned also with teaching him the best way to bear the adver­

sities thrust upon him by that life* Thus, Seneca and the Stoics in general devote a great deal of time to the question of poverty* (it should be noted that in Seneca paupertas , or poverty, means slender means, and does not refer to the abject pinch of poverty which the word connotes in English. According to Seneca, however, paupertas is not an absolute essential to the attainment of virtue* The rich man, through disdain for his riches, can reach the pinnacle of philosophical perfection*) The basic doctrine of Seneca and the Stoics is that the man who has a philosophically sound point of view will be firmly convinced that fortuna can do him no actual harm. There are other tenets of the creed, however, which are designed to offer consolation to the man injured by the attacks of fortune upon him.

Many of these points can be found in Seneca*s treatment of paupertas, a treatment which quite accurately mirrors the Stoic point of view.

The first consolation offered by Seneca and the Stoics is that the poor man is not afflicted by the bodily ills which so often attack the rich who are given over to luxurious living, and that the man who is poor is quite often in a happier and more contented frame of mind than the man 'afflicted* with great riches (80,6). Seneca also frequently mentions the fact that the poor man has friends who are true to him, friends who are not attracted by the beauty of his house, or the expectation of a free dinner. The poor man in turn is always U9 safer than the rich.man, and he need not fear robbers in the course of his travels. Seneca and the Stoics frequently state that poverty is in fact an aid to philosophy, and that the man who wishes to be­ come a worthwhile philosopher may well dispose of part of his goods, and adopt a life of the barest essentials# Seneca advocates, as does

Epicurus, a ’rehearsal* for poverty, so that when poverty arrives, man may be prepared to cope with it# (Again, it should be noted in this connection that, in Seneca’s view, riches are evil in themselves only if they affect the progress of the rich man toward perfect virtue#)

The crux of Seneca’s treatment of poverty is again bound up in his doctrine of the will and its relation to necessity, i.e#, no necessity need be difficult for a man, if he is willing to accept it#

The key to philosophical happiness and peace of mind lies, according to

Seneca, in wanting to do what is forced upon one by necessitas. So it is with paupertas - paupertas nulli malum est nisi repugnant! (123,16).

The theme of paupertas is used by Seneca as a major unit of composition in Ep. 17 and 18.

In Ep. 17 the following auxiliary themes are found:

philosophia - Philosophy is a companion and a guide in the

midst of paupertas, and is helped along by the very .; conditions

of paupertas.

libertas - Philosophical freedom is gained only through servi­

tude to philosophy for which all men should be willing to en­

dure want. natura - Seneca discusses nature as a rule of life, and he

points out that if a man lives according to nature as he

should, he will not mind poverty, since the demands of nature are indeed small. 50 In substantiation, Epicurus is quoted on the troubles of

rich men.

In Ep. 18 the following auxiliary themes are found:

vulgus or turba - The vulgus has given itself over entirely

to merrymaking, and it looks upon the possession of riches

as a great boon. One must separate himself from the vulgus.

constantia — Constancy must be developed by a rehearsal for

poverty, and poverty itself is a great aid in the development

of this firm virtue.

Epicurus is again quoted here on the need for a rehearsal

for poverty. ' In the final sections of this particular

letter, Seneca breaks as he often does with the central unit

of composition as he discusses a quotation of Epicurus on

the evil effects of ira.

Paupertas is also used as an auxiliary theme to the following sub­ jects:

bonum (31)

migratio (2)

mors CU)

philo sophia (16)

praecepta (33)

reformatio (25)

voluptas (27) PHILOSOPHIA and SAPIENTIA

Philosophy and the pursuit of wisdom are considered by Seneca and

the Stoics most important elements in the life of men. The following points in regard to their view should be noted;

(a) Philosophy offers the key to all of the problems of

life, and thus should be sought by rich and poor alike#

(b) Despite the demands which philosophy makes upon one,

the service to philosophy is in itself freedom, freedom

from dependence upon other men, upon fortune, and upon

the Clods#

(c) Consistency is one of the chief demands of philosophy#

(d) Death is the one thing which men universally fear. Through philosophy and wisdom, man is joyful, 3erene, and

brave in the sight of death, because through philosophy

man learns what death actually is#

(e) The syllogistic quibbling of some philosophical schools

is ridiculous*,

(f) The effect of unending wisdom through philosophia is the

attainment of true gaudium#

Philosophia is the central unit of composition in Ep# 5,8,16,17,

1*0,1*1*,1*8,50,53. (It should be noted at this point that the major theme of philosophia is inherent in many other letters which are discussed under mors, constantia, libertas, paupertas, gaudium, etc# Philosophia is in fact the major theme of all but a scattered few of the

Epistulae# For the sake of convenience, however, the philosophical themes have been divided into classifications.) S2 In Ep. 5 philosophia is supported by the following auxiliary themes: ambitio - The perverted forms of self-display are to be avoided by the philosopher* natura - Life according to nature is stated as the Stoic motto* providentia - Foresight, one of the noblest blessings of the human race, becomes perverted without philosophy*

In Ep. 8 the auxiliary themes are: otium or secessio - Retirement is necessary for the philosopher. fortuna - Through philosophy, one learns to disregard the so-called ‘gifts’ or snares of fortune. animu3 - Seneca remarks on the greatness of the soul* libertas - Seneca discusses the true freedom gained through the pursuit of philosophy*

In Ep* 16 the auxiliary themes are:

Deus - Through philosophy, man learns to follow God willingly* fortuna - Through philosophy, man learns to face fortune defiantly. natura - Epicurus is quoted on the importance of a life according to nature* In Ep* 17 the following auxiliary themes are found* 53 divitiae - Riches can keep a man from the pursuit of wisdom, if he does not have the proper attitude toward it, - paupertas - Poverty may be an actual aid to the quest of philosophy* libertas - Seneca again discusses the joy of philosophical freedom*

In Ep. ij.0 tha following auxiliary themes are founds oratio - The pr per style for use by a philosopher is very nearly the main theme of UO* It is closely interwoven throughout the letter with philosophia*

In Ep. the following auxiliary themes are found: virtus - The man well-fitted for virtue is the only man truly well-borno Pedigrees make no difference to the philosopher, felicitas - All happiness must have a philosophical basis*

In Ep* U8 the following auxiliary themes are found: amicitia - friendship and the common life with other men is one of the significant points of the philosophically sound life* consilium - Counsel to men in trouble is the chief gift of philosophy* In Ep. 50 the following auxiliary themes are founds

natura - Seneca again discusses the importance of a

life according to nature.

peccata - Even the soul hardened by sin can be aided by

philosophy.

virtus - Virtue is according to nature.

vitia - Vice is opposed to nature.

In Ep. 53 the following auxiliary themes are present:

navigatio - Sea-travel is used as an introductory theme.

animus - Certain diseases of the soul are cured by philosophy.

Philosophia is also an auxiliary theme to the following subjects:

bonum (31)

constantia (20)

deus (65) felicitas (39)

gaudium-voluptas (59)

magistri (52)

mors (U) (30)

otium (lit.,19)

paupertas (18) vita philosophi (37)

ratio (38) sapientia (6ii)

situs (55)

virtus aut Marcellinus (29) As was mentioned earlier, sapientia is very closely connected with philosophia, and in many places in Seneca is almost synonymous with it* Sapientia as such may be considered the major unit of com­ position in only one letter,61t* In the other letters in which it appears it is used only as an auxiliary then® to another major theme*

In Ep* 6h the following auxiliary themes are founds

virtus — The attainment of virtue is easiest through

wisdom*

magistri - Seneca gives honor to the noble men who have

shown him the way to wisdom*

Sapientia is also used as an auxiliary theme to the following subjects:

amicitia (6)

constantia (20)

gaudium and voluptas (59) magistri (£2)

mors (2k)

otium (lit) (68)

philo sophia (16,17)

vita philosophi (37) 56 VIRTUS

Virtue, the opposite of -which is lack of virtue or vitium, is the perfect state which men may reach through philosophia. It is the key-word of all Stoicism, and in the writings of the Stoic philosophers at all periods is almost synonymous with Stoicism itself* Some of the virtues to be attained by man, according to Seneca, are propriety, honor, constancy, lawfulness, etc* The virtues are equal among them­ selves in the Senecan view, as are the works of virtue and all the men who possess virtue* A single virtue underlies all the other vir­ tues, the one basic virtue which makes the soul straight and unswerv­

ing from its purpose* Virtue is, in effect, nothing more than right reason, and the virtues and the goods are all in perfect accord with nature*

Despite its significance, virtus in itself is not discussed exten­ sively by Seneca in the first seven books. (It is, of course, implied as present everywhere as the result of philosophia.) Virtus appears as the central theme of one long letter, Ep* 66, devoted exclusively to a consideration of virtue and its aspects*

In Ep. 66 it is supported by the following auxiliary themes:

natura - Nature is discussed in connection with the idea

of the presence of virtus in a physically poor body*

fortitudo — Seneca discusses the relationship of forti­

tude with true virtue*

gaudium - True joy is a result of the action of perfect

virtue*

ratio — True virtue or good is directly connected with 57 true reason.

natura - For the virtuous man, the most significant thing

is the conduct of life according to nature*

Summum Bonum - Seneca discusses the idea of the Supreme

Good.

Virtus is also used as an auxiliary theme to the following sub­ jects:

bonum (31)

fortitudo (67)

gaudium-voluptas (59)

metus (57)

mors (U)

otium (lU)

philo sophia CUU) (50)

sapientia (6I4.) voluptas (27) 58 VOTA The Senecan concept of prayer is once again influenced strongly by his view of the importance of the will* Men should wish things to be as they are. It is then that their life will be tranquil, and they m i l have little need for prayer.

Seneca treats the subject of the prayers of men in much the same way as do Juvenal and Epictetus. He decries the fact that at all times men wish to pray in private. Why? Simply because they are a-

shamed to have other men hear their foolish desires. They prayy says Seneca, for many things which , philosophically speaking, are directly opposed to their own good. (E.g., for a long life, for eternal youth, for riches, for a prosperous business,etc.) The friends of a man and his parents also pray for the very things which may ultimately harm him the mosto

In the final analysis, according to Seneca and the late Stoics, man should leave to the Gods his final disposition* He sould recog­ nize that his prayers are unworthy, and he should trust God to do what is best for him, since he believes that He wishes him well.

Time should not be spent in assailing the ears of the Gods, but in further developing the strength of the voluntas. Further, in the

Senecan concept, prayer should not only be prayer of resignation, but it should involve also the daily examination of one's soul (comparable to the Christian examen) to make certain that the soul is completely in tune with God and with His plans for man in the universe* We should always thus seek to learn, but not to change the divine will*

We must attempt to liken ourselves to God and follow Him with gladness, because only the virtuous man wins His favor. In sum: sic vive cum

hominibu3 tamquam Deus v id eat; sic loguere cum Deo tamquam homines

audiant(Ep« 10,£)*

The theme of prayer and its efficacy is not found in any letter in the first seven books as a central unit of composition. It is used, however, as an auxiliary theme to the following subjects:

ambitio (60) In this letter vota may be construed to be

a dual theme with ambitio,

deus in nobis (ill)

profectus (32)

paupertas (20)

vita philosophi (22,31) vulgus aut turba (10) 60

THE INDEX OF IDEAS

- A - ACADEMICI

Academics advise against catering to the crowd* 29,11

ACCIUS

Certain words common in Accius have gone out of use* 58,5

ACC01M0DATI0

Importance to mental well-being of being able to say: "The whole

world Is my fatherland.” 28,1*

ACCUSATQR

One should first of all play the part of accuser in condemning his vices. 28,10

ACHILLES

Calvisius Sabinus used to forget a name as well known as Achilles.

27,5

ACTIO

All life passes idille we do what is not to the purpose. 1,1

Men must go to the scene of action. 6,5

Philosophy teaches man to act, not to speak. 20,2

Philosophy demands an inner life not out of harmony with one's

actions* 20,2 61

Highest duty and proof of wisdom - that word and deed be in

accord, 20,2

ADFECTUS

Emotions portrayed by actors and means of portraying emotions,

11,7

Quiet neighborhood of no value, if emotions are in uproar, 56,5

Certain emotions cited which affect a man despite his courage,

57, 3-1; The emotions soon return to the attack. Illustration of the need

for an uninterrupted retirement, 69,3

ADMIRATIO

Let us see to it that the means whereby we wish to gain admiration

be not ridiculous and odious, 5,1;

Passages which S. admires are marked so that L, can turn to them

at once in the books, 6,5

Nothing except the soul is worthy of wonder, 8,5

As harmful to be scorned as to be admired, ll+,10

ADULATIO

How closely flattery resembles friendship, U5,7

Danger to one's character through the acceptance of shameless

flattery, 59,11

Each man according to his lot is stultified by flattery, S, gives 62 an example of an answer to be given a flatterer* 59*13

ADULESCENS

Young character which cannot hold fast to righteousness must be rescued from the mob* 7*6

Youth is more fruitful, but childhood more pleasant* 9*7

Blushing a good sign of modesty in a youth* 11*1

Youth most charming at its close* 12*it

Death should be looked in the face by old and young alike* 12,6

One circle of time embraces young manhood* 12,6

Young, old, midlle-aged..«taken off guard, all are equally afraid

of death and ignorant of life* 22,lit

L* claims that only a young mind can be molded* 25*1

Young man must store up (studies); old man must use them* 36,it

Faults of the first heat of youth* 68,13

ADVERSA (RES ADVERSAE. vide et: CALAMITAS; MISERIA)

In true friendship men know that they have all things in common,

especially their troubles* 6,3

Our powers can never inspire faith in ourselves until difficulties

have appeared even at close quarters* 13*1

Why is it necessary to summon trouble which must be endured soon

enough when it arrives? 2l**l

ADVQCATUS

Appearing in court as a counsel* 8,6 63

AEDIFICIUM

When the body resembles a decrepit building, i*e*, when one

joint Tails apart while another is being repaired, then

one must consider how he may leave life# 30,2

Buildings of unlike foundations are used to illustrate differing

dispositions of men* 52,5

AEGER ( vide ett MORBUS} MEDICINA; VALETUDO)

In certain cases, sick men are to be congratulated when they

realize that they are sick* 6,1

Sick men who have been weak for some time are in such a condition .

that they cannot be taken out of the house without suffering

a relapse; so are we affected when our souls have been suffering

from a long disease* 7*1

Wherever one moves a sick man, he carries his disease with him*

17,12

One need not despair of curing men sick even with a chronic illness,

if one holds out against excess, and forces them to do many

things against their will* 25,2

One should prefer not to be sick, but if he must be sick, he

should pray that he be able to bear illness well* 67,h

AEGYFTII

Pleasures compared to the bandits whom the Egyptians called

"lovers'1 (philetas)* 51,13 6U MAMERCUS ASMILIUS SCAUHUS

Jesting comment of Scaurus on Aristo’s habit of holding dis­

cussions in a carriage* 29,6

AEMULA.TIO

Rivalry results in strife* lh,9

AENEAS

Tyro states of man compared with two states of Aeneas, £6,13-11;

AENEIS (vide: VERGILIUS)

AEQUALITAS

Even temperament needed for perfection of virtue* 31,8

The equality of virtues, reasons, goods, etc, discussed in 66,

AER

Nothing is cold without air, 31*5

Soul is just air in a certain state; air more adaptable than any

other matter because it is rarer, £0,6

AESTUS

Careful pilot questions those who know the locality concerning

the action of the tides, lU,8

AETNA

Aetna is a celebrated mountain, and is called unique by either 65 Uessala or Valgius* S. sees no reason for calling it unique*

51,1

AEVUM MEDIUM

When taken off guard, young, old, and middle-aged are equally afraid

of death and ignorant of life* 22,1U

AGITATIQ

Those who seem to be busied with nothing are busied with greater

tasks* 8,6

Good men will not be busy merely for the sake of being busy, 22,8

One can escape business by having contempt for the rewards of

business* 22,9 Thoughts which keep one from withdrawing from business* 22,9

The wise man is never more active than when he is concerned with

things divine as well as human. 68,2

AGITATOR

Joy of charioteer greatest when in last lap of course* Illustration

of joy at moment of death. 30,13

AGMEN QUADRATUM

Simile of agmen quadratum in which army is in square formation

with baggage in the middle - ready for attack from any side*

59,7 AGITATOR 0 0

Joy of charioteer greatest when in last lap of course. Illustration

of joy at moment of death. 30, 13

AGRICOLA

Same difference between winning a friend and having already won him

as there is between the farmer who sows and the farmer who

reaps. 9, 7

Voice of an orator should not abruptly drop from raving in the

uncouth manner of the farmer. 25,8

Pride of the farmer when his tree bears fruit. 32**1

ALBUM

S. uses word album to mean formula; figure taken originally from

praetor's edict posted on an album. 59*2

ALEXANDER

Quotation of Alexander relative to his conquest of Asia. 53*10

Story of Alexander offering the pain of his wound as a sign of

his mortality. 59*12

ALIPILUS

Noise made by the hairplucker and his victims. 56,2

ALTE CINCTUS Sleeveless tunic as mark of bravery and hardiness. 33*2

Courage and readiness for battle found just as much among Persians (who wore sleeves) as among men girt up high. 33*2 67

ALUMNUS

Pride of teacher in progress of his pupil. 3U>1

AMATORIUM

"I can show you a love potion compounded without drugs, herbs, or

witch’s incantation: if you wish to be loved, love.11

(Hecato) 9,6

AMBITIO S. returns home more ambitious after having been among men in a

crowd. 7,3

One does not love for the sake of ambition. 9,11

The good man will not become so involved in ambitious schemes that

lie will have continually to endure their ebb and flow. 22,8

Men complain about their ambitions as they complain about their

mistresses, not with real hatred but with bickering. 22,10

What is worse than philosophers who practice their profession for

the sake of self-seeking? 52,9

It is not our natural hunger that costs us dear, but our craving.

60,3 Ambition promises a purple robe and applause and all that influence

can do • 69, U

AMBULATIO

Walking does not interfere with study. 15,6 AMICA 68 One man hangs himself before the door of his mistress. 1*.,

Men complain about their ambitions as they do about their mistresses,

not with real hatred but with bickering. 22,10

AMICITIA

Many acquaintances but no friends for those engaging in foreign

travel. 2 , 2

Above true of those who visit all authors in a hurried manner. 2,2 I. . warns B. not to discuss all his affairs with his friend. 3,1 Use of word "friend11 in popular sense. 3*1

No man friend whom you do not trust as you trust yourself. 3*2 Discuss everything with a friend. 3*2

When friendship is settled you must trust, before friendship is

formed you must judge. 3*2

Consider a long time whether a person should be admitted to your

friendship^ when you have decided to admit him, admit him

with your heart and soul. 3,2

Speak boldly to a friend as to yourself. 3,2

Share with a friend all worries and reflections. 3*3

Regard a friend as loyal and you will make him loyal. 3*3

Some fear to confide in their closest intimates. 3>h

Surer trust in friendship of L. and S., true friendship which hope

and fear and self interest cannot sever, friendship in which and

for the sake of which men die. 6,2

Many have lacked not a friend but a friendship. 6,3

One cannot lack a friendship when sould are drawn together into an

alliance of honorable desires. 6,3 62 In true friendship, men know that all things are in common, es­

pecially their troubles. 6,3

Nothing pleasant to possess without friends to share ijs. 6,h

"You ask what progress I have made? I have begun to be a friend

to myself." (Hecato) 6,7

The familiar friend, if he is luxurious, weakens and softens us imperceptibly. 7,7

Letter of E. mentioned in which he rebukes those who said that a

wise man was self-sufficient and did not stand in need of any friendship. 9,1

Despite self-sufficiency, wise man desires friends, neighbors, and associates. 9,3

Wise man can endure the loss of a friend with equanimity. 9,$

Art of making a friend quicklyj quotation of Hecato. 9,6

Great pleasure not only in maintaining old friendships but in

acquiring new ones. 9,6

Same difference between winning a friend and having already won

him as between farmer who sows and farmer who reaps. 9,7

Wise man desires friends so that he may practice friendship, thus

not allowing his noble qualities to lie dormant. 9,7

Reason of E. for desiring friends not sufficient. 9,8

One should not enter upon friendship with selfish regard for his

own purpose. 9,9

Danger in "fade weather" friendships. 9,9

Prosperous men have many friends, unprosperous few. 9,9

True friend should be attracted by friendship itself. 9,9 Shameful cases of those who have betrayed friendship through fear.

9,9 S* makes a friend so that he may have someone for whom to die. 9,10

Sojfte friendships bargains, not friendships. 9,10

Love is friendship gone mad. 9,11 Friendship for its own sake can be sought by theself-sufficient

wise man. 9,12

A man who seek3 friendship for favorable occasions robs it of its

nobility. 9,12

Wise man can live happily even without friends. 9,15

Natural promptings drive sage into friendship. 9,17

Inherent attractiveness of friendship. 9,17

Although the sage loves his friends, all his good will be limited

to his own being. 9,18

Burdensome to keep friendship of all persons, lit,7

Friendships make complete retirement difficult. 19,3

Need for careful selection of eating and drinking companions. "A

meal of meat without a friend is like the life of a lion or a

wolf." E. 19,10

Privilege of selecting dinner companions reserved for those who

have withdrawn from public life. 19,11

Errors made by important men in judging their friends. 19,11

A debtor quite often is not a friend. 19,11

Kindnesses establish friendship only when they are judiciously

placed. 19,12 Poverty will keep for you your tried and true friends. 20,7

S. does not truly love a friend if he is unwilling to hurt his 71 feelings. 25,1

Only perfect love is identical with friendship. 35,1

S. hopes for friendship of kindred mind with L. 35,2-3

How closely flattery resembles friendship. 1*5,7

Conflict of Epicurean and Stoic ideas of friendship; Stoic idea reasserted, advantages of friends identical. 1*8,1-2

Fellowship with fellow man great boon to friendship. 1*8,3

Outline of difference between Stoic and Epicurean ideas of friend­

ship. 1*8,1*

Discussion of the absence of friends; it is possible to commune

even though separated. 55,9-11

Memory of friend should last longer than grief at his death. 63,3

Attains quoted on friendship. 63,5-6

Memory of lost friends is sweet and appealing to S. 63,7

Let us greedily enjoy our friends, for we do not know how long

this privilege will be ours. 63,8

S. critical of men who are careless of their friends and then

mourn them most abjectly. 63,9

Other friends should console us at the loss of one friend. 63,10 He who has been unable to love more than one friend lias had none

too much love for that one. 63,11

It is better to replace your dead friend than to weep for him.

63,12

Let us think as much about our own mortality as about that of

those we love. 63,15

Friendship among men like desirability in realm of things. 66,2i*-25 72 MISS 10

Most disgraceful loss through carelessness. 1,1

S. knows cause and manner of loss (of time). 1,1;

No good thing renders its possessor happy unless he is prepared for its loss. U>6

Nothing can be lost with less discomfort than that which, when

lost, cannot be missed. 1;,6

Wise man has the means whereby he can easily replace a lost

friend. 9,5

Superfluity and unimportance of things which we lose. 1*2,9-10

AMOR

"I can show you a love potion compounded without drug, herb, or

witch*s incantation; if you would be loved, love." (Hecato)

9,6

Love is friendship gone mad. 9,11

Discussion of pure love. 9,11

Anger arises as much from love as from hate. 18,15

Only perfect, unselfish love is identical with friendship. 35,1

He who has been unable to love more than one friend has had none

too much love for that one. 63,3

Since nothing grows more easily than love, one who is trying to

forget an old love must avoid every reminder of the person he

held dear. Illustration of the need for uninterrupted

r etir eraent • 69 , 3 AMPLIFICATIO

We are in the habit of exaggerating, imagining, or anticipating

sorrow* 13, £

ANALSCTAE GRAMMATICI

Satellius Quadratus suggests to Galvisius Sabinus that he have

philologists to gather up the bits of paid-for knowledge which

he drops. 27,7

ANCORA

Plunging anchor from bow when beaching a ship. Aeneid iii 277.

£3,3

ANGULUM

One may leap from heaven to the slums. 31,11

ANIMAL

Animals raised on hard ground can travel on any sort of a road.

Illustration of importance of austere dwelling place. £1,10

Discussion of genus animaT. 58,9

Animal divided into species perishable or imperishable. 58, lli

Habit of animals whereby they hide themselves from discovery by

confusing their tracks in the vicinity of their lairs.

Illustration of the need of concealing one’s retirement. 68,1*

ANIMANTIA "Substance'' divided into either animate or inanimate substance, Ik the animate further distributed into things which have mind and

things which have only life. 58, li*

ANIMUS

One cannot lack a friendship when souls are drawn together in an

alliance of honorable desires. 6,3

We are affected like sick men when taken out when our soul has

been suffering from a long disease. 7,1

Nothing except the soul is worthy of wonder. 8,5

To the soul, if it be great, naught is great. 8,5

E's objection to Stilbo and those who felt that the Greatest Good

is a soul insensible to feeling. 9,1

Difficulty of use of impatiens to describe soul which rejects

sensation of evil; some people will interpret the word as

meaning a soul which can endure no evil. Perhaps better to say

animus invulnerabili s or animus extra omnein patientiam

positus. 9,2

Wise man requires a sound and upright soul whii&h despises fortune

to live happily. 9,13

S. urges L. to pray for health, first of soul, then of body. 10,U

Whatever is given to us by the condition of our birth and the

constitution of our body will stay with us no matter how long

or hard the soul had tried to master itself. 11,6

The soul should have someone whom it can respect, by whose authority

its inner shrine is more hallowed. 11,9

By overloading the body with food, the soul is strangled and be- 75 comes less agile. 15,2

Limit the body and allow free play to the soul. 15,2 Philosophy moulds the soul. 16,3

The only abiding good is that which the soul discovers for itself

within itself. 27,3

Noble soul of one who reduces himself to poverty voluntarily. 18,11

It matters not so much out of what provocation anger arises but

upon what sort of soul it falls. 18,15

Soul will be dulled and will become less vigorous when mueh

attention is paid to petty anxieties. 2l*,l6

Debates, learned talks, maxims, etc., afford no real proof of the

strength of the soul. 26,6

Upright, good, and great soul the one thing to be soughtj such

a soul is a God dwelling in the human body. 31,11

Importance of the will in the development of the soul. 3U,3

Man's soul is awry whose acts are out of harmony. 31*, 1* Invincible character of a noble spirit. 36,6

The most excellent quality of the noble soul is its ability to

be roused to honorable things. 39,2

Action of flame compared with activity of the soul in constant

motion. 39,3

It is the quality of the soul to scorn great things and prefer the

ordinary. 39,1*

The soul is ruined by excess propriety. 39,1* Idea that the divine soul, although associated with our body,

still cleaves to its divine origin. 76 The soul and reason brought to perfection in the soul are the

peculiar property of a man. They are the things to be praised,

ill, 7 The soul alone renders one noble and enables one to arise superior

to fortune.

Work involved in moulding the soul. £>0,5

Pliability of the soul. 50,6

The soul is not to be pampered, because surrendering to pleasure

means surrendering to other vices also* 51,8

The sicker one is in his soul, the less ready he is to admit

it. 53,7 Sound and light sleep used to illustrate cases of men with great

and small faults of the soul. 53,7

A friend who is retained in the spirit can never be absent. 55,11

Man who cannot sleep because his soul is disturbed. 56,7

Soul is not always at peace when the body is still. 56,8

Doctrine of Stoics on action of man-crushing weight upon the

soul. 57,7

Way in which the soul escapes from the body after an accident. 57,8

Immortality of the soul; immortality questioned. 57,9

Ideal steadfastness of the soul reached only by man far above the

reaches of fortune. 63,1

Immortality of the soul. 63,16

The consideration of certain philosophical questions elevates and

enlightens the soul weighed down by the body. Philosophy turns

it from earthly things to the divine. 65,16

Soul finds rest in contemplation of the universe. 65,17 The body is merely a prison in which the soul lives free. 65,21-22

God’s relation to the universe is comparable to the soul's relation

to man. 65,2ij.

Body as domicile of the soul. 66,1

Great souls put into poor bodies by nature. 66,3

The soul is not disfigured by the ugliness of the body, but rather

is made more beautiful by the beauty of the soul. 66,Aj.

Characteristic of the soul which is virtue itself. 66,6

Goods are cited as equal because in each there is the same great­

ness of soul put to different use. 66,12

All the good of reason resides in the soul. 66,35

The soul free from disturbance as one of the two goods of which the

Supreme Good is composed. 66,U$

ANNOTATIO

S. marks certain passages so that L. need not spend time in

searching for profitable topics. 6,5

ANNUS

Year as division of time. Aj.1,6

ANTECESSUS

S. gives L. two sayings as payment in advance. 7,10

ANULUS

S. considers communing with himself and posterity of greater im­

portance than affixing his seal ring to a will. 8,6 AQUA 1 Cry of "Water,f when fire arises. 17,3

Water as example of frugal diet. 18,10

Metaphor of stream of water used in illustrating style of speaking. 1*0,8

S. refers to. himself as a veteran devotee of cold water. 53,3

S. does not at his time of life entrust himself to a bath which is

absolutely cold. 67,1

ARBITER

S. and his friends appoint L. arbiter in a philosophical

argument. 65,2

ARBOR

Single tree is not remarkable when whole forest rises to same

height. Illustration of unevenness and lack of it. 33,1

Pride of farmer when his tree bears fruit. 3U,1

ARCA

S. mentions his dependence upon the "coffers of Epicurus". 26,8

ARCUS

First occupation of one born in Parthia bending the bow. 36,7

ARGENTUM

Scorn for silver dishes to be avoided. 5,2

One needs no silver plate embossed in gold. 5,3 70 Lack of silver is not proof of simple life* 5,3

Great man uses earthenware dishes as if silver* 5,6

Man equally great using silver as if earthenware* 5,6

ARGONAUTICA

Fragment from Argonautica of Varro Atacinus* 56,6

ARISTO

Aristo, philosopher of Marcus Lepidus, who used to hold discussions

in his carriage* 29,6

Statement ascribed to Aristo* 36,3

ARISTQTELES

Aristotle derived more help from the character than from the

words of Socrates, 6,6

Aristotle defined man as a species, 58,9

Aristotle's four uses of expression causa; Aristotle's concept

of the idos, 65,1*

ARS

No need for skill or defensive armor in bouts which S* sees* 7,U

When asked what good a skill was which would affect so few men, a

certain man said, "I am content with few,content with one, con­

tent with none at all," 7,11

Enjoyment of fruit of art, as contrasted with enjoyment of art

itself* 9,7

Defects of the body inplanted and inborn can be toned down by training,but not removed© 11,1

A soldier*3 skill is not at fault, if he receives a death blow through his armor. lU,l5

Certain articles devised by art for the satisfaction of luxury. 16,8 All art but an imitation of nature© 65,3 There is no art without motion. 65,11

ARTIFEX

Attains has said that it is more pleasurable to make than to keep

a friend, just as the artist would rather paint than to have

finished painting© 9,?

Wise man who is also a craftsman rejects or chooses in each case

as it suits the occasion; he does not admire what he chooses,

if he has a strong soul© 31,6

It is the mark of a great artist to have confined a full likeness

within the limits of a small surface. Illustration of life of

man compared to eternity of God. 53,11 t Certain workmen engaged in delicate work find recreation in the open air and in a park; so is the soul rested by contemplation

of the universe© 65,17

ARTIFICES SCAENICI

Emotions depicted by actors and means of depicting emotions* 11,7

Actors cannot master a blush© 11,7 ASELLIUS 81 Anecdote of Asellius' comment on the speech of P.Vinicius# h0,9

ASIA

Quotation of Alexander relative to his conquest of Asia* 53>10

ASILUS As Hu s for "gad-fly" obsolete in S's day# 58,2

ASTHMA

S. calls his illness simply by the Latin term "shortness of breath'1

rather than by the Greek name, asthma# 5U>1

Physicians call asthma "meditation for death#" 5ht2

Further description of S's asthmatic condition* 5U,6

ATHENQDORUS

Quotation of Athenodorus on praying openly to God* 10,5

ATHLETA No prizefighter can go into the fray with high spirits, unless

he has been beaten severely previously. 13,2 S# compares the drenching with mud and sand on his travels to

treatment undergone by an athlete* 57,1

ATRUM

Nothing black unless it contains darkness or draw to itself

something of dimness# 31,5 ATTALUS (STOICUS) 82 Attains has said that it is more pleasurable to make a friend

than to have one, just as the artist would rather paint

than to have finished painting* 9,7

Quoted on remembrance of lost friends* 63,5

Quoted on torture and death* 67,15

ATTICUS, T. FOMFGNIUS

Importance of letters of Cicero to the renown of Atticus* 21,U

AUCTOR (vide et: LECTIO; LIBER)

Beware of reading many authors* 2,2

Many acquaintances few friends true of men who seek intimate acquaintance with no single author, but visit all in a hurried

manner* 2,2

Always read standard authors* 2,1*

Author of certain excellent saying unknown* 7,11

AUFIDIUS BASSUS

Aufidius Bassus affected by ol^ age* 30,1

Mind of Bassus active in old age* 30,3

Bassus looks upon his death with courage and confidence* 30,3

Bassus talks freely about his death, 30,5

Yfords of Bassus hold greater weight because he discusses death

when death is near* 30,7 Bassus claims that it is as foolish to fear death as to fear old

age. 30,10 Bassus often in accord -with the counsels of E* 30,Hi

AURES Men trust more in eyes than in ears* 6,£

AUHUM (vide et; DIVITIAE)

One needs no silver plate embossed in gold* 5*3

Freedom from gold not proof of simple life* S>,3

Gold as an element of wealth* 16,8

AUSTER South wind roughens the Sicilian Sea and forces it into choppy

currents* lli,8 BAIAE

Baiae place to be avoided because luxury has chosen it as its

chief resort. 51,1 More honorable for Scipio to spend his exile at Litemum than at

Baiae. 51 ,11 VillaB on tops of mountaina built at Baiae by Gaius Marius,

Gnaeus Pompey, and Caesar. 51, H

Best thing about the villa of Servilius Vatia is its location in

respect to Baiae. 55,7

3ALBUTIRE

Stammering of Vinicius mentioned. 40,9

BALINEUM

S. wants nothing to do v/ith the hot bathB or the sweating rooms.

51,6

Lodgings of S. above the bathing establishment and the noises

associated v/ith it. 56,1

Noise made by one who likes to hear the sound of his own voice in the bathroom. 56,2

Those troubled by pain in the feet abstain from wine or the

bath. 68,7

BARBA

Slovenly beard to be avoided. 5,2 85 BASSUS (vide AUFIDIUS)

8ELLUM

Rumor is wont to settle war, but much more often settles

individuals. 15»8 Intervention of Cato in civil wars. 14,15

Ttyrant is selected as the result of civil war. 14,15

Man must also rage a war against the blandishments of pleasure. 51»6

One would hope that war does not occur, but he should pray that if

it does, he be able to bear its exigencies. 67,4

BENEFICIUM

3. summons L. not so much that he may derive benefit, but that he

may confer benefit. 6,6

Kindnesses establish friendships only if judiciously placed. 19,12

The person receiving a kindness is more important than the kindness

received. 19,12

Those kindnesses are best which benefit the giver no less than

the receiver, (proverb) 56,4

Men who reach salvation with the help of another are still

excellent, although of the second class. 52,5

BILIS

Seasickness which upsets the liver without clearing it. 55*5

Ride in litter as aid to shaking up bile which has gathered in

the throat. 55»2 B O M (vide et VIRTUS) 00

Many bleaaings may bring harm to us. 5*9

Your good qualities should face inwards. 7*12

Do away with substantial goods which can never satisfy. 15,11

Look only toward the true good, rejoice in that which comes

from your own store. 25,6

Basic sources of the real good. 25,7

Only abiding good is that which the soul discovers, for itself

within itself. 27,5

There is only one good, the cause and support of a happy life,

trust in oneself. 51*5 It is not possible that a thing should be bad at one time and

good at another. 51*5 Work is not a good. 51,5

Scorning of work is a good. 51,^

Whatever is blended with a virtue is good. 51*5

Knowledge of things is good, lack of knowledge evil. 51,6

Philosophy the Greatest Good. 51,8

Importance of knowledge of true good. 52,5

Good man is man whom no constraint can render bad. 5^*5

Goodness the purpose of God in creating the world. 65,10

The good is always necessary, but the necessary is not always

good. 65,11

Various circumstances under which good manifests itself. 66,5 ff.

Since there is no distinction between things divine, there is

no distinction between goods. 66,12

Three varieties of goods are equal, i.e., of soul, of body, and of external goods. True goods are exactly equal. 66,29-50

Certain goods regarded by nature as primary, certain as

secondary, and some as being indifferent. 66,56

Primary goods are according to nature, secondary contrary to

nature, i.e., they have their rise in conditions contrary to

natu re. 66,57^58• No good is without reason, and reason is in accordance with

nature. 66,59

The Greatest Good that man can possess is to conduct himself in

accord with the will of nature. 66,59

The only point to be considered in regardto goods isthat they

are in accord with nature. 66,4l

Virtues and goods are all in accord with nature. 66,4l

Further discussion of the equality of goods. 66,44

E.'s division of the goods. 66,47

Even E. mentions some goods which one would prefer not toexperience.

66,48

If a graduation of goodB is to be allowed, S. would prefer those

which seem harsh to those which appear mild and alluring. 66,49

Goods attended by danger reckoned among the primary goods. 66, 52

L. questions S. in regard to the desirability of all goods, even

those connected v/ith pain. 67,5 Virtue is desirable; no good lacks virtue; every good is then

desirable. 67,5 BONUM, SUMMUM

Objection raised by E. against Stilbo and those who feel that

the Supreme Good is a soul insensible to feeling. 9*1

The Supreme Good seeks no help from outside; it arises at

home, end arises entirely within itself. 9*15

Philosophy the Greatest Good. 51,8

The Supreme Good cannot diminish. 66,7

The Greatest Good that man can possess is to conduct himself in

accord with the will of nature. 66,59

Ideas of E. on the Supreme Good. 66,45

Nature of the Supreme Good. 66,46-47

BOTULARIUS

Ories of sausage man. 56,2

BREVIARUM

Term breviary compared with term summary. 59,1

The breviary teaches, the summary stirs the memory. 59*1 - c - 89

CADUS

When one has reached the bottom of the cask* it is too late

to spare* 1,5

Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS

Metellus bore his exile with courage* He consented to return

only when his country summoned him* 2h9h

CAEDES Spectators demand that the winning gladiator be held for another

butchering* 7>h

C. JULIUS CAESAR

Cato's relation to Caesar in the Civil War* lli,13

Cato angry not only at Caesar, but at himself* 2l*,8

Mountain villa built by Caesar near Baiae* 5l,H

GAIUS CAESAR (CALIGULA)

Gaius Caesar ordered Lepidus to feaoser his neck to Dexter; bared

his neck to Chaerea* U,7

CALAMITAS (vide et: ABVERSA; MISERIA)

Some people seem to feel that trouble can be transmitted. 13,6 Troubles can be divided into present and future troubles. S*

gives rule for deciding whether troubles are real or imaginary.

Certainty of future trouble must be considered* 13,7—8 No avail in anticipating troubles* 13,10 90

CALCULI Rich man turns over his ledger. Il*,l8 Wisdom will advise you not to sit forever at your ledger. 17>2

CALIDUM

Nothing hot without the aid of fire* 31*5

CALLISTUS Former master of the slave Callistus shut out when others were

welcomed. U7 ,9

CALUMNIA The companion, if he be slanderous, rubs off some of his rust

upon us, even though we be spotless and sincere. 7*7

CALVISIUS SABINUS

Calvisius as an illustration of one who is completely ignorant

in literary matters, and yet attempts to be erudite* Dis­

cussion of CalvisiusJ assigning certain slaves to become ex­

perts on various branches of literature. 27*5—7

Anecdote of remark of Satellius Quadratus to Calvisius* 27,7

CAMPANIA Campania remind S* of L* 2*9,1

Pampering in Campania took vigor out of hero, Hannibal* 51,5 S. questions the absence of L. from Campania* 55,8

CAMPI Market places of our great cities filled with grain gathered in

by the people* 60,2

CANDIBATUS Candidates for election called "honorable gentlemen*" 3,1

Assistance given to a candidate in the Senate* 8,6

CANOPUS

Laxity of morals at Canopus* 51,3

CAPTATQR

Habits of the captator* 68,10

CAPTIVUS Same chains bind prisoner and soldier guard* 5,7

CARCER

Prison part of fear of violence of the stronger* 1U,5

Prison fare more generous than food of poor man* 18,11

Socrates remained in prison in order to free men of fear of

death and of prison* 2U,U Body is the prison which contains the soul* 65,21-22 CARMINA (vide et: POETAE)

Poetry filled with maxim-like utterances D 33*2

CARNIFEX

Men have sometimes survived their own executioner* 13*1

CARTHAGO

It was a great deed for Scipio to conquer Carthage, but a greater deed to conquer death* 2h ,10

Prayer of Regulus in regard to reaching Carthage* 67,12

CASTRA

Stampede of cattle causes abandonment of camp* 13*8 Mountain villas built by Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, and Gaius Marius

near Baiae called camps rather than villas* 5l,ll

CASUS (vide et: FATUMj FORTUNA) Avoid whatever chance gives. 8,3

Stop before every good which chance gives in doubt and fear. 8,3

Any man who wishes to live a life of safety should avoid the

limed twigs of the favor of chance* 8,3 Gifts of chance not to be regarded as among our possessions*

’•Still alien is whatever you have gained by coveting,”

(Pubilius Syrus) 8,9

"What chance has made yours is not really yours*” (L*) 8,10

’•The good that can be given can be taken away*” (L.) 8,10 What good is philosophy, if chance governs everything? 16,U 93

Philosophy a defense against chance, 16,5

Real good derives from contempt for gifts of chance. 23,3

That which takes effect by chance is not an art. 29,3

The power of philosophy to blunt the blows of chance is un­

believable. 53,12

All things over which chance holds sway are actually chattels,

as compared with the permanency of virtue. 66,23

CATENA

Same chain binds prisoner and soldier guard. 5,7

M. CATO Cato and his glory through his sword, the viridicator of liberty.

13,14 L. questions moderation of the philosophy of Cato. 14,12

Cato’s intervention in the Civil War; question of whether or not

Cato should have sided in the dispute; Cato defied both parties

at once; Cato’s treatment at the hands of the people. 14,12-13

Description of the suicide of Cato. 24,6—8

S. cites Cato as an example of the type of man who would not

allow himself to spend his time in a pleasure resort. 51,12

S. mentions honor which he owes to both of the Marcus Cato’s. 64,10 Wound of Cato torn open by Cato’s 07m hand. 67,7

Further reference to the wounds of Cato. 67,13 M. PORCIUS CATO (CENSOR)

Cato might have been shaken in his moral strength by a crowd that was unlike him, 7,6

Choose a Cato as your guide, Cato perhaps too severe a model,

11,10 Value of Cato as a moral guardian, 25,6

S, mentions honor which he owes to both of the M. Cato s, 62*, 10

CAUSA

Two things in the universe axe the source of everything according

to the Stoics: cause and matter, 65>2

Characteristics of cause, 65,2

In the making of a statue the cause is the workman, 65,3

Stoics believe in one cause only: the maker, 65,h

Aristotle believes that the word causa can be used in four

ways, 65, it S. lists four causes. 65,5

According to Plato there are five causes. 65,8

Throng of causes advanced by Plato and Aristotle not sufficient!

other things must be included among the causes in S's opinion;

S, is searching for the general cause; it is surely, he

believes, creative reasoning, i.e., God, 65, 11-12

Those wrong who maintain that the whole universe is a cause, £5>lii

CAUSflM AGERE

S. reminisces about his beginning to plead cases, his losing his desire to plead, his losing his ability to plead, Jt9,2 CAUSARII Certain parts of the soul are mentioned as being on sick leave* 68,7

CAVIhLATIO VERBORUM

Time lost in sophistical argument* 1*5,5

Quibbling over words exercises the wit to no purpose* US, 5

No need for discriminating between similar words when no one

is deceived by them except during the discussion* US,6 Foolishness of word plays* Uf>,8

Foolishness of concern over word play* 1*8,U—S

S. can waste no time in examining the disputed inflections of

words* h9,7

CELLAE PAUPERUM (vide et: PAUPERTAS)

S. does not urge L* to live in a pauper's hut in his rehearsal

for poverty* 18,7

CENAE (vide et: EPULAE)

Toga to be doffed for gayer dinner dress* 18,2

Conversation at dinner* 61*, 2

CENAE FUNEBRES (vide et: FUNUS)

Pacuvius held burial service with customary funeral banquet* 12,8

CENSOR

We are not called from life according to our place on the census

list* 12,6 CENTAURUS

Centaurs and giants and other figments of unsound reasoning

given as examples of the Stoic“quid.n 58,15

CERBERUS

No one so childish as to fear Ceifcerus* 21;, 18

CEROMA Drenching -with mud on journey of S. compared to the anointing

of an athlete* 57 *1

CHAEREA Gaius Caesar (Caligula) bared his neck to Chaerea. it,7

CHARYBDIS Charybdis throws sea into confusion* lit, 8 Scylla and Charybdis and their storied straits eou&d not have

kept S. from side of L« kS,2

CHRIAE Greek proverbs or chriae. 33,7

CHRYSIPPUS Chrysippus quoted on the wise man and the fool* 9,lit

Chrysippus as a Stoic will give advice* 22,11 Daily greetings bring Chrysippus to his death* 56,3 CIEUS (vide et: EDERE)

Food does no good and is not taken into the body, if it leaves

as soon as it is eaten* 2,3 Manifold and varied dishes cloy, but do not nourish* Used

as illustration* 2,U

Against nature to eat food that is not only plain, but dis­

gusting and forbidding. 5 ,1* Take only enough food to relieve your hunger* 8,$

By overloading the body with food, the soul is strangled

and becomes less agile* 15*2

CICERO, M. TULLIUS

S* paraphrases Cicero1* remarks that philosophy brings aid in

the greatest matters, but descends also to the smallest*

Importance of the letters of Cicero to the renown of Atticus*

2 1 ,1* Cicero with whom Roman oratory sprang into prominence was a slow pacer in regard to speech* 1*0,11 Cicero remarked that if his years were doubled, he still would

not have time to read the lyric poets* 1*9,5

Cicero cited as authority for use of the word essentia* 58,6

CICUTA

The hemlock ennobled Socrates* 13,ll* CIRCULANS 98

Rapid style of speech suited to a mountebank# 1+0,3

CLEANTHES

Cleanthes could not have become the image of Zeno, if he had

merely listened to him. He became a part of his life and

saw into his hidden purposes, and he observed him to see

whether he lived according to his own rules# 6,6

Cleanthes served at a well and served as a gardener. 61+,3

S. mentions the honor which he owes Cleanthes# 61+, 10

CLIENS

A client does not court you for yourself, but for something

from you. 19>1+

COGITATIO (vide et: MEDITATIO)

After you have run through many thoughts, select one to be

thoroughly digested that day# 2,1+

Rehearse this thought — there is no need to woriy about pro­

longation of life - every day in order to depart from life

with contentment# l+,5 Jupiter, upon the dissolution of the world, retires within him­

self and hands himself over to his own thoughts# 9,16 Need for daily reflection# 16,1 Plato»s first division of existing things - that which can be

grasped by thought# 58,16 Wherever S. is he carries on his own meditations and thoughts* 62,1 99

COLAPHUS

Some men wince at a box on the ear, 13*5

GOLLECTIO

Satire to show foolishness of some syllogistic reasoning* 1*8,6-7

Example of foolish syllogistic reasoning* 1*9*8

COMA Unkempt hair to be avoided. 5*2

CQMMENTARII S* agrees to supply notes for L*, but feels that the ordinary method

of study is best. 39*1

COMINUS PERCUTERE (vide et: FUGNAE GLADIATORUM)

In early days of Rome boy would have learned to ride horseback

and fight in hand-to-hand combat. 36,7

COMMUNIA Whatever has been said well by anyone belongs to S. 16,7

COMQEDIA

Writers of national drama stand half way between tragedy and

comedy. 8,8 Anonymoul quotation of comic poet. 9*21 100 COMPARATIO Greatness is not absolute. Comparison increases it or lessens

it. 1*3*2

COMHtEHENDERE

One man kills himself to keep from being arrested after

fleeing. l*,l*

CONDEMMATIO What one avoids, he condemns. ll*,8

CONFESSIO

Confession of sin as proof of sound mind. 53*8

CGNFhAGRATIO Action of Jupiter amid the dissolution of the world# (Stoic

conflagration.) 9*16

CGNSCIENTIA

Real good derives from a good conscience. 23*7

Illustration of anxiety of bad conscience. 27*2 Force of conscience in keeping doorkeepers at our doors. 1*3*3-1*

A good sonscience welcomes the crowd, a bad conscience is dis­

turbed and troubled even in solitude. 1*3*5 ' CONSENSIO (vide et; TURBA) 101 Question of •whether or not the philosopher should conform to

public custom. 18,2-3 It takes great self-control to do: what the crowd does, but

in a different way* 18,k

It takes great courage to remain dry when the mob is drunk and

vomiting • 18, U

CONSERVATIQ Instinct of self-preservation* 36,8

CONSILIA Real good derives from honorable purposes. 23,7

CONSILIUM Certain wholesome counsels likened to helpful drugs. 8,2 Wise man regards reason for his actions, not their outcome. lU,l6

Advice on certain problems must be given in person after ob­

serving the actual situation. 22,2

One should not talk to a man unless he is willing to listen.

29,1 Question of whether Diogenes and the rest of the Cynics were right in freely offering advice0 29,1

L. argues that one should give advice to many in the hope of

helping at least a few. 29,2 Influence of a great man weakened, if he offers too much advice*

29,3 The duty of philosophy is to offer counsel to suffering humanity,

1*8, 8-9

CONSPICUUS Do not act in the fashion of those who wish to be conspicuous

rather than improve* 5,1

CONSTANTIA (vide et: DISSB1ILITUD0)

Cleanthes observed Zeno to see whether he lived according to his

own rules* 6,6

The highest duty and proof of wisdoms that word and deed should be

in accord, that a man be always equal to himself and always the

same* 20,2 Observe inconsistencies in your dress, your house, your actions

toward your family, etc* 20,3

Inconsistencies of some men* 20,3 Lack of consistency a fault and indication of a wavering mind*

20,3 Wisdom defined as always desiring and always refusing the same

things* 20,5 A man cannot always be satisfied with the same thing, unless

it is right* 20,5

Need for stability in way of living* 23,7

Consistency of scheme of life needed for perfection of virtue*

31,8 Need for consistency of word and action* 3U,3-J^

Consistency cf will as guide to accomplishment* 35,1* Choose from philosophers those -whose words are consistent with

their deeds, and the reverse* 52,8

There is so much importance in steadfastness that even

sluggishness, if steadfastly maintained, has an air of

authority* 55,5

Constancy, because of its perfection, cannot advance further*

66,9 Importance of constancy to the honorable and brave act* 67,10

CONSUL

Methods of paying honor to a consul* 6i|,10

CQNTEMPTUS

Hatred, .jealousy, and scorn to be avoided. Hi,10

We must not let fear of jealousy lead us to become objects of scorn* llj.,10

As harmfhl to be scorned as to be admired* lii,10

SE CONTENTUS Stoic and Cynic wise men are alike in that they are self-

sufficient* 9,3 Wise man is so self-sufficient that he takes as much pleasure

in his maimed body as he did when it was sound* 9,U Wise man likened to Jupiter who amid the dissolution of the world

retired within himself and relied upon his own thoughts* 9,16

The sage, as long as he can order affairs according to his own

judgment, is self-sufficient* 9,17-18

Stilbo on self-sufficiency* 9,17-18 The sage, although philosophically self-sufficient, could not

live without the society of man* 9,17

Stilbo considered nothing which could be taken away from him a

good* 9,19

Stoic is self-srfffficient* 9*19 Only wise man pleased with his own* 9*22

S. exhorts L* to avoid crowds, avoid the few, avoid the indi­

vidual. He trusts L. with himself* 10,1

S. prefers that L. associate with himself* 10,3

Consider not what you hear, but what you yourself feel; take

counsel with yourself, because you know your own affairs best

13,6

Trust in one’s self - the one good. 31,3

Make yourself happy through your own efforts. 31*3

The fact that men have not found themselves makes them greedy

for the future* 32,U

CONTIO The harangue may be used to spur on a doubting member, but

generally quiet conversation is more effective* 38*1

C ONT i j BERNIUM It was not the classroom but living together under the same roof

with E* that made great men of Metrodorus, Hermarchus, and

Polyaenus. 6,6

COMVENIENTIA E* bids us to attempt nothing excep$j at suitable time0 22*6 P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO 105 Scipio did not allow the fated glory of the Scipios in Africa

to come to an end# 2At, 10

Value of Scipio as a moral guardian# 25,6

More honorable for Scipio to spend his exile in Lltemum rather

than at Baiae# 51,11

Scipio*3 siege of Numantia. 66,13

CORPUS

Against nature to torture the body# 5,U Indulge the body only so far as is needed for good health# 8,5 Attitude of wise man toward maimed and disfigured body# 9,U

S# urges L. to pray for health, first of soul, then of body# 10,h

By no wisdom are the natural faults of the body removed. 11,1

Bodily defects toned down by training, but not entirely removed,

11,1

Through bodily defects, nature makes her presence known, even to

the strongest# 11,2

Whatever is granted to us ly the condition of our birth and the

constitution of our body will stay with us no matter how long

or hard the soul has tried to master itselfo 11,6

Danger in having excessive concern for one's body# lU,l-2

Limit the body and allow free play to the soul# 15,2

Mere strength of body not sufficient# 15,2

Frail body to be regarded as necessary, rather than important, 23,6

Our petty bodies are mortal and frail, they can be touched by pain

from sources other t$han wrong, or the might of a stranger# 2ii,l6 Nature binds one to the clogging weight of the body# 2l*,17 106

Failing body compared to ship with many leaks and decrepit

building. 30,2

Philosophy makes one cheerful, strong, and brave even though

the body fails. 30,3 The noble soul is a God dwelling in the human body. 31,11

Soul not always at peace even when the body is quiet. 56,8

Discussion of ^substance". 58,10—11

S. divides substance into either animate or inanimate substance#

58,1U The body is a weight upon the soul. The consideration of certain

philosophical questions helps to lift this weight# 65,16

The body is merely a prison which contains the soul. Contempt

for the body is sure freedom. 65, 21-22

Body as the domicile of the soul. 66,1

Virtue is its own great glory and it hallows the body in which

it dwells. 66,2

Great souls are sometimes put into poor bodies by nature# 66,3

The soul is not disfigured by the ugliness of the body, but rather is the body made more beautiful by the beauty of the soul# 66,U Unimportance of the body in regard to virtue0 66,22-23

The body free from pain as one of two goods of which the Supreme

Good is composed. 66,US

COTURNATUS How many lines of Pubilius ought to be spoken by buskin—clad actors,

as well as by wearers of the slipper# 8,8 CRAS 107 Seize today’s task* Depend less upon tomorrow* 1,2

That man is the happiest who can await the morrow without

apprehension* 12,9

CRASSUS, M. LICINIUS

Fate of Crassus settled by a cruel and insolent Parthian* 1*,7

CRATES (CYNICUS) ■

Answer of Crates to a young man -who had been walking by himself* 10,1

CREDITOR Less evil to compound with a creditor than to compound with a

promising future* 36,5

CROESUS Age at which Croesus entered captivity* 1*7,12

CRUDELITAS

S. returns home more cruel, after having been among men in a

crowd* 7,3 Give thanks to the immortal Gods that in the bloody bouts you are

teaching cruelty to a man who cannot learn to be cruel* 7,5

Examples of cruelty of tortures* 11*,5

CRUDITAS Banquets bring indigestion to man* (Even pleasures may bring pain)*

21*,16 108 Death by indigestion anticipates death at hands of enemy. 3 0 ,16

CRUS Treatment of shriveled sinews in a withered leg. 68,8

CRUSTULAMUS

Cry of the confectioner. 56,2

CRUX

Cross as instrument of torture. lij.,5

CRTPTA NEAPOLITANA

S. sprinkled with sand in Journey through tunnel of Naples. 57,1

CULPA Guilty persons perish more often than the innocent ones. lU,l5

CUPIDITAS (vide et DIVITIAE)

Possessions matter not if man covets neighbor1s goods. 2,6

Limiting of desires cures fear. 5,7

One cannot lack a friendship when souls are drawn together in an

alliance of honorable desires. 6,3 The neighbor, if he be rich, arouses our covetousness. 7,7

"Still alien is anything which you have gained by coveting."

(Publilius) 8,9

Pleasant to have tired out one’s appetite. 12,5

Our blind desires will plunge us into pursuits which will harm.15,9 109 Things look better to those desiring them than to those -who

have attained them* 15,11 From beautiful objects gained by wealth one learns only to crave things still more* 16,8

Consider carefully your desires* If they are limited, they are

natural. If they are without limits, the condition is

contrary to nature*. 16,9

There is never an end to the succession of desires* 19*6

Decrease of desires as test of progress* 20,1

What you wish should be right* 20,5

Variance of desires of men* 20,6

E. advises Idomeneus to make Pythocles rich, not by adding to

his money, but by subtracting from his desires* 21,7

S. tells L* that this idea of E* in relation to Fythocles

applies not only to riches, but also to honor, pleasure,

etc* In all cases diminish his desires* 21,8

Varying types of desires* 21,11

When one is trying to avoid his old cravings, he should retreat

permanently* 69,2

CURSUS

Running as a tiring form of exercise* 15,1*

Rapid style of speech is compared to running downhill without con­

trol of movement* ii0,7 110 CURRUS

Chariot used as instrument of torture in tearing apart limbs

of victims* 11*,5>

CUSTGS (vide et: TESTIS)

E. gives us a guardian and attendant* 11,9

Happy is the man -who can improve others even in his absence*

Happy is the man who can regulate himself by calling another

man to mind* 11,9

Choose as your protector a man the phases of whose life have

satisfied you* Such a man needed to regulate character*

11,10

Value in having a guardian as witness to one's thoughts and

actions. 25,5-6

CYNICI

Objection of E* to Stilbo and those who feel that the Supreme

Good is a soul insensible to feeling* 9,1

Difference cited between Stoic school and Cynic school* Stoic

wise man feels troubles and overcomes them, Cynic wise man

does not even feel them* 9,3

Question raised as to whether Diogenes and the rest of the Cynics

were right in so freely offering advice* 29,1

Cynics advise against catering to the crowd* 29,11 -D- 111 DARIUS

Age at which mother of Darius entered captivity. 47,12

DEB HU H

Most useless things charged in reckoning. 1,5

Wo one considers himeelf in debt for time. 1,5

Time one loan which cannot be repayed. 1,5

S. gives L. a saying in payment of a debt. 7,10

S. does not charge quotations to L.*s account, since he took them

from L.'s own stock. 8,10

S. refers to a payment of his debt of a quotation. 9,6

Saying of E. paid as payment of a debt. 9,20

In the cases of some men, the more they owe, the more they

hate. 19,11

A trifling debt makes a man a debtor, a large one makes him an enemy. 19,11

Debt owed by one who has made promise of a brilliant future

compared with other commercial debts. 56,5

DEBILITAS (vide et IMBE 0ILL ITAS)

Our luxuries have condemned us to weakness in that we are no

longer able to do what we have not done for a long time. 55,1

DECEMBER

December as a month of license and jgeneral merrymaking. 18,1 DECEPTIO J

Some men fearing to deceive have taught men to deceive. 5» 5

DEO 11

Bravery of Decii and their sacrifice for the state. 67,9

DECUS

Despise everything that useless toil creates as an object of

beauty. 8,5 Beauty cannot make you blessed, j^l, 10

Beauty of woman whose general appearance makes you forget her

single attributes. 55,5

Beauty and seclusion,of grove as proof of divinity. 41,5

The soul is not disfigured by ugliness of the body, but rather iB

made more beautiful by beauty of the soul. 66,4

DECOQUERE

"I can show you a love potion compounded without drug, herb, or

witch's incantation: if you v/ould be loved, love."

(He cato) 9,6

Less evil to compound with a creditor than to compound with a

brilliant future. 5^,5

DECORUM

Propriety belongs to the class of thing which cannot increase

because of its perfection. 66,9 DEMETRIUS CYNIOUS 1:L3

Poverty of Demetrius makes his utterance more believable. He is

not a teacher, but a witness of the truth. 20,9

Value of Demetrius of Sunium as Stoic philosopher. <52,5

Remark of Demetrius on an easy existence. 67,1A

DEMETRIUS P0LI0R0ETES

Words of Stilbo to Demetrius. 9>18-19

Demetrius called Poliorcetes, because of his destroying many

cities. 9*18

DEMOCRITUS

Saying of. 7,10

DENTE3

The teeth of some men chatter when they rise to speak in public. 9,2

Only contestant who can enter a boxing match with confidence is the

one who has felt his teeth rattle beneath an opponent's fist.

15,2

depredator

One should play parts of accuser, judge, and defense attorney in examining his faults. 28,10

DEUS (DEI, DI)

Give thanks to the immortal Gods that you are teaching, cruelty to

a person who cannot learn to be cruel* 7*5 nil Gods are confounded amid the dissolution of the world. 9,16

S. urges L. to dispense Gods from earlier prayers and ask for

health of mind and body. Ask God boldly for favor35 they do not belong to someone else. 10,li Speak to God as though men were listening, live among men as

though God were watching. 10,5

Quotation of Athenodorus praying openly to God. 10,5

If God pleases to give us another day, we should welcome it with

all our hearts. 12,9 Consider how many men you have outstripped, if you would thank the Gods and be grateful for your past life. 15,10

Proposed question: what good is philosophy if God is the ruler? 1 6 ,14.

Philosophy a defense against arrangement of the universe by the

Gods. 16,5

Philosophy will teach us to obey God willingly and to follow

God. 16,5 He alone in kinship with God who has scorned wealth. 18,13

Become content with yourself, and entrust your other prayers to

God's care. 20,8 Rise to higher life with favor of the Gods,not, however, with

that type of favor by which they grant evils to men in anwwer

to their prayers. 22,12

Through philosophy, one begins to be the associate and not the

suppliant of the Gods. 31,8

Through gifts of nature, you may rise level with God. 31,9

Money wilj. not put you on a level with God, nor will your toga praetexta, nor will your reputation, nor display of self.

Discussion of properties of God, 31,10

Many think badly of God and do not suffer for so doing. 31,10

Gods, when they were kind to men, were molded in clay. 31,11

Noble soul a God dwelling in the human body. 31,11

"Mold thyself to kinship with God.” (Vergil) Aeneid 31,11

No need for outward shows of prayer since God dwells within one.

1*1,1 No man can be good, rise above fortune, without help of God. 1*1,1 "A God dwells, but what God we do not know.” (Vergil) Aeneid,

viii,352. 1*1,2

Beauty and seclusion of grove as proof of divinity. Gave as proof

of divinity. 1*1,3

Viewing of Gods on a footing of equality as an indication of force

of divine spirit. 1*1,1*

All men, if traced back to their original source, came from the

Gods. 1*1*,1

Philosophy promises to make one equal to God. 1*8,11

Through study of philosophy a man becomes different from the Gods

only in that they live longer, 53,3

Point in which a wise man has advantage over a God. 53,3

God the pre-eminent being in Plato's division of existence. 58,17

God, the master builder of the universe, protects it and defends

it. 58,27-28

God has within himself the patterns of all behavior, the Platonic

ideas, His mind comprehends the harmonies and measures of all

things which are to be carried out. 65,7 116 God's creation of the universe. 65,9

Plato’s concept of God's reason for creating the world. 65,10

Goodness God's reason for creating the universe. 65,10

The first or general cause is creative reason or God. 65,12

Place of God as creator of the universe. 65,23-2U

All divine things have the same nature. 66,12

DEVITATIO

What one avoids, one condemns. 1U,8 Avoid excess in curing men sick even with chronic illness. 25,2

DEXTER

Gaius Caesar ordered Lepidus to bare neck to Dexter. U,7

DIALECTICI

General arguments against hair-splitting thinkers. U5,l-13

Not much time should be wasted on the dialecticians. H9,5-6

DIES

Each day acquires something that will fortify you against poverty,

death, and other misfortunes. 2,k

One day a stage on life's journey. 12,'6

Day is smallest circle in all division of time. 12,6

"One day is equal to every day." (Heraclitus) 12,7

Varied interpretations of Heraclitus' words in terms of component

parts of a day. 12,7 Every day to be regulated as though closing our existence. 12,8

One can keep holiday without extravagance* 18,h

S. endeavors to live every day as though it were a complete life.

61,1

DIFFERRE

Life passes while we postpone. 1,2

Dangers in procrastination. 1*5,13

DIOGENES

Question of whether Diogenes and the rest of the Cynics were right

in freely offering advice. 29,1

Age at which Diogenes entered captivity. 2i7,12

DISCERE S. rejoices in learning in order that he may teach. 6,U

Men learn while they teach. 7,8

You need not fear that you have wasted your time in learning cer­

tain things, for you have learned them for yourself. 7,9

Training and experience can never shake off the bodily difficulties

which sometimes assail even the steadiest of public speakers.

11,2 Learn while you are preparing something to live on. 17,5

Value of learning in aiding one to hold his promised faith even in

torture. 36,9 Low-toned words of conversation more valuable in getting a man

to learn than the harangue. 38,1 118 DISCIFULI

Lack of value of those who merely follow a leader without

investigation. 33,11

DISCR3MEN

Philosophy shows no discrimination as do the senate chamber, the

army, etc. h h s2 Foolish to discriminate against someone because of his low

rank. U7,l6

DISFUTATIO

There is no reason why pride in advertising your abilities should

cause you to harangue and recite before the general public. 7,9

Purpose of those who allure the ears of young men and idlers by

argumentation different from that of philosophy. 20,2

Prepared lectures delivered before a crowd have less effect than

individual conversation. 38,1

DI S3 IMULATI0 Highest duty and proof of wisdom, that word and deed should be in

accord. 20,2 Some men linger of their own free will in a situation which they

claim is hard to endure. 22,10

It is bad to say one thing and mean another, much worse to

write one thing and mean another. 2l*,19

If a man's acts are out of harmony with his words, his soul is

awry. 3U,U 119 DIVITIAE (vide et PAUPERTAS)

Proper limits of. 2,6

Poverty brought into conformity with laws of nature is great

wealth.” E. li,10

He who has made a fair compact with poverty is rich. It, 10

It is the sign of an unstable mind not to be able to endure

riches. 5,6

Distinction between philosopher and common run of men in use of

wealth. £,6

The neighbor, if he be rich, arouses our covetousness. 7*7 "He enjoys riches most who needs them least." E. lU*17

Anxiety brought by richesj rich man puzzles over his wealth and

forgets how to use it. He who craves over his riches feels

fear; he ceases to be a master and becomes a steward, lit,18

"If you live according to nature you will never be poorj if you

live according to opinion you will never be rich." E. 16,7 Objects gained by wealth only make one's craving greater. 16,8

Riches have kept many a man from the wisdom of philosophy. 17*3

Wise rich men follow the ways of philosophy. 17,ii

One shouH not seek primarily to lay up riches. 17*7

Wise man in poverty laughs at those who are scurrying after wealth.

17,9 Wisdom offers riches to those in whose eyes riches have become

superfluous. 17,10

"The acquisition of riches has been for many men not an end, but

a change of troubles." E. 17,11 120 Fault lies not in riches or in poverty, but in the diseased mind

which makes them onerous. 17*12

One can be rich with more comfort if he knows it is not odious

to be poor. 18,8

Learn to possess wealth dauntlesslyj only he who can scorn wealth

is like to God. 18,13

Regard riches as always likely to escape you. 18,13

One should not take seriously riches which he does havej the man

is great who remains poor among his riches. 20,10

In poverty and in riches, it is the mind to be appraised. 20,11

E. advises Idomeneua to make Fythocles rich not by adding to his

money, but by subtracting from his desires. 21,7

One should not look about to see how much money he can take with

him for his leisure when rising to a higher life. 22,12

E. quoted on real wealth as poverty adjusted to law of nature.

31,11

The shortest way to riches is through contempt of riches. 62,3

DOCERE

S. rejoices in learning in order that he may teach. 6,1*

Men learn while they teach. 7,8

DOLOR

We watch those in mourning to prevent their making bad use of their

loneliness. 10,2

We are in the habit of exaggerating, imagining, or anticipating

sorrow. 13,5 121 Contempt for pain shown — pain which can be endured by one with

gout or dyspepsia, or a woman in labor. 2h9l-h

Pain can reach the body from sources other than wrong or the

might of the stronger. 2it,l6

He who dies just to avoid pain is a cowardj death under such

circumstances is defeat. He who lives, however, just to

bear unending pain is a fool. 58,36

S. would not have L. mourn too much over the death of Flaccus. 63,1

We seek proofs of our bereavement in our tears, not giving away to

sorrow, but merely parading it. Mo man goes into mourning for

his own sake. There is an element of self—seeking even in our

sorrow. 63,2

As soon as you cease, to observe yourself, the picture of sorrow

you have contemplated at the death of your friend will fade

away. 63,3

Some men careless of their friends and then mourn them most

abjectly. 63,9 Men mourn lest other men doubt whether they really loved. They

seek proofs for their own emotions. 63,9

It is better to replace your dead friend than to weep for him. 63,12

A man'sgrief ends by the mere passing of time. The most shameful

cure for sorrow is to grow weary of sorrowing. 63,12

S.’s forefathers enacted that, in the case of women, a year should

be sufficient for mourning. 63,13

It is not regarded as honorable for men to mourn. 63,13

Nothing becomes offensive so quickly as grief. 63,13 S. overcome by the death of1 Annaeus Serenus. 65,14

There is a great difference between joy and pain, but the virtue

which rises out of them is the same. 66,19

Body free from pain as one of two goods composing Supreme Good.66,45

DOMIMJS (vide et SERVUS)

Casual salutation (Domine) for men whose names are forgotten. 5»1

One man hurls himself from the housetop lest he be compelled

longer to bear the taunts of his master. 4,4

Whoever has contempt for his own life is master of yours. 4,8

Rich man ceases to be a master and becomes a steward. l4,18

Men whom we follow are our guides, not our masters. 55,11

DOMUS

Consider those who have perished through in own homes. 4,8

House yourself merely as a protection against discomfort. 8,5

It matters little whether the house be built of turf or of

marble. 8,5

DONUM S. asked by L. for share in philosophical gifts. 6,4

S. anxious to heap these gifts upon L. 6,4

3. sends L. a little quotation as a gift. 10,5

One cannot greet Parthian royalty without bringing a gift. 17,11 EBRIETAS ^

The last drink which souses M m completely delights the heavy

drinker, 12, U

It takes courage to remain dry while the crowd is drunk and

vomiting. It takes even greater courage to do what the

crowd does in a different way, 18,U

Carousal brings paralysis of the muscles and palsy* (Even

pleasures bring pain,) 2l±, 16

Drunkenness pays for an hour of hilarious madness with sick­

ness of many days, $9,1$

ECTJLEUM

The rack as an instrument of torture* lU,5$ 67,3

EDERE (vide et: CIBUS)

Keen edge of men dulled by heavy eating. 15,3

Need for careful selection of eating companions. Quotation

of E. 19,10

EEFECTUS

Renown gained by influence of another is fleeting* Renown

gained by innate ability is firm and sure* 21,6

ELEPHANS One forest is enough for a herd of elephants* 60,2 12 h ELGQUENTIA (vide e t : ABS CffiATORIA) Eloquence does harm when it makes its hearers enamored of

itself and not of its subject* 52,1h

EMENDATIO (vide et: FROFECTUS)

S. rejoices in attempts of It* to improve* 5,1 Do not act in the fashion of those who wish to be conspicuous

rather than to improve* 5,1

By contrary standard of life the philosopher frightens away those

whom he would improve* 5,3 S. claims transformation,not only reformation* 6,1

Discussion of reformation* 25,1—3

Q. ENNIUS Certain words in Ennius obsolete in S's day. 58,5

EPICURUS et EPICURI RATIO

S. crosses into camp of enemy (E.), not as a deserter, but as

a scout. 2,5 E. quoted on poverty* 2,6; U,10

Metrodorus, Hermarchus, and Polyaenus became great men, not

through the classroom of E., but through living under the

same roof with him. 6,6

E. quoted on the need for an audience for his writings* 7,11

E. quoted on philosophical freedom. 8,7

Sayings of E. to be regarded as common property. 8,8 Letter of E. in which he rebukes those who say that a wise man

does not stand in need of friendship* 9*1

Objection raised by E. against Stilbo and his concept of the

Supreme Good* 9*1 Reason of E* for desiring friends not sufficient. 9*8

E. quoted on importance of attitude* 9*20

E* quoted on value of cherishing man of highcharacter as

guide. 11,8

E. quoted on living under constraint* 12,10

S* affirm his intention of quoting E* since his (E’s) words

are common property* 12,11

E. quoted on life of fool, 13,16; 15,9

E. quoted on enjoyment of riches* lU,17

E. quoted on life according to nature. 16,7

E. quoted on acquisition of riches* 17,11

Rehearsal of poverty by Epicureans, 18,6

Certain periods of poverty observed by E. to see if he there­

by fell short of complete pleasure* 18,9

E. as a teacher of pleasure. 18,9

E. quoted on anger. 18,11;

E. quoted on dining with a friend. 19,10

E. quoted on effectiveness of onSs words in the midst of .

poverty* 20,9 E* advice to Idomeneus on fame stating that the letters of E*

will bring fame to Idomeneus* 21,3 E. urges Idomeneus to make Pythocles rich by subtracting from

his desires* 21,7 S* quotes the words of E. to show those who follow himwith a

bad motive the need for living honorably everywhere* 21,9

Motto of "garden" of E* U,10; 21,10

Further definition of Epicurean "pleasure*" 21,10

Letter of E. to Idomeneus* 22,5

E. quoted on need for suitability of occasion for an attempt,

22,6

E. quoted on fear of death* 22,lli

E. quoted on the continuous beginning of life* 23,9

S. refuses to follow the foolish course of E* who says that the

terrors of the world below are idle* 2l+,l8

E* quoted on various aspects of death* 2U, 22—23

E. quoted on need for moral guardian* 25,5

E. quoted on the crowd, 25,6

E. quoted on thinking about death* 26,8

E« quoted on poverty and nature* 27,9

E. quoted on importance of knowledge of sin to salvation* 28,9

E* quoted on his lack of desire for catering to the crowd. 29,10

Bassus often in accord with counsels of E* 30,lit

E* quoted on feelings at moment of death* 30,li*

Remarks on softness of E* 33,2 In opinion of S«, E. is really a brave man despite his long

sleeves* 33,2 Utterances of E* belongs to Stoics as well as Epicureans* 33,2 In Stoicism individual utterances are credited, as contrasted

■with Epicurean practice* 33 Book of L* in levis style might have been ascribed to E* 1*6,1

Conflict of Epicureanism and Stoicism on friendship* 1*8,1-2

Word play on basic difference between Stoic and Epicurean con­

cepts of friendship* 14.8,1*

E. discusses the various grades of men* 52,3

Hermarchus mentioned by E* as the type of man who can be

driven into righteousness* 52,1*

E* quoted on wise man and the bull of Phalaris* 66,18

E. and his idea of the Supreme Good* 66,1*5

E's division of the goods* Death of E. described* 66,1*7

Even E. mentions some goods which one would prefer not to

experience • 66,1*8 Attitude of E. toward torture and a brave death* 67,15

Thoughts of E. on retirement* 68,10

EPISTULAE

Usual seal placed upon a letter. 13,16

Custom of old Romans to add words to opening of letter: Si vales,

bene est, ego valeo. 15,1

Epistles of E* to Polyaenus. 18,9 E. mentions the renown which his letters v/ill bring to Idomeneus*

21,3 Importance of E ’s letter to Idomeneus and Cicerofs letters to

Atticus • 21,1* S. promises everlasting fame to L. through his (S*s) letters. 21,5

Physician cannot prescribe by letter. 22,1

Weather as a trivial topic for a letter. 23,1

Letters more effective in conjuring up recognition of a friend

than pictures. U0,1

S. feels that he is actually with L. through his letters. 67,2

EHJLAE (vide eti CENAE; EDERE; GIBUS)

Banquets bring indigestion upon men. 2l±,l6

EQUES

Cavalry mentioned® ,59>7

L's rank as a Roman knight. hk*2

Speed of one with cavalry at his heels. 32,3

EQUITATIO

Boy born in early days of Rome would have learned to ride horse­

back and fight hand to hand* 36,7

ESSE

Things which exist in the common sense of the term. Plato's

fifth class of existence; things which have a fictional

existence are placed in the sixth class. 58,22 ESSEDA (vide et.: CURRUS) 12 9 Noise of carriage does not disturb S. 56,1*

ESSEDARIU5 (vide et; GLADIATOR) Graecinus* comparison of Aristo -with a chariot gladiator. 29,6

ESSENTIA Discussion of use of the word essentia in Latin. Cicero cited as authority,also Fabianus. 58,6-7

EURIPIDES Quotation from Ehoenissae. 1*69. 1*9,12

EXCALCEATUS How many lines of Pubilius are worthy of being spoken by buskin- clad actors, as well as by wearers of the slipper. 8,8

EXEMPLUM Way long through precepts, but short and helpful through patterns. 6,5 Bad example reacts on the agent. 7,5

Much harm done by a single example of greed. 7,7

Notable examples of high achievement and endeavor to befound

in every era of Roman and foreign history. 2l*,3

Example or pattern considered as a cause. 65,7

EXHRCITATIO

Foolish for a cultivated man to work hard in mere physical de­

velopment • 15,2 130

Some men waste theiE life force in exercises* 15,3

Mind made less fit to bear a strain or for severe studies by

exercise* 15*3

Slaves in charge of exercising men are slaves of worst stamp. 15,3

Some short and simple exercises tire the body rapidly and so save

time. S, lists them. l5>U Exercise of mind not hampered by heat, cold, or old age, l5>5

Riding in a litter shakes up the body, but does not interfere

with study. Likewd.se walking. 15,6

We should not strive to give the voice exercise, but to let it

give us exercise. 15>8

Noises made by those exercising in a bathing establishment. 56,1

EXERCITUS

Great hunger endured by armies to gain a kingdom. 17,7

Sextius' use of sdmile of agmine quadrato praised. 59,7

Arrangement of the army under great leaders. So should wise men

be arranged. 59,7

EXILIUM A man should be willing to follow a friend into exile. 9*10

Metellus bore his exile with courage. He consented to return

only when his country summoned him. 2h,h

More honorable in Scipio to spend his exile at Liternum. 5l,ll 131

EXOLETUS

Fate of Pompey settled by a boy and a eunuch. 1|,7

Applause of eunuch’s at the burial service of Pacuvius. 12,8

Stretching out one's limbs for massage by the slave. 6 6 , 5

EXPERIENTIA

Experience and reason tell us that there are many superfluous

things in life. 68,12

EXSPECTATIQ (vide et: S01LICITUD0) We are in the habit of exaggerating or imagining or anticipating

sorrow. 13*5 f a b i a n u s , p a p i r i u s

Blushing of Fabianus was surprisingly becoming. 11,4

Speech of Fabianus diacuesed. 40, 12

Crowd listened with, self-control when Fabianus spoke to them. 52,

Fabianus' use of essentia. 58,6

FABULAE

Mythological allusions. 24,18

FACTA

Prove your words by your deeds. 20,1

FAENUS (vide ett FENUS)

Rich man waits for interest to fall due. 17,10

In the case of a friend whose faults are in abeyance, S. pre­

dicts that they will return with compound interest. 25,5

FAEX

When one has reached the bottom of the cask, it is too late to

spare. 1,5

Man who sucks up even the dregs is immoderately given to wine.

58,52

FALLACIA

Trickery in juggler's use of cup and wine is pleasing, interest

wanes when S. knows how trick is done. 45,8 133 FAMA (vide et GLORIA)

Rumor ia wont to settle wars, but much more often settles

individuals. 15*8 Unfounded rumors throw soldiers onto panic. 15,8

Idle rumor most disturbing} that which arises from uncertainty

delivered over to guesswork and irresponsibility of fearful

mind. 15,9 One should not seek to earn fame by retirement. 19,2

Your own studies make you eminent. 21,2

Efforts of E. to recall Idomeneus from showy existence to

steadfast renown. 21,5 To Idomeneus, "If you are attracted by fame, my letters will make

you more renowne'd than all the things which you cherish and

for which you are cherished." E. 21,5

Battle of some few men for continued renown. 21,5

Renown gained by influence of another is fleeting; renown gained

by innate ability is firm and sure. 21,6

Reputation will not make you equal with God. 51*10

FAMES

Nature bids us to avert hunger. 4,10

Take only enough food to relieve you r hunger. 8 , 5

Hunger serious, but it makes no display. l4,6

Hunger costs very little; squeamishness costs a great deal. 17,4-

Even hunger must be endured by those hastening after philosophy.

17,6 134 Various lesser reasons for "the endurance of hunger by man.

17,6

FASTIDIUM

Hunger costs very little, squeamishneBs costs a great deal. 17,4-

Certain words have gone out of use, because we were too nice about

their use. 58,1

FATUM (vide et CASUS)

Proposesed question: "What good is philosophy if fate exists?"

16,4

Philosophy a defense against fate. 16,5

Fate is woven from a succession of causes. 19,6

FAVOR

Popularity of enthusiastic approval must be gained and atoned for

by much mental disturbance. 59,15

FSBRIS

Fever which parches the bowels is seribus, but it comes without

display. l4,6

FELICIO

Pet slave of S. 12,5 FELIOITAS

No good thing renders its possessor happy, unless his mind is ■

reconciled to its loss. 4,6

We cannot stand up against prosperity when she drives us to

leeward. 8,4

Limit to happiness set by Stoic. 9,19

Quotations given on importance of attitude to happiness. 9*20-22

Man happy who can improve others even in his absence. Man happy

who can be guided by another noble man even when away. 11,9

That man most happy who can await the morrow without apprehension.

12,9 No life happy without the study of wisdom. 16,1 Prosperity is not 6nly greedy, but exposed to the greed of

others. 19,7 As long as nothing satisfies you, you will not yourself satisfy

others. 19,7

Everything that is added to your successes will be added to

your fears. 19,8

Happiness of contentment with self. 20,8

L. sees where true happiness lies, but does not have the courage

to attain it. 21,1

We need to pursue prosperity at top speed. 22,4

We have reached the heights if we have learned not to place our

happiness in the control of the externals. 25,2

In regard to emending a friend, S. would rather lack success than

lack faith. 25,2 136 Make yourself happy through your own efforts. What is the need

of prayers? 51,5

The blessed life is not made happier by its being longer. 52,5

Effect of prosperity on various men. 56,1

Mistake in believing that one beseiged by the crowds is happy.

56,2 Excess prosperity ruins the soul. 59,4

You are not truly happy until you can live before the eyes of

men. 45,5 Only good on its own merits can provide a happy life. Men regard

the means for producing happiness as happiness itself, and

while seeking it actually flee it. 44,7

Firm security the secret of a happy life. 44,7

Characteristics of the happy man. 45,9

No man can live happily who has regard for himself alone. 45,2

FEMINA

Our forefathers ruled that, in the case of women, a year should

be sufficient for mourning. 65,15

FENUS (vide et; FAENUS)

What does it matter how large the dividends are? 2,6

FERAE

Beasts avoid dangers which they see. 5,9

Only dumb animals and fish are deceived by tempting hope. 8,5 13? Comparison cf sage who can pass -through difficulties unscathed

with animals-which can pass -through fire unscathed. 9,19

Wild beasts show no favorites among their offspring. 66

FICTILIS

Great man uses earthenware as if silver. He is equally great

using silver as earthenware. 5,6

FIDES

Regard a friend as loyal and you will make him so. 3,3

In regard to emending a friend, S. would rather lack success than

lack faith. 25,2 Value of learning in aiding one to hold his promised faith even

in tortuce. 36,9 Loyalty cannot advance further because of it3 perfection, 66,9

FIDUCIA

No man a friend whom you do not trust as you trust yourself. 3,2

Some, if it were possible, would not trust even themselves. 3,^

Equally faulty to trust everyone and no one.

Men trust more in eyes than in ears. 6,5

Benefit of solitude, the habit of trusting no man and fearing

no v/itnesa. 10,2

One's powers do not demand trust in oneself until difficulties

hs.ve appeared and even come to close quarters with us. 13,1

You should not put your confidence in yourself too readily. 16,2 1 3 8 Fidelity cannot, advance further because of its perfection. 66,9

FIRMITAS Lack of firm resolution cause of inconsistency. 20,4

FLACCUS

S. is grieved to learn of death of Flaccus, friend of L. 65,1

FLAGELLA

Some men laugh in the midst of a flogging. 15>5

Pain of a flogging. 67,5

FLUMEN

Metaphor of objects rushed along by the force of the current in

a river. 25,8 Worship of sources of mighty rivers. 41,5

FONTES

Worship of hot water springs. 4l, 5

FORTITUDO (vide et^ PERICULUM) Although their bravery may be equal, it is to the blood-stained

soldier rather than the soldier in peace that the plaudits

go. 66,50

Desirability of bravery. 67,6 Value of bravery in life of virtue. 67,10 139

FOR TUNA

No man has ever been so far advanced by fortune that she did

not threaten him as she indulged him. 4,7

Can one call the gifts of chance "gifts” of fortune? They are,

on the contrary, snares. 8,5

Fortune does not capsize us, she plunges our bows under and

drives us on the rocks. 8,4

Instability of fortune. 9, 12.

Wise man needs a sound, upright soul which despises fortune. 9,15

If the good seeks any help from outside itself, it begins to be

subject to the play of fortune. 9,15 "I have lived my life; the course which fortune set for me is

finished." Vergil 12,9

Pride of L. in his conquest of fortune. 15,1

S. uses figure of fortune and it3 struggle with L. 15,5

Even bad fortune is fickle. 15,11

Do not allow fortune to pass sentence upon you. 1^,16

Pleasing to be content and not be dependent upon fortune. 15,9

Why should one demand of fortune that she give, rather than

demand of himself that he should not crave? ..15,11

Fortune does not give free play to plans. 16, 4

Philosophy teaches us to obey fortune defiantly. 16,5

While fortune is kind, one should protect himself against her

violence. 18,6

Man's peace of mind does not depend upon fortune. 18,7

Fortune, even when angry, provides what is needed. 18,7 Fortune, even when angry, provides what is needed. 18,7

Need for rehearsal for poverty, so that fortune may not catch us

off guard. 18,8

Security in smmple fare, for we have reduoe d ourselves to the

things that fortune cannot snatch away. 18,10

No need to press eagerly after favoring fortune. 22,4

Fortune has no control over sharacter. 5^,6

Fortune attacks us as often as we attack fortune. 57»5

No man can rise above fortune without the help of God, 41,2

Fortune rarely brings the extraordinary into being. 42,1

Only the soul renders a man noble and enables hime to rise superior

to fortune, no matter what his beginnings. 44,5

Fortune has equal rights over slaves and free man alike. 47,1

When one has death in his own control, the power of fortune is

naught. 51»9

That which fortune has not given she cannot take away. 59»18

Only the men far above the reach of fortune will have that ideal

steadfastness of soul. 65,1

A secure life, free from the attacks of fortune, called by

Demetrius a dead sea. 67, l4

S. advises L. to cease putting a wrong interpretation onthe gifts

of fortune. 65,7-8

S. asks only that he be able to outdo fortune, rather than asking

for fame. Fortune is more powerful against him in a crowd.

68,11 FORUM lUl

Rich man wears out. pavement in Forum. 14,18

No spot more full of confusion than the Forum. 28,6

FRETUM When you traveled to Sicily you crossed the Straits. l4,8

FRIGUS

Nature bids us to avert cold. 4,10

Dress merely to keep out cold. 8,5

Nothing is cold without air. 54,5

FRUGALITAS (vide et DIVITIAE, FAUPERTAS) i Study cannot be helpful without concern for simple life. 47,5

Simple living is voluntary poverty. 47,5

Frugal living can bring one to old age. 58,52

FUCUS

S. refers to death as the time for putting away stage artifices

and actors1 rouge. 26,5

FULLO

Type of tiring exercise spoken of as clothes cleaner's jump. 45,4

FULMEN

Action of lightning in returning through a small opening compared

to action of the soul. 57,8 FUMUS

Jesting reference to Homan funeral. 12,5

FUR Sounds made during the arrest of a thief. 5^,2

FUTURA

Men tortured by thoughts of future. 5,9

"The course of a fool's life lies entirely toward the future."

15,9 Foolish to ruin the present through fears of the future. 24,1

Less evil to compound with a creditor than to compound with a

promising future. 5^,5 - u - lU3

GALEA In present gladiatorial bouts, no shield or helmet deflects the

weapons. 7,4-

GALLUS, ASINIUS

Ruin of men by their friendship with Asinius Gallius. 55,5

GAUDIUM (vide et VOLUPTAS)

Joy when philosophy enrolls one among men. 4,2

3. finds joy in learning, in order that he may teach. 6,4

Let us go to sleep with joy and gladness. 12,9

S. rejoices that L, has become his own master. 20,1

The foundation of a sound mind is not to find joy in useless

things. 2^,1

Above all, learn to feel joy. 25, 5 Joy must rise in the soul and must not be dependent upon hope

or expectation. 25,5 Some believe that the man who laughs is full of joy. 25, 5

Real joy is a stern matter. 25,4-

Joy which one gains from contemplation of poverty, death, etc,,

is not a cheerful sort of joy. 25,4-

Joy which is only thinly plated without real value. 25,5

Look only toward the true good, rejoice at that which comesfrom

your own store. 25,6 True joy as contrasted with more sensual pleasure. 25,6

Virtue alone affords everlasting and secure joy. 27,5 lUU Joy at. moment, of dea.th compared with joy of charioteer in last.

lap of course. 50,15

If words are tested by our formula, pleasure is a tiling of ill

repute, joy is gained only by the wise. 59,2

Misuses of berm ”joy”. 59,2

No brue joy can be evil. 59,5

Vergil does nob use word ”joyn in a sbricbly appropriabe way.

59,5 Pleasure and joy furbher conbrasbed. 59,4-, 1^-

Various foolish ways in which men seek joy. 59,15

Effect of wisdom ia an unbroken joy, the joy that springs from

the knowledge that one possesses the virtues. 59,1°

Only the brave, just, and self-restrained can truly/rejoice. 59,17

Unceasing joy comes only bo the gods and those who imitate them;

bhers spend their nights in false joys. Fortune does not

give joy, therefore it cannot take it away. 59,18

Joy as a primary good. 86,5

Great difference between joy and pain, but virtue arising out of

them is the same. 66,19

GEMINUS VARIUS

Comment of Geminus Varius on stammering of Vinicius. 4-0,9

GENIUS

Bailiff swears by protective deity of 3. 12,2 GENUA

Some speakers tremble in their knees when they rise to speak.

11,2

GENUS

Genua and species used in classification. 58,8

Means of arriving at a genus classification. 58,9-12

Homo may be both a genua and a species. 58,12

Genus, quod est. the general genus to which no term is superior.

Stoics would set a still more primary genus ahead of this. 58,15

GEORG 10 A

Quotation from Georgica. (Vergil) (iii,l46 ff.) 58,2

GERMANIA

First occupation of boy born in Germany is brandishing the

spear. 56,7

GESTATIO

Riding in a litter shakes up the body but does not interfere

with study. 15,6

S. returns from ride in his litter as weary as if he had walked

the whole distance; being carried in a litter is an

unnatural form of exercise. 55,1

Shaking up in ride in litter as possible aid for bodily

malfunctions. 55,2 1U6 GESTUS

Bearing befitting a man of wisdom a third class of good. 66,5

GIGANTES

Centaurs, giant3, and other figments of unsound reasoning given

as examples of the Stoic quid. 58,15

GLADIATOR (vide et: PUGNAE GLADIATORUM AUT PUGILUM)

In previous combats, some mercy was shown, now they are pure

murder. 7> 5 One may say of those forced to engage in bloody combat, ’’He is

a highway robber, he has killed a man.” 7*5

Old saying that the gladiator puts his strategy in the arena

by carefully observing his opponent. 22,1

Spectators demand that the winning gladiator be held for another

butchering.

Gladiator offers his throat to his opponent. Illustration of

bravery at the point of death. 5^,8

Oath of the gladiator when hiring himself to the fighting

master. 57» 2

Action of the gladiator in lowering his weapon to test the mercy

of the people. Further comparison with oath of L. to be a

good man. 57»2

Practice on gladiatorial dummy. 18,8 GLADIUS

The means of death in the combat are fire and sword. 7,4

The sword has, upon occasion, been checked at the throat of

victim. 15,11

You deprive Oato of the greater share of his gloxy, if you

wrench away his sword,the vindicator of liberty. 15,14

Some persons meet the blow of the sword with more courage

than they see it dealt. 57,5

GLORIA (vide et; FAMA)

There is no reason why pride in advertising one's abilities

should lure one into publicity. 7*9

One does not love for the sake of glory. 9»il

Glory will belong to S., if L. is won over to philosophy. 20,

Relativity of fame discussed. 45,1-5

GRABATUS

Got as a symbol of poverty and small means. 20,11

GRAECI

Use of proverbs or chriae by the Greeks. 55,7

Unrestrained style of the Greeks. 40, 11

Use of word oestrus by the Greeks. 58,2

Homer considered outstanding poet by Greeks. To them

the one poet. 58,17 GRAEGINUS, JULIUS 1U8 Graecinus1 comparison of* Aristo with a chariot-gladiator■ 29,6

GRANDO

Palling hail which bounces off the roof without harming the

occupants inside likened to the way in which the weapons

of fortune faily to harm the truly blessed. 4-5,9

GRAVITAS

Even the most dignified men sometimes blush. 11*5

GREX

It makes no difference how many flocks a man has. 2,6

Pride of shepherd in increase of his flock. 54,1

GUBERNACULUM

A rudder which is large for one vessel is small for another

one. 45,2

GUBERNATOR

Contrast between careful and careless pilot in crossing the

straits to Sicily. Wise man likened to careful pilot. l4,8

Great pilot can sail with a rent sail and dismantled ship. 50*5

Pilot tells S. that he fears a lee shore in a storm more than

anything else. 55,2 11*9 HANNIBAL

A single winter softened Hannibalj pampering in Campania took

vigor out of hero, £l,£

HARENA Some bloody bouts go on while the arena is empty, 7,h Effect of stormy and fair weather upon sand of beach. £5,2

HARPASTE Harpaste, female clown of Seneca's wife, derided. Clown is blind, but does not realise it, £0,2

HA3TILE

First occupation of boy born in Germany is brandishing spear, 36,7

HATERIUS, QUINTUS

Rapid speech of Quintus Haterius to be avoided. 1*0,10

Quintus Haterius the most famous orator of his age. 1*9,10

HECATO

Quotation of, £,7

Quotation of. 6,7 Hecato a friend to all mankind. 6,7

Quotation of. 9,6 150 HECUBA. Age at which Hecuba entered captivity, hi>12

HERACLITUS

Quoted on length of day. 12,7 Heraclitus quoted on change of same river. Example of constant

flux of existence. 58,23

HER BA A plant which is often moved can never grow strong. 2,3

"I can show you a love potion compounded without drug, herb, or

witch’s incantations if you would be loved, love.

(Hecato) 9,6

HEREDITAS

The careful householder increases his inheritance. 61+,7

HERMARCHUS

Hermarchus has become a great mah not through the classroom of

Epicurus, but through living under the same roof with him. 6,6

Hermarchus as an Epicurean. 33,h

Hermarchus type of man who can be driven into righteousness. E.

has more respect for that type of man because of the difficult

material with which he has to work, 52,1+

HESIOD

One slave of Calvisius Sabinus given Job of knowing Hesiod by 151 heart. 27 , 6

HILAR ITAS Aristo preferred a youth of stern disposition to one -who was

jovial and agreeable to the crowd* 36,3

HISTORIA Notable examples of high achievement and endeavor to be found in

any era of Roman or foreign history. 2U,3

History filled with maxim-like utterances. 33*2

HODIE

Seize today*s task,' depend less upon tomorrow. 1,2

Non-adaptation to present is cause of ills. 5,8

Present alone can make no man wretched. 5,9

This day is the last, if not near the last. 15,11

Foolish to ruin the present through fear of the future. 2h,2.

HQMERUS

Slave of Galvisius Sabinus given job of knowing Homer by

heart. 27,6 In Iliad of Homer, the rapid style is assigned to the younger,

the more composed speech to the older man. h0,2

Homer the pre-eminent poet among the Greeks. 58,17

Homer extended to Niobe the privilege of weeping to one day

only. 63,2 152 HOMICIDIUM In previous combats some mercy was shown, now they are pure murder. 7*3 One may say of those forced to engage in bloody combat, "He is

a highway rabber, he killed a man.1' 7*5

More murderers count up the profit than give in to hatred. 11**9

HCtoO Foolishness of mortal men. 1,3 One should not copy evil men simply because they are many. 7*8 The lot of man is unsubstantial. 15,11 Proper object of effort for a good man. 22,8 Man is a reasoning animal. 1*1,9 Difficult to become a good man in a short time. 1*2,1

Each man regards nothing cheaper than himself. 1*2,7 Various classes of men seeking for truth and righteousness. 52,3-1*

The term man may be both a genus and a speciea. 58*12

Mourning is not regarded as honorable for men. 63,13

Characteristics of a good man. 66,21-22

All good men, insofar as they are good, are equal. 66,31*

HQNESTUM

S. commends men who struggle toward honorable things. 31*1*

Honor permits of no additions because of its perfection. 66,9

No act can be honorable which is done by an unwilling agent. 66,16

Other characteristics of the honorable act. 66,17

All actions equal to each other insofar as they are honorable actions. 66,33

The life of honor and various types of conduct in such a life.

67,7 Every honorable act is the work of one single virtue, but it is

in accordance with the judgment of the whole council of

virtue. 67,10

HOME

Day composed of 2h hours. 12,7

HOKDSACEUS PANIS As example of frugal diet. 10,10

i

HORREtTM

What does it matter how much is in a man's warehouse? 2,6

HDRTUS (vide EPICURUS)

HOSPITES Many acquaintances but no friends for those engaged in foreign

travel. 2,2

HOSTIS

S. crosses into enemy's camp (E.), not as a deserter, but as a

scout. 2,5 Consider that an enemy may cut your throat. ij.,8 15U If you fall into the hands of the enemy, the conqueror will order

you to be led away into death, k>9

S. urges L. to live life as though the enemy were prewsing upon him.

Hasten to round out life. 32,3

Pleasures enemies of men. 39>5

HUMAN ITAS

Although man himself dies, the concept of man, fttiAanitas,

goes on. 65,7 -I- 155

IDEA

The third class in Plato's six divisions of existing things.

58,18

Difference between idea and idos. 58,21

The Platonic idea. 65,7

God has within himself all the pattern of the Platonic ideas.

65,7

IDOMENEUS

Advice of Idomeneus on fame stating that the letters of E. will

bring him fame. 21,5

Idomeneus as minister of state. 21,5

Saying of E. to Idomeneus urging him to make Pythocles rich,

but not in the vulgar way. 21,7

Letter of E. to Idomeneus in which he urges him to beat a retreat

while the opportunity is still at hand. 22,5

IDOS ( e c 6 0 3 )

The "form" is the fourth division of Plato's six divisions of

existence. 58,20

Difference between idos and idea. 58,21

Aristotle's concept of the idos. 65,4

i e i u n i u m

Belief of the stomach by fasting. 68,7 156 IGNIS Means of death in the combat are fire and the sword. 7,4-

Fire has upon occasion opened the way to flight. 15,11

When a fire starts, a poor man seeks only a way of escape, and

does not ask what he may save. 17,5

Nothing is hot without the aid of fire. 5^,5

Action of flame compared with activity of the soul in constant

motion. 59, 5 Moderate blaze which means that guests have come in contrast to

the kind which burets from the chimneys of the rich. 64,1

I LIAS

In Homer's Iliad.- the more rapid style of speech is assigned to

the younger man, the more composed style to the older. 40,2

IMAGO

Statues as elements of wealth. 16,8

Letters more effective than pictures in conjuring up recognition

of a friend. 40,1

Similes in style of L, praised; not out of place in prose

style. 59,6

Sextius simile of an army prepared for battle praised. 59,7

Passing of S. from one simile to another. 59,9

IMBEOILLITAS

3. confesses his own weakness. 7,1 157 We should consider whether evils gain power from their own strength,

or from our weakness. 15»5

IMITATIO If philosopher lives a contrary life, men are afraid to imitate

his good qualities, fearing the need for imitation of

unnatural ones. 5

IMMORTALITAS

Those who seem to be busied with nothing are busied with greater

tasks; they are dealing at the same time with things im­

mortal. 8,6

> s ' IMPATIENTIA ( Gr . O & n x & e c OC )

One meets difficulty in translating ( f y t n x in Greek by

Latin impatientia. 9*2

IMPED IMENTUM

Distraction in change of abode. 2,1

Distraction in reading of many books. 2,5

Noise3 of neighborhood do not distract S.

IMPERATOR

"All goe3 well with the commander,"— dying words of Scipio.

24,9-10

Great generals keep mutinous men busy to keep down their mutinous

thoughts. 5^,9 IMPERIUM ROMANUM

Enervation and over-refinement of S. ’s period in the empire. 24,11

IMPRUDENS

No thoughtless person should be left alone. 10,2

IKCESSUS

Less ostentatious gait becomes a philosopher. 40, l4

A modest gait as a third class of good. 65,5

INCOMMODA

Men love the reward of their hardships, but curse the hardships

themselves. 22,9

Hardships not to be 'desired, but virtue which allows men to endu re

hardships is to be desired. 67,4

11 * CONS TAN TIA (vide et CONSTANTIA)

Beware lest the reading of many books make you inconsistent and

unsteady. 2,2

Life made shorter by the unsteadiness of men. 52,2

Foolishness of inconsistency. 52,1

INDOLES

Fortune has no jurisdiction over character. 56,6

Good character forms its own judgments and abides by them. 47,21

Oharacteor can be gauged even from the most trifling traits. 52,12 INDULGENTIA ^

Men always in repose should be rebuked. 5,5

Repose which judges all motion exertion is inertia. 5,5

"Some men shrink into dark corner so they see darkly by day."

(Pomponius) 5,6 There i3 so much importance in steadfastness that even sluggish­

ness, if maintained stadfastly, had a certain authority with

us. 55,5 Need for arousing one's self, if in the grip of inertia. 56,8

INFANTIA

Youth is more fruitful, but infancy is sweeter. 9,7

INFERI

3. will not pursue the argument of E. that the terrors of the

lower world are idle. 24,18

IiTFE 3 TUI-I

House yourself as a protection against discomfort. 8,5

Let us avoid discomforts as well as dangers. 1^,5

INFULA

Philosophy a3 good as a priest'3 fillet. 14,11

INGENIUM

You must linger among a limited number of master-thinkers and

digest their works, if you would derive ideas which shall win a firm, hold in your mind. 2,2 160

Renown gained by innate ability is firm and sure. 21,6

Differences in dispositions of men. Buildings of unlike

foundations used as illustration. 52,6-7

INGRATUS

’’The life of a fool is empty of gratitude.11 E. 15*9

INHUMANITAS

S. returns home more inhuman after having been in a crowd. 7*5

INIECTIO

Act of iniectio by which a Roman took possession of something

belonging to him. 54,2

INIMICUS

Enough not to make enemies of some men. 14,7

Speech making at the bar or any other pursuit which claims the

pelple's attention wins enemies for a inan. 14,11

A small debt makes a man your debtor, a large one makes him

your enemy. 19,11

IUNOCENTIA

The innocent sometimes perish, but more often do the guilty. 14,

UTOPIA (vide et PAUPERTAS)

No one rescues those of slender means. 1,4 161 Pear of want is one of the three main classes of* fear. l^t-,5

INQUIES (vide et QUIES, CONSTANTIA, OTIUM)

The sign of a disordered spirit. 2,1

Men v/ho lack repose Bhould be rebuked. 5»5

Love of bustle is the restlessness of an agitated mind. 5>5

INQUISITIO SUI

Need for careful scrutiny of one's self. 16,2

INSANIA (vide et SANITAS)

Madness to avoid the customary and easily procured. 5*5

Body without philosophy is strong just as the body of an insane

person is strong.' 15,1

"Ungoverned anger begets madness." E. 18,l4

One needs to avoid anger in order to have a healthy mind, 18,15

INSIDIAE

So-called "gifts" of fortune in reality are snares. 8,5

INSOMNIA

Disturbance of sleepless nights. ^>6,6

Man who cannot sleep even in a quiet house, because of a dis­

turbed soul. 56,7

INTEMPER ANT JA (vide et TEMPER All TI A, MODUS RERUM)

One need not despair of curing sick men even with a ehronic illness, if one holds out, against excess. 25,2 -LO<:-

Men vfho laugh to excess may also soon rage to excess. 29,7

Dangers of excess in nature compared with dangers of excess to

the soul. 59,4

INTERDICTUM

S. fears an injunction from L., if he pays him with a quotation

from Maecenas. 19,10

I1ITERPRE TATIO

Varied interpretation of Heraclitus on length of day. 12,7

INTERPRETES

There is nothing of' eminence in men who are merely the inter­

preters of great men. 55,8

Lack of independence in those who merely follow a leader. 55,10

INTERPUNGERE

Roman habit of separation of words as contrasted with Greek. 40,11

INTR0R3U3 3PECTARE

One's good qualities should face inward. 7,12

II; VIDIA

Hatred, jealousy, and scorn to be avoided. 14,10

Fear of. Jealousy must not lead us to become objects of scorn. l4,10

Influence as a cause of envy. 42, 10 IRA 163 The wise man will never provoke anger of* those in power, 14,7

"Ungoverned anger begets madness." E. 18,14

It does not matter from what provocation angerarises, but upon

what sort of soul it falls, 18,15

Need for a healthy mind to avoid anger. 18,15

Men who laugh to excess quite often rage to excess within a short

snace of time. 29>7

ITER

The road to philosophical perfection is l o n g through orecepts,

but short and helpful through patterns. 6,5

ITHACA i Ulysses' hastening to the rocks of his Ithaca used as illustration.

66,26

IUDEX

One should play the part of accuser, judge, and defense attorney

on examining his faults. 28,10

Difficulty of an untrained judge in following an over-rapid

style of speech. 40,8

IUDICIUM

Judgment needed before, not after friendship is formed. ^>,2

Judgment of men varies from day to day. 20,6 L. writes to S. in anxiety over a lawsuit with which he is being 16U -threatened. 2.h, 1

IUPPITER

Life of wise man compared with -that of Jupiter. P , l 6

When a man haa limited hie desires within the bounds of nature,

he can equal the happiness of Jupiter. 25,4

IURIS TERMINI

Accusator-, Iudex, Deprecator used in connection with

examination of one's guilt. 28,10

IUS IURANDUM

Bailiff swears by S.'s protective deity. 12,2

IUSTITIA

Justice belongs to the class of thing which cannot increase be­

cause of its perfection. 66,9

IX ION

Ixion and his wheel. 24,18 16$ LABOR

Despise everything that useless toil creates as an ornament* 8,$

Despise toil, countit among things which are neither good nor

bad* 31,h

S. rebukes men who toil to no purpose* 31, U

Work is not a good* 31,U

Scorning of work as a good* 31,U

Work is the sustenance of noble minds, 31,5

Not enough to shrink from work, ask for it* 31,6

Further discussion of work* 31,7

Flexibility of timber used as illustration of the flexibility

of the human soul to be bent by hard work* $0,6

IABRA The lips of some public speakers quiver when they rise to speak*

11,2

LAC

Milk as a symbpl of poverty* 20,13

LACRIMAE (vide e t : DOLOR)

Tears over the death of a friend should not be excessive* 63,1

We seek proof of our bereavement in our tears and parade our

sorrow* 63,2 166 LA.CUS

Pool of -water muddied b y -the crowd is compared to character of

man to whom the crowds rush. 36,2 Certain pools worshipped because of their darkness or great depth,

ill,3

LAELIUS (SAPIEMS)

Laelius might have been shaken in his moral strength by a crowd

that was unlike him* 7,6

Choose some Laelius as your model. Laelius a gentler spirit than

Cato. 11,10

Value of Laelius as a moral guardian. 25,6

S. mentions honor which he owes to Laelius. 6U,10

LINGUA LATINA

Reference to ’'good old days” of Latin language in connection with

terms breviarium and summarium. 39,1 Roman language more inclined to weigh and to offer something

worth weighing. U.0,11

S. complains of the paucity of words in the Latin language. 58,1

Substitution of compounds for simple forms in Latin language. 58,3

Use of present instead of future perfect tense in conditional

clauses. 58 ,h Certain words common in Ennius and Accius and even Vergil obsolete

in S's day. 58,5 Further discussion of the paucity of the Latin language in com­

parison with Greek. 58,7—8 167 LATRO One may aay of those engaged in a bloody bout: 11 He was a high­

way robber, he killed a man," 7*5

The highway robber passes by an empty-handed traveler. lU,10

Highway robber does not pass judgment when he slays. lU,l6

LA.TUS

Use of flank of the army. 59,8

LAUS (vide et: GLORIA* FAMA)

Oh when will that time come when no one will tell a lie to

compliment you? 20,7

The character of every man can be judged when you see how he

gives and receives praise. 52,12

Dangers of excessive praise to the man who is trying to free him­

self of his vices. 59,H

LAXAMENTUM S. attends a mid-day exhibition, expecting some fun, wit, and

relaxation. 7,3

LECTIO ( vide et: AUCTOR; LIBER) Be careful lest the reading of many authors and books of many types

tend to make you unsteady. 2,2

Distraction in reading of many books. 2,3

Since one cannot read all the books which one may possess, it is 168 enough to possess only as many books as one can read# 2,3

Always read standard authors* 2,U

IVhen you crave a change in reading* fall back upon authors read

previously* 2,U From many things read, S. claims one part for himself* 2,5

Value of reading in learning philosophy as contrasted with use

of breviarium or summarlum* 39*1 A limited list of reading benefits the reader. A varied assortment

only serves to delight* 1*5,1

LECTUS

Couch on bare earth to be avoided* 5,2

LEGES

Cleanthe3 observed Zeno to see whether he lived according to

his own rules of life* 6,6

Certain general rules can be formulated and entrusted to writing#

22,2

Nature wishes our laws to be identical with hers* 30,11

LEGITIMUM

Lawfulness belongs to the class of thing which cannot increase

because of its own perfection* 66,9

LEO

"A dinner of meat without the company of a friend is like the life 169 of a lion or a wolf." E. 19*10

In the morning, men are thrown to the lions and the bears. 7,1*

LEPIDUS, MARCUS

Aristo, philosopher of Marcus Lepidus, holding discussions in a

carriage. 29*6

LEVITAS Fickleness of men in setting continually new foundations for life*

new hopes on the brink of the grave. 13,16

LIBER

Be careful lest this reading of many books of every sort may tend

to make you unsteady. 2,2 Distraction in reading of many books. 2,3

Since you cannot read all of the books which you may possess, it

is enough to possess only as many books as you can read. 2,3

S. sends actual books used to L. 6,5

Book of L. in levis style might have been ascribed to Titus Livius.

1*6 , 1 Book by Quintus Sextius the Elder read at dinner. 6U*2

In old age, most of the conversation of S. is with books. 67*2

LIBERI The sage, although entirely self-sufficient, raises children. 9*17 LIBERTAS 170

Free yourself for yourself. 1,1

"It is necessary to serve philosophy, if you would enjoy ti*ue

freedom." E. 8,7

Man who surrenders to philosophy is emancipated on the spot. 8,7 Short and simple paths to freedom lie open to us on every side.

12,10

Freedom has long since gone to rack and ruin, lit,13 Pleasing to be content and not dependent upon fortune* 15,9

Philosophy promises everlasting freedom and the assurance that we

need fear neither God nor man. 17,6

The whole company of Stoic thinkers will approve the course of

one seeking freedom. 22,11 Cato as he dies says, "I Save not fought for By own freedom, but

so that I might live among men,who are free." 2ii,7

He who has learned to die has gained for himself freedom from

external powers. 26,10

Pleasures of philosophical freedom. 32,5

Lack of freedom of one who has pledged himself to a promising

future. 36,5 Importance of freedom promised by philosophy. 37,3

Wisdom the only true freedom. 37,U

Philosophical freedom defined. $1,9 Pure freedom lies in the contempt of our bodies and the turning

of the mind to things of the soul. 6.5,22

That which is not free cannot be honorable. Fear means slavery. 66,16 3-71 LIBIDINES (vide et VOLUPTAS)

Sensual habits affect the feet and the hands, every joint of the body. 21*, 16

LIGNUM

Flexibility of timber. Illustration of the flexibility of the human soul to be bent by hard work. 50,6

LINGUA Some men’s tongues falter when they rise to speak in public. 11,2

LITERNUM

More honorable in Scipio to spend his exile in Liternum than in

Baiae. 51,11

LITTERAE

Living voice and living in common with a man of more help than a written word. 6,5

Literary activity, in contrast to philosophy, does admit of outside

assistance. Example of Calvisius Sabinus. 7,5

S. puts his counsels into writing. 8,2

Charm of writings of L. will keep him from hiding In retirement

completely. 19,3 Mere writings not a fair test of progress. 20,1

S. not flattered by request of L. for his writings. 1*5,3

The coming of friends interrupts S.'s writing on a difficult

subject. 65,1 172 LITUS

Contrasting effects of stormy and fair weather upon condition of

the beach. 55,2

LIVIUS, TITUS

Book of L. in the levia style might have been ascribed to Titus Livius or E. U6,l

LUCILIUS

All of Ep. Mor. addressed to L. 1-69

Quotations of. 8,10

Remarks by S. on firm character of L. 10,3

S. predicts everlasting fame to L. through his (S.) letters. 21,5 Verse of L. quoted. 2U,21

L. begins to reveal good character. 31,1

Rrlends of L. pray for bad things for him with good intentions.

31,2

S. claims I*, as a product of his own handiwork. 3ii>2

S. hopes for friendship of kindred mind with L. 35,2-3

Book of L. written in the light (levis) style, ^6,1

Further comments on style of L. lj.6,1-3

Rise of L. from limited circumstances. 19,5 LUCRUM

What good are a man's possessions who does not count his past

gainds, but his hope of gains to come. 2,6

S. shares today's profit (figt) 5,7 One does not love for the sake of gain. 9,11 173

LUCTATIO

Satellius urges Sabinus to take wrestling lessons.27,8

LUCUS

Beauty and seclusion of grove as proof of divinity. 1*1,3

LUPUS

"A dinner of meat without a friend is like the life of a lion or

a wolf." E. 19,10

LUX Contrast between two types of life (before and after turning to

philosophy) by showing difference between mere brightness and

real light. 21,2

Nothing gleams if it has no light blended with it. 31,5

LUXURIA It is a sign of luxury to seek out dainties. 5,5

One does not need a sliver plate embossed in gold. 5,3

S. returns home more voluptuous after having been in a crowd. 7,3

Certain articles are devised by art for the satis£action of

luxury. 16, 8 Surest proof of constancy of man is if he is neither attracted nor

led by things which lead him into luxury. 18,3

One can keep holiday without extravagance. 18,1* The soul is ruined by excess prosperity. 39 3h

Luxury noises itself abroad in various resorts. 50,1-1|

Baiae place to avoid, because luxury has chosen it as its first

resort. 5l,l

Our luxuries have condemned us to weakness. 55*1

Luxury stealthily creeps back upon one when he has merely left

it and not condemned it. 66,9

LYRICI

Slave of Calvisius Sabinus given job of knowing the nine lyric poets by heart. 27,6

Cicero's remark that if his age were doubled, he would still not

have time to read the lyric poets. U9,5

I^rric poets avowedly frivolous, as contrasted with the dialectic­

ians. i;9,5 MAECENAS 175

Quotation of, from the Prometheus. "It thunders even on the

highest peaks." 19,9

His debauched style. 19,9

His effeminacy. 19,9

Quotation from Maecenas referred to as crude and debased currency.

19,10

MAGISTER

S. urges L. to be a teacher as well as a learner. 55*9

Pride of teacher in progress of pupil. 54,1

Reverence due to teachers, such reverence due also to members

of the human race. 64,9

MAGNITUDO

To the soul, if it be great, naught is great. 8,5

Great things cannot be bought for small amounts. 19, 4-

MAIORES

Importance of beliefs of ancestors. 1,5

MALUM

Ho evil is great which is the last evil. 4,5

We should consider whether evils gain strength from their own

power, or our weakness. 15,5 Consider whether matter is evil, or merely of ill report; possibility of* converting something into an evil which was

originally not an evil. 15,6

Mind sometimes fashions false shapes of evil. 15,12

Each man's malady goes with him wherever he goes. 17,12

Certain evils are bestowed upon men by the Gods with smiling

faces. 22,12

Solitude prompts us to all kinds of evil. 25,5

Knowledge of things is good, lack of knowledge evil. 51, <5

Evil which afflicts us is not external, but vrithin us. 50,4

Vergil has properly conveyed the meaning that men delight in their

own evil. 59,5

MANULEATUS

High or long sleevtes generally considered a mark of weakness. 55,2

MAMJS

Common treatment of an inflamed hand. 68,8

MARCELLINUS (vide et TULLIUS)

Moral condition and stature of Marcellinus. 29,1 ff»

Illustrations of Marcellinus1 earning and jesting criticism of

philosophy. 29,5

MARE

Sea moved to its depths. -4,7

More dgin^er to ship on open sea. 14,15

South wind forces Sicilian Sea into choppy currents. 14,8 Ground swell in connection with sea voyage of S. 53*2

Storm cloud at sea used as illustration of petty inconveniences

in the face of virtue. 66,20

MARIUS, GAIUS

Massacres in Marius' day sometimes removed those of distinguished birth. U7,10

Mountain villa built by Gaius Marius near Baiae. 5l,H

MAHMOR

Marble flooring as element of wealth. 16,8

MATERIA

Two things in the universe which are the souree of everything, cause and matter. 65,2

Characteristics of matter. 65,2

In the making of a statue, the material Is bronze. 65,2

All things made of matter and of God. God is more powerful than

matter which is acted upon by God. 65,23

MEDICINA Certain wholesome counsels may be compared to useful drugs. 8,2 "I can show you a love potion compounded without drug, herb, or

witch's incantation: if you would be loved, love.”

Hecato. 9,6

No wound will heal when one salve after another Is tried. 2,3

Avoid excess in curing sick men even with a chronic illness. 25,2 178 If prescriptions are handed down for healing of the eye, there

is no need for searching for others in addition. 61j.,8

Cures for the spirit have been discovered by the ancients. 6U,8

Care of those who are troubled by pains in the feet. 68,7

Common treatment of swollen feet and inflamed hand. 68,8

Treatment of shriveled sinews in a withered leg. 68,8

Uninterrupted remedies are most helpful. 69,2

MEDICUS The physician cannot prescribe by letter the proper time for a meal

or a bath> he must feel the pulse. 22,1 CatoTs wounds bound up by physicians after his suicide attempt.

2U,8

What physician can heal his patient on a flying visit? i*0,5

The hard work of the physician would be easier if he were called

in when the complaint was in its early stages. 50,U

Like sick man praising the surgeon while he is operating, crowd applauding the philosopher. 52,10

Physicians call asthma meditation for death. 51*, 2

MEDIOCRIA It is the quality of the soul to prefer the ordinary to the too

great. 39,k

MEDITATIO One must rehearse for difficulties ahead of time. 18,6 179 Rehearsal for poverty. 20,12

Physicians call asthma meditation for death. Shy2

MEL

Honey used in describing sweetness of speech. 1*0,2

MEMERUM INCERTUM

Use of present instead of future perfect in conditional clauses

by ancients. 58 ,h

M5M0RIA

Memory recalls tortures of fear. 5,9

One thing to remember, another to know. 33,8

Memory of friend should last longer than grief at his death. 63,3

Let us see to it that the recollection of those we have lost

becomes a pleasant memory to us. 63,1*

Ho man reverts with any pleasure to a subject which he will not

be able to reflect upon without pain. 63yh

S. disagrees with Attalus in saying that, to him, memory of lost

friends is sweet and appealing. 63,7

MENDACIUM

When will that time come when no one will lie to compliment

you? 20,7 Perhaps even when excuses for lying are taken away, we still lie

from force of habit. 1*6,3 Primary indication of a well ordered mind is a man's ability to

ramain in one place and linger in his own company. 2,1

For the derivation of ideas which retain a firm hold in the mind,

linger among the master thinkers. 2,2

Love of bustle the restlessness of an agitated mind. 3,5 Value of a peaceful mind, ij.,1

Joy at laying aside a boyish mind, lj.,2

No good thing renders its possessor happy, unless his mind is prepared for its loss. U,6

Not to be able to endure riches the sign of an unstable mind. 5*6

Hope and fear belong to mind in suspense. 5,8

Mind disturbed by looking to future. 5,9

The body should be treated rather harshly, so that it may not be

disobedient to the mind. 8,5

The mind displays in solitude what fear or shame used to repress.

10,2

S. urges L. to pray for a strong mind. 10,

Habits such as blushing not due to mental weakness, but to novelty

of situation. 11,5

The mind sometimes fashions false shapes of evil. 13*12 Mind made less fit to bear a strain by exercise. 15,3

No need for constant exercise of mind. 15,5 Even mind must have a change. 15*6

S. urges L. to strive beyond all else for a strong mind. 17,1

If one wishhs to have leisure for his mind, he should either be or resemble a poor man. 17,5

Fault is not in riches or poverty, but in the diseased mind which

makes them onerous. 17,12

Lack of consistency an indication of a wavering mind. 20,3

Foundation of sound mind— not to find joy in useless things. 23,1

L. claims that only a young mind can be molded. 25,1

S. feels that old age has done no damage to his mind. 26,1 Sound minds cannot be purchased. 27,8

Until burdens of mind are laid aside, no amount of traveling

can be enjoyable. 28,2

Those who love L. pray for bad things with good intentions. 31,2

S. hopes that L. may soon have a steadfast mind. 32,5

Shifting of will indicates a mind at sea. 35,h

Favorable and fertile mind gives back more than it receives from few scattered precepts. 38,2

Evil mind first gets its hold on us, it must be removed. 50,7 Characteristic of a weak and diseased mind to fear what is not

familiar. 50,9 It is the mind which must make everything agreeable to itself. 55,8

S. endures noise by forcing his mind to concentrate. 56,5

True calm is reached by the unperverted mind at rest. 56,6

All evils of the mind do most harm when hidden under a pretense of soundness. 56,10

The mind which is aroused at chance words or sounds is unstable.

It has within it an element of insecurity. 56,12

Old age will be endured by S. as long as it does not affect his

mind. 58,35 Nature can prove that a noble mind can lie hidden under any sort

of exteriofc. 66,1

MENSA Many ships must bring the requisites for one meal. 60,2

MENSIS Month is divided by a narrower ring in the division of time. 12,6

MKRCEDULA

S. speaks of his quotation for L. as L.'s small pay for the

day. 6,7

ME3SALA

S. cannot remember whether Messala or Valgius called Aetna

■'unique11, since he has been reading both. 51,1

META Look at the number of goals attained as well as the number still

to be attained. 15,10

META SUDANS

Man who demonstrates flutes near the Meta Sudans. 56 ,h

m e t a l l a

The yield of poor mines is on the surface (used metaphorically) 23,5 183 METAMORPHOSES

Quotation from Ovid's work. (xiii,82if) 33 >U

METELLUS (vide GAEGILIUS)

Q. GAEGILIUS METELLUS PIUS SGIPIO

Brave death of Scipio, father-in-law of Gnaeus Pomeius. 2 if, 9

METRODORUS

Metrodorus became a great man, not through the classroom of E.,

but through living under the same roof with him. 6,6

S. claims that cited phrase belongs to E. or Metrodorus. lU,7

E. refers to Metrodorus' endurance of poverty; Metrodorus required a whole penny to live while E. required only half a

penny. 18,9 Metrodorus as an Epicurean. 33>if

Metrodorus cited by E. as one of the men who need assistance to

reach salvation. 52>3

METUS (vide et SOLLICITUDO) ( METUS MORTIS vide MORS) Children fear shadows, boys fear trifles, we fear both, if., 2

Some things are less to be dreaded, because they inspire us with

great fear. U>3 Death would be a thing to dread if it could remain. if, 3

Virtue is as much help as excessive fear in despising life, if,5

What does it matter how powerful he is whom you fear when everyone possesses the power which causes your fear*? h*8 u

Fear of last hour makes previous hours uneasy. lj.,9

Limiting of desires cures fear. 5,7

"Cease to hope and you will cease to fear." (Hecato) 5*7 Fear follows hope. 5*7

Hope and fear belong to a mind in suspense. 5*8

Foresight anticipates tortures of fear* memory recalls them. 5*9

Fear cannot sever true friendship. 6,2

Shameful cases of those who have betrayed friendship through

fear. 9,9 Mind of fo&l displays in solitude what fear used to repress. 10,2 Benefit of solitude— fearing no witnesses. 10,2

We fear more through imaginary fear than through actualities. 13,U

We are mote troubled 'by apprehensions than by fear of definite

things. 13*8

We do not put to the test things which cause our fear. 13*8

No fear as ruinous as panic fear. 13*9

Indulgence of fear ruins life; temper fear with hope. Things we dread sink into nothing. 13,12

Regulate your fear according to truth; do not hold false fears

about the future. 13,13

Three main classes of fear. lU,3 Fear more terrifying when it comes with much display, lit*5-6

Sometimes oligarchs, sometimes individuals to be feared, li+,7

The power to inspire fear has caused many men to be in fear. lii*10

Philosophy promises everlasting freedom and the assurance that

neither God nor man is to be feared. 17*6 185 Everything that is added to your successes will be added also

to your fears. 19*8

Foolish to ruin present through fears of future. 2U*1

Value of measuring and estimating one’s own fear. 2h,2

For relief from fear, itemize the dangers which threaten and

along with them the men vrho have scorned them. 2l|.,3 Socrates remained in prison in order to free men of fear of

death and of prisdn*. 2h,h Examine what you fear and you will find nothing more fearful than

the fear itself. 2U,12

Fears of men only magnified versions of fears of boys who are

frightened by masked loved ones. 2^,13

Ne need to fear many men; one man alone can take your life. 29,9

Bassus on foolishness of fear of death. 30,6

Death is certain, therefore it is foolish to fear it. 30,10

Some causes of fear exist, some seem to exist. 30,17

We do not fear death, we fear the thought of death, 30,17

Always think of death, so that you may never fear it. 30,18

Fear of death is foolish, since each day means the death of our

previous condition. 58,23

No reason to fear one thing more than another. 57*6

One who sluggishly awaits fate is almost a coward. 58,32 Fear means slavery. 66,16

MIGRATIQ (vide et INQUIES)

Frequent flitting about means an unsteady spirit. 69,1 MILES 186

Same chains bind the prisoner and his soldier guard. 5*7

Soldier perforins maneuvers in time of peace (ill.). 18,6

Oath of one promising to be a good man compared "with oath of soldier and gladiator. 37*12

Soldier cannot take the time to spend leisure moments foolishly

when the enemy is upon him. Illustration of foolishness of

wasting time with dialecticians. U9,6

Bravest soldiers come from rock-ribbed regions. Illustration

of importance of austere dwelling place. 5l,10

IDMUS

Great quantity of sagacious verses lie buried in the mime. 8,8

Slaves still called ■•members of the family1* in the mime. 1*7,114.

MISERIA (vide et ADVERSA, CALAMITAS)

Present can make no man wretched. 5*9

'•The acquisition of riches has been for many men not an end, but

a change of troubles." E. 57,1

MISEHOSXJBDXA

In previous combats some mercy was shown, now these combats are

pure murder. 7*3

MODESTIA

Sense of modesty lost in unrestrained speech. 1*0,13 MODUS RERUM (vide et TEMPERANTIA) 187

We do not observe moderation in our fear. 13*13 Philosophy to be practiced in calmness and moderation. 114,12 Good health results from moderation, llj.,1 5

Anger to be avoided for the sake of moderation. 18,15 One should adopt a norm to which he will regulate his life. 20,3

Need for keeping pleasure within bounds. 23,6

MOLLITIA

Good fortune made Maecenas effeminate and even emasculated

him. 19,9

MORBUS (vide et AEGER, MEDICINA, MEDICUS)

We are afflicted like sick men when our souls are recovering from

a long disease. 7,1

Fear of sickness is one of the three main classes of fear. 1U,3

A disease or sickness is farther on toward being cured when it breaks into the open, (ill.) £6,10

S. will not die to avoid a curable disease or one which does not

impede his soul. 58,36 If prescriptions are handed down for healing of the eye, there is

no need to search for others in addition, but these pre­

scriptions must be adapted to the particular disease* 6U,8

Self-control during severe illness classed as a secondary

good* 66,5 MORES 10(5 Danger in separating ourselves from customs of our fellow men*

5,2 Plato, and Aristotle, and the whole crowd of asges about to

go their own way derived more benefit from the character

than from the words of Socrates* 6,6

S. does not bring home same character after mingling with a mob*

7,1 A crowd that was unlike them might have shaken Cato, Socrates, and Laelius in their moral strength. 7,6

Nothing so damaging to good character as the habit of lounging

at the games* 7,2

Effect upon character when assaulted by the world at large* 7,7

Need for guardian to regulate character* 11,10

Wise man will not upset the customs of the people* ll*,llj.

It was a custom for ancient Romans to add to opening words of

a letters Si vales, bene est, ego valeo* 1S>,1

Question of whether or not the philosopher should be at variance

with public custom* 18,2

MORS What man realizes that he is dying every day? 1,2

Major portion of death already past* 1^2

Years behind are in the hands of death* 1,2 Death a thing to dread, if it could remain. k,3

Death must either not come, or come and pass away, ij.,3

Thought to be rehearsed in order to leave life with con- tentment. It, 5

Most men do not wish, to live, do not know how to die* U,5

Every slave holds power of life and death over you* it, 8 Consider those who have died in their homes through plots* it,8

Just as many have died through angry slaves as angry kings* it, 8

You are already at this moment being led to death* it, 9

Defensive armor and skill are only delays of death in the

bouts* 7,U I». to S* — What are the counsels of your school which order one

to die in the midst of active work? 8,1 Man should be willing to die for a friend, to stake his own

life against the life of a friend* 9*10

Death should be before the eyes of young and old alike* No one too old to hope for another day of existence* 12,6 If anything prevents your living well, nothing prevents your

dying well* 17,5 "Everyone goes out of life, as though he had just lately

entered it*" (E*) 22,lit

Young, old, and middle-aged - when taken off guard, all are

equally afraid of death and ignorant of life* 22,lit

Nature should chide us, because we do not leave life just as she

brought us into it* 22,15 Irrationality of fear of death* 22,16

One cannot be prepared for death, if he has just begun to live*

23,10 Some men just begin living, when it is time to stop* Others stop living before they have begun* 23*11 -^q Socrates remained in prison in order to free men of fear of death

and of prison* 2k,k

Bravery of men who are otherwise craven as they meet death* 2k,9

Death scorned even by servants* 2k,Ik

Death either takes away our burden leaving the better part, or

else annihilates us completely* 2lt,l8

Mention of commonplace - we move every day toward death* Final

hour does not bring death, but merely completes the process

of death* 2U,19

Three quotations of E. on various aspects cf death* 2k,22-23

Lust for death (libido moriendi) to be avoided* 2i|,25

Death in actuality a gradual diminishing of powers* 26,k

S* leaves it to death to estimate his progress* 26,5

S* will see at the moment of death whether all the bold threats which he has uttered against fortune are sincere* 26,5

Death delivers the final judgment, 26,6

Be ready for death everywhere* 26,7

E* quoted in regard to thinking about deatho 26, 8—9

He who has learned to die has gained freedom for himself* 26,10

Philosophy makes one joyful in the sight of death* 30,3 Some kinds of death contain an ingredient of hope, but old age

grants no reprieve* 30,ij.

One needs long practice to learn to depart calmly when the in­

evitable hour comes* 30,U

Bassus talks freely about his death* There is no more incon­

venience at the actual moment of death than after death* 30,5 Bassus on foolishness of fear of death* 30,6 191 Words of Bassus hold greater weight, because he discusses death

when death is near* 30,7

One is bravest at the very moment of death, for death gives courage

not to seek to avoid the inevitable* 30,8

Gladiator offers his throat to his opponent* Illustration of

bravery at moment of death. 30,8

Approaching death calls for the tenacious courage of soulwhich only the wise man can show* 30,8

Death is equitable and inevitable. 30,11

Men should thank God, because they are removed from old age to

an ordained rest* 30,12

•Some men beg for death in madness and in anger* 30,12 No man welcomes death cheerfully, except the man who has composed

himself for it. 30,12 Joy at moment of death compared to joy of charioteer in the last

lap of the race. 30,13 Death near for one at all times and places* 30,16

When we fear one kind of death, another kind may be nearer* 30,16

Death by indigestion anticipates death at hands of enemy. 30,16

Always think of death, so that you may never fear it. 30,18

Great value of contempt for death* 36,8 Death merely an interruption of life* 36,10

Attitude of young boys toward death* 36,12

Importance of realizing the constant proximity of death* U9,9-H When one has death in his control, the power of fortune will be

naught. 5l»9 Physicians call asthma — meditation for death, 5k, 2

S's concept of death stated: A state of non-existence. Death

precedes and follows life* 5k,k—5

S. discusses his preparation for death, 5U,7

Death merely to avoid pain is defeat. 58,36

S. lives as though every day might be his last, 61,2

S. gladly awaits death. 61,14. Need for preparation for death, 6l,U Grief for death of friend. 6 3 , passim.

Let us think as much about our own mortality as about that of

those we love, 63,15 snail all soon reach the goal of death reached by friend of

L. 63,16

S. speaks of the death of Serenus* 63,15 Characteristics of death. Reasons for folly of fear of death*

65,2li All men are equally subject to death. There are differing kinds

of death, but the end result of death is the same. 66,1*2—1|2

Attalus on a brave death, 67,15

Attitude of E. toward torture and a brave death, 67,15 S. urges L, to learn when to welcome death, or even when to

invite it• 69,6

MORS VOLUNTARIA Trifling reasons for which men scorn life. l*,i*

If utmost, pinch of need arrives, the wise man will take leave of 193 of life and cease being a trouble to himself* 17, 9

Even when reason tells us that we should end our life, we should

not do so without proper reflection* 2h»2h

Men who approach death without a loathing for life have more

weight with S* 30,15

Advisability of suicide to avoid old age and pain discussed. 58, 32-36

It makes no difference whether death comes to us, or we go to

death. In some circumstances we should invite it* 69,6

MORTALITAS (vide et: MORS)

Story of Alexander’s offering the pain of his wound as a sign

of his mortality. 59,12

Not only are all things mortal, but their mortality is subject

to no fixed law. 63,15

MOTUS

There is no art without motion* 65,11

MUCIUS SCAEVQLA Mucius put his hand into the fire and held it there until all the

flesh had been burned away. An example of the bravery of a man

fortified against danger only by the courage of a soldier. 2it, 5

Forsenna was more ready to pardon Mucius for wanting to kill him

than Mucius was to pardon himself for failing to kill him* 2li,5

Maimed hand of Mucius punished by Porsenna. 66,5l 19U Fame of Mucius. 66,53

m u n d i t i a

Against nature to hate unlabored elegance* 5,1|

MJNDUS ( vide et: PATRIA)

Importance of being able to say — The whole world is my fatherland*

2 8,1a

Calm of the super lunar firmament used as illustration of the true calm arising from wisdom* 59,16

S. gazes upon firmament with bewilderment, as though he were

seeing it for the first time* 61a,6

Two things in the universe are the source of everything — cause

and matter* 65,2

In the opinion of Plato, the universe possesses five elements.

These elements are listed* 65,9

Creation of the universe by God* 65,9

Those wrong who maintain that the whole universe is a cause* 65,1U

S. searches himself first and then the world about him* 65,15

Soul finds rest in contemplation of the universe* 65,17

S. affirms his right and duty to contemplate the universe, its

creation, and its composition* 65,19—20

Place of God as creator of the universe* 65,23—2h

MJNIMENTUM

House yourself as a protection against discomfort* 8,5 MtlTATIO 195

Change of abode causes distraction* 2,1

Everywhere means nowhere (philosophically speaking)* 2,2 Even mind must have a change* 15,6

Examples of phases of existence which are in constant flux and

change, 58,22-23 We are unwilling to change or reforjj, because we already believe

ourselves to be the best of men, 59,11

MYCENAE

Agammeinnon*s hastening to the walls of Mycenae used as an

illustration* 66,26 NATURA 196 Discuss your problems with nature. 5,6

"Poverty brought, into conformity with laws of nature is great

wealth." E. 4,10

Limits of the laws of nature. 4,10

Nature bids us to avert hunger, thirst, and cold. 4,10

Needs of nature are ready at hand. 4,10

Our motto; live according to nature. 5*4

Various lacks of conformity which are against laws of nature. 5,

Nature rests from her work amid dissolution of the world. 9,16

Universal sentiments suggested by nature. 9,21

Nature exerts her own force and through certain bodily quirks

makes her presence known to even the strongest. 11,2

Nature of L. leads ,him along the path of nobility. 15,15

"If you live according to nature, you will never be poor; if

you live according to opinion, you will never be rich." E.

16,7 Demands of nature are slight. 16,8

Natural desires are limited; if more distant goal is always in

view, condition is contrary to nature. 16,9 Wise man will fit his desires to nature. 17,9

Soul needs to be reminded that demands of nature are sligjht.

20 ,15 Nature should chide us, because we do not leave life as she

brought us into it. 22,15

Nature binds one to the clogging weight of the body. 24,17

Lav/ of nature as a rule of life. 25,4 Need for limitation of desires within demands of nature. 2'?,b

E. said that real wealth is poverty adjusted to the law of

nature. 27,9

Nature wishes our lav/s to be identical with hers. 50,11

Through gifts of nature, one may rise to equality with God. 51,9

3. illustrates rebirth by showing changes in aspects of natural

phenomena. *>6,11

Desire causes madness when it transgresses the bounds of

nature. 59,5

Various aspects of nature as oroof of divine being. 4l,5 Nf»

Reason demands simply that a man live in accordance with his

nature. 41,9

Sweetness of life in accordance with nature. 48,9 No man finds it difficult to return to nature, except the man who

has deserted.nature. 50,5 Virtue is according to nature, vice is opposed to it. 50,8

Nature reminds courage of its perishability. 57,4

Nature will be satisfied with very little. 80,5

A11 art is but an imitation of nature. 65,5

Certain goods indifferent, no more according to nature than

contrary to nature. 66,57

No good is without reason, and reason is in accordance with

nature. 66,59

Reason is in essence the imitation of nature; the greatest good

that a man can possess is to conduct himself in accordance

with the will of nature. 66,59

The only point to be considered in regard to goods is that they are in accord with nature. 66,41 198

Virtues and goods are all in accord with nature. 66,4l

NAUFRAGIUM

S. facetiously believes that Ulysses suffered his many shipwrecks

because of seasickness and not because of anger of sea gods.

55,4

NAUSIA

Sluggish seasickness which affects S. on sea journey. 55,5

S. facetiously believes that many shipwrecks of Ulysses were caused

by seasickness, not by anger of sea gods. 55,4

One does not escape seasickness by merely escaping from the

sea. 55,5

NAUTA

Sailors have good reason to fear the land. 55,4

NAVIGATIO (vide et FEKEGRINATIO)

S. can be pfltt-auaded to do anything now tliat he has been persuaded

to travel by water. 55,1

MAVIS

On the same day that the ships make a show at the games, they

are engulfed. 4,7 Ship on right course. 8,4

Maritime references in connection, with acts of fortune. 8,4 199 Wise man will -turn from -the anger of one in -jower as -though

steering a ship in a storm. 14,7

A ship sometimes sinks in a harbor, however it is more dangerous

in the open sea. 14,15

One traveling without relief from the onerous burdens of the

mind is likened to a ship whose cargo shifts dangerously

when the ship is moving, but gives no trouble when the

ship is stationary. 28,5

Ship with many leaks is compared to an old man's body in that

there is a limit to which it can be sustained. 50*2

A great pilot can sail even when his ship is dismantled. ^>0r 5

A ship v^hich seems large on the river seems small on the

ocean. 45,2

NEAPOLIS

Naples and its view reminds 3. of L. 49,1

Use of poetic name for Naples (Parthenope). 55» 1

Return of S. from Baiae to Naples. 57* I

Discomforts in tunnel of.Naples. 57,1—5

Reference to city. 68,5

NE0ES3ITAS

”It is wrong to live under constraint, but no man is constrained

to live under conatraint." E. 12,10

We may spurnithe very constraints that hold us. 12,10

Poverty is slight proof of good intentions unless it is clear that a man endures -these -things not from necessity, but from

preference. 20,11

It is not possible to flee necessities, but they can be

overcome. 57,5

©ood is always necessary, but the necessary is not always good. 45,11 Wise man escapes necessity, because he elects'to do what necessity forces upon him. 5^,7

Value of wanting to do what is forced upon one by necessity. 61,5

NEGLEGENTIA

Most disgraceful loss is due to negligence. 1,1

NEGOTIATIO

Friendship portrayed by L. a bargain, not a friendship. 9,10

NEGOTIUM

The evils of leisure can be removed by business and hard work.

56,9

NESIS

Islet of Nesis mentioned in connection with sea voyage of 3. 55,2

NESTOR

In Homer, the rapid 3tyle of speech is assigned to the younger

man, the more composed to the older (Nestor). 40,2 NILUS 201

Tribe which once moved itB city, because the noise of* the Nile

could not be endured. 5^,5

NIOBE

Niobe permitted to weep for one day only. 65,2

NISUS

Quotation of1 Vergil relative to Nisus. 21,5

NIVES

Snov/ squall use d as illustration of a rapid style of speech. 40,

NOBILITAS

He who is by nature fitted for virtue is well-born. 44,5

NOMENCLATOR

Activity of slave secretary in sorting out callers. 19,11

Poor memory of major domo or nomenclator in his dotage compared

with the memory of Calvisius Sabinus. 27,5

NOMINA

One's title unimportant in a noble life. 51,H

NOTAE

Need for labels to distinguish between vice and virtue, flattery

and friendship, moderation and sluggishness. 45,7 NOT 10

If* you would derive ideas which may win a firm hold in your mind,

you must linger among -the works of "the master-thinkers. 2,2

Best, ideas are common property. 12,11

S. tries to rake some useful ideas from every field of thought.

58,26

NOVITAS

Habits such as blushing due to novelty of situation. 8,1

Wise man will not attract the attention of other people by

a novel way of life. l4,l4

NOX

S. takes even a part of the night for study. 8,1

Night brings troubles to light. ^6,6

NOX IA

The innocent sometimes perish, but more often do the guilty, 14,15

NUBES

Careful pilot questions those who know the locality as to the

meaning of the clouds. 14,8

Storm clouds at sea used as illustration of petty inconsistencies

in face of virtue. 66,20

NUMANTIA

Scipio's seige of Numantia. 66,15 - 0 - OBLECTAMENTA (vide et: VOLUPTAS) 203

One may extract something wholesome even from his entertainments*

58,2^

OBRUSSA The touchstone of the true spirit described* 13,2

OG CASUS

Even a day has its sunrise and sunset* 12,6

OCCUPATIO When one is engaged in work, the very absorption offers pleasure,

but the pleasure is not so keen after the work is flnished«

9,7

OGULUS

Men trust more in eyes than in ears. 6,5

When eyes of S. are wearied from waking and ready to fia&l shut,

he keeps them at their task. 8,1 Various prescriptions used for discomfort of the eye. 61j.,8

ODIUM

More murderers count up the profits than give in to hatred* lli,9

Hatred, jealousy, and scorn to be avoided. lU,10

Anger arises as much from love as from hate* 18,15

In the case of some men - the more they owe, the more they

hate. 19,11 ODYSSEUS 20k S. mentions that in Homer the rapid style of speech is assigned

to the younger Odysseus, the more composed style to the older Nestor* 1*0,2

OESTRUS

Greek word for gad-fly* Its Latin counterpart is obsolete in

S's day. Illustration of scantiness of Latin language# 58,2

OFFICIA Men come to the point at which all duties are judged to be harsh

and difficult# 20,13

Need for freeing one's self from duties of business* 22,3

OFFICINA S. says that a cited phrase belongs to E. or Metrodorus or someone

from that "think— shop •*’ lit, 17

OLEUM (vide et; CEROMA)

Oil as used in the prize ring# 15,3

ON

Difficulty in translating this Greek word into Latin# S. here

further indicates the paucity of the Latin language# He

finally decides upon quod est as the best rendering# 58,7 OPINIO 2°5

We suffer more through imagination than through actuality* 13,1*

We are in the habit of exaggerating, or imagining, or antici­

pating sorrow* 13,5

S. gives rule -whereby one may decide whether troubles are real

or imaginary. 13,7

We agree too quickly with what people think and aay. 13,8

Quotation of E* relative to life according to nature as opposed to life according to opinion. 16,7

Demands of opinion are great* 16,8

Demands which spring from false opinion have no stopping point*

16,9 Opinion of the world is always wavering and taking sides of

both factions. 26,6

Life is bitter for those who have put their trust in opinion,

rather than in nature. 1*8,9

ORATIO

Obscurity of style gave surname to Heraclitus. 12,7

Proper style for philosopher discussed. Style of speech of

philosopher Serapio discussed. 1*0,2

In Homer (Iliad) the rapid style is assigned to the younger speaker, the more gentle eloquence to the older man. 1*0,2

Rapid style of speech improper for a philosopher. 1*0,3—5

Further discussion of proper philosophical style* 1*0,5-7

Unrestrained style of the Greeks. 1*0,11 Debauched style of Maecenas* 19,9

Book of L* written in smooth or levis style* 1*6,1 Further comments on style of L* 1*6, 1—3

"The language of truth is simple.11 (Euripides, Phoenissae 1*69).

1*9,12

Man should not attempt to make the language of truth intricate* 1*9,12

S. takes pleasure in the fact that L* has his language under con­ trol. 59,1*

Some writers are attracted from their subject by an attractive

phrase* The subject matter of L. is proved important by

its compactness* 59,5

Figures of speech not out of place in a prose style. Use of metaphors and similes discussed. 59,6 Style of ancient writers of prose mentioned and praised. 59,6

ARS ORATORIA

No reason why pride in advertising your abilities should cause you

to desire to recite and harangue in public. 7,9

Bodily difficulties, such as sweating and trembling of the knees,

affect even the steadiest public speaker. 11,2

Training and experience do not shake off the above habits* ibid.

S. scoffs at those who place a value on the speaker and not upon the words which he speaks* 12,11

Speech making at the bar wins enemies for a man. ll*,ll

Orators begin with an ordinary conversational tone, then pass to shoutingo 15*7 207 Voice should not abruptly drop from raving in the uncouth

manner of the farmer* 15,8

Mere speech not a test of progress* 20,1

Purpose of speechmakers who are trying to win the approval of the

crowd is different from the purpose of philosophers. 20,2 Even the most timid man can deliver a bold speech* 26,6

Style of speech proper for an orator, 1*0,8

Stammering of Vinicius noted. 1*0,9

Quintus Haterius the most famous orator of his age* 1*0,10

Rapid speech of Quintus Haterius to be avoided, 1*0,10

Certain types of speech suitable to certain nations* 1*0,11

Types of speech suitable for a wise man* 1*0,12

Advice to L, summarized — Be slow of speech* 1*0,11*

Roman oratory sprang into prominence from Cicero. 1*0,11

S. postpones further discussion on the proper method of

addressing a crowd, 52,15

0RBES

S*s theory of the division of time into smaller circles within larger ones. 12,6

GRNAMENTA ( vide: TEGUMENTUM)

QRNAMENTUM

Despise everything which useless toil creates as an ornament* 8,5 CRTUS 208

a* Even a day has Its sunrise and sunset* 12,6

b. From day of birth you are led forward to death. h 99 Whatever is given to us by the condition of our birth and the

constitution of our body will stay with us no matter how hard or long the soul has tried to master itself* 11,6

Limited circumstances of birth of L* 19,5>

QSTENTATIO

Perverted display of self to be avoided. 5,2 Most effective means of coercing and affecting our minds are those things which make a huge display, lit,6

Philosophy is not a matter of show* 16,3

Retirement should not be ostentatious* 19,2

Need for withdrawal from showy pursuits. 22,1

Ostentation will not put you on a level with God* 31,10

OTXUM (vide et* SOLITUDO)

S. never spends a day in idleness* 8,1 S. cites need for withdrawal from active business, particularly

in old age* 19,1 One should not seek to win fame by his retirement. Retirement

should not be concealed, but neither should it be ostentatious*

19,2 Earlier fame makes retirement difficult* 19,3 One can gain peace of retirement without any great loss to him— self. 19, h 2Q9 How much more in danger would the man be whose leisure is not

even secure* lit.,If?

It makes a great deal of difference whether your life is one of leisure, or one of idleness, 5 5 , U

Misconception of men in general about a life of leisure* 55, U

The evils of leisure can be done away with by hard work and

business*, 56,9

S. urges L. to retire and at the same time to conceal his retire­

ment. This is according to the example and precepts of the

Stoics, 68,1

No need to publicize or brag about leisure in retirement* 6d,3-k

To advertise one’s retirement is to collect a crowd* 68,5

When in retirement^ speak ill Sf yourself when by yourself. Thus

you will be accustomed to hear and speak the truth* 68,6

S. discusses his own retirement. 68,8—9

Thoughts of E* on retirement* 68,10

The spirit cannot grow into unity through retirement, until it

has ceased its wanderings. 69,1

Need for uninterrupted retirement* 69,2

QUSIA Essentia the proper rendering of this Greek word, 58,6

P. OVIDIUS NASO

Quotation from Metamorphoses (xiii. 821*) 33,U -P- 210 PACUVIUS

Facuvius'*' custom of* holding a regular burial service in hia own

honor. 12,8

PALLIUM

Cold water bather should let, himself into the water clad in

his cloak. 55*5

PALUS

Practice on gladiatorial dummy. 18,8

PANMJS

Rags, ragged clothing symbol of* poverty. 20,11

PARES

Some prefer the present type of murderous gladiatorial bout to

the ordinary pairs and “request bouts”. 7,4-

PARTHENOFE

Poetical name for Naples used, 55,5

PARTHIA

One cannot greet Parthian royalty without bringing a gift. 17,H

First occupation of one born in Parthia is bending a bow. 5^»7 PASTOR 211 Pride of ahepherd in increase of his flock, (ill.) 54,1

PATER FAMILIAS

The careful householder increases his inheritance. 64,7

PATIENTIA

S. wishes ho heat his endurance after reading Quintus Sextius. 64,4-5

Endurance under torture is desirable. 67,5

Patient endurance is a part of bravery. 67,6

Endurance may perhaps be the only virtue which is on view and

manifest. 67,10

PAUSARIUS

Boatswain marking time for his crew. 56,5

PATRIA (vide et MUNDUS)

Importance of being able to say, nY/hole world is my fatherland.” 28,4

Y/elfare of one's country is a primary good. 66,5 No one loves his fatherland because it is gre t, but because it

is his own. 66,26

PAUFERTAS (vide et DIVITIAE)

Seneca knows reason for his poverty (in time). 1,4

No man poor if the little remaining is enough. 1,5 Contented poverty is an honorable state. 2,6 212

Gon.-ten.ted poverty is not really poverty. 2,6

"Poverty brought int& conformity with the laws of nature is great

wealth." E. 4,10

He who has made a fair compact with poverty is rich. 4,10

Poor men safe even on an infested road. l4,10

11 If you live according to nature, you will never be poor} if

you live according to opinion, you will never be rich."

E. 16,7 Poverty as a burden to ones self and to others. 17,1

L.’s postponement of studies to avoid poverty. 17,2

Poverty sometimes to be sought rather than avoided. 17,5

Poverty unburdened and free from care. 17,5

Poor man need n o t ‘be concerned in circumstances of fire, war, or

going to sea, for he has nothing to lose. 17,5

Poverty concerned only with pressing needs. 17,4-

If one wishes to have leisure for his mind, heshould either be

a poor man or resemble one. 17,5

Simple living is voluntary poverty. 17,5

Endurance of poverty may free one's mind from madness. 17,7

V/ise man bears pinch of poverty with good spirit, said he laughs

at those scurrying after wealth. 17,9 Fault is not in riches and poverty, but in the diseased mind

which makes them onerous. 17,12

Reharsal for poverty. 18,5

Ostentatious forms of poverty used by rich men to relieve tedium

of their lives. 18,7 Use real elements of1 poverty in rehearsing for poverty. 18,7

Need for rehearsal for poverty, so that fortune may not catch us

off guard. 18,8

One can be rich with greater comfort, if he knows that poverty is not odious. 18,8

E. and his days of endured poverty. 18,9

Pleasure in poverty, because unfair fortune cannot snatch it away. 18,10

Noble soul of one who reduces himself to poverty voluntarily. 18,

Set aside days for rehearsal for poverty. 18,12

You will learn from poverty what you are not able to learn from

your own bountyv 20, 7

Poverty will keep for you your tried and true friends. 20,7

Reduce yourself to' humble conditions from which you cannot be

ejected. 20,8

"Believe me your words will be more imoosing if you sleep on a

cot and wear rags. For then the words will not merely be

said., they will be proved." E. 20,9

Poverty of Demetrius makes his own words more believable.

In poverty and in riches, it is the mind which is to be appraised

20,10

Poverty is slight proof of good intentions unless it is clear

that a man does not endure it through necessity. 20,11

Value of rehearsal for poverty. 20,12-15

Every man from birth commanded to be content with milk and

rags. 20,15 Rags, milk, cot-bed as symbols of poverty. 20,15 No man poor according to laws of nature. 25,4 21h

E. quoted on real wealth as poverty adjusted to laws of nature.

27,9 An image in the likeness of God cannot be made in gold or

silver. 51,11 ’’Only the poor man counts his flock." (Ovid) Me tarn. xiii,824. 55,4

PAX (vide et TRANQUILLITAS, QUIES, OTIUM)

Wise man will prefer to be at peace ifcith others. 28,7

Peace as a primary good. 66,5

PECCATUM

Most sins would be eliminated if a witness would stand near when

the soul was about to sin. 11,9

Enough sense of shame to blush for one's sins a good sign. 25,2

Make yourself into the 3ort of person in whose company you

dare not sin. 25,2

Importance of knowledge of sin to salvation} E. quoted. 28,9-10

We are wont to think that we are surrounded by walls not to

live more safely, but to sin more secretly. 45,5

Work in moulding the soul easier if begun before the soul is

hardened by sin. 50,5

PECUNIA (vide et. DIVITIAE)

Money will not place you on a leifel with God. 51,10

Money a cause of trouble. 42,9 PECUS (vide et: GREX) 215 "Only the poor man counts his flocks ." (Ovid, Metam. xiii,824). 33,^

PEDES

Signal gglven by one man passes down the ranks of cavalry

and infantry at the same time. 59,7

PERICULUM

The greater the mob in which we mingle the greater the danger.

7,2

See how much keener a brave man is to seize the danger than

a cruel man is to inflict it. 24,5

Man even more in danger whose leisure is not secure. 14,15

Man born for for perils of life, exile, death, imprisonment.

Dangers of these are slight. 2^,17 Action of well-trained army in face of danger. 59,8

PEREGRINATIO (vide et NAVIGATIO)

When a person spends all his time in foreign travel, he has

many acquaintances, but no friends. 2,2

Long travel is not effective in shaking heaviness of mind. 28,1

Socrates quoted on travel as ineffective in escaping from

oneself. 28,2

Difficulties of travel. 57,1

PERIPATETICUS

Soaurus1 jesting comment on Aristo's habit of holding discussions

in his carriage, "At any rate, he is not one of the walking philosophers." 29,6

Peripatetics advise against catering to the crowd. 29,11

PERSAE

Fortitude, energy, and readiness for battle found just as much

among Persians who vrore aleevea as among men girt up high. 55,2

PERTINAOIA

Lack of resolution and persistence in resolutions as cause of

inconsistency. 20,4

PES

Sensual habits affect the feet and hands. 24,16

Oare of those who are troubled by pains in the feet. 68,7

Common treatment of a sv/ollen foot. 68,8

PHALARIS

E. quoted as saying that the wise man would not mind being

burned in the bull of Phalaris. 66,18

PHIDIAS

Phidias, if he loses a statue, can easily carve another. 9,5

PHILETA&

Pleasures compared to bandits called "lover" by Egyptians. 51,15 PH1^0SITUS 217 Father of S.'s pet slave. 12, 25

PHILOSOPHIA (vide et EPIOURUS, 3T0ICI, OYNICI)

Joy when philosophy enrolls one among men. 14,2

Very name of philosophy object of scorn with some. 5»2

Philosopher frightens away those he would improve by his contrary

standard of life. 5

Philosophy offers fellow-feeling with men.

Philosophy demands plain living, but not penance. 5*5

Distinction between philosopher and common run of men in use

of wealth. 5,6

"It is necessary to be a slave to philosophy, if you would enjoy

true freedom." E. 8,7

The service of philosophy is freedom. 8,7

The man who submits to philosophy is emancipated on the spot. 8,7

Many poet3 set forth ideas that have been or could be uttered

by philosophers. 8,8

Need for refuge in philosophy. l4,ll

Philosophy.is as good as a priest's fillet. 14,11

Honor giwen to philosophy among all men. 14,11

Philosophy should be practised with calmness and moderation.14,12

Salutary effect of philosophy on body and mind. 15,1

Examine your progress in chilosophy. 16,2

General value of philosophy - action of philosophy on life of man.

16,5 Proposed questions: what good is philosophy if fate exists, or 218 if God ia the ruler, or if chance governs everything? 16,4

Philosophy as a defense against fate. 16,5

Philosophy teaches us to abey God willingly, to obey fortune

defiantly. 16,5

Great benefits of philosophy in great and small matters allice.

17,2 Philosophy will advise you not to sit forever at your ledger.17,2

Riches have kept many a man from wisdom of philosophy. 17,5

Do not reject philosophy as a companion. 17, ^

One should begind with philosophy. It should not be put off for

the period when wants have been attained. 17,5

Want should not keep one from pursuing philosophy, 17,6 i Philosophy promises everlasting liberty, and assurance that

neither God nor man need be feared. 17,6

Philosophy to be sought first whether one has too little or too

much. 17,8

Actions of philosophers on festive occasions; force the soul to

do without pleasures. 18,5

Let philosophy sink into the depths of your soul. 20,1

Philosophy teaches us to act, not to speak. 20,2

Philosophy demands that a man's inner life be in harmony with his

actions. 20,2

Philosophers should take the commendable sayings of other men. 21,9

Stoicism charged with dealing with words, not deeds, of philosophy.

24,15, Illustrations of carping criticism of philosophy and philosophers

by Marcellinus 29,5 S. refers slightingly to mountebanks of philosophy. 29,7

Philosophy teaches withdrawal from the crowd. 29,12

Philosophy makes one joyful in the sight of death. 50,5

Philosophy the greatest good. 51,8

Philosophy causes one to be the associate of the gods. 51,8

Philosophy prescribed for a man living in. S.'s age, as contrasted

with other occupations in other ages. 56,8

Importance of philosophy in attaining peace of mind. 57,5

Good advice of philosophy generally imparted most effectively

in quiet conversation. 58,1

Value of reading in learning philosophy as contrasted with use

of breviarum or summarium. 59,1

Inspiration of lis't of great philosophers. 59,2

Proper speech for philosopher. 40,2; 5“7

Less ostentatious gait and more restrained speech are more be­

coming to philosopher. 40,5“5

Philosophy should preserve dignity of character in speech. 40,8

One good in philosophy is that it doesn't look into pedigrees.

44,1

Light of philosophy open to all men. 44,2

Philosophy made Plato noble. 44,5

Satire of foolishness of some syllogistic reasoning. 48,6-7

Duty of philosophy is to offer counsel to suffering humanity.

48,8-9 Quibbling unworthy of philosophy. 48,11; 12

Philosophy promises to make one equal to God. 48,11

Draught of philosophy is at once wholesome and pleasant. 50,9 L. urged, to go to the ancient philosophers for assistance. 52,7

Choose from living philosophers those men whose deeds are con­

sistent with their words. 52,8

What is baser than philosophy courting applause? 52,9

Words of a philosopher true to his hearers. 52,10

Philosphy should be silently worshipped. 52,15

Philosophy has suffered a loss now that she has offered her

charms for sale. 52,15 Need for devoting full time to study of philosophy. 55» 8-9

Through the study of philosophy, man becomes different from the

gods only in that they live longer. 55,11

Power of philosophy blunts blows of chance. 55»12

Philosophy is so precious a thing that even the counterfeit of

it is precious to men. 55j^

Men do not spend enough time in their search for philosophical

wisdom. 59,10

One does not find strength in all philosophers. 64,5

Philosophy as an aid to the soul. 65,16

PHOENISSAE

Quotation from. (469) 49,12

PHOENIX

The springing into existence of the phoenix. 42,1

PHRENETICUS

Body of man without philosophy is strong just as lunatic is s-trong. 15,1 221

PICTURA (vide et IMAGO)

Paintings as an element, of1 wealth. 16,8

PILICREPUS

Noise made by the ball counter shouting out. "the score. 5^,1

PILLEUS

Liberty cap worn by Roman crowd on festive occasions. 18,5

PISCINA

Noise made by those who plunge into the swimming tank. 16,2

PISCIS

Only dumb animals and fish deceived by tempting hope. 8,5

PLATANUS

S.'s anger at neglect of plane tree. 12,2

Grove of plane trees at Vatia's villa.

PLATO

Plato derived more help from the character than from the words of

Socrates. 6,6

Cato's re„ading of Plato's Phaedo on night of his suicide. 24,6

Philosophy made Plato noble. 44,5 Quotation from Theae tetua. 44,4 222

Age at which Plato entered, captivity. 47,12

In talking with someone about Plato, S. discovers the lack of

Terms in the Latin language. 58,1

Plato's division of all existence into six parts. 58,8

Discussion of this division. 58,16-24

Help gained from philosophy of Plato. 58,26-27

Plato by taking pains advanced to an old age. Reason given

for name, Plato. Plato died on his birthday. Wise men

of the East sacrificed to Plato upon his death. 58,50-51

Honor due to Plato. 64,10

Plato adds a fifth cause to four proposed by Aristotle: the

Platonic idea. ‘65,7 Five causes proposed by Plato. 65,8

Plato's five elements of the universe. 65,9

Plato's concept for God's reason for creating £he world.. 65,10

PLAUSUS

Scorn the pleasure which comes from apjblause of the many. 7,12

Foolishness and vanity of applause. 52,9-11

There should be a difference between the applause of the theater

and the applause of the school. 52,12

PLUMBUM

Exercise with lead weights. 56,1 PLURES 223 Easy "to side with majority. 7,6

Do not hate the many simply because they are unlike you. 7,8

Scorn for pleasure which comes from applause of majority, 7,12

Do you have reason to be pleased with youraelf, if you are a

person whom the many can understand? 7,12

PODAGRA

Pain easily borne by one suffering from gout. 24,14

When symptoms become obvious and unbearable, a man must admit he

has gout. 55,8

Pain of gout. £>7,5

POENA

Philosophy demands plain living, not penance. 5*l5

POETAE

Many noets set forth ideas that have been, or could be uttered

by philosophers. 8,8

Greeks think of Homer as the poet. 45,17

Man wrong who says that figures of speech may be used effectively

only by the poet3. 59,6

POLENTA

As example of frugal living. 18,10 POLIOROETES 224

Demetr&tis called Poliorcetes, because of his destroying many

cities. 9,18

POKYAENUS

Polyaenus became a great man, not through the classroom of E.,

but through living under same roof with him. 6,6

Letter of E. to Polyaenus. 18,9

POLYCL ITUS

Two statues of Polyclitus, doryphoros and diadumenos. 65,5

POMA

Farmer plased when his tree bears fruit. 54,1

Attalua on acid taste of fruit. 65,5

POMPEII

View of Pompeii reminds 3. of L. 49,1

POMPEIUS

Fate of Pqmpey settled by a boy and a eunuch. 4,7

Cato's relations to Pcnapey in the civil wars. l4,15

Pompey always blushed when in a gathering. 11,4

POMPEIUS, GNAEUS

Brave death of Scipio, father-in-law of Gnaeus Pompeius./ 24,9

Mountain villa built by Gnaeus Pompeius near Baiae. 51, H POMPONIUS SECUNDUS 225 Quotation of. 5,6

FONDUS MOVERE

Weight lifting -tiring exercise. 15»4

PORSENNA

Porsenna was more ready -to pardon Mucius for wishing -to kill him

■than was Mucius "to pardon himself for failing -to kill P. 24,5

Mucius and his punishment, by Porsenna. 65,54

PORTORIUM

Quotation given by ,S. as payment of ’’duty11 on a letter. 28,9

POSSESS10

Since you cannot read all of the books which you may possess, it

is enough to possess only as many books as you can read. 2,5

No thing pleasant to possess without friends to share. 6,4

It is in the power of every man to have contempt for all things,

but of no man to possess all things. 62,5

SUI POSSESS10

That man most secure in possession of himself who can await the

morrow without apprehension. 12,9

He who owns himself has lost nothing. 42,10 POSTERITAS 226 S. works for posterity. 8,2

POTENTIA

Mishaps affect even "the most powerful. 4,6

Wlnat does i& matter how po werful he is whom you fear? 4,8

Power as an incitement to greater vice. 42,4

Empty power gained one in circles of the rich, influential.68,10

POT 10

Drink only enough beverage to quench your thirst. 8,5

Huge amounts of liquor taken by slaves in charge of exercising. 15,5 Drinking and sweating the life of a dyspeptic. 15,5

E. quoted on need for careful choice of drinking companions. 19,10

PRAECEPTUM

Our motto— live according to nature. 5,^

The way 1b long through precepts, but short andhelpful through

patterns. 6,5

L. questions the counsels of S, 1s school which order a man to die

in the midst of active work. 8,1

L. has equipped himself with wholesome precepts. 15,1

Hatred, jealousy, scorn to be avoided, according to old precept.

14,10

Chiefs of Stoic school were not interested in precepts. 55,1

History and poetry filled with utterances of this sort. 55,2 Noble sayings more noteworthy in E. 55,2

Extracted maxims not to be taken from writings of Stoics. 55,5

Do not hope to skim wisdom of distinguished men by epitomes. 55,5

Value of easily learned maxims to the novice. 55,6

Value of maxims to children. 55,7

Greek maxims. 55,7

Disgraceful for a mature man to depend upon memorized maxims. Such

a man should make maxima. 55,7

Growth of a few precepts in a favorable mind compared with

growth of scattered seeds. 58,2

PRAEDO

Consider that a robber may cut your throat. 4,8

One may say of a gladiator engaged in a bloody bout, "He was a

highway robber, he killed a man." 7,5

Sounds made during the arnest of a thief. jp6,2

PRAEEMINENTIA

Second class of Plato’s existence: that which is prominent

and stands out above everything else. 58,17

PRAEPERRE

Poverty is slight proof of good intentions, unless it is

clear that a man endures it through preference. 20,11

PRAEJUDICIUM

Impossible to change things which have been predetermined. 16,4 228 , Question of how much it is within our power to change events. 16,6

PRAETOR

Methods of paying honor to a praetor. 64,10

PRIAMUS

Oalvisius Sabinus would forget a name as well known as Priam. 27,5

PROCURATIUMCULA

Dangerous places through which L. has gone for a petty

governorship. 51,9

PROCURATOR

Rich man ceases to be a master and becomes a steward. 14,18

Procuratorship held by L. 19,5

Worry of having to spend old age in the midst of civil affairs,

procuratorships, etc. 19,8

PROFECTUS

Only advance is philosophical progress. 4,5

Progress of L. 5,1

Each day brings distinct progress. 6,5~7

S. urges L. to test his progress, not by speeches and writings,

but by stoutness of spirit and decrease of desires. 20,1

Decrea^ of desires as test of progress. 20,1

Action of man whose progress is definite. 55,7 229 L. has progressed far past the ordinary man. 1

S. claims credit for the improvement of L. 5^,2

Larger part of goodness is the will to progress in goodness. 5^,

L. will become a complete man if he progresses steadily. 5^,4-

Progress with steady step. 57,4-

It is disgraceful, instead of proceeding ahead, to be carried

along asking, "How did I get into this condition?” 57,5

Progress discussed. 32 passim. PBOMETHEUS 230 Quotation from Prometheus of Maecenas. 19,9

Prometheus in the lower world. 24,18

PR0P0SITUM

More important to keep the resolutions made than to propose new

and more honorable ones. 16,1

PRORA

Boat moored with "prow faced seawards." (Aeneid, vi, 5) 53,5

PROVIDENTIA

Foresight noblest blessing of human race. 5,8 Perversion of foresight. 5,8

Foresight anticipates tortures of fear. 5,9

World itself rescued from danger by providence. 58,29

Importance of foresight in connection with bravery. 67,10

PRO VINO IA

Province held by L. 19,5

PSEUDOMENOS

"Liar fallacy" about which many books have been written. 45,10

PUBLILIUS SYRUS

How inany lines of Publilius are worthy of being spoken by buskin

clad authors, as well as wearers of the slipper. 8,8 Publilius Syrus quoted. 8,9 231

PUDOR

Mind displays in a thoughtless person in solitude what fear or

shame used to repress. 10,2

Modesty a good sign in youth. 11,1

Some men more dangerous when blushing, as though letting all

their sense of shame escape. 11,5 As long as modesty endures in the soul, there is hope. 25,2

Rubbing shame off one's face. 40,15

PUERILITAS

Boyishness worse ^han boyhood remains with us. 4,2

PUERITIA

One circle of time embraces childhood. 12,6

Value of maxims to childhood. 35,7

PUERPERIUM

Pain borne bravely by girl in childbirth. 2^,14

PUGNAE GLADIATORUM AUT PUGILUM (vide et GLADIATOR)

In previous combats some mercy was shovm, now it is pure

murder. 7,3

In present combats no armor is worn. 7,3

Many prefer the murderous bouts of the present to the ordinary

pairs and "request" bouts. 7,4 232 No contestant, can confidently enter the lists of combat unless he

has seen his own blood. 15,2

FUPILLUS

S.'s forty year old ward kept under his tutelage. 25,1

PYTHAGORAS

Pythagoras made his pupils keep silence for five years. 5^,10

PYTHOCLES

Saying tff Idomeneus by E. urging him to make Pythocles rich by

subtracting from his desires. 21,7 233

- Q - QUAESTIO

Truth will never be found, if we are content only with past

discoveries* 33,10

QUID The something (quid) is the primary genus of the Stoics*

Reasons are given for this genus* 58,15?

QUIES ( vide et: SOLITUDOj OTIUM; TRANQUILLITAS)

True repose does not condemn all motion as vexation. 3,5

He who reposes should act; he who acts should take repose* 3,6

Ho real rest, unless reason has composed one* 56,6

QUOD EST

Quod est defined as the primary genus* 58,12

Quod est further divided into species, i.e* things with and without

substance* 58,U RATIO (mentis) "■Whoever does not regard what he has as ample wealth is unhappy,

though he be master of the whole world." (E.) 9,20

A man may rule the world and still be unhappy, if he does not feel

that he is supremely happy. 9,20

"Unblest is he who thinks himself unblest." (Anon.) 9,21

It matters not what one has, but what one feels. 9,22

Only wise man pleased with his own. 9,22

(ratio) Shameful if reason cannot restore us to the tranquility en­

joyed by infants and boys. 36,12

Importance of reason to a well-regulated life. 37 ,h

Growth of reason compared with growth of seeds. 38,2

The soul, and reason brought to perfection in the soul are the

peculiar possessions of every man, and thus the things to be

praised. Man is a reasoning animal. Reason demands of man

that he live in accordance with hi3 nature. Ul,8—9

Nature gave us at birth reason capable of being perfected. J.j.9,12

No real rest, unless reason has composed one. 56,6

Reason cited as synonomous with Stoic causeo 65,2

The first or general cause is creative reason - God. 65,12

Right reason is single and of but one kind. 66,11

Reason a portion of the divine spirit set in a human body. 66,12

Reason alone is unchangeable. Virtue is nothing other than right reason. All virtues are right reasons. 66,32

Reason is the judge of good and evil. All the good of reason resides in the soul* 66,35

No good is without reason, and reason is in accord with nature*

66,39 Reason is in its essence the imitation of nature* 66,39

RATIO INPENSAE

S's expense account of time balances* 1,U

RECTUM (vide ets VIRTUS)

No man can always wish the same thing unless it is right* 20,£

What you wish should be right and virtuous, 20,5

REGIA POTESTAS One cannot greet Parthian royalty without bringing a gift* 17*11

REGULA Ruler needed to straighten out that which is crooked* 11,10

M. REGULUS

Confinement of Regulus in a chest* 67,7 Prayer of Regulus that he might reach Carthage* 67,12

REINCARNATIO

Doctrine of reincarnation. 36,10 Illustration of rebirth by showing the various changes in aspects

of natural phenomena* 36,11 RES FAMILIARIS

The estate of L. delays his striving toward a sound mind at top

speed* 17,1 L. asks what is to become of his household without a household

income* 20,7

RES MEDIAE

Work belongs to this class set up by the Stoics* 31*3

RES PUBLIC A Question of whether any wise man should have taken part in the

affairs of state in Cato*s day. 11**13

Stoics have withdrawn from public affairs* ll*,ll*

Quoted words as public property. 21*9

REVERENTIA Man who can revere another and guide his life thereby soon will be

worthy of reverence. 11,9

REX

Just as many men have died through angry slaves as through angry

kings. U,8 "Every king springs from a race of slaves, and every slave has had

kings among his ancestors." (Plato, Theaetetus)*

Temper of kings discussed. 1*7*20 237 RISU5 Men who laugh to excess quite often rage to excess within a

short space of time® 2 9,7

ROSAE Reference to lying inja bed of roses. 36,9 Roses floating on lake at revels. £1,12

RUBOR Blush of friend of L. seemed to rise from his very depths. This

blushing will remain with him even after he has reached his

full development, of character and wisdom® 11,1

Blushing a good sign in young men® 11,1 Blushing one means by which nature makes her presence known. 11,2

Blush spreads suddenly over the faces of even the most dignified

men. 11,2

Blushing more common in young men, but also seen in old, seasoned

men. 11,3 Some men more dangerous when they blush, as though letting all

their sense of shame escape. 11,3

Blushing in Sulla, Pompey, and Fabianus. 11,h Habits such as blushing due not to mental weakness, but to

novelty of the situation* 11,5

Inexperienced person slips into habit of blushing by natural

tendency of the body. 11, £

Some men axe full—blooded, others of quick and mobile blood •that rushes to the face at once* 11,5 Actors cannot master a blush. A blush cannot be prevented or ac­

quired. 11,7

Wisdom gives no help against a blush* 11,7

Enough sense of shame to blush for one’s sins is a good sign* 25*2

RUINA Men have upon occasion been let down softly by a catastrophe* 13,11

RUMOR

Gossip the most knowing of persons, h-3,1

P. RUTILIUS RUFUS Rutilius bore his sentence as though nothing j&ther than the in­

justice of the conviction bothered him. 2U,U

Rutilius bore h&s exile with gladness. He refused to return when

summoned by Sulla* 2h»U

Exile of Rutilius. 67,7 SACRA. Quotation given as performance of the rites of a letter* 26,8

SACRAMENTUM Oath of one promising to be a good man compared with oath of soldier

and gladiator* 37*1-2

SAGITTARIUS

The archer ought not to hit his target only sometimes, but he ought

to miss it only sometimes* Illustration of offering too much

advice* 29,3

SAL S# attends a midday exhibition expecting some fun, wit, and

relaxation* 7,3

SALII Tiring exercise from the Salii or leaping priests of Mars* 15,U

SALLUSTIUS Phrase of Sallust (ventri oboedientes) quoted. (Cat* i,l) 60,U

SALTUS

High jumping as tiring exercise* 15,U

Broad jumping as tiring exercise* 15,U 2hO Type of tiring exercise spoken of in slighting terms as jump of

the clothes-cleaner. l£,2t

Tiring exercise from the Salii or leaping priests of Mars* l£*it

SALUS

Importance of knowledge of sin to salvation* E* quoted in this

regard* 28,9-10

SALUTATIO Casual greeting, Do mine, for men whose names are forgotten* 3*1

Daily greeting which brings Chrysippus to his death* £6,3

SALUTATGR

If an old man changes his will, the morning caller will go to

another door# 19*h

SANGUIS Certain men are full-blooded, others of qi ick and mobile blood that

rushes to the face at once* 11*£ No contestant who has not seen his own blood can enter the lists

of combat with confidence* 13*2

Very few take human blood for its own sake*, lit,9

Certain men faint at the sight of blood. £7,5

SANITAS (vide et: INSANIA)

Confession of sin is proof of sound mind. £3*8 SAPIENS (vide et: SAPIENTIA; SCIENTIA; PHILOSOPHIA) u

Whole crowd, of sages about to go their own way derived more bene­

fit from the character than from the words of Socrates* 6,6

Letter of E* in which he rebukes those who say that a wise man is

self—stifficient and does not need friendships* 9,1

Comparison of Cynic and Stoic wise man* 9,3

Self-sufficiency of wise man. 9,3-U

Wise man does not wish to be without a friend, but he can endure

the loss of a friend with equanimity. 9,5

Stoic wise man has the means whereby he can easily replace a

lost friendship* 9,5

Wise man desires friends so that he can practice the art of friend­

ship, thus not allowing his noble qualities to lie dormant*

9,8

Explanation of self-sufficiency as it applies to the wise man*

9,lli Quotation of Chrysippus on the needs of a wise man* 9,lit

Needs of a wise man discussed* 9,lit-l5

Life of wise man compared with that of Jupiter who, upon the

dissolution of the world, can retire within himself with

his own thoughts* 9,16 Further discussion of self-sufficiency of wise man* 9,17-18

Only the wise man is pleased with his own. 9,22

Wise man will never provoke the anger of those inpower. l!|,7

Wise man likened to careful pilot. lij.,8 Wise man not permitted to take part in the plundering of the

state* lit, 13 2k2 Wise man will not disturb public customs and will not invite the

attention of the people by novel living* lii,ll|

Question of wise man's giving time to politics* lli,lit

Wise man will regard reasons for, not result of his actions* lh,l6

Wise man suits his needs to nature. 17,9

If utmost pinch arrives, the wise man will take leave of life aamd

cease being a trouble to himself* 17,9

Wise man will prefer to be at peace with others, rather than at war*

28,7 Consistency of the will in the wise man* 35,£i

Points cited at which the wise man has an advantage over a God*

53,H Wise man escapes necessity by willing to do what necessity forces

upon him. 53,11

Privileges which only the wise man can enjoy* 55, U

Action of the wise man in the face of poverty, disgrace, etc*

likened to that of a well-trained army in face of danger*59,8

Iblly grips us so strongly, because we do not put enough trust

in the discoveries of the wise men before us* 59,9

Marks and tests of the truly wise man, 59,Hi Wise man concentrates his thoughts upon lofty things. Life to

him is a period of service* 65,18

E. is quoted as saying that the wise man would not mind being

burned in the bull of Phalaris. 66,18 SAPIENTIA (vide et: SAPIENS; PHILOSOPHIAj SCIENTIA) 2U3

S. ■would refuse wisdom, if it had to be kept hidden and not

uttered* 6,1*

By no wisdom are the natural faults of the body removed# 11,1

If wisdom could remove all faults, she would be mistress of the

universe. 11,6

Wisdom gives no help against blushing# 11,7

Wisdom alone can show how to avoid hatred, jealousy, and scorn#

Hi,10

No life can be happy, or even supportable, without the study of

wisdom# 16,1

Wisdom offers riches to those in whose eyes riches have become

superfluous• 17,10 Highest duty and proof of wisdom — that words and deed should be in

accord, that a man should be equal to himself under all conditions

and always the same# 20,2

Wisdom defined as always desiring and always refusing the same

things# 20,5 Wisdom is an art# It should have a definite aim, choosing only

those who will make progress, withdrawing from those regarded

as hopeless# 29,3 Baseness of folly as opposed to wisdom. Wisdom the only true

freedom. 37 >h Man who has had to struggle over his own mean nature on his way to wisdom deserves more credit than the man who has made it

easily# 52,6 pj ) If words are tested by our formula, pleasure is a thing of ill-

repute, joy is gained only by the wise* 59,2

Effect of wisdom is unending joy* 59,16

The very contemplation of wisdom takes much of S*s time* 61*,6

S. gazes upon wisdom with bewilderment* 61*,6

S* worships the discoveries of wisdom and their discoverers* We

should increase our inheritance of wisdom, pass it on to de­

scendants larger than before* 61*, 7 He who is born a thousand ages hence shall not be barred from his

opportunity of adding something further to wisdom* 61*,7

The application and scientific study and classification of dis­

coveries made by others will always be new* 61*, 8

He who has attained wisdom in his old age has reached it by his

years. 68,1*

SATELLIUS QUADRATUS Anecdote of Satellius Quadratus and Calvisius Sabinus in connection

with Calvisius' purchase of literary slaves* 27,7

SATIETAS Impossible for humans to be satisfied* Gur ventures into which

blinddesires plunge us will harm, but never satisfy* 15,9 2hS In every age -what is enough remains the same* 17,10

"I do not know even what is enough for me.” Answer to be given

to a flatterer. 59,13

4 SATIQ

Same difference between winning a friend and having already won

him as there is between the farmer who sows and the farmer

who reaps. 9,7

SATURA

Satire of some forms of syllogistic reasoning. I±8,6—7

SATURNALIA

Saturnalia is no different from any business day. 18,1

Because of Saturnalia, December seems to last for a year. 18,1

SCAURUS (vide: ASMILIUS)

SCELUS What crime have you committed that you deserve to sit and watch the

bloody bouts* 7,5

SCHCLA It was not the classroom, but living under the same roof with E*

that made great men of Metrodorus, Hermarchus, and Polyaenus. 2U6 Voice which merely reports the words of another of no value*

33,9

SCIENTIA (vide eti SAPIENTIA; PHILOS OPHIA* MENS)

Nothing is ever pleasing, if the knwoledge of it is kept to one's

self* 6,h

Knowledge of things is good* lack of knowledge of things is evil.

31, 6 Difference between knowing and remembering* 33,8

SCIPIO ( vide: CORNELIUS* METELLUS)

SCQRDALUS

Sounds made during the arrest of a roisterer* 56,2

SCUTUM

In present gladiatorial bouts, there is not a shield or a helmet

to deflect the weapon* 7 ,h

SCYLLA

Scylla and Charybdis and their storied straits could not have kept

S. from side of L*

SECRETUM

Inner shrine of the soul* 1 1 , 9

It is the way of the world to desire to break in uppon hidden things. 68,4 24?

SECURITAS (vide et TRAWQUILLITAS, OTIUM)

In •times of security, one should toughen himself for periods of

greater difficulty. 18,6

Man's peace of mind does not depend upon fortune. 18,7

One can be rich in greater comfort if he knows that poverty is

not odious. 18,8

An important part of safety lies in not openly seeking safety.

i4,8

Y/ithout security, nothing is pleasant. 20,12

Firm security the secret of a happy life. 44,7

A secure life, free from the attacks of fortune, called a dead

sea by Demetrius. 67,14-

SEMINA

Growth of precepts in a favorable mind compared with growth of

a few scattered seeds. 38,2

SENATUS

Assistance given to a candidate in the senate. 8,6

Senate sometimes to be feared. 14,7

Division of motion in the senate. 21,9

Vote taken in senate on a motion used as illustration of equality

of virtues. 66,41 SENECTUS 2^8

S. points out to other men the proper path which he himself

found, wearied with wandering. 8,?

Even old men affected by blushing. 11,5

Evidences of advancing years. 12,1

Cherish and love old age, full of pleasure if one knows how to

use it. 12,4

Life most pleasant when on the downward slope but not the sharp

decline. 12,5 In old age the fact of not wanting pleasures takes place of

pleasures themselves. 12,5 Death should be looked in the face by young and old alike. 12,6

What is baser than an old man getting ready to live? 15,17

Need for retirement from active business, particularly in

old age . 19,1

S. wishes that L. would grow old among the limited circumstances

of his birth. 19,5

Worry of having fresh responsibilities in old age. 19,8

Young, old, middle-aged, taken off guard, are all equally afraid

of death and ignorant of life. 22,4

Old men chided for being infants. 22,l4

S. fears that he hns ISft old age behind. 26,5

Old age alone grants no reprieve from death. 50,4

Death follows old age just as old age follows youth. 50,10

Men should thank gods because they are removed from old age to

an ordained rest. 50,12

Commonly revered qualities such a3 fame, reputation, beauty, etc., cannot withstand old age. 51,10

Old men must not lean on commentaries for all their wisdom. 55»7

The young man must store up studies, the old man use them. J>6tb

Frugal living can bring one to an old age.

Is old age the dregs or the purest part of life? 58»55

S. will depart his old age if it leaves him shattered in mind

and body. 58,55

S. does not desire in old age what he did as a boy. 6l,l

S.'s condition in old age. 67,2

Lists made of childless old men for purposes of cultivation. 68,10

Old age best time of life for devotion to philosophical studies,

68,15 He who has reached,wisdom in old age has reached it by his years.

68,14

SENSUS

The evidence of the senses is inaccurate in judging whp.t is

useful and what is not. 66,55

SENTENTIA

Division of a motion me.de in the senate, sothat avote can be

cast for the part approved. 21,9

The vote taken in the senate on a motion used as an illustration

of equality of virtues. 66,4l

SEJANUS, AELIUS

Ruin of men by hatred of and friendship with Sejanus* 55»5 SERAPIO 250

Lecture by a philosopher Serapio whom L. had heard. 40,2

SERENUS, ANNAEUS

S. overcome by death of'. 65,14

SERMO

Very first words of L . ’s friend show his spirit, inherent ability,

and progress. 11,1

Conversation of L.'s friend indicative because he did not speak

after preparation. 11,1

Greatest benefit to be derived from conversation as contrasted

with loud haranguing! 58,1

Conversation on various themes at dinner. 64,2

SERPENS

Poisonous snake can be handled when cold. Illustration of

power as an incitement to vice. 42,4

SERRARIUS

Noise of saw sharpener does not bother S. 56,4

SERTA

Use of garlands in worship. 67,12

SERVUS

Every slave has power of life and death over you. 4,8 Felicio, pe-t slave of S. 12,5 251

SlaveB who have charge of exercising men are slaves of the worst,

stamp. 15,5

Poor man not surrounded by slaves, for whose mouths the master

must secure the fertile crops of overseas regions. 17,5

There are a few men whom slavery holds fast, but many men hold

fast to slavery. 22,11

Slaves of Calvisius Sabinus given job of knowing Homer, Hesiod,

and the lyric poets by heart. 27,6

He who has scorned slavery is free no matter how many masters

he has. 28,8

Slaves will not put you on a level with God. 51,10

"Every king springs from a race of slaves, and every slave has

had kings among his ancestors." Plato, Theaetetus. 44,4

Relationship between master and slave. 47,1

Fortune has equal rights over slaves and free men alike. 47,1

It befits a well-educated man to live on friendly terras with

his slaves. 47,1

Cruel treatment of slaves during dinner of master. 47,2-5

Slaves of former days when treated better served their masters

be tte r . 47,4 !

Men make enemies of their slaves. 47,'5

Duties of various kinds of slaves. 47,6-8

Slaves actually on equal terms of birth. 47,10

Slaves called members of family in previous years. 47,l4

Slaves should be valued according to their character. ^7,15 No servitude more disgraceful than that which is self—imposea

47,17 Need for respect and love of slaves. 47,18

SEXTIUS, QUINTUS

S. has read book of Sextius, written in Greek with the Roman

standard of ethics. Simile of an army prepared for battle

59,7 Work of Quintus Sextius the Elder read at dinner. 6-4,2

Quintus Sextius fik&S. with a mighty confidence. 64,5

Quintus Sextius shows you the grandeur of a happy life and

does not make you despair of attaining.it. 64,5

SIBYLLA (vide VATES)

SICILIA

When you traveled to Sicily, you crossed the Straits. 14,8

Service of L. in Sicily. 45,5

SIGNUM

Quotation as usual seal placed upon letter. 15,l6

SILENTIUM

Nothing i3 more requisite than silence for a man who secludes

himself for the purpose of study. 56,1 SIMULAORUM (vide et IMAGO) 253

Phidias, if he loses a statue, can easily carve another. 9»5

S. keeps statues of great men and celebrates thwir birthdays. 64,9

Making of statue used as illustration of matter and cause. 65,5

SIMULATIO SCAENAE

Death is the time for putting away stage artifices. 26,5

SINGULI

Rumor is wont to settle wars, but much more often settles

individuals. 15»8

Individuals sometimes to be feared. 14,7

SIRENAE

Cure found by Ulysses for his comrades against songs of sirens.

56,15

SITIS

Mature bids us to avert thirst. 4,10

Drink merely to quench your thirst. 8,5

Thirst serious, but it comes without display. 14,6

SITUS

A man occupied with philosophical reflections should choose an

austere dwelling place. 5^,10

Illustrations of importance of austere dwelling place. ^>1,11

Being trained in the country fits one for great unde r talc in gs. ^1,11 Bes-t -thing about villa of* Servilius Vatia is its location in

respect to Baiae. 55,8

The\ location of one'3 house contributes little to tranquillity. 55,8

SO C IE T AS

Exterior of philosopher should conform to society. 5,2

Philosophy offers sociability to all men. 5,4

Associate with those who with make a better Eian of you. 7,8

Fellowship with fellow rnan boon to friendship. 48,5

Society desired by men. 9,17

Wise man could not live without the society of man. 9,17

SOORATES

Plato and Aristotle derived more help from the character than

from the words of Socrates. 6,6

Socrates might have been shaken in his moral strength by a crowd

that was unlike him. 7,8

The hemlock ennobled Socrates. 15,14; 87,7

Socrates refused to flee from prison even when given the chance,

in order to free men from fear of death and of prison. 24,4

Socrates quoted on travel as ineffective means of escaping from

one's self. 28,2

Thirty tyrants surrounding Socrates could not break his spirit.

28,18

Socrates was not an aristocrat. 44,5

Honor which S. owes to Socrates. 64,10 SOL 255

Even a day has its sunrise and sunset. 12,6

Rays of sun, although reaching the earth, still cling to place

of* origin. Illustration of clinging ofi soul to its divine

origin. 41,5

SOLITUDO (vide et OTIUM)

Withdraw into yourself as far as possible. 7*8

S. segregates himself in order to help a greater number of men.8,1

S. withdraws from both men and affairs. 8,2

Solitude hated by men. 9,17

We guard solitude of those in mourning. 10,2

Solitude brings out the basest desires of a thoughtless person.

The one benefit of solitude is lost to a fool. 10,2

In privacy, things are on a smaller scale, but there is abundant

satisfaction.. 19»7

Something must be dared to gain seclusion. 19,8

Privilege of selecting dinner companions reserved for those who

have retreated from public living. 19,11

Without security, nothing is pleasant. 20,12

The good man will withdraw from his former uncertain position to

a safe one. 22,8

Thoughts which keep one from withdrawing from active business. 22,9

nThe time when you should particularly withdraw into yourself is

when you are forced to be in a crowd." E. 25,6

Solitude prompts us to all kinds of evils. 25,5 Retirement of S. from active life. 56,9 ^56

Man who is really in retirement will not be disturbed by

sounds. 56,11

SOLLICITUDO (vide et METOS)

Share worries and reflections with a friend. 5,5

Make life pleasant by banishing worry about it. 4,6

That man most hapuy who can await the next day without

apprehension. 12,9

Do not be unhappy before the crisis comes. 15,4

No avail in worrying over troubles to come. 15,10

Look forward to better things. 15,11

Anxiety brought by-riches. 14,18

"The life of a fo'Ql is empty of gratitude and full of anxiety."

E. 15,9 The soul i3 dulled by attention to petty anxieties. 24,16

Anxiety follows even the crimes which were not detected when

they sre committed. 27,2

Victim of anxiety does not really know how to live. 55,5

Night brings troubles to light. 56,6

Mind which is aroused at chance words or sounds is unstable, and

has within it an element of anxiety. 56,12

SOPOR

S. does not allow time for sleep, yields to it when he must. 8,1

Difference between light and sound slumber. Illustration of man

with slight and great faults of soul. 55,7 Some men court sleep in a quiet house, but cannot sleep because

their souls are troubled. 56,7

SOT ION

S. recalls sitting as a boy in the school of* the philosopher

Sotion. 49,2

SPECIES

Genus and species as used in classification. 58,8

Homo may be both a genus and a species. 52,12

SPECTACULA (vide et GLADIATOR)

Nothing is so damaging to good character as the habit of lounging

at the games. 7,2

S. attended a mid-day exhibition, expecting some fun, wit, and

relaxation. The result was quite the reverse. 7,5

In previous combats, some mercy was shown. Now they are pure

murder. 7,5

V/hat crime have you committed that you are forced to watch the

bloody bouts at the games? 7,5

Shouts of crowd with bloodthirsty attitude atgames. 7,5

SPECTATORES (vide et GLADIATOR, SPECTACULUM)

In the morning, men are thrown to the lions and bears, at

noonday to the spectators. 7,^

The spectators demand that the slayer face the man who is to

slay him, they reserve the conqueror for another slayiixg. SPECUS 258

Gave as a proof of divinity. 41,5

SPES

What good are a man's past gains if he counts not them, but his

hope of gains to come? 2,6

"Gease to hope and you will cease to fear." (Hecato) 5,7

Fear follows hope. 5,7

Hope and fear belong to a mind in suspense. 5,8

Hope is the name of an uncertain blessing. 10,2

Temper fear \vith hope. 15,12

Men build new hopes on brink of the grave. 15,16

SPIRITUS

Restlessness causes a disordered spirit. 2,1

Encourage and toughen your spirit against mishaps. 4,6

Proof that spirit is altered into something better is the fact

that it can see its own faults. 6,1

True spirit will never consent to coming under jurisdiction of

external things. 15,1

Spirit of prizefighter. 15,2

Do not allow the impulse of your spirit to weaken. 16,6

Stoutness of spirit as test of progress. 20,1

Thickness of S.'s breath. 55,2

Cures for the spirit have been discovered by the ancients. 64,8 SPLENDIDUM 2$9

Nothing gleama unless it had light blended with it. 51,5

SFOLIA

Let there be as little booty as possible on your person. 1^,9

SQUALOR

Against nature to be filthy on purpose. 5,^

STEMMA

It there is any good in philosophy, it is the fact that it does

not look into pedigrees.

S TIL BO

Objection raised by E. against Stilbo's concept of supreme good. 9,1

Words of Stilbo to Demetrius as he emerged from the ruin of his

country. 9 ,18-10

Stilbo considered nothing good that could be taken from him. 9,19

Words of Stilbo make common ground with Stoicism. 9,19

STIPES

Stake as an instrument of torture. l4,5

STIFENDIUM MILITARE

Higher position of some men by virtue of their military pay. 67,11 STIPS 260

Daily contribution of* S, to L. 6,7

5TO 101 et RATIO STOICORUM (vide et PIIILOSOPHIA)

Difference between Stoic school and Cynic school. 9,5

Words of Stilbo make common ground with Stoics. Self-sufficiency

of Stoics. 9,19

Stoic sets a J.imit to his happiness. 9,19

Stoic speaks of all things which protioke groans and lamentation

as being beneath notice. 15,^

Withdrawal of Stoics from public life. l4,4

Stoicism is not rash. 2 2 , 7

Certain sayings of Stoics might be anticipated b y L. 2 2 , 7

The whole company of Stoic thinkers will approve the course of

one Beeking to gain freedom without perpetual annoyance. 22,11

Zeno and Chyysippus as Stoics. 2 2 , 1 1

Charge often brought against the Stoics that they deal with the

words and not the deeds of philosophy. 24,15

Stoics advised against catering; to the crowd. 2 9 , 1 1

Chiefs of Stoic school were not interested in extracts. 55,1

Utterances do not belong to E., but are Stoic as well as

Epicurean. 5 5 , 2

Thoughts of value run through all the writings of the Stoics. 55,5

Each of Stoics has his own fne^dom. 55,^

Conflict of Epicurean and Stoic ideas of friendship 48,1-2

Outline of above conflict. 48,4 Belief of Stoics in regard to soul and effect of accident upon it.

57,7 Stoics would set a more primary genua ahead of S.*s quod eat.58.15

This primary Stoic genua would be the quid. 58,15

S. asks to be allowed to use words in everyday meaning without

insistence upon their Stoic significance. 59,1

To the Stoics, pleasure is a vice. 59,1

S. regards Quintus Sextius the Elder aa a Stoic. 64,2

Stoic concept of cause and matter as the source of all things in

the universe. 65,2

Stoics believe in only one cause, the maker. 65,4

Disagreement with Stoic tenet that only the unalloyed good is

to be sought. 67,5

Attalus quoted as a Stoic. 67,15

Principle of concealment of retirement according to example, if

not according to precepts of Stoics. 68,1

Also according to their precepts. 68,1

Stoic idea of world citizenship. 68,2

STOMACH IOUS

Drinking and sweating the life of a dyspeptic. 15,5

Pain borne by a dyspeptic. 24,l4

STOMACHUS

Tasting many dishes the sign of a fastidious appetite. 2,4

Methods used by men to relieve distress of the stomach. 68,7 STUDIUM (vide et DISGERE) \ * 262 S. rejoices that L. studies diligently. 5, 1

S. appropriates even a part of* the night for study. 8,1

Riding in a litter shakes up the body but does not interfere

with study, nor does walking. 15,6

Need for continuous study. 16,1

Study cannot be helpful without a concern for simple living. 17,5

Your own studies make you eminent. 21,2

Value of cultural studies.

The young must store up knowledge, the old must use. 56,4-

Silence necessary for a man who secludes himself for study. 56,1

Need for devoting full time to study of philosophy. 55,8-9

Old age best time for philosophical studies. 68,15

STULTITIA

How foolish mortals are. 1,5

Folly is always troubled with weariness of itself. 9,22

Baseness of folly as opposed to sapientia. 57,4

Folly brings no repose. 59,8

Firm grasp of stupidity and folly on men. 59,9

Quotation of Chrysippus on the needs of a wise man and a fool. 9,14

The fool betrays himself and so loses the benefits of solitude.10,2

Present stupidity of men. 10,5

"The fool, among all his other faults, has this also: he is

always getting ready to live." E. 15,16

"The life of a fool is empty of gratitude and full of fears; its

course lies completely toward the future." E. 15,9 E. does not mean Baba and Isio when he speaJca of fool's life, Bif

he means us and our life, 15,9

SUBFBRATIONES PRAECORDIOHUM

Ulcers of the stomach are serious, byt they come without display.

14,6

SUDOR

Men sweat for the superfluous things. 4,10

Steadiest speaker when before the public may break into a sweat.

11,2

Drinking and sweating the life of a dyspeptic. 15,5

Drinking and sweating done by slaves in charge of exercise. 15»5

Perspiration should flow only after toil. ^>1,6

SULLA

Sulla was in his fiercest mood when blushing. 1 1 , 4

Rutilius refused to return from exile even when summoned by

Sulla, and in those days, no one refused a request of

Sulla's. 2 4 , 4

SUMMARIUM

Term "breviary" compared with term "summary"; the breviary

teaches, the summary 3tirs the memory. 59»1

SUPERBIA

Pride of shepherd, farmer, and teacher in result of their .york. 34-»1 264 Pride of S. in advancement of L. 3^,2

SUPERVACUA

Men sweat for superfluous things. 4,10

Superfluous things wear one's toga threadbare, 4,10

Dangers which arise when superfluous things become necessities.

39,6

Great waste of time in seeking for the superfluous instrument of

life. 45,12

Quibblings of certain philosophers superfluous. 48,12

SUPELLEX

Men should admire philosopher himself, not his household

furnishings. 5,6

SUSPICIO

By suspecting a friend, you give him right to do wrong. 3,3

SUSPIR1UM

S. calls his illness simply "shortness of breath" instead of

using the Greek term "asthma". 54,1

SYMPHONIA

Eunuchs sang in Greek to a musical accompaniment at Pacuvius1

burial service. 12,8

Lakes of summer resorts filled with choral song. 50,^ "T" 26£ TAEDIUM

Ostentatious forms of poverty adopted by millionaires to

relieve tedium. 18,7

TAURUS

The bull is filled by feeding over a few acres. 60,2

TAURUS PHALARIDIS

E. quoted, the wise man would not mind being burned in the bull

of Phalaris. 66,18

TEGUMENTUM (vide et GLADIATOR, SPECTACULUM)

In combats at the games, men wear no protective armor. 7)5

No need for defensive armor or for skill in modern bouts.

A man's skill is not at fault on receiving a death blow

through his armor. 7)4

TEMPERANTIA

S. does not guarantee good health in the case of a man vdno ob­

serves moderation, but good health results from moderation.

1 M 5 It takes great self-control to do what the mob does, but in a

different way. 18,4

Pleasure, unless held in by self-control, tends to rush headlong

into sorrow. 66,5 Self-control during sever illness as secondary good. 66,5

TEMPESTAS

Weather a trivial topic of conversation. 25,1

In a storm, a lee shore is more feared by the pilot than anything

else. 55,2.

Effect of stormy and fair weather on sand of beach. 55>2

Fair weather as an illustration. 66,46

Weather a common opening remark in a letter. 67,1

TEMPUS

Gather and save time. 1,1

Time forced away from you or slipped from your hands. 1,1

What person values his time? 1,2

Embrace every hour. 1,2

Anyone who wants to can oust us from possession of time. 1,5

Time is fleeting and slippery. 1,5

Time one loan no one can pay. 1, 5

Person spending all his time in foreign travels. 2,2

Passages marked so L. need not spend time searching for

profitable topics. 6,5

Theory of circles in division of time.. 12,6

One gains time by avoiding worry. 15»H

Some simple exercies tire one rapidly, saving time. 15>^

Strict account should be kept of time. 15»^

Various aspects of time. 49,2-5

Time seems to move more swiftly in later years. 49,4 Weed, for devoting full lime to study of philosophy. 55»8-9

Wherever S. is, his time is free through meditations. 62,1

Aiman ends his grief by the passing of time, if he has not

ended it of his own accord. 65,12

The very contemplation of wisdom takes much time. 64,6

TERMINI IURIS

Accusator, Iudex, Deprecator used in connection with examination

of one's guilt. 28,10

TERMINUS

Fix a limit for yourself which you would not desire to pass even

if you had the 'power. 15,11

Natural desires are limited. The false has no limits. 16,9

Notice whether or not your desires have limits. 16,9

TERRA

Pilot fears a lee shore in a storm more than anything else. 55»2

Sailors have good reason to fear the land. 55»4

TESTAMENTUM

S. considers communing with himself and posterity more important

than affixing his seal to a will. 8,6

Will of a wealthy man. 17,10

If an old man changes his will, the morning callers go to

another door. 19,4 TESTIS 2(

' The benefit of solitude: the habit of trusting no man and

fearing no witnesses. 10,2

Most sins would be eliminated if a witness stood near when one

was about to sin. 11,9

Nobler to live as though under the eyes of some good man. Act

at least as you would act if anyone were looking on. 25*5

Exhortation to L. to act as though S. were sure to hear of his

doings. 52,1

How wretched you are if you despise a witness. 4*, 5

THEOPHRASTUS

Violation of princ-iples of Theophrastus. 2

TIBIA

Noise made by one demonstrating flutes does not bother S. 5>6»4

TIMON

Not necessary to eat meals like those of Timon in rehearsal

for poverty. 18,7

TITYUS

Tityus in the lower world. 24,18

TOGA

Joy at laying aside the toga praetexta. donning toga virilis. 4,2

Superfluous things wear ou:r togas threadbare. 4,10 Toga of philosopher not too fine or frowzy, 5»5 ^69

Toga praetexta will not put you on a level with God. ^1,10

Toga doffed for dinner dress. 18,2

TOGATA

Writers of national drama stand half-way between tragedy and

comedy. National drama somewhat serious. 8,8

TONITRUS

"It thunders even on the highest peaks." (Maecenas) 19,9

TORMENTUM

Various instruments used in torture. 14,5

Spectacle of torture overcomes those who have stood the torture

itself. 14,6

Torturer accomplishes more in proportion to the number of

instruments of torture used. 14,6

Tortures should be avoided, but if they must be endured, one should

pray that he be able to endure them, with bravery. 67,4

Endurancd of torture as a secondary good. 67,4

TRACTATOR

Manipulator slave discussed. 66,55

TRADUCTIO

Difficulty met in translating a Greek term into Latin. 9,2;58»7

Meaning, not mere words, should be rendered. 9,20 TRAGOEDIA 270

Writers of* national drama stand half-way between tragedy and

comedy. 8,8

TRANQUILLITAS (videet QUIES, PAX)

If we desire to await the last hour calmly, we must pnnder the

thought of being led to death from birth. 4,9

Something which S. has forced to be cairn is disturbed after

mingling with a crowd. 7»1

Philosophy to be practiced with calm and determination. 14,12

Let your thoughts, efforts, and desires help to make you content with yourself. 20,8

Need for contentment with business into which you have lowered yourself. 22,4

Real good arises from an even and calm way of life. 25*7

Location of one's house contributes little to tranquillity. 55*8

Real calm is the state reached by the unperverted mind at rest,

56,6

One is in calm state only when no noise disturbs him. 58,15

Life in an unshaken calm not true tranquillity* 67,l4

TRANSFIGURATIO

S. transformed, not only reformed. 6,1

TRANSFUGA

S. crosses into camp of enemy not as a deserter, but as scout. 2, TRANSLATIONS VERBORUM *'x

Metaphors commended, in style of L. Not out. of place in prose.59,6

TREMOR

Oarousals bring paralysis of muscles and palsy. 24,16

TRIBUNAL

Subject, under discussion spoken of as 3till being in court,. 15*-5

TRISTITIA

Aristo preferred a youth of stern disposition to one who was

jolly and agreeable to the crowd. 5^,5

Sternness will go well when aged. 56,5

M. TULLIUS MARCELLINUS

Moral condition and stature of Marcllinus. 29,1 ff.

Marcellinus' carping criticism of philosophy and philosophers.29,5

TUMULTUS

Love of bustle is not industry. 5,5

TUNICA

Shirt smeared and interwoven with inflammable material used as

an instrument of torture. 14,5

TURBA (vide et CONSENSIO)

Crowds especially to be avoided. 7,1 One cannot, commit himself ot a crowd in safety. 7,1 272

Harmful to consort with a crowd. 7,2

S. returns home more cruel and inhuman, because he ha3 been among

men in a crowd. 7,5

Attitude of crowd at games. 7,5

Young character which cannot hold fast to righteousness must be

rescued from the crowd. 1,6

Crowd that was unlike them might have shaken Cato, Socrates, and

Laelius in their moral strength. 1,6

None of us can withstand the attack of faults which approach with

so great a retinue. 1,6

There is not a man in the crowd who can understand you. 1,9

II one man means as'much to me as a multitude, and a multitude

only as much as one man.” (Democritus) 7,10

III write this not for the many, but for you. Each of us is

enough of an audience for the other.” E. 7 , H

Avoid the crowd. 10,1

Need for protection from the mob. 14,9

It takes great 3elf control to do what the mob does, but in a

different way. 18,4

When you stop supporting the crowd of your household, it will

support itself. 20,7

”The time when you should particularly withdraw into yourself

is when you are forced to be in a crowd.” E. 2'?,6

E. quoted on his lack of desire for catering to a crowd. 29,10

Every sect advises against mingling with a crowd. 29,11

Trickery needed to win the approval of the crov/d. 29,11 Favor of ignoble crowd can be won only by ignoble means. 29,11 273

Philosophy teaches withdrawal from the crowd. 29,12

Tread underfoot that which is approved by the crowd. 51,1

Do not associate with a crowd which has dissimilar aims. 52,2

Men wrong in saying that one beseiged by the crowd is happy. 5*^,2

Pool of water muddied by the crowd is compared to character of

man whom the crowds rush. 5^,2

Aristo preferred a youth of stern disposition to one who was a

jolly fellow and agreeable to the crowd. 5^,5

One can become a free man by distinguishing between bad and good

without patterning his opinion from the populace. 44,6

S. has greater difficulty in struggling against the onslaughts

of fortune in a-crowd. 68,11

TUS

Use of inoenae in worship. 67,12 27k -U-

ULCUS

Counsels helpful in ministering to his own sores, which if not

wholly cured, have at least ceased to spread. 8,2

ULIXES

Oalvisius Sabinus would forget a name as well known as Ulysses.

2 7 , 5 L. needs denser stopper for ears than Ulysses used for comrades.

51,2

Reason that Ulysses suffered so many shipwrecks was due to

seasickness, not to anger of gods. 55,^

Simple cure found by Ulysses for his comrades against the songs

of the sirens. 5^,15

Ulys3e3 hastening to the rocks of his Ithaca used as

illustration. 66,26

UKCTIO

S. refreshes his body by a rubdovm with oil. 55,5

Sounds made during a rubdovm in the bathing establishment beneath

his lodgings. 5^,1

UNCUS

Hook as instrument of torture. 1^,5

URSUS

In the morning men are thrown to the lions and bears. 1 ,k Experience cannot, shake off the bodily difficulties which

sometimes assail even the steadiest of public speakers. 11,2

UTIL IT AS

Nothing is so useful that it can be of help while it is being

shifted about. 2,5

Self-interest cannot sever true frindship. 6,2

Utility measures our needs. 59 j 5

The advantage of the state and individual are linked together.

66mlO

UXOR

The sage, although entirely self-sufficient, takes a wife. 9> 17 VADIMONIUM

S. considers communing with himself and posterity more valuable

than coming as a counsel into court for bail. 8,6

It is as silly for one to be overjoyed by supposed restoration

of health as it is for a defendant to rejoice just because

his trial has been postponed. 5^,5

VALETUDO

Indulge the body only 30 far as it is necessary for good health.

8,5 3. urges L. to pray for health first of soul, then of body. 10,4

Good health results from moderation. l4,15

Cultivate spiritual rather than physical health. 15,2

Certain places bad for health. 28,6

S.'s habitual ill health. 54,1

It is as foolish to be overjoyed at a supposed restoration of good

health as it is for a defendant to rejoice just because his

trial has been postponed. 54,5

VALITUDINARIUM

3. helps L. to cure his faults even though his own are not

completely cured. As thoughtthey wore lying ill in the

same hospital. 27,1

VALGIU3

S. cannot remember whether Messala or Valgius called Aetna "unique" since he has been reading in both. 51,1

VARRO ATACINUS

Fragment from Argonautica of. 58,8

YATES

Vergil's description of the prophetess (Aeneid, vi, 78,ff. ) 58,5

SERVILIUS VATIA

Beach between Cumae and villa of Servilius Vatia. 55,2

Character of Vatia. 55, 5-',l

Further description of villa of Vatia. 55*8-7

VECTIGAL

Income from merchandise. 17,10

VELUM

A great pilot can sail even when his sailcloth is ripped. 50,5

VENEFICA.

"I can 3how you a love potion compounded without drug, herb, or

witch's incantation: if you would be loved, love."

(Hecato) 9,8

VENERATIO (vide et VOTA)

Worship of pools, sources of rivers, etc. 4l,5 Certain prayers are not offered, by a throng of men rejoicing, but

by men in worship. 67,11

VENIA

Everyone forgives those who, not of their own fault, are of

slender means. 1,4

VENTER.

The belly does not listen to advice. 21,11

VERBUM (vide et CAVILLATIO VERBORUM)

Plato, Aristotle, and whole group of sages derived more help

from the character than from the words of Socrates. 6,6

S. scoffs at those who out a value on who speaks the words, and

not upon the words spoken. 12,11

Mind sometimes twists a word of doubtful meaning into worst

possible significance. Ip, 12

Philosophy not a matter of words, but of facts. 16,5

Prove your words by your deeds. 20,1

Philosophy teaches us to act, not to speak. 20,2

Philosophy demands that a man's life be in harmony with his

words. 20,2

•’Believe me your words will be more imposing if you sleep on a

cot and wear rags." E. 20,9

Stoicism charged with dealing with v/ords rather tVian deeds of

philosophy. 24,15 279 Substitution of comnound decernera for simple cernere. 58,5

S. takes pleasure in the fact that L. has his ivurds under

control, that he is not carried away by his language. 59,4

VERGILIUS

Some words and expressions used by Vergil obsolete in S's day.

58.5 Attempt to pain Vergil cited as example of the difference between

idoa and idea. 58,20

Vergil does not use word gaudium in strictly appropriate way.

59.5 Quotation from Georgica (iii. l46 ff.). 58,2

Quotations from Aeheid: (i. 67,8 ; (ii. 494) 57,5,

(ii. 726 ff.) 58,12; (iii. 72) 28,1; (iii. 277 ff.) 55,5;

(iv. 158 ff.) 64,4; (iv. 655) 12,9; (v, 544) 66,2;

(vi. 5) 55,5; (vi. 78 ff.) 18,12; (vi. 2.78) 59,5;

(vi. 515 ff.) 59,17; (viii. 552) 41,2; (viii, 564 ff.)

18,12, 51,H; (viii. 585 ff.) 49,7; (ix. 446 ff.);

(ix. 641) 48,11; (xi. 467) 58,4; (xii. 728 ff.) 58,5

VERITAS

S. maintains that any truth is his own property. 12,11

Truth has its own definite boundaries. 15,9

Demetrius not a teacher, but a witness of the truth. 20,9

Truth will never be found if we are content with discoveries

already made. 55,10 280 Truth lies open to all. 53,11

Need for constant seeking for the truth, even in reading works

of master thinkers. 4-5

"The language of truth is simple." (Euripides, Phoenissae. 469)

49,12

Different classes of men in search for the truth. 52,2-4

To state what i3 absolutely true is as much beyond us as truth

itself. 65,10

Truth cannot advance further because of its perfection. 66,9

When by yourself, speak ill of yourself. Thus you will become

accustomed to hearing and speaking the truth. 68,6

VESTIS

Do not do things which will arouse comment in regard to j^our

dress. 5,1 Repellent attire to be avoided. 5,2

Dress merely to keep out the cold. 8,5

Purple garb as an element of wealth. 15,8

Dress now changed for merrymaking. 18,2

Certain colors and styles of clothing avoided by man who is

living a simple life. 51,2

VETERANI

Even experienced veterans are sometimes affected by blushing. 11,5

VIATICUM

Quotation used as traveling money for a letter. 26,8 VICIMJS 281 The neighbor, -if he be rich, arouses our covetousness. 7»7

Despite self-sufficiency, the wise man desires neighbors. 9,5

VICTOR

Conqueror will order you to be led away. 4,9

Spectators demand that the victorious gladiator be held for still

another murder. 7,4

Stilbo overcame his conqueror with his words. 9,19

Easier to conquer a tribe than one wise man. 9,19

VILLA

Protest against mqney spent on tumble-down building. Bailiff

maintains that the flaws are due to age of the house. 12,1

Villa of Servilius Vatia described. 55,6-7

VILICUS

Bailiff explains flaw of S.'s country estate. 12,1

Bailiff defends himself against S.'s accusations. 12,1-5

P. VINIOIUS

Stammering of Vinicius. ^0,9

Anecdote of Asellius' description of Vinicius' speech. 40,9

Comment of Geminus Varius on stammering speech of Vinicius. 40,9

Comment of wag on stammering of Vinicius. 40,10

VINUM

Use of wine at burial services. 12,8 Aging of wine compared to aging of good character. 56,5

Man. immoderately given to vine sucks up even the dregs. 58,52

Attalus quoted on bitterness of old wine. 65,5

Those troubled by pain in the feet abstain from wine. 68,7

VIRES

Strength cannot make you blessed. 51*10

One does not find strength and spirit in all philosophers. 64,5

S. regards Quintus Sextius as strong. 64,5

Virtue gains strength in being challenged. 15,5

VIRTUS

Virtue as much help as excessive fear. 4,4

Manliness gains strength in being challenged. 15*5

Virtue is held too cheap by the man who holds his body too dear.

14,2

What you wish should be right and virtuous. 20,5

Virtue alone affords everlasting and secure joy. 27*5

Some men count their faults as virtues. 28,10

Whatever is blended with virtue is good. 51*5

In order that virtue be perfect, there should be an even tempera­

ment and a consistency of living. 51*6

He who is by nature well-fitted for virtue is well-born. 44,5

Learning virtue means unlearning vice. 50*7

Virtue is according to nature, vice is opposed to it. 50*6

Virtues when once admitted cannot depart. 5^*9

Certain emotions cannot be avoided by courage. 57*4 Nature reminds courage how perishable it is. 57,4 283

True joy arises from wisdom, from the knowledge that you possess

the virtues. 59,18

Virtue makes you admire her, yet hope to attain her. 64,6

Entire letter devoted to VIRTUS. 66 passim.

"Virtue shows more pleasing; in a form that is fair." (Vergil) 66

S. does not believe with Vergil that virtue is more becoming in

handsome body. It rather hallowB the body in which it dwells

66,2

Characteristics of the soul, which is virtue itself. 66,6

Virtue itself does not become less or greater, 66,7

Virtue does not diminish. 66,8

Every virtue is limitless. 66,9

Virtues, the work of virtues, and all men who possess virtues

are equal. 66,10

Comparison of human virtues and the virtues of plants and animal

66,11

Equality of virtues as compared with one another. 66,15-15

Unimportance of body in regard to virtue. 66,22-23

Whenever the virtue of two men to be compared is found equal,

inequality in their other attributes is not apparent. 66,25

Equality of virtue. 66,27

Virtue is nothing other than right reason. 66,52

Virtues and goods are all in accord with nature. 66,4l

Virtue makes all the things which it acknowledges equal to each

other. 66,44- Virtue which allows men to endure hardships to be desired. 67,4 Virtue is desirable. No good lacks virtue. Every good xs then

desirable. 67,5

"Brave" endurance is virtue. 67,6

Every honorable act the work of one single virtue, but in accordance

with the judgment of the whole council of virtues. 67,10

Image of virtue not to be worshipped with incense and garlands,

but with Bweat and blood. 67,12

Nothing is more excellent and beautiful than virtue. 67,16

VIS

Fear of the violence of the stronger one of three main classes

of fear. 14,5

"By force a way is made." (Vergil) 57,5

VITA

All life passes while we do what is irrelevant. 1,1

Life passes while we postpone. 1,2

Trifling reasons impel men to scorn life. 4,4

No man is able to have a peaceful life who thinks too much about

lengthening it. 4,4

Many men clutch and cling to life. 4,5

Most men do not wish to live, do not know how to die. 4,5

Make all life pleasing to you by banishing worry about it. 4,6

Every slave holds power of life and death over you. 4,8

Whoever has contempt for his own life is your master. 4,8

Do not do things which arouse com.ient on your manner of life. 5,1

Philosonher should try to live a better life than multitude. 5,5 Our motto: live according to nature.

Life should be a mean between the ways of a sage and the world

at large. 5>5

Living in common with a man of more help than the written word.6,5

Whoever wishes to live a life of safety should avoid deceiving

benefits of chance. 8,5

Sound rule of life. 8,5

Live among men as though God were watching, 10,5

Life most pleasant when an the downward slope, but not the sharp

decline. 12,5

One day a stage on the journey of life. 12,6

"He has lived his life, he has lived his life.” Cry of eunuchs

at Facuviua1 cpstomary burial service. 12,8

"I have lived my life. I have run the course which fortune set

for m e .11 (Vergil) 12,9

When a man says, "I have lived," every morning, he reod.ives a

bonus. 12,9

"It is wrong to live under constraint, but no man is constrained

to live under constraint." E. 12,10

Thank God that no man can be kept in life. 12,10

"Among all his other faults the fool has this also, he is always

getting ready to live." E. 15>16

Fickleness of men in always setting new foundations for life.

15,16

What is baser than an old man getting ready to live? 15>17

The wise man will not attract attention by novelty of his

life. 14,14 Life of a fool is empty of gratitude, full of anxiety, an

looks entirely toward the future.11 E. 15,9

No life can be supportable without the study of wisdom. 16,1

Philosophy a guide for life. 16,5

E. on life according to nature as opposed to life according to

opinion. J.6,7

If anything prevents your living well, nothing prevents your

dying well. 17,5

Never an end to wretchedness and slavery in life. 19,6

Philosophy demands a life in harmony with one's v/ords. 29,2

One should regulate all his life according to a norm. 20,5

Luster of present life holds L. back from better life which he

proposes to follow. 21,1

Distinguished words of E. quoted in order to show those who

follow him with a bad motive the need for and desire for

an honorable life everywhere. 21,9

S. advises withdrawal from excessive business duties or else

withdrawal from life altogether. 22,5

"Everyone goes out of life as though he had just lately entered

it." E. 22,14

Young, old, and middle-aged are all equally afraid of death and

ignorant of life. 22, l4

Nature should chide us, because we do not leave life as she

brought us into it. 22,15

Men do not care for a noble life, but only for a long one. It

is within no man's power to live long, but all can live

nobly. 22,17 True good derives from an even and calm way of life. 25,7

"It is bothersome always to be beginning life. They live badly

who are always beginning to live." E. 25,9

We must make it our aim already to have lived enough.25,10

Some men just begin living when it is time to stop. Others

leave off living before they have begun. 25,11

We should neither love nor hate life overmuch. 29,24

Life may become cloying. 24,20

Only chain which binds us to life is love of life. 26,10

Life short at best, made shorter by our unsteadiness and fresh

attempts. 52,2

L. urged to hasten to round out his life as though the enemy were

at his heels. , The blesses life is not made happier by

living longer. 52,5

No profit in gaining a few more days or years of life. 57,2

Time spent in living.but an infinitesimll point on the extent of

time. 49,5

Quintus Sextius shows you the grandeur of a happy life, and yet

does not make you despair of attaining it. 64,5

Life to the wise man is only a period of service. 65,18

VITIUM

Spirit altered into something better when it can see its own

vices. 6,1

There is no one in the crowd who does not make winning to us

some vice,. 7,2

Vice steals subtly upon one at the games through avenues of pleasure. 7,2

None of us can withstand, the attack of vices which approach with

so great a retinue. 7,6

By no wisdom are the natural faults of the body removed. 11,1

If wisdom could remove all faults, she would be mistress of the

universe. 11,6

Only vices of. S. have beoome old and reached senility. 2o, 2

Be sure to let your faults die before you do. 27,2

Your faults will follow you wherever you travel. 26,1

Some men count their faults as virtues. 28,10

It helps little to have cast out your own faults, if you must

quarrel with the faults of others. 28,7

Whatever is joined to vice is bad. 51,5

Danger when things which once were vices become habits. >9,6

All mankind urges a man on into vice. 41,9

One of the worst penalties of vice is that it thinks ill of it­

self and its associates. 42,2

As soon as some men become satisfied with their own powers, their

vices beoome no less daring than those which prosperity has

already discovered, disclose d. 42,5

Faults attributed to circumstances are often within ourselves. 'pO

Learning virtue means unlearning vice. ' 50,7

Virtue is according to nature, vice is opposed to it. 50,0

Need for fleeing as far as no3sible from provocations to vice, 'pi

Vice is without limit. It must be driven out. 51,15

We attempt to ignore our failings. 55,5 289 Certain bodily vices are more serious as they are more hidden— 55,5

Failings of* soul contrasted with those of1 body. 55,7

The unconcealed vices are less serious. 56,10

To the Stoics, pleasure is a vice. 59,i

Man disturbed and bound by too many vices. 59,9

Vice tempt men by the rewards which they offer. 69,5

Scarcely does a whole lifetime suffice to bring our vices into

subjection. 69,5

VOCIS OULTURA (vide et VOX)

Do not scorn voice culture, but do not practice raising and

lowering your voice by scales and intonations. 15,7

Arouse voice to high oitch by easy stages. 15,8

Need for careful modulation of voice tones. 15,8

We should not strive to give the voice exercise, but to make it

give us exercise. 15,8

VOLUNTAS

Importance of will in becoming a good man. 5^,5

Consistency of the will as a guide to accomplishment. 55,4

Consistency of the will in a wise man.- 55,4

VOLUPTAS (vide et CUPIDITAS)

Vice steals subtly upon one at the games through the avenue of

pleasure. 7,2

Scorn for pleaseure which comes from applause of the majority. 7,12 290

Old age full of pleasure if one knows how to use it. 12,4

Each pleasure reserves to the end its great delights. 12,5

In old age, not wanting pleasures takes place of pleasures

themselves. 12,5

Philosopher should force his soul to do without pleasures

being enjoyed by other men, especially in festive seasons.

18,5

Certain periods of want observed by E. to see if thereby he fell

short of complete pleasure. 18,9

Pleasure derived from learning to live on simple fare. 18,10

Pleasure of Epicureanism. 2.1,10

Pleasure tends to'rush headlong into sorrow unless kept within

bounds. 25,6

Our very pleasures bring torment upon us. 24,16

With guilty pleasures, regret remains even after pleasures have

ended. 27,2

Desire transgresses bounds of nature. 59,5

Pleasures are enemies of men* 59,5

Dangers which arise when men become slaves to their pleasures

and desires. 59,6

We should carefully note the undesirable elements in the objects

which we desire. 42,6

Carefully estimate how much must be paid for things desired. 42,8

Pleasures above all are to be driven out. 51,15

Pleasures compared to the bandits called ’'lovers*' by the Egyptians.

51,15 Need for governing pleasures. 58,29 ^9-L

Stoics believe that Dleasure is a vice. 59>1

If words are tested by our formula, pleasure is a thing of ill-

repute, joy is gained only by the wise. 59>2

Pleasure and joy further contrasted. 59s4; 59> 14

VOMITUS

It takes courage to remain dry when the mob is drunk and

vomiting. 18,4

Relief of stomach by vomiting. 68,7

VOTA (vide et VENERATIO)

Dispense the gods from earlier prayers. Pray for a sound mind and

health of body and soul. 10,4

Ask God boldly for favors. One does not ask for what belongs to

another. 10,4

Pray frequently. 10,4

"Know that thou art freed from all desires when thou hast reached

such a coint that thou prayeot to God for nothing except what

thou canst pray for openly." Athenodorus 10,5

Men are unwilling for other men to know what they communicate to

God. 10,5

Be content with yourself, entrust your other prayers to God's

keeping. 20,8

Certain great evils are imposed upon men by the gods, who are

justified in doing so by the fact that these men have prayed for them. 22,12 292

Little need for prayers, wrong for one who has traveled the

round of honors to keep on invoking the gods. 31)'3

Friends of L. pray for bad things for him with good intentions,

pi,2

Through philosophy, one begins to be the associate and not the

suppliant of the gods. 31,8

S. hopes that parents' prayers for enrichment of L. do not comes

to fruition. They plunder another to make L. rich. 52>^

No need for outward shows of prayer since God is within you. 4l, 1

Upon occasion, our prayers clash with our prayers. 45,6

Prayers uttered in our behalf by our families. 60,1

How long shall we go on raak&ng demands of the gods as though

we were not able to support ourselves? 60,2

Direct and indirect offering of prayer. 67,7

Certain prayers are not offered by a throng of rejoicing men, but

by men in worship. 67,11

VOX (vide et VGCIS CULTURA)

Living voice of more help than written word. 6,5

Voice which in lecture merely reports the words of another of

little benefit. 33)9

Noise mad© by one who like3 to hear his own voice in the

bathroom. 56,2

Words spoken by some more disturbing than noises because words

demand attention, noises merely fill the ears and beat upon

them. 56,4 VULGUS (vide et TURBA) 293

Philosopher should try to live a better life than the multitude. 5,5

Distinction between the philosopher and common man in use of

wealth. 5,6

Avoid whatever pleases the throng. 8,5

People sometimes to be feared. 14-, 7

Question: should philosopher allow himself to do as the mob

does on festive occasions? 18,2-5

It takes great self-control to do what the mob does, but in a

different way. 18,4

Make yourself unlike the crowd. 25,7

If you are a rascalj withdraw to the crowd to get away from

yourself. 25,7

VULNUS

No wound will heal when one salve after another is tried. 2,5

Emotional reaction suffered by otherwise courageous men at the

sight c? a wound. 57,5

VULTUE .

A calm and honest countenance as a third class of good. 66,5 Cleanthes would not have become the image of Zeno if he had

only listened to him. 6,6

Zeno as a Stoic will give good advice. 22,11

S. mentions the honor which he owes to Zeno. 64,10 english-latin index 295

(Note* Proper nouns are not. included in this cross-index. )

-A-

ABILITY, INNATE - ingenium ARENA - harena

ABSORPTION - occupatio ARGUMENTATION - disputatio

ACQUAINTANCE - ho apes ARMOR - tegumentum ornamenta ACTION - actio ARMY - exercitus ACTIVITY - agitatio ARREST - comprehendere ACTORS - artifices scaenici ART - ars ADAPTABILITY- - accoraodatio ARTHRITIS - podagra ADMIRATION - admiratio ARTIST - artifex ADVICE - consilium ASSISTANCE - auxilium AIR - aer beneficium

AMBITION- ambitio ATHLETE - athleta

ANCESTORS - majores ATTITUDE - ratio

ANCHOR - ancora AUTHOR - auctor

ANGER - ira AUXILIARY TROOPS - auxilia

ANIMAL - animal AVOIDANCE - devitatio

ANIMATE - animantia

ANNOTATION - anno tat io -B-

ANTICIPATION - expectatio BAIL - vadimonium

ANXIETY - sollicitudo BAILIFF - vilicus

APPETITE - stomachus BANQUET - epula cupiditas BARGAIN - negotiatio APPLAUSE - plausus BATHING ESTABLISHMENT - balneum ARBITER - arbiter BEACH - litus ARCHER - Sagittarius BEAR - tarsus BUSINESS - agitatio negotium BEARD - barba BUSKIN - coturnatus BEARING - gestus BUS'ILE - tunrultus BEASTS - ferae

BEAUTY - decus -C-

BELLY - venter CALLER, MORNING - salutator

BENEFIT - beneficiuro CALM - tranquillitas

BIRDS - aves CAMP - castra

BIRTH - ortus CANDIDATE - candidatua

BLACK - atrum CARELESSNESS - neglegentia

BLOOD - sanguis CAROUSAL - ebrietas

BLUSH - rubor CARRIAGE - esseda

BOATSWAIN - pausarius CASE, LEGAL - causa

BODY - corpus CASK - cadus

BOOK - liber CATASTROPHE - ruina

BOOTY - spolia CAUSE - causa

BOW - arcus- CAVALRY - eques

BOX ON EAR - colaphus CAVE - specus

BRAVERY - fortxtudo CENSOR - censor

BREAD, BARLEY - hordeaceus panis CHAIN - catena

BREATH - spiritus CHANCE - fors fa turn BREATH, SHORTNESS OF - suspirium casus

BREVIARY - breviarium CHANGE - commutatio mutatio BROAD-JUMPING - saltus CHARACTER - indoles BUILDING - aedificium mores

BULL - taurus CHARIOT - currus 297 CHARIOTEER - agitator CONFLAGRATION - conflagratio

CHILDBIRTH - puerperium CONFORMITY - consensio

CHILDHOOD - pueritia CONQUEROR - victor

CHILDISHNESS - puerilitas CONSCIENCE - conscientia

CHILDREN - liberi CONSISTENCY - constantia

CHORAL SONG - symphonia CONSPICUOUS - conspicuua

CIRCLES - orbea CONSTRAINT - necessitas

CLIENT - cliens CONSUL — consul

CLOAK - pallium ’CONTENTMENT - tranquillitas

CLOTHING - veetis CONVERSATION - sermo

CLOUD - nubes COT - grabatus

COPPERS - area COUCH - lectus

COLD - frigus COUNSEL - consilium

COMBAT - pugnae COUNSEL, LEGAL - advocatus

COMBAT, HAND TO HAND - COUNTENANCE - vultus coraminus percutere COUNTRY - patria COMEDY - comoedia COUNTRY ESTATE - villa COMMANDER - iraperator COURT - tribunal COMMON MAN - turba vulgus COVETOUSNESS - cupiditas

COMP ARISON - comparatio CRAFTSMAN - artifex

COMPLIMENT - laus CRIME - scelua

COMPOUND - decoquere CROSS - crux

CONDEMNATION - condemnatio CROWD - turba vulgus CONDITIONAL CLAUSE - me mb rum incartum CRUELTY - crudelitas

CONFECTIONER - crustulariua CUPIDITY - cupiditas

CONFESSION - confessio CUSTOMS - mores

CONFIDENCE - fiducia -D- DUTY - officia portorium DAY - dies DYSPEPTIC - stomachicus DANGER - periculum

DEATH - mors -E- DECEPTION - deceptio EARS - aures DEED - facta EARTHENWARE - fictilis DESERTER - transfuga EATING - edere DESIRE - cupiditas voluptas EFFEMINACY - mo11itia

DIALECTICIANS - dialectici ELEGANCE - munditia

DIFFICULTY - adversa ELEPHANT - elephans

DIGNITY - gravitas ELOQUENT - eloquentia

DINNER - cena EMOTION - adfectus

FUNERAL BANQUET - cenae funebris ENDURANCE - patientia

DISCOMFORT - infestum ENEMY - hostxs inimicus DISCRIMINATION ~ discrimen ENTERTAINMENT - oblectamenta DISEASE - morbus ENVY - invidia DISPLAY - ostentatio EQUALITY - aequalitas DISPOSITION - ingenium ESTATE - res familiaris DISTRACTION - impedimentunx EUNUCH - exoleti DIVIDEND - fenus EVIL - malum DRAMA, NATIONAL - togata EXAGGERATION - amplificatio DREGS - faex EXAMPLE - exemplum DRESS - vestis EXCESS - intemperantia DRINK - potio EXECUTIONER - carnifex DRUNKENNESS - ebrietas EXERCISE - exercitatio DUMMY - palus EXILE - exilium FIRE - ignis 299

EXPENSE ACCOUNT - ratio inpensae FIRMAMENT - mundus

EXPERIENCE - usus FISH - piscis experientia FLANK, OF ARMY - latus EXPERIENCED MEN - veterani FLATTERY - adulatio EXTRAVAGANCE - luxuria FLOCKS - grex EYES - oculus pecus FLOGGING - flagella

-F- FLUTE - tibia

FAITH - fides FOLLOWERS - discipuli

FAME - gloria FOOD - cibus nomen FOOLISHNESS - stultitia FARMER - agricola FORCE - vis FASTING - ieiunium FOREFATHERS - avi FATE - faturn FORESIGHT - orovidentia FAULTS - vitia FORGIVENESS - venia FAVOR - favor FORTUNE - fortuna FEAR - metus FREEDOM - libertas FEET - pedes pes FRIENDSHIP - amieitia

FEVER - febris FRUGALITY - frugalitas

FICKLENESS - levitas FRUIT - poma

FILLET - infula - FULLER - fullo

FILTH - squalor FUNERAL - funus FUNERAL BANQUETS - cenae funebri

FUTURE - futura GAD-FLY - oestrus HABITS, SENSUAL - libidines

GAIN - lucrum HAIL - grando

GAIT - incessus HAIR - coma GAMES - spectacula HAIRPLUCKER - alipilus

GARLANDS - aerta HAND - raanus

GARDEN - hortua HAPPINESS - felicitas

GIANTS - gigantes HARANGUE - contio

GIFT - donum HARDSHIP - incommoda

GLADIATOR - gladiator HATRED - odium

GLADIATOR, CHARIOT- essedarius HEALING - medieina

GLEAM - splendidum HEALTH - valetudo

GLORY - gloria HELMET - galea

GOAL - meta HEMLOCK - cicuta

GOD - deus, del, di H E R B - herba

GOLD - aurum HIDDEN THINGS - secreta

GOOD - bo num. HIGH JUMPING - saltus

GOSSIP - rumor HIGH-SLEEVED - manuleatus

GOUT - podagra HIGHWAYMAN - latro

GOVERNORSHIP - procuratiuncula HISTORY - historia

GREATNESS - magnitudo HOPE - domus

GREED - avaritia HONEY - me1

GREETING - salutatio H O N O R - honestum

GROVE - lucu3 I1C0K - uncus

GUARDIAN - custoa HOPE - spes

GUARDIAN DEITY - genius H O S P I T A L - valitudinarium

GUILT - culpa H O T - calidum HOURS - horae INSANITY - insania L HOUSEHOLDER - pater families INTENTION - mens

HUNGER - fames INTERCESSOR - deprecator

HUTS, PAUPERS' - cellae pauperum INTEREST - faenus

HYPOCRISY - dissimulatio INTERPRETATION - interpretatio INTERPRETERS - interpretes

-I- INTROSPECTION - introrsus spectare

IDEA - notio INVESTIGATION - quaeatio

IDLENESS - otium

IMITATION - imitatio -J- IMMORTALITY - immortalitas J E A L O U S Y - invidia

IMPROVEMENT - emendatio J O V I A L I T Y - hilaritas

INCENSE - tus JOY - gaudium

INCOME - vectigal JUDGE - iudex

INCONSISTENCY - inconstantia J U R O R - iudex

INDIGESTION - cruditaa J U D G M E N T - iudicium

INDIVIDUAL - singuli J U S T I C E - iustitia

INDULGENCE - indulgentia

INFANCY - infantia -K-

INFANTRY - pedes KINDHESS - beneficium

INFLUENCE - effectus KING - rex

INHERITANCE - hereditas KNEES - genua

INHUMANITY - inhumanitas KNIGHT - eques

INJUNCTION - interdictum KNOWLEDGE - scientia

INNOCENCE - innocentia -L- LOVE POTION - amatorium 302

LABELS - notae LOWER WORLD - inferi

LANGUAGE - oratio LOYALTY - fides

LATIN LANGUAGE - lingua Latina LUNATIC - phreneticus

LAUGHTER - risus LUXURY - luxuria

LAW - lege3 LYRIC POETS - lyrici

LAWFULNESS - legitimum

LAWSUIT - iudicium

LEAD - plumbum MACHINI3T - faber LEARNING - discere MAJORITY - plures

LECTURE - disputatio MALADY - malum

LEDGER - calculus MAN - homO

LEG - crus MANIPULATOR - tractator

LETTERS - epistulae MANLINESS - vires

LIAR FALLACY - pgeudomenoa MARBLE - marmor

LIBERTY CAP - pilleus MARKET PLACE - campi forum LIE - mendacium MASTER - dominus LIFE - vita MATCHES - pares LIGHT - lux MATERIAL - mate r ia LIGHTNING - fulrnen MAXIM - praecepturn LIMIT - terminus MEAL - mensa LIONS - leones MEAN - modu3 re rum LIPS - labra MEDICINE - medicina LITERARY ACTIVITY - litterae MEMORY - memoria LIVER - biiis MERCY - mite Guwtcor die. LOSS - amissio METAPHOR - translationes verborum LOVE - amor MIDDLE AGE - medium aevum NOBILITY - nobilitas 303

MIGRATION - migratio NOISE — clamores

MILK - lac NOTES - Gommervtatii

MIME - mimus NOVELTY - novitas

MIND - mens

MISTRESS - arnica - 0 -

MODERATION - modus rerum OATH - ius iurandum temperantia aacramentum

MODESTY — modestia OIL - oleum» ceroma pudor OIL RUBDOWN - unctio MONEY - pecunia OINTMENT - ceroma MONEY, TRAVELING - viaticum OLD AGE - senectus MONTH - mensis OPINION - opinio MORAL STRENGTH - mores ' ORATORY - ars oratoria MORTALITY-mortalitas ORDINARY - mediocria MOTION - motus ORNAMENT - ornamentum MOTION, IN SENATE - sententia OSTENTATION - ostentatio MOUNTEBANK - circulans

MOURNING - dolor -P- MULTITUDE - turba vulgus PAIN - dolor

MUSICAL ACCOMPANIMENT ^symphonia PAINTING - pictura

MYTHOLOGY - fabluae PAIRS - pares PALSY - tremor

-N- PATTERN - exemplum

NATURE - natura PAY, MILITARY - stipendium militare

NEIGHBOR - vicinus PAYMENT IN ADVANCE - antecessus

NIGHT - nox PEACE - oax PEDIGREES - stemma PRIDE - gloria superb ia PENANCE - poena PRISON - career PERSISTENCE - pertinacia PRI3GNER - aaptivas PHILOLOGIST - analectae granmatici PRIVACY - aolitudo

PHILOSOPHY - philosophia PRIZEFIGHTER t athleta

PHYSICIAN - medicus PROCRASTINATION - diferre

PICTURE - imago PROFIT - lucrum

PILOT - gubernator PR0PER1Y, COMMON - communia

PLANE TREE - platanus PROPHETESS - vates

PL ANT - herba PROPRIETY - decorum

PLEASURE - voluptas PROSPERITY - felicitas

POETRY - carmina PROVINCE - provineia

POETS - poetae PROW - p ro ra

POLITICS - res publicae PUBLIC PROPERTY - res publicae

POOL - lacus PUBLIC SPEAKING - oratio

POSSESSION - possessio PUPIL - alumnus

SELF POSSESSIOH-sui possessio PURPOSES - coneilia

POSTERITY - posteritas

POVERTY - paupertas —R—

POWER - potentia RACK - eculeus

PRAISE - laus RAGE - ira

PRAYER - vota RAGS - pannus

PRECEPT - praeceptum READING - lectio

PREDETERMINATION - praejudicium REAPING - demetere

PREEMINENCE - preeminentia REASON - ratio

PREFERENCE - praeferre REFORMATION - emendatio REHEARSAL - meditatio -s- 305

REINCARNATION - reincarnatio SAGE - sapiens

RELAXATION - laxamentum SAIL CLOTH - velum

RENOWN - fama SAILOR - nauta

REPUTATION - fama SALVATION - salus

RESOLUTION. - firmitas SALVE - unguentum proposttum SAND - harena RESTLESSNESS - inquiea migratio SATIRE - satura

RETIREMENT - otium SATISFACTION - satietas quies SAUSAGE MAN - botularius REVERENCE - reverentia SAW SHARPENER - serrarius RIDING, IN LITTER -■ gestatio SCHOOL - schola RIDING, HORSEBACK -equitatio SCORN - contemptus RIGHT - rectum- SEA - mare RING - anulus SEASICKNESS - nausia RITES - sacra SEA TRAVEL - navigatio RIVALRY - aemulatio SEAL - signum RIVER - f lumen SECLUSION - solitudo ROBBER - praedo SECURITY - securitas ROMAN EMPIRE - Tmperium Romanum SEEDS - semina ROSES - rosae SELF CONTROL - temperantia ROUGE, ACTORS' - fucus SELF DISPLAY - ostentatio RULE - regula SELF EXAMINATION - se incuisitio RULES - leges SELF INTEREST - utilitas RUMOR - fama SELF PRESERVATION - conservetio RUNNING - cursus SELF SEEKING - ambitio

SELF SUFFICIENCY - se contentus 306 SENATE - eenatus SNARE - insidiae

SENSES -- sensus SNOW - nives

SHAME - pudor SOCIETY - societas

SHEPHERD - pastor SOLDIER - miles

SHIELD - acutura SOUL - anurous

SHIP - navis SORROW - dolor

SHIPWRECK - naufragium SOUND MIND - sanitas

SHIRT - tunica SOUTH WIND - auster

SHOP, THINKING - officina SOWING - satio

SHORE - litus SPEAKER - orator

SICK MAN - aeger SPEAR - hastile

SICKNESS — morbus SPECTATOR - spectatores

SILENCE - s&lentium SPEECH - oratio

SILVER - argentum SPIRIT. - animus spiritus SIMILE - imago SPRINGS - Pontes SIN - peccatum SQEAMISKNES3 - fastidium SIREN - sirenae STABILITY - constantia SKILL - ars STAGE ARTIFICE - aimulatio scaenae SLANDER - calumnia STAKE - stipes SLAUGHTER - caedes STAMMERING - balbutire SLAVE - servus STATUE - imago SLEEP - sopor STERNNESS - tristitia SLEEVELESS TUNIC - alte cinctus STEWARD - procurator SLIPPER - excalceatus STORM -- tempestas SLUGGISHNESS - inertia STRAITS - freturn SLUMS - angulum STRENGTH - vires 307 STRUGGLE - luctatio THOUGHTLESS PERSON - imprudens

STUDY - studium THOUGHTS - cogitatio meditatio STYLE - oratio THUNDER - tonitrus SUCCESS - felicitas TIDE - aestus SUICIDE - mors voluntaria TIME - tempus SUITABILITY - convenientia TITLE - nomina SUN - sol TODAY - hodie SUNRISE - ortus TOIL - labor SUNSET - occasus TQM OREOW - eras SUPERFLUITY - supervacua TONGUE - lingua SUSPICION - suspicio TORTURE - tormenta SWEAT - sudor TOUCHSTONE - obrussa SWIMMING TANK - piscina ‘ TRAINING - ars SWORD - gladius TRANSFORMATION - transfiguratio SYLLOGISM - collectio TRANSLATION - traductio

TRAVEL, FOREIGN - pe**grinatio

-T- TREE - arbor

TALK - sermo TRIAL - vadimonium

TEACHER - magister TRICKERY - fallacia

TEACHING - docere TROUBLE - adversa calamitas TEARS - lacrimae miseria

TEDIUM - taedium TRUST - fiducia

TEETH - dentes TRUTH - veritas

TEMPERAMENT, EVEN - aequalitas

THIEF - fur -U-

THINKER, MASTER - ingenium ULCERS, STOMACH - subpurationes prae cordiorum THIRST - sitis 308 UNSTEADINESS - inconstantia WISDOM - sapientia UTILITY - utilitas WISE MAN - sapiens

WIT - sal

-V- WITCH - venefica

VICE - vitium WITNESS - testis

VIOLENCE - vis WOLF - lupus

VIRTUE - virtus WOMEN - feminae

VOICE - vox WONDER - admiratio

VOICE CULTURE - vocis cultura WOOD - lignum

VCMITING - vomitus WORD - verbum.

WORD QUIBBLING - cavillatio verborum

-W- WORD SEPARATION - interpungere

WALKING - ambulatio WORK - labor

WANT - inopia WORLD - mundus

WAR - bellum 7fORRY - sollicitudo

WARD - pupillus WORSHIP - veneratio

WAREHOUSE - horreuin WOUND - vulnus

WATER - aqua WRESTLING - luctatio

WEAKNESS - debilitas WRETCHEDNESS - miseria Imbecillitas WRITINGS - scriptum

WEALTH - divitiae

WEATHER - tempestas -Y-

WEIGHT LIFTING - pondus movere YEAR - annus

WIFE - uxor YOUTH - adulescans

WILL - te stamenturn voluntas

WINE - vinum 309 TERMS' IN SPECIAL CLASSIFICATIONS

The following terms in the special classifications of medicine, business, sports, law. and public lifd, and military affairs were

used by Seneca in Books I-VII of the Epistulae Morales, For further

explanations and illustration of Seneca's use of these terms, the

reader is referred to the citations of the index.

MEDICINE

ASTHMA STOMACHICUS

FEBRIS STCMACHUS

HER BA. SU BPURATIONES PRAECORDIORUM

INSANIA SUSPIRIUM

MEDICAMENTUMTREMOR

MEDICUS ULCUS

NAUSIA UNGUENTUM

PHRENETICUS VALETUDO

PODAGRA VALITUDINARIUM

PRAESCRIPTA VENTER

PUERPERIUM VOMITUS

REMEDIUM VULNUS

SPORTS

AGITATOR GALEA

ATHLETA GLADIATOR

CEROMA HARENA

COLAPHUS LUCTATIO ESSEDARIUSPARES 5io

FUGNAE GLADIATORUM ET FUGILUM PISCINA

MANUS PLUMBO GRAVES IACTARE PALUS

PONDUS MOVERE SALTUS

PILIOREPUS TEGUMEN

BUSINESS

AES SOLVERE NEGOTIATIO

ANTECESSUS PORTORIUM

OALGULI (KALENDARIUM) RATIO INPENSAE

DEBITUM VECTIGAL

FAENUS VIATICUM

MERCEDULA

MILITARY

AGMEN QUADRATUM HAS TILE

AUXILIA HOSTIS

CAPTIVUS LATUS

CASTRA MILES

CATENA ORNAMENTA

CAUSARII PEDES

COMMINUS PERCUTERE SAGITTARIUS

CONTUBERNIUM STIPEND IUM MIL I TARE

EQ.UES TEGUMEN EXERCITUS TRANSFUGA

GALEA VETERANI GLADIUM LAW AMD PUBLIC LIFE

ACCUSATOR INTERDICTUM

ADVOCATUS IUDEX

ALBUM IUDICIUM ANULUS INIECTIO

ARBITER IUS IURANDUM

CANDIDATUS NEGOTIATIO

CAUSAM AGERE PROCURATOR

CENSOR SENATUS

CONSUL SENTENTIA CONTIO TESTIS

CREDITOR TESTAMENTUM

DEPRECATOR TOGA

DISFUTATIO TRIBUNAL

HCMICIDIUM VADIMONIUM 312

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Note; The following is not a general bibliography, but is

confined to those publications which were actually used in the preparation of this dissertation.)

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Academy, 1938• Barrow, R -H« The Romans. Ilarmondsworth-Middlesex: Penguin

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Bourgery, Abel Seneque Prosateur. Etudes Litteraires et

Grammaticales sur la Prose de Seneque.

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Duff, J*Dt Rec: M. Albertini, La Composition dans les

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Duff, J. Wight A Literary History of Rome in the Silver Age.

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Gummere, Richard M. Seneca. Ad Lucllium Epistulae Morales ,with an English Translation., Cambs'idge: Harvard Uni­

versity Press. Vol. 1,1917. Vol. 2,1920. 515 Gummere, Richard M. Seneca the Philosopher and his Modern

Message. Boston: Marshall Jones Co.,1922.

Heitland, Vf.E. The Roman Fate. Cambridge, England,1922.

Hense, Otto Seneca. Ad Lucilium Epistularum Moralium

Quae Supersunt. Ed. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner,

Second ed., 1914.

Kroll, Wilhelm Studien Zum Verstandnis der Romischen

Literatur. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche

Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1924.

Maclcail, J.W. Latin Literature. New York: Chas. Scribner's

.Sons, 1907.

Norden, Eduard Die Antike Kunatprosa. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner

1909 (reprinted 1925) Vol. 1

Oxford Oxford Classical Dictionary. New York; Oxford

University Press, 1949

Pichon, Rene Histoire de la Litterature Latine. Paris:

Librairie Hachette, 1897

Pohlenz, Ma_x Die Stoa. Gottingen: Vanderhoeck und Ruprecht,

1948

Rose, H,J. A Handbook of Latin Literature. London:

Methuen and Co. Ltd. 1949* (Second editioh, revised.)

Schanz, Martin Geachichte der Romischen Literatur. Munchen:

C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, ‘1915

Vol. 2(2) Slcut.3 ch, Franz and Kroll, Wilhelm

W.8. Teuffels Geachichte der Romischen

Literatur* Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1916

Summers, Walter C Select Letters of Seneca. Ed. London:

Macmillan and Go., Ltd. 1910.

Waltz, Rene^ Vie de Seneque. Paris: 1909•

Wenley, R.M. Stoicism and its Influence. Boston:

Marshall Jones Co., 1924.

Zeller, E. The Stoics. Epicureans, and Skeptics.

Translation: Oswald J. Reichel. London ' 1880. 315

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

I, George Robert Holsinger, Jr., was born in Youngstown, Ohio,

May 1, 1925. I received my secondary school education in the public schools of the city of Youngstown, Ohio* My undergraduate training was obtained at the Ohio State University, from which X received the degree Bachelor of Science in Education in 19U7* I

also received the degree Master of Arts from the same university

in 19U8. While in residence at the Ohio State University, I

taught in the Department of Classical Languages as an Assistant

Instructor during the years 1914.8—1951* In 1951, I received an

appointment as News Director in the University's radio station, W.O.S.U., and I held this position while completing the requirements

for the degree Doctor of Philosophy*