Federalism and Regional Policy in Contemporary Russia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Federalism and Regional Policy in Contemporary Russia Federalism and Regional Policy in Contemporary Russia How do Russian leaders balance the need to decentralize governance in a socially and politically complex country with the need to guarantee political control of the state? Since the early 2000s Russian federal authorities have arranged a system of political control on regional elites and their leaders, providing a “police control” of special bodies subordinated by the federal center on policy implementation in the regions. Different mechanisms of fiscal federalism and investment policy have been used to ensure regional elites’ loyalty and a politically centralized but administratively decentralized system has been created. Asking clear, direct, and theoretically informed questions about the relation- ship between federalism, decentralization, and authoritarianism, this book explores the political survival of authoritarian leaders, the determinants of policy formulation, and theories of federalism and decentralization, to reach a new understanding of territorial governance in contemporary Russia. As such, it is an important work for students and researchers in Russian studies and regional and federal studies. Andrey Starodubtsev is a postdoctoral researcher at the Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland. He collaborates with the Center for Moderniza- tion Studies, European University at St Petersburg and the Department of Polit- ical Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics – St Petersburg, Russia. His expertise covers the issues of federalism and regional policy as well as the problems of governance and modernization in contemporary Russia. Studies in Contemporary Russia Series Editor: Markku Kivinen Studies in Contemporary Russia is a series of cutting-edge, contemporary studies. These monographs, joint publications and edited volumes branch out into various disciplines, innovatively combining research methods and theories to approach the core questions of Russian modernisation; how do the dynamics of resources and rules affect the Russian economy and what are the prospects and needs of diversification? What is the impact of the changing state–society relationship? How does the emerging welfare regime work? What is the role of Russia in contemporary international relations? How should we understand the present Russian political system? What is the philosophical background of mod- ernisation as a whole and its Russian version in particular? The variety of opinions on these issues is vast. Some see increasingly less dif- ference between contemporary Russia and the Soviet Union while, at the other extreme, prominent experts regard Russia as a ‘more or less’ normal European state. At the same time new variants of modernisation are espoused as a result of Russian membership of the global BRIC powers. Combining aspects of Western and Soviet modernisation with some anti- modern or traditional tendencies the Russian case is ideal for probing deeper into the evolving nature of modernisa- tion. Which of the available courses Russia will follow remains an open ques- tion, but these trajectories provide the alternatives available for discussion in this ground- breaking and authoritative series. The editor and the editorial board of the series represent the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Russian Studies: Choices of Russian Modernisation. For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com/series/ ASHSER- 1421 Authoritarian Modernization in The Other Russia Russia Local Experience and Societal Change Ideas, Institutions, and Policies Leo Granberg and Ann- Mari Sätre Edited by Vladimir Gel’man Federalism and Regional Policy in Philosophical and Cultural Contemporary Russia Interpretations of Russian Andrey Starodubtsev Modernisation Edited by Katja Lehtisaari and Arto Mustajoki Federalism and Regional Policy in Contemporary Russia Andrey Starodubtsev First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Andrey Starodubtsev The right of Andrey Starodubtsev to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-472-46150-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-58206-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear To Anna Fomina, my best friend and partner, with love and gratitude Contents List of figures viii List of tables ix Preface x Introduction 1 1 Tertius gaudens: what is wrong with Russian federalism? 20 2 Why has regional development in Russia failed? 61 3 Who, how, when, and how much? Factors of the redistribution of intergovernmental transfers in Russia 102 4 Decentralize but not federalize: coordination, subordination, and control in Russian territorial governance 125 Conclusion 155 Appendix 1 159 Appendix 2 160 Appendix 3 161 Appendix 4 162 Appendix 5 164 Appendix 6 167 Index 168 Figures I.1 The dynamics of freedom in the USSR and the Russian Federation 13 2.1 Distribution of incomes between different governmental levels in 2011 in several federations 66 2.2 Federal and regional shares of budgetary incomes in Russia in 1992–1999 and 2003–2011 81 2.3 The number of federal programs 83 2.4 Share of intergovernmental transfers in the federal budget’s expenditures 91 3.1 Average value of transfers from the federal budget to subnational budgets in republics and other types of subnational units 110 3.2 Average value of gross regional product per 10 000 residents in republics and other types of subnational units 110 3.3 The number of federal programs in the 2000s and 2010s 114 4.1 Ratio of federal and subnational budget revenues in the Russian Federation in 1992–2011 134 4.2 Number of officials at the national and subnational governmental levels in 2000–2013 135 4.3 Dynamics of allocation of expenses in the field of education in 2000–2015 144 4.4 Dynamics of change in expenses for education in three Russian republics in 2001 and 2015 145 Tables 2.1 Models of intergovernmental financial relations 68 2.2 Decline in industrial production in the regions of Russia in 2008–2009 88 4.1 Sequences of decentralization and their effects on the intergovernmental balance of power 128 4.2 Social expenditures of the Russian consolidated budget in 2005, 2010, and 2015 (in billion rubles) 138 A1.1 Descriptive statistics 159 A2.1 Results of the regression analysis of annual distribution of intergovernmental budget transfers 160 A3.1 Results of the regression analysis of distribution of annual intergovernmental budget transfers grouped in periods 161 A4.1 List of the governmental programs and subprograms 162 Preface In his classic book on federalism (1964), William Riker presented a brief two- page analysis of the process of the Soviet Union’s formation as a federal state, setting it alongside not only Yugoslavia, but also West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. In response to the obvious question from all those who were sur- prised by the statement that an unfree state, one practicing mass terror and forced displacement of peoples, as a polity, complied with the principles of self- rule and shared rule, Riker noted: Since 1923 the Soviet Union has been highly centralized and for that reason many scholars have refused to call it a federalism. This refusal is, however, merely the expression of the Amer ican- Commonwealth mythology that fed- eralism ought to prevent tyranny. Since the Soviet Union preserved all the features of federalism, the mere fact that its federalism fails to prevent tyranny should not lead to casting it out of the class of federalism. Rather it should lead to a re- evaluation of what federalism means and implies. (Riker, 1964: 39–40) Although I completely disagree with the statement that “the Soviet Union pre- served all the features of federalism,” I have always interpreted this paragraph as Riker suggesting that we should examine the features of territorial governance in states that are simultaneously complex (with a large territory, plural society, etc.), and not democratic. It is the desire to understand how one should manage a country that, though born to be a federation, has not realized the federal canon, that compelled me to write this work. This book is focused on Russia, a country that claims a federal structure in its constitution and its full name, but which has not for a single day been consistent with the classic principles of federalism. For many years, Russia has served as an example of the contemporary authoritarian state for the world of political science. The shift in politics research from studying the formation, development, and changes of its political regime to studying how that regime influences the functioning of the state and society has reserved Russia’s position as a “crucial case” for many years to come. For me, the Russian case is important because it clearly shows how the central government forms a territorial governance system Preface xi as the authoritarian regime grows stronger, how it solves its immediate adminis- trative tasks, and what political constraints it frequently faces. The book is based on the materials of a number of studies of the political factors of territorial governance in Russia. The first of them, “Tertius gaudens: Circumstances of Formation of a Federal State in Russia,” was conducted in 2002–2005 at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Petrozavodsk State University.
Recommended publications
  • Participation of Indigenous Nenets People in the International Polar Year Research
    Participation of Indigenous Nenets People in the International Polar Year Research Nadezhda Laptander1, Tamara Semenova2 1Regional Movement of Nenets People (Yasavey), Naryan-Mar, Russia; 2Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage, Moscow, Russia 1. Introduction 2. Facts about Nenets AO 3. MODIL Project 4. CLUE Project 5. Present-Day Situation 6. Conclusion 1. Introduction Nenets Autonomous Region (Nenetskiy Avtonomny Okrug - NAO) in northwestern Russia is home to approximately 8000 Nenets and 3000 Izhma‐Komi indigenous people. Many of them depend directly or indirectly on reindeer husbandry, fishing and hunting for their livelihood. In the past, reindeer pastures covered almost all of the region territory. Now, however, large tracts of land have been degraded by oil prospecting and production or have become difficult to access across oil pipelines and infrastructure. In light of this it is noteworthy that not all the companies make agreements with reindeer herders. Most agreements with herders are only valid for 1‐2 years, whereas the company’s license is for a longer period. Many agreements are confidential and cannot be evaluated by public opinion. There is no mechanism for the investigation of reindeer herders’ opinions on land allocation issues and oil companies’ operations. One of the challenges in efficient management and use of traditional pastures is the lack of up‐to‐date land use plans for future activities. Other challenges are the lack of proper management of Traditional Land use Areas (TLA) and ambiguity regarding which government authority is responsible for this, the lack of compulsory and independent assessment of industrial projects’ impact on the traditional lands and lifestyle of the indigenous people and the absence of a common forum in the region where representatives of government authorities, industrial companies and indigenous peoples could negotiate and make common decisions to achieve a balance of interests of all stakeholders.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing Hope and Transformation to Eurasia Through God's Word
    “So faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ.” Romans 10:17, ESV Bringing Hope and Transformation to Eurasia through God’s Word JUNE 2016 P.O. BOX 496, WHEATON, IL 60187 | PH: 630.462.1739 | MISSIONEURASIA.ORG 1 Thanks to the generous, faithful contributions of supporters like you, Mission Eurasia has consistently been able to fulfill our commitment to equip Next Generation Christian leaders in Eurasia to share the Word of God in their own nations and communities. Through culturally relevant Christian literature and Scripture pieces in national languages, the gospel message is being shared in compelling and unexpected ways with hurting men, women, and children who desperately need the hope of the good news. We know that “faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ” (Romans 10:17). As Next Generation Christians faithfully proclaim the “word of Christ” to their nations, hearts and minds are being opened to hear the Word and believe through faith. We hope that as you read this report, your faith will be strengthened by the testimonies of lives changed through the reading of God’s Word. Thank you for your support of Mission Eurasia—which is providing life- changing Scripture resources for millions of God’s children in Eurasia and beyond! Spiritual Crisis in Eurasia In the midst of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, the spiritual Unreached people groups in Russia’s Far North, Mongolia, the vacuum in Eurasia, and escalating religious persecution in the Northern Caucasus, and other regions of Eurasia need access to region, God’s Word is needed now more than ever.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential for Integration of the Transport Complex of the East of Russia Into the International Market of Transport Services
    BRANCH-WISE ECONOMY DOI: 10.15838/esc.2019.6.66.8 UDC 332.1+339.924, LBC 65.049(2) © Bardal’ A.B. The Potential for Integration of the Transport Complex of the East of Russia into the International Market of Transport Services Anna B. Bardal’ Economic Research Institute, Far Eastern Branch of RAS Khabarovsk, Russian Federation, 153,Tikhookeanskaya Street, 680042 E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-9944-4714; ResearcherID: V-7615-2017 Abstract. The eastern regions of Russia are the convenient zone in which Russia cooperates with the actively developing Asian region. The key states of North-East Asia such as China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea are the largest participants in world trade at the present stage. The servicing of large- scale commodity flows with the European Union and the U.S. is provided by the market of transport services, by means of which the most effective schemes of delivery are built. Under these conditions, the transport system of the East of Russia has objective prerequisites for integration into the international transport system. The goal of our present study is to assess the potential of integration of the transport system of the Far East in the market of transport services in North-East Asia. At the same time, we assess integration opportunities with the help of dividing the territory of the East of Russia into districts based on the results of cluster analysis. Considering the achievement of the research goal, this approach is a new one. The need for division is due to the fact that the Far East is quite a large region, extremely heterogeneous in its internal composition, economic-geographical and socio-economic characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Oil Industry and Reindeer Herding: The Problems of Implementing Indigenous Rights in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia Anna Degteva Thesis submitted for the degree: Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies Faculty of Social Science, University of Tromsø Spring 2006 Co-funded by “The Challenge of Indigenousness: Politics of Rights, Resources and Knowledge”. Oil Industry and Reindeer Herding: The Problems of Implementing Indigenous Rights In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia Anna Degteva Master Thesis Spring 2006 Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tromsø Co-funded by: ““The Challenge of Indigenousness: Politics of Rights, Resources and Knowledge.” Centre for Sami Studies, University of Tromsø i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank many people and institutions without whom this thesis would never have come true. First, I am grateful to the University of Tromsø (UiTø) for the opportunity to do the Master Programe in Indigenous Studies and for the resources available. I am thankful to Indra Øverland for his initial help in launching this project. For considerable financial support a special thanks goes to the research project “The Challenge of Indigenousness: Politics of Rights, Resources and Knowledge” at the Centre for Sami Studies, UiTø. I am most thankful to Professor Ivar Bjørklund at Tromsø Museum for supervising this paper with consistency, patience and good humour. I am grateful to Winfried Dallmann at the Norwegian Polar Institute, who has spent many hours helping me to make the maps for this thesis. Thank you also for the front-page picture. My deep gratitude goes to the people I met during my fieldwork in Khorey-Ver and Naryan-Mar.
    [Show full text]
  • Voter Alignments in a Dominant Party System: the Cleavage Structures of the Russian Federation
    Voter alignments in a dominant party system: The cleavage structures of the Russian Federation. Master’s Thesis Department of Comparative Politics November 2015 Ivanna Petrova Abstract This thesis investigates whether there is a social cleavage structure across the Russian regions and whether this structure is mirrored in the electoral vote shares for Putin and his party United Russia on one hand, versus the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and its leader Gennady Zyuganov on the other. In addition to mapping different economic, demographic and cultural factors affecting regional vote shares, this thesis attempts to determine whether there is a party system based on social cleavages in Russia. In addition, as the Russian context is heavily influenced by the president, this thesis investigates whether the same cleavages can explain the distribution of vote shares during the presidential elections. Unemployment, pensioners, printed newspapers and ethnicity create opposing effects during parliamentary elections, while distance to Moscow, income, pensioners, life expectancy, printed newspapers and ethnicity created opposing effects during the presidential elections. The first finding of this thesis is not only that the Russian party system is rooted in social cleavages, but that it appears to be based on the traditional “left-right” cleavage that characterizes all Western industrialized countries. In addition, despite the fact that Putin pulls voters from all segments of the society, the pattern found for the party system persists during presidential elections. The concluding finding shows that the main political cleavage in today’s Russia is between the left represented by the communists and the right represented by the incumbents.
    [Show full text]
  • State Policy in the Arctic
    INFORMATION DIGEST ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCTIC October 2020 KEY TOPICS: NORTHERN SEA ROUTE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE NORTH STATE POLICY IN THE ARCTIC 30 October 2020, TASS Alexander Krutikov: large economic projects will appear in almost all Arctic regions “The system of preferences that exists in the Arctic is different from the one in the Far East. <…> The first block of support measures was put into operation. It is meant for large economic projects that significantly change the economic environment. <…> Such projects are planned for practically every Arctic region,” shared Deputy Minister for Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic Alexander Krutikov during the roundtable organized by the Ministry and the Roscongress Foundation. The second block applies to small and medium businesses. It offers premium rebates: when a small business becomes a resident of the Arctic zone, its premium rate goes as low as 3.025%. The third block includes non-tax measures. tass.ru/ekonomika/9876979 26 October 2020, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, TASS, RIA Novosti, Regnum, etc. Vladimir Putin approved Arctic Zone Development Strategy President Vladimir Putin signed a decree approving the Arctic Zone Development Strategy and ensuring national security until 2035. Within the next three months, the Government will need to approve a unified action plan to implement the basics of the state policy in the Arctic and the afore-mentioned strategy. The Government will report on their status annually. rg.ru/2020/10/26/putin-utverdil-strategiiu-razvitiia-arkticheskoj-zony.html 26 October 2020, TASS Public Council of Russia’s Arctic Zone is chaired by President of Russian Association of the Indigenous Peoples of the North Grigory Ledkov, President of the Russian Association of the Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East, is now the Chairman of the Public Council of Russia’s Arctic Zone.
    [Show full text]
  • The North Caucasus: the Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law
    The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law Europe Report N°226 | 6 September 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Russia between Decentralisation and the “Vertical of Power” ....................................... 3 A. Federative Relations Today ....................................................................................... 4 B. Local Government ...................................................................................................... 6 C. Funding and budgets ................................................................................................. 6 III. Elections ........................................................................................................................... 9 A. State Duma Elections 2011 ........................................................................................ 9 B. Presidential Elections 2012 ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Russia Intelligence
    N°70 - January 31 2008 Published every two weeks / International Edition CONTENTS SPOTLIGHT P. 1-3 Politics & Government c Medvedev’s Last Battle Before Kremlin Debut SPOTLIGHT c Medvedev’s Last Battle The arrest of Semyon Mogilevich in Moscow on Jan. 23 is a considerable development on Russia’s cur- Before Kremlin Debut rent political landscape. His profile is altogether singular: linked to a crime gang known as “solntsevo” and PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS sought in the United States for money-laundering and fraud, Mogilevich lived an apparently peaceful exis- c Final Stretch for tence in Moscow in the renowned Rublyovka road residential neighborhood in which government figures « Operation Succession » and businessmen rub shoulders. In truth, however, he was involved in at least two types of business. One c Kirillov, Shestakov, was the sale of perfume and cosmetic goods through the firm Arbat Prestige, whose manager and leading Potekhin: the New St. “official” shareholder is Vladimir Nekrasov who was arrested at the same time as Mogilevich as the two left Petersburg Crew in Moscow a restaurant at which they had lunched. The charge that led to their incarceration was evading taxes worth DIPLOMACY around 1.5 million euros and involving companies linked to Arbat Prestige. c Balkans : Putin’s Gets His Revenge The other business to which Mogilevich’s name has been linked since at least 2003 concerns trading in P. 4-7 Business & Networks gas. As Russia Intelligence regularly reported in previous issues, Mogilevich was reportedly the driving force behind the creation of two commercial entities that played a leading role in gas relations between Russia, BEHIND THE SCENE Turkmenistan and Ukraine: EuralTransGaz first and then RosUkrEnergo later.
    [Show full text]
  • Ivan Valentik: Forestry Сomplex of Russia Moving to the New Level
    2016 www.tpprf.ru • SEPTEMBER www.tpp-inform.ru 3(25) September 2016 Russian Business Guide RUSSIAN BUSINESS GUIDE Brand "Made in Russia" will appear on the global market Far East is open for investment Russia — the territory of business Ivan Valentik: Forestry сomplex of Russia moving to the new level Russia’s largest multifunctional business complex! Architectural complex of the World Trade Center with the total area of 270 thousand sq.m boasts convenient location in the heart of the capital, on the Moskva River Embankment and in close proximity to the Russian Parliament and the Moscow City Government. A place to experience business vibe of the capital! For over 35 years, the most important deals are being sealed, regional and international ties established, and meetings, forums and congresses held in the Center. A city within the city! The WTC complex unites 3 Оffice Towers, Congress center, business hotel Crowne Plaza Moscow WTC and Apart-hotel “Mezhdunarodnaya-2”. The unique infrastructure of the Center provides an opportunity to run a successful business within its premises without getting outside. Wide range of services and boundless opportunities! The World Trade Center provides congress and exhibition, tenant, trade and economic information, hotel and restaurant services of the highest quality, organizes turnkey events of any scale and renders over 500 top services for effective work and great leisure. Combination of experience, the best world practices and individual approach to every client! © C ONTENTS C С B Д ........................ V P: “… ­ ­­ ­ ­ R” В П: «… Р » ............... R — S K С К : Р ................................ C ­ E — ­ FAS I A Г ФАС И А : ...............
    [Show full text]
  • Russia Macro-Politics: Political Pragmatism Or, Economic Necessity
    The National Projects December 2019 Population and GDP (2020E data) The long and winding road Population 146.8 GDP, Nominal, US$ bln $1,781 Plans are worthless. Planning is essential” GDP/Capita, US$ $12,132 Dwight D. Eisenhower GDP/Capita, PPP, US$ $27,147 Source: World Bank, World-o-Meters, MA The National Projects (NP) are at the core of the Russian government’s efforts to pull the economy out of the current slump, National Projects - Spending* to create sustainable diversified long-term growth and to improve Rub, Bln US$ Bln lifestyle conditions in Russia. It is the key element of President Putin’s Human Capital 5,729 $88 effort to establish his legacy. Health 1,726 $27 Education 785 $12 We are now initiating coverage of the National Projects strategy. We Demographics 3,105 $48 will provide regular detailed updates about the progress in each of Culture 114 $2 the major project sectors, focusing especially on the opportunities Quality of Life 9,887 $152 Safer Roads 4,780 $74 for foreign investors and on the mechanisms for them to take part. Housing 1,066 $16 ▪ What is it? A US$390 billion program of public spending, designed Ecology 4,041 $62 to stimulate investment, build infrastructure and improve health Economic Growth 10,109 $156 and well-being by 2024, i.e. the end of the current presidential Science 636 $10 Small Business Development 482 $7 term. Digital Economy 1,635 $25 ▪ Is this a return to Soviet-style planning? For some of the NPs, Labour productivity 52 $1 Export Support 957 $15 especially those involving infrastructure, it certainly looks like it.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy in Russia: Trends and Implications for U.S
    WikiLeaks Document Release http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32662 February 2, 2009 Congressional Research Service Report RL32662 Democracy in Russia: Trends and Implications for U.S. Interests Jim Nichol, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division January 23, 2007 Abstract. assesses Russia’s progress in democratization, including in the areas of elections, media rights, civil society, and federalism. Four scenarios of possible future political developments are suggested - a continuation of the current situation of ”managed democracy,” deepening authoritarianism, further democratization, or a chaotic interlude - and evidence and arguments are weighed for each. Lastly, U.S. policy and implications for U.S. interests, congressional concerns, and issues for Congress are analyzed. Order Code RL32662 Democracy in Russia: Trends and Implications for U.S. Interests Updated January 23, 2007 Jim Nichol http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32662 Specialist in Russian and Eurasian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Democracy in Russia: Trends and Implications for U.S. Interests Summary U.S. attention has focused on Russia’s fitful democratization since Russia emerged in 1991 from the collapse of the Soviet Union. Many observers have argued that a democratic Russia with free markets would be a cooperative bilateral and multilateral partner rather than an insular and hostile national security threat. Concerns about democratization progress appeared heightened after Vladimir Putin became president in 2000. Since then, Russians have faced increased government interference in elections and campaigns, restrictions on freedom of the media, large- scale human rights abuses in the breakaway Chechnya region, and the forced breakup of Russia’s largest private oil firm, Yukos, as an apparent warning to entrepreneurs not to support opposition parties or otherwise challenge government policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Elections and Political Stability in Russia : E Pluribus Unum
    TITLE : REGIONAL ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL STABILITY IN RUSSIA : E PLURIBUS UNUM AUTHOR : JEFFREY W . HAHN, Villanova University THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FO R EURASIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE VIII PROGRA M 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D .C . 20036 LEGAL NOTICE The Government of the District of Columbia has certified an amendment of th e Articles of Incorporation of the National Council for Soviet and East Europea n Research changing the name of the Corporation to THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FO R EURASIANANDEAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH, effective on June 9, 1997. Grants , contracts and all other legal engagements of and with the Corporation made unde r its former name are unaffected and remain in force unless/until modified in writin g by the parties thereto . PROJECT INFORMATION : ' CONTRACTOR : Villanova Universit y PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Jeffrey W. Hah n COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 812-06 g DATE : September 25, 1997 COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from researc h funded by contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East Europea n Research. However, the Council and the United States Government have the right t o duplicate and disseminate, in written and electronic form, this Report submitted to th e Council under this Contract or Grant, as follows : Such dissemination may be made by th e Council solely (a) for its own internal use, and (b) to the United States Government (1) fo r its own internal use ; (2) for further dissemination to domestic, international and foreign governments, entities and individuals to serve official United States Government purposes ; and (3) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United States Government granting the public rights of access to document s held by the United States Government .
    [Show full text]