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Sacred Dictators: a Wholly Unholy Relationship Between Dictatorships and Religious Leaders

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Sacred Dictators: a Wholly Unholy Relationship Between Dictatorships and Religious Leaders University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Fall 12-20-2018 Sacred Dictators: A Wholly Unholy Relationship between Dictatorships and Religious Leaders Thomas McQuaid University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation McQuaid, Thomas, "Sacred Dictators: A Wholly Unholy Relationship between Dictatorships and Religious Leaders" (2018). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 2543. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2543 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sacred Dictators: A Wholly Unholy Relationship between Dictatorships and Religious Leaders in Africa A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Thomas Michael McQuaid B.S. Tulane University, 2000 J.D. Loyola University, 2004 M.B.A. Loyola University, 2007 M.A. University of New Orleans, 2013 December, 2018 Table of Contents List of Tables .........................................................................................................................iv Abstract ..................................................................................................................................v Chapter 1: Holy Introduction .................................................................................................1 European Colonization.......................................................................................................2 British Colonial Rule .........................................................................................................2 French Colonial Rule .........................................................................................................5 Islam in French and British Colonies.................................................................................8 Portuguese Colonial Rule ..................................................................................................9 Current Sub-Saharan African Religious Attachment .........................................................9 Chapter Outlines ................................................................................................................12 Chapter 2: The Whole Holy Argument ..................................................................................14 Literature Review...............................................................................................................15 Literature Review on Issues not Present in Geddes’ Analysis ..........................................20 Research Design – the Addition of Religion to Geddes’ Model .......................................23 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................28 Chapter 3: Holy Control: Religious Leaders’ Congregational Control .................................29 Literature Review...............................................................................................................31 Hypotheses .........................................................................................................................36 Operationalization ..............................................................................................................38 Results ................................................................................................................................40 Implications........................................................................................................................46 Alternative Explanation .....................................................................................................47 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................48 Chapter 4: Holy Support: Catholic and Islamic Leader and Member Dictatorship Support .50 Literature Review...............................................................................................................52 Hypotheses .........................................................................................................................57 Operationalization ..............................................................................................................59 ii Results ................................................................................................................................61 Implications........................................................................................................................63 Alternative Explanation .....................................................................................................63 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................65 Chapter 5: Holy Survival – Catholic and Islamic Effects on a Dictatorship’s Survival ........66 Literature Review...............................................................................................................67 Hypotheses .........................................................................................................................71 Operationalization ..............................................................................................................72 Results ................................................................................................................................74 Implications........................................................................................................................80 Alternative Explanation .....................................................................................................80 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................82 Chapter 6: Sacred Dictators – Holy Conclusion ....................................................................84 Significance of Research ....................................................................................................95 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................95 References ..............................................................................................................................97 Appendices .............................................................................................................................103 Vita .........................................................................................................................................110 iii List of Tables Table 1.0 Religious Traditions in Sub-Saharan Africa ..........................................................10 Table 1.1 Religious Membership in Sub-Saharan Africa ......................................................10 Table 1.2 Importance of Religion in Daily Life ....................................................................11 Table 2.0 Religious Breakdown .............................................................................................25 Table 3.0 Human Development Index 2008 ..........................................................................31 Table 3.1 Ordered Logit DV: Contact Religious Leader .......................................................40 Table 3.2 Religious Fractionalization Effects ........................................................................47 Table 4.0 Religious Breakdown per Country ........................................................................57 Table 4.1 Catholic and Muslim Leader Support Likelihood .................................................61 Table 4.2 Catholic and Muslim Member Support Likelihood ...............................................62 Table 5.0 Dictatorship Survival .............................................................................................75 Table 5.1 Catholic Populace Effects on Dictatorship Survival..............................................77 iv Abstract How a single party and personal dictatorship survive has been a question of much debate among scholars. Geddes (1999, 2003) creates a model to determine which survives the longest. Within her model, she finds that a single party dictatorship – one with a party apparatus – survives longer than a personal dictatorship – one where a single person has sole policymaking ability. She argues that the fundamental difference between the two is how each treats the opposition. The party apparatus allows a single party dictatorship the means to silence the opposition by coopting it into the party structure whereas a
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