Introduction

Notes

Introduction

1. Those films were Gambit starring Shirley MacLaine and Michael Caine, directed by Ronald Neame, and What Did You Do In the War, Daddy? starring James Coburn and Dick Shawn, directed by Blake Edwards. 2. Actor Edmund Shaff, who toured in the 1950s withThe World of Suzie Wong, said that in Los Vegas, chorus girls were routinely elided with prostitutes, and were offered huge sums to make that assumption come true, and that few could resist. His wife, who had been a chorus dancer, had a similar experience and said that part of the expectations of the job was to have drinks with the customers after the show (Personal interview: August 17, 2012). The term “chorus girl” or “showgirl” can still serve as a euphemism for a prostitute. In the 1990 documentary filmParis Is Burning about transgendered and transvestite individuals in New York who appeared in the film [A Woman Informant, when asked how these people made their living she said with a knowing smile, repeating it several times, “Oh, they’re showgirls. You know [with a knowing smile and wink], chorus girls.” 3. On February 3–4, 2012, I participated in a conference entitled “The Medi- terranean and Beyond,” in which papers addressed the interconnectedness of this geographic region, highlighting the need to break down some of the artificial scholarly and historical barriers established by an ever- increasing specialization in academia, because these borders have reality only in academia. 4. This gender change was not specific to New York. I observed it in Los Ange- les and San Francisco as well. 5. As David Halperin notes: “To say that homosexuality and heterosexuality are culturally constructed, however, is not to say that they are unreal, that they are mere figments of the imagination of certain sexual actors. (Con- structionists sometimes sound as if they are saying something like that, but that is not—or, at least, it ought not to be—the constructionist claim)” (1990, 43; emphasis in original). 238 NOTES

6. For example, I asserted in a study on Iranian dance, that because dance came to stand for everything un-Islamic and shameful, one of the first acts of the Islamic Republic of Iran was to ban dance activities. I argue that people in Iran, since the ban, frequently dance as an act of resistance, which means that a once disgraceful act has become an act of daring and bravery, and that these attitudes are socially constructed and malleable (Shay 2008c). 7. Popescu-Judetz, like many other scholars, has mistaken the appearance of the köçek dancers, as “female.” There was never an attempt on the part of these dancers to appear as women because they were attractive to their audiences as young males; rather, they wore colorful rich costumes that were deliberately ambiguous, but they always appeared with some male elements in their dancing costumes, hair arrangements, or headpieces. Metin And notes that these dancing boys were such sex objects that Ottoman poets wrote love poetry to them (ibid). Indeed, the love object in most poetry in the medieval Islamic world was an idealized beautiful young male (Shay 2000, 110–111).

Chapter 1

1. Anthropologist Karin van Nieuwkerk 1995 made a study of attitudes toward belly dancers in Egypt, and found much more sympathy among lower-class individuals toward them than upper-class people, who despised them as prostitutes. 2. In much of the Middle East, ambivalent and negative attitudes toward dancing, which I have termed “choreophobia” (1999), even in private social events, remains strong. A friend, Hedieh Farhadi, who enjoys dancing, said that her uncle advised her that “if she wanted a husband, she had better dance less” (personal communication. February 10, 2013). 3. This does not refer to folk dancing, but rather to urban dancing, especially of a sensual nature. In general, regional folk dancing is regarded in a more positive light by most urban dwellers, as a healthful, innocent pastime. 4. In 1996, the Persian language airways were filled with news that the Pahlavi pretender to the Iranian throne danced at his cousin’s private wedding cel- ebration, an act that scandalized many listeners (Shay 1999, 132). 5. Ethnomusicologist Hormoz Farhat claims that “At the Sassanian [sic] court, musicians had an exalted status” (1965, 3). Iranian dance writer Medjid Rezvani states boldly that “In antiquity, dancers were very honored in Iran” (1962, 148). Historian Mary Boyce offers a corrective to temper Farhat’s and Rezvani’s observations. She notes that the gosan (Parthian and Sasanian era minstrel) is “sometimes an object of emulation, sometimes a despised fre- quenter of taverns and bawdy houses” (1957, 18). NOTES 239

Chapter 2

1. For pederasty, see Davidson 2007; Garrison 2000; Halperin 1990, 2002a; Lear and Cantarella 2008; Percy 1996; Winkler 1990a, 1990b. For prostitution, see Davidson 2006; Faraone and McClure 2006. See Smith (2010) for a wide range of pottery and vase paintings. 2. One encounters the alternate spellings hetaera and hetaera in different sources. The plural hetaerai/hetairai also exist. 3. It is curious that in the contemporary Balkans, especially in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Greece, and the Middle Eastern countries of Turkey and Iran, the zurna, a double-reed instrument, often played by two players, one holding a drone note, must have had a similar sound to the aulos, which is described as piercing. The players are frequently Roma (Gypsies), which places them as outsiders and with low social status vis-à-vis the local population of peasants and tribesmen who hire them.

Chapter 3

1. Baltic history scholar William Urban notes that paganism was still wide- spread into the sixteenth century (1987). 2. A similar situation existed in Tehran in the 1950s. To my knowledge, there did not exist bars and cafés that catered to an exclusively homosexual cli- entele, which was common in European and US cities at the time, but certain locations such as cinemas and bus lines served as locations where men who were interested could meet other men in anonymity and arrange sexual assignations. 3. Peter Green anachronistically characterizes Bathyllus as “a well-known pantomimus, or ballet dancer” (Juvenal 2004, 58 n.13). 4. My friend Ardavan Mofid, who played the black-face clown in the Iranian siyah-bazi/ru-howzi theatre, told me: “If the government raised the price of bread ten cents on the day of our performance, than we did bread” (personal interview, April 4, 1994).

Chapter 4

1. There are several volumes for the reader who wishes for a more in-depth study of early and classical age Islamic civilizations. Some, written some years ago, still carry considerable authority in the field. For general sur- veys, Marshall G. S. Hodgsons’ Venture of Islam (1974 in three volumes) and The Cambridge History of Islam (M. Holt et al., editors, 1970 in two volumes), and The Cambridge History of Iran (various dates) will provide excellent scholarly overviews. Richard Bulliet’s Islam: The View from the 240 NOTES

Edge (1994) provides a unique perspective of the conversion process in Persia and Central Asia. Morony (2005) provides a detailed historical study of Iraq, a core area of early Islam in the crucial years before and after the Islamic conquest. 2. The Qur’an states that “believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty [foruj = literally ‘vulvas’]; . . . that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands” and other named male relatives and servants (Qur’an 24:31, p. 363). In other words, there is no requirement for women to veil in the sense of covering their faces. Islamic scholar Cyril Glassé adds that “While modesty is a religious prescription, the wearing of a veil is not a religious requirement of Islam” (1995, 468). 3. Many individuals (Rezvani 1960; Shiloah 1995) claim that “a well- defined form of sophisticated dance did exist. The latter probably referred to the glorious pre-Islamic Iranian dance with its codified rules and aesthetics” (Shiloah 1995, 137). This a claim for which absolutely no evidence exists. 4. If the public invective of the sort that was passed by the slave singing girl, ‘Inan, and Abu Nuwas, or of the later wonderfully witty and obscene poetry of ‘Obaid-e Zakani are examples, then present-day Middle Easterners differ from them in their readiness to talk or write about sex. Most present-day Middle Easterners, outside of a close circle of same-age, same-sex friends, do not readily discuss sex in an open fashion, as many observers have pointed out (Beeman 1981). 5. In a recent visit to Istanbul (April 20, 2013), I saw a display of men dressed in Ottoman costume displaying many of the sports popular with elite men during this period. 6. Thesura that was, and still is, frequently cited to prohibit music, and especially dance is 8.35: “And their worship at the (holy) House is naught but whistling and handclapping. Therefore (it is said unto them): Taste of the doom because ye disbelieve” (Qur’an 8.35, 172). 7. There is frequently confusion regarding a person’s ethnicity, because of the use of Arabic names for everyone. Clues are often provided by terms like “al-Isfahani” to ascertain whether or not the individual is an Arab or a Persian. Since al-Isfahani would seem to indicate a person born in the city of Isfahan in Iran, one might assume Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani was an Iranian, but in fact, he is an Arab, and a direct descendent of the Umayyad dynasty. 8. The root letters (in Arabic) kh-n-th indicate the connection between the two terms, khanith and mukhannith (singular) mukhannithun (plural). 9. Rowson indicates that they “underwent jibab, the more drastic form of castration in which the penis was truncated” 1997, 85). NOTES 241

10. Hugh Kennedy characterizes Waliba b. al-Habab as “a figure as famous for his bohemian and openly gay lifestyle as he was for his poetry” (2004, 11). I would part company with Kennedy in the use of the anachronistic terms bohemian and especially “gay” lifestyle in a medieval Islamic context. There is no doubt that men like Waliba al-Habab and Abu Nuwas most likely preferred youths to women, at least in their writing, but “gay” is a twentieth-century term.

Chapter 5

1. Babur means beaver, not tiger, as many think, because babr in Persian means tiger (Baburnama 2002, 463, n.1). 2. Although Robert Surieu’s book (1967) characterizes the text as addressing Iranian pictorial and literary erotica, many of the illustrations are Ottoman Turkish, Mughal, and even European. The origins are correctly identified in the list of illustrations at the end of the book, but the unwary reader will not understand this unless he or she looks at the list. 3. “Elegantly swaying, tall, and silver-bodied cypresses” are among the stock phrases in classical Persian, Mughal, and Ottoman Turkish poetry to describe desirable young men. 4. Interestingly, one can tell what kind of musicians some of these unfortunate individuals were from their names: Na’i is a flute player, ‘Udi a lutanist, etc.

Chapter 6

1. Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands also launched colonialist enterprises in the Americas and Southeast Asia. Portugal and the Netherlands briefly occupied space in the Persian Gulf and India, but had little impact on the regions that I describe and analyze in this study. 2. Iran has two forms of religious theatre, rowzi-khani, a type of storytelling with drama and histrionics often narrated by clergymen, and ta’ziyeh, an elaborate theatrical genre requiring large casts. They both narrate the mar- tyrdom of Husein, the son of ‘Ali and nephew of the Prophet Muhammad. These forms are performed by respectable individuals; like early Greek drama, the ta’ziyeh generally constitutes a community effort with a mix of professional and amateur performers. These genres are both outside of the parameters of this study (see Chelkowski). 3. The interested reader will encounter several spellings of Kuchek Khanom’s (Little Lady) name. I further suggest that this is more of a generic name; I encountered it in reading of a dancer in the Greek-American community in the first decade of the twentieth century. 242 NOTES

4. I suggest that the term “gink,” which puzzles some writers, is the Egyptian- Arabic way of pronouncing the term “çengi,” the term for Turkish male dancers. Since in Egyptian Arabic there is no soft “ch” nor soft “j,” the Egyp- tians render the sound as “g.”

Chapter 7

1. As I was in the process of writing about ethnicity in Afghanistan, National Public Radio had a feature, narrated by Sean Carberry (May 8, 2013), on this topic concerning the Afghan parliament’s passing a controversial law that states that each citizen will carry identity cards indicating their ethnicity. Minority Tajik and other individuals stated that they welcomed this change because they feel that Pashtuns are overcounted, which provides them with more jobs and other benefits that are denied to others. 2. Koepke is incorrect in labeling the dancers as bacheh bazi. The dancers themselves are called bacheh. Bacheh-bazi refers to pederasty, and a bacheh- baz is a pederast. Bibliography

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Abbasid dynasty and period, 93–132, Afghan Village (film title), 226 133, 140, 148, 150, 152, 156, Afghanistan, 3, 20, 33–34, 37, 51, 71, 157, 187 96, 105–106, 131, 154, 158, 184, Abd al-Rahman II (Umayyad ruler), 212, 224, 225–226, 234, 242 n. 1 128, 129 Agathon, 108 Abd al-Wahhab, 219 Age of Beloveds (book title), 145 Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak, 167 Agency, 18–19, 57–58 Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani, 30, 112, 116, Agriculture, 5–6, 17; Ancient Greece, 117, 118, 122, 123, 126, 127, 130 41; Ancient Rome, 66; Central Abu l’Gath Ibn Sayyid an-Nas, 110 Asia, 275 Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 210 Muhammad al-Muhallabi, 124 ‘Ain-I Akbari (book title), 167 Abu Nuwas, 99, 100, 102, 108, 109, Akletoi, 60 110, 111, 113, 124–126, 127, 151 Alexander, the Great, 53, 141 Abu Tarab, Jafar, 125 Ali, Aisha, 194, 221 Abu Usama Waliba b. al-Habab, 125 Allan, Maud, 2 Acrobats and acrobatic dancing, 26, Amanat, Abbas, 27 36, 37, 59, 78, 79, 83, 134, 144, Ambiguity and ambiguous, Clothing, 146, 152–153, 155–156, 183, 184, 7, 14, 20, 82, 138–139, 151, 160, 191, 193, 203, 206 161, 193–194, 198, 226; Sexual, 7, Actors and acting, 1, 2, 10, 26, 28, 30, 32, 70, 74, 160, 193–194 31, 36, 53, 78, 82, 83, 87, 89, 123, Al-Amin (caliph), 126, 133 138, 144, 177, 181, 183, 186, 217, Anacreon, 50 221–224, 228, 233, 234 And, Metin, 25, 35, 112, 118, 148, Adab, 30, 93, 98, 129; Literature, 154, 157, 158, 160, 238 n. 7 30, 102 Andalusia (al-Andalus), 30, 33, 122, Adams, Laura, 225 128–129, 219 Adultry, 47, 48, 72 Andrews, Walter G., 101, 104, Aeschines, 14–15 106, 145 Aeschylus, 40 Anti-Nautch Movement, 207, 220 Aesthetics, 20, 42, 99 Arabs and Arab world, 26, 36, 94, 97, Afary, Janet, 27, 101, 107 113, 158, 175, 222, 231; Medieval Afat (Iranian vocalist), 217 underworld, 32 276 INDEX

Arberry, A. J., 94 Aurangzeb, Sultan, 177 Archeology and archeologists, 5, 44 Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis, Architecture, Greece, 41; Islamic, 95, 181, 188 96, 140, 146; Mughal, 146–147; ‘Azizeh of Aswan, 190, 197, 199–200 Persian, 146 ‘Arib al-Ma’muniya, 26, 33, 121, 122, Babaie, Susan, 146 126, 129 Babur, Sultan, 107, 136, 141, 142, Aristophanes, 44, 63 143, 150–151, 154, 162, 166, 168, Aristotle, 40, 55 187, 241 n. 1 Armenians, 158, 181, 184, 191, 198, Baburi, 150–151 228–230, 234 Baburnama, The, 105, 136, Art and artists, 3, 9–10, 36, 37, 42, 144, 167 65, 67, 143, 149; Byzantine, 73; Babylonia, 22 Courtly, 29, 143; Greek, 4, 8, 17, Bacha (bacheh; boy dancer), 4, 24, 44, 54, 67; Highbrow/lowbrow, 20, 33–34, 158, 202–206, 225; 28, 29–30, 38, 59, 87, 118, 217; Afghanistan, 4, 33, 158; Central Islamic, 95, 96; Performing, 4, Asia, 33–34, 184, 202–206, 9–10, 77, Caliphal Baghdad, 225, 228 111–120, 134 Bachehbazi, 34, 225, 242 n. 2 Roman, 4, 24, 70, 73, 74, 75–78; Badawi, M. M., 112–113 Traditional, 209; Western, 181, 209 Baghdad, 185, 188, 202; caliphal, 4, Asmar, Sami, 219, 220 7, 21, 26, 32, 33, 36, 71, 93–132, Assyria, 22 133, 134 Atasoy, Nurhan, 102 Baily, John, 226 Atheists and atheism, 94, 125 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 59 Athens and Attic, 14, 16, 21, 40–42, El-Balbeissi, Hasan, 160, 195, 44, 47, 49, 51, 54–55, 58, 62, 65, 200–201 72, 107, 137, 206 Bana’i, Moulana, 161, 168 Athletes and athletics in dance, 47, Banu Sasan, 32 73, 85, 144, 146, 152–153, 166, Baqi the Catamite, 105, 107 183, 184, 194–195, 224, 231; Bards (see poets) Caliphal Baghdad, 103, 104; Barkey, Karen, 147 Egypt, 183; Greece, 42, 43, 45, Barnes, T. D., 38 54, 59; Iran, 73, 104, 146; Mughal Bartsch, Shadi, 21, 50 India, 167 Bashshar b. Burd, 113 ‘Awalim (Egyptian vocalists), Bathhouses, 74, 75, 126 189–191 Bathyllus, 84, 85, 86 Audiences, 10, 14, 16, 17, 37 Baxandall, Michael, 9–10 Augustus (Roman emperor), 81, 84, Baysunghur, Sultan, 153, 167 85, 86, 90 Beacham, Richard C., 37 Aulos and aulos players, 21, 53, 56, “Bee, The” (Egyptian striptease 58–59, 60, 239 n. 3 dance), 195, 197, 201 INDEX 277

Beeman, William, 183 Cabarets (see nightclubs) Beeson, A. F., 121 Cafes (see Taverns) El-Belbeissi, Hasan (see El-Balbeissi, Cairo, 55, 118, 121, 123, 158, 174, Hasan) 176, 181, 182, 183, 187, 189–191, Bell, Gertrude, 94 195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 231, 235 Belly dance and belly dancers, 4, 23, Caliphs and Caliphate, 3, 8, 36, 51, 33, 47, 55, 56–57, 81–82, 155–156, 93–132, 134; Abbasid, 3, 4, 30, 158, 194, 195; cabaret, 195, 209, 33, 36, 93–132, 133, 148, 150; 220–222, 231, 233, 238 n. 1 Umayyad, 3, 33, 36, 96, 111 Berger, Morroe, 23, 209 Cameron, Averil, 68 Bhands (male Indian dancers), Cantemir, Demitrius, 168 161, 163 Carberry, Sean, 242 n. 1 Bharata natyam, 83 Carnival and carnivalesque, 6–7, 61 Bisexuality, 104, 106, 137 Cassius Dio, 85, 86 Bodies, 1, 4, 6, 7, 13, 15–16, 17, Castle, Vernon, 34 22, 31, 36, 42, 48, 52, 72, 78, 79, Castration, 73, 123, 226, 227, 240 n. 9 79, 102, 123, 137, 174, 178, 199, Caswell, Fuad Matthew, 98 200–201, 234, 236 Cattalus, 72 Bodies That Matter (book title), 19 Caesar, Julius, 72 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 171 Celebi, Evliya, 158 Boone, Joseph, 199 Celebrities, 1, 2, 25 Bouhidba, Abdelwahab, 100 Celebrity (see fame) Bosworth, C. E., 32 Central Asia, 5, 26, 31, 33–34, 36, 51, Boy dancers (see dancers, male; 57, 116, 131, 140, 166, 171, 172, bacha) 173, 175–176, 184–185, 207, 209, Boyce, Mary, 238 n. 5 216, 225, 228–230 Bravery (see courage) Ceremonies, 142, 146, 149, 150, 153, Bray, Julia, 121 180, 186, 212 British (Great Britain and British) Champlin, Edward, 81 Brittan, Arthur, 13 Chardin, Jean, 134, 135, 158, 163 Brown, Louise, 233–234 Chakravorty, Pallabi, 196 Brown, Peter, 8 Chauncey, George, 11–12 Browne, Edward, 191, 193 Children, 9, 13, 16, 23, 25, 26, 33–34, Brubaker, Leslie, 8, 88 43, 51, 72, 73, 74, 78, 107, 163 Bukhara, 33–34, 176, 184–185, 188, China and Chinese, 8, 143 202–206 Chorus girls, 2 Bulliet, Richard, 95 Choudhury, M. L. Roy, 35–36 Butler, Judith, 13, 19 Christians and Christianity, 6, 55, 68, Butrica, James, 75 77, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 96, 100, 101, Byzantium and Byzantine, 3, 6, 7, 8, 126, 137, 140, 176–177, 202, 213 26, 31, 36, 38, 67, 71, 73, 77–78, Chrysostom, John, 3 88, 95, 100, 102, 114, 148 Cicero, 18 278 INDEX

Cinaedus/kinaedos, 43, 47–48, 69, Continuity and continuities, 7–8, 10, 73–75, 90, 127, 163 23, 28, 32, 35–36, 38, 52, 55, 71, Çingine Ismail, 150 73, 77, 90, 95, 96, 102, 122, 135, Citizens, Greek, 41; Roman, 72 141, 211; Historical, 7, 23, 35–36, City state (see polis) 71, 73, 77, 90, 95, 96, 110–111, Civilizing Mission, 174, 175, 176 Social, 134 Clarke, John R., 24, 73, 74 Convivium (pl. convivia; Roman Class, economic and social, 2, 4, 6, banquets), 69, 89–91 7, 23, 24, 51, 62, 65, 67, 72–73, 79, Corbeil, Anthony, 69 80, 81, 86, 88, 98, 99–100, 103, Córdoba, 93, 121, 123, 128–129, 187 137, 138, 158, 173, 179, 184, 189, Costumes (see Clothing and 198, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216–217, costume) 218, 224, 232, 236, 238 n. 1 Cottam, Richard, 210 Classics and classics scholars, 5, 14, Courage, 45, 48 15, 18–19, 24, 28, 31, 37, 42, 44, Courtesans (see also awalim; 53, 69, 74, 78, 93 ghawazi; hetaera; tawa’if), 4, 5, Clavijo, Ruy Gonzales de, 150, 153 57, 60, 156–157, 165, 177, 196, Clothing and costume, 1, 9, 14, 16, 206–207; Male, 58, 60 20, 22, 74, 83, 93, 95, 96, 99, 129, Courtesans of Bombay (film), 24–25, 138–139, 151, 153, 164, 175, 186, 34, 169, 214 193, 195, 198, 200, 202, 203, 217, Courtiers, 102, 127, 150, 164 (see 220, 222, 224, 225, 226, 230, 238 n. also nadim) 7 (see also ambiguity, clothing) Courts, royal, 29, 93, 99, 148, 163; Coffeehouses, 21, 52, 55, 134, 151, Caliphal, 93–132 159, 164, 181, 182, 213 Crawford, Michael, 66 Colonialism, 171–207, 212; France, Criminals and criminal status, 3, 5, 6, 172, 175, 176; Great Britain, 32, 83, 100, 209, 225 172–173, 175, 176, 231; Ottoman Crompton, Louis, 11 Turkish, 176–177; Russia, 171, 172, 175–176 Damascus, 36, 114, 221 Colonization, Greek, 40–41 Dance and dancing (see also Belly Colonizing Egypt (book title), 174 dance, kordax), 16, 26, 31, 36, Comedy and comedians, 6, 18, 37, 38, 45, 55, 61, 69, 81, 84–85, 29, 38, 44, 54, 55, 61, 79, 84, 87, 87, 88, 98, 110, 134, 144, 146, 88, 123, 148, 152, 159, 186, 195, 154–157, 179, 191–207, 214; 206, 221 Ballet, 214, 216, 221, 228; Caliphal Commedia dell’arte, 89, 157, Baghdad, 98, 100, 111, 123, 158, 182 131–132; Choral, 54, 55; Dabka, Comotti, Giovanni, 75–76 220; Folk, 238 n. 3; Lebanese, 220; Competitiveness, 44 State-sponsored ensembles, 209, Constantinople (see also Istanbul), 215; Bahor, 228; Egypt, 232–233; 71, 77, 87–88, 143, 147 Greek, 42, 54, 55, 56; Group, 17, INDEX 279

43; Indian, 156; Iranian, 156; Solo, Dirks, Nicholas B., 173–174 17–18, 59, 163 Doi, Mary Masayo, 215 Dancers (See also pantomimes) 1, Dougherty, Carol, 16, 39 2, 5, 22, 25, 28, 33, 36–38, 50, 59, Dowlatshah, 154 79, 81, 87, 89, 90, 93, 100, 122, Drama (see Theatre) 144, 149–152, 179, 189, 191–207, Duncan, Isadora, 2 217; Bukhara, 184–185; Caliphal Dunne, Bruce William, 179, 210, 218 Baghdad, 112, 126; Çengi, 156; Dupree, Louis, 226 Central Asia, 184–185, 202–206; During, Jean, 187, 188 Dancing girls of Cadiz (Gaditane), Dushanbeh, 184 33, 79, 81–82, 89, 194; Devadasi, 165, 196; Egyptian, 183, 189–191, Easterling, Pat, 53 194–195, 197–201, 220–222; Economy and economic, 139–140, Female, 2, 33, 55, 59, 144, 148– 171, 172–174, 211; Caliphal 152, 154–156, 158–156, 174, 179, Baghdad, 99, 122, 133; Greece, 40, 192–207, 215, 220–224, 228–230, 41; Ottoman Turkish, 176; Rome, 232, 234, 236; Ghawazi, 182, 66 194–195, 197–200; Indian, 24–25; Edison, Thomas, 194 Iranian, 185, 188, 192, 193, 22–22, Education, 101, 175; Afghanistan, 2344; Khawal, 182, 198–202; 212; Greece, 42, 44, 48, 54, 58; Köçek, 2, 27, 156, 238 n. 7; male, Caliphal Baghdad, 97, 125; Egypt, 4, 23, 25, 27, 33–34, 47, 55, 59, 82, 173, 180; Gunpowder Empires, 101, 106, 108, 148–152, 154–156, 139, 143, 156; Mughal India, 196; 158–166, 179, 184, 188, 191, Ottoman Turkey, 177; Persia, 104, 192–207, 210, 218, 224–227, 228, 107, 143; Rome, 65 231–233, 234; Mughal India, 144, Edwards, Catherine, 69, 78 177, 198, 206–207, 220; Ottoman Effeminacy and effeminate, 3, 5, Turkey, 148, 234; nautch, 21, 181, 11, 12, 14–16, 19, 23, 27, 30, 32, 196, 206, 220, 234; pyrrhic, 17, 34, 35, 38, 47, 48, 59, 69, 74, 78, 54–55; ritual, 17, 18, 21; Roman, 80, 82, 83, 95, 104–111, 131–132, 78, 87, 90; 147, Skirt, 2 136–139, 179–180, 218 Dances of Egypt (film title), 194 Egypt, 3, 4, 21, 23, 31, 34, 36, 51, 57, Dancing Boys of Afghanistan (film), 4 81, 95, 96, 133, 138–139, 183, 184, Danielson, Virginia, 217 207, 213, 220, 221–222, 231–233, Daoud, Hassan, 102 238 n. 1; Copts, 97, 213; Fatemids, Dastgah (see maqam) 133; Mamlukes, 51, 101, 110, 118, Davidson, James, 9, 18, 26, 48, 50, 55, 133; Nineteenth century, 171–173, 57, 58, 60 175, 179, 183, 207; Ottoman, Defter-i Aşk (Book title), 150 158–159, 171; Tulunids, 133 Delhi, 147, 187 Emperor, Roman and the Imperial Devadasi (temple dancer, see court, 69, 70, 77, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, dancers, devadasi) 90, 102 280 INDEX

Entertainers, professional, 21–38, Festivities and festivals, 142, 56–62, 78–89, 121–132, 158–169, 144–145, 146, 149, 150, 165, 179, 184–186, 188–191, 197–207, 181, 186, 212, 213, 216, 227, 232; 218–220, 221–227, 228–233; Ottoman, 195 History of, 3–6; Natal origins FilmFarsi, 214, 223, 224, 234 of, 4, 23, 28; Present-day, 31–32, Films, 1, 8, 31, 99, 146, 194, 200, 214, 218–220, 231–232; Respectable, 220, 221, 232, 234 29–31, 56, 123–129, 228–230, Flaubert, Gustave, 160, 190, 194–195, 231–232 198–201, 221 Eromenos, 46, 48, 52, 58, 60, 64 Floor, Willem, 158 Erotica and eroticism, 175, 197, 207, Flute girls (see aulos players) 224 Foucault, Michel, 11, 50 Ethnicity, 4, 13, 39, 98, 143, 147, 177, France and French, 13 212, 240 n. 7, 242 n. 1 Frontisi-Ducroux, Françoise, 61 Etruscans, 39, 66, 77 Ettinghausen, Richard, 195 Gaffary, Farrokh, 186 Eunuchs, 70–71, 73, 78 Ganika (Indian courtesan), 165–166 Euripides, 40 Garber, Majorie, 197, 200 Europe and Europeans (see also Gardens, 100, 119 West, the and Westerners), 28, Garrison, Daniel H., 15, 40 37, 75, 77, 139–140, 145, 147, Gay New York (book title), 11–12 148–149, 154–155, 158, 160, 163, Gaze, 131 171–207 Geertz, Clifford, 9, 18 Exhibitions, World, 174 Gellner, Ernest, 209 Exoticism, 2, 58, 81, 90, 145, 197, Gender and gender roles, 4, 5, 10, 200, 201 11–14, 16, 19, 28, 41–47, 68–71, 72, 78, 83, 105, 139, 180, 185, 212, Fairouz (Lebanese vocalist), 218, 227, 233 218–220, 233, 235 Gender in the Early Medieval World: Fame, 1, 3, 14, 25, 37, 53 East and West, 300–900 (book Fantham, Elaine R., 37, 87 title), 8 Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr, 116 Generosity, 45 Farah, Ibrahim, 194 Genitals, 9, 41, 88, 102, 118, 197, 227 Faraone, Christopher, 18 Georgians, 23, 151, 234 Farhat, Hormoz, 35, 238 n. 5 Geography, 7–8 Fatemi, Sasan, 184, 206 Ghawazi dancers, 21, 189–191, 221 Fear, A. T., 79, 81–82 Ghazal, 113 Feldman, Martha, 57, 196 Ghengis Khan, 133, 141, 143 Female dancers (see dancers female) Gieben, Bram, 211 Feminine (see also effeminacy and Gink (dancing boy), 160, 198, effeminate) 242 n. 4 Feminization and feminizing, 178 Gladiators, 78, 83 INDEX 281

Gleason, Maud, 69, 72, 73 Hansen, Mogens Herman, 40 Go-Between (book title) 8 Harems, 175, 189, 191, 193, 205 Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr., 171–172 Harries, Jill, 13 Gordon, Bonnie, 57, 196 Hartley, L. P., 8 Gordon, Matthew S., 130, 131 Harun al-Rashid, 98, 117, 125, 127, Gosan, 35, 238 n. 5 130, 133 Gossip, 1, 2, 217 Hattox, Ralph J., 151 Graffiti, 24, 50 Hatzaki, Myrto Graham-Browne, Sarah, 174, 194 Healy, Dan, 224–225 Great Britain and British, 171, 178, Hemati, Jalal, 26 181, 206 Herat, 160–161, 168, 187, 225 Great Musical Tradition, 114, 141, Hesiod, 40 187–189 Hetaira and hetairai (see also Greece and Greeks, ancient, 3, 6, courtesans), 5, 15, 18–19, 20, 48, 8, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 36, 51, 57–58, 60, 96, 156, 239 n. 2 37, 39–64, 65, 73, 74, 84, 90, 96, Heteronormativity, 11, 12, 16, 50, 71, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 111, 158; 94, 105, 180, 184, 210 Archaic Age, 40, 53; Classical, Heterosexuality, 62, 185, 237 n. 5 40, 41, 53, 93; Hellenistic, 42, 45, Hijras, 34, 71, 184, 226–227, 234, 236 53, 62; In Ottoman Turkey, 156, Hindus and Hinduism, 177–178, 158, 160, 177, 198, 234; Society 196–197 compared to Rome, 65, 66–68 History and historical, 7–8, 93, Green, J. R., 44 127; Greece, 39–43; Gunpowder Greenfeld, Liah, 212 empires, 133–136, 139–143, Greus, Jesús, 128 146–147; Islamic, 94–100; Griffin, Jasper, 68, 78, 80 Nineteenth century, 171–178; Gruen, Erich, 67 Rome, 64–68, 73 Guilds, entertainers’, 3–4, 25, 155, Hobhouse, John Cam, 156, 160 184–185 Hodgson, Marshall, 141 Gunderson, Erik, 69 Hojjati, Eskandar, 26 Gunpowder Empires, 139–149 Hollywood, 2, 8, 90, 99, 100, 221 Gymnasium, 42, 48 Homer and Homeric epics, 40, 42, Gypsies (see Roma) 43, 48, 62, 135 Homophobia, 202, 210 Hafez, 9 Homosexuality (see also pederasty), Hage, Ghassan, 178 4, 5, 10–13, 14–15, 34, 47–52, 61, Hair, facial, 101–102 62, 73, 74–75, 94, 100, 104–111, Hal, 117 118–119, 120, 123, 124, 137–138, Hall, Stuart, 211 150–151, 162, 179–180, 183, 193, Halperin, David, 11, 49, 50, 237 n. 5 201–202, 210, 215, 218, 224–227, Hall, Edith, 28, 54, 80 237 n. 5 Hansen, Ann, 66 Honor, 44, 48, 53, 102, 165, 205 282 INDEX

Hood, Kathleen, 219, 220 Intelligentsia, Egyptian, 175; Hopper, Hedda, 1 Ottoman Turkish, 175; Hopwood, Derek, 175, 191–192 Persian, 175 Hosayn Bayqara, Sultan, 168 Interconnectedness, 7–9, 36; Hospitality, 43–44, 45, 103, 137, Between Greece and Rome, 65, 165, 178 67–68; Between the Ottoman, Hubel, Teresa, 234 Safavid, and Mughal Empires; Hülegü Khan, 133 Geographical, 7–9, 32, 141; Humayun, Mughal Sultan Historical, 7–9, 32 Hupperts, Charles, 49 Iran (see also Persia), 1, 6, 18, 19, 26, 32, 34, 35, 36, 96, 107, 108, Ibn-Daniyal, Muhammad, 118 138, 179, 181, 184, 190–191, 215, Ibn Misdjah, 115 216–217, 222–224, 231; Islamic Ibrahim al-Mahdi (Abbasid prince), Republic of, 218, 223, 233, 236, 127 238 n. 6 Ibrahim al-Mawsili, 99, 122, 127 Iranian New Year (No ruz), 1 Ichijo, Atsuko, 210 Iranians, 12, 13, 97; Diaspora, 2, Identity, Afghan, 212; ethnic and 25–26; Students, 2 national, 210; Iranian, 210, 212; Iraq and Iraqis, 96, 224 Pashtun, 212; Tajik-Persian, 212; Isfahan, 140, 145, 146, 151 Turkish Ishaq al-Mawsili, 111, 116, 122, Iliad, 42, 62, 135 126–127, 128, 130 Il-Khanids, 141 Islam, 19, 35–36, 68, 94–98, 100, 101, Imperialism (see colonialism) 110, 125, 140–141, 196, 204, 213, Improvisation, 18, 19, 61, 87, 122, 217–218; history, 239 n. 4:1 163, 182–183 Islam, Medieval, 30, 32, 37, 91, Imru’ al-Qays, 113 94–98, 100, 102, 105, 210 Incalik, Halil, 147 Islamic civilization and Islamic India and Indians (see also Mughal world, 3, 8, 35, 71, 89, 90, Empire), 3, 21, 26, 71, 147, 166, 93–132, 134, 154, 167, 178, 197, 171, 175, 177–178, 184, 206–207, 217, 221 220, 234 Islamists, 31, 178, 215, 221, 225, 234, Indian National Congress, 178 235, 236 Infamy (infamia) and infamis, 2, 10, Istanbul, 10, 140, 145, 154–55, 187, 29, 78–79, 83, 86 195, 198 Instruments and instrumentalists, Al-Jahiz, 121 musical, 26, 30, 53, 55, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 91, 114, 115, 116, 127, 130, Jamal (see Jamali, Khosrow) 135, 149, 150, 153–154, 155, 156, Jamali, Khosrow (Jamal), 159, 161, 164, 167–169, 181, 187, 134–135, 154 188, 191, 200, 213, 214, 215–216, Janissaries (Ottoman soldiers), 241 n. 4 160, 198 INDEX 283

Jankha (transgendered Indian Kordax (dance) and kordax dancers, dancer), 163 4, 43, 55, 61 Japan and Japanese, 13 Kothis (transgendered Indian Jesus Christ, 101 dancers), 163 Jews, 23, 96, 156, 157, 158, 160, 184, Krotala (castanets, clackers), 17, 56 185, 191, 198, 202, 234 Kuchuk Hanim, 190, 191, 194–195, Jones, Christopher, 90 197, 198–199, 201, 241 n. 3 Jory, John, 83 Kurke, Leslie, 16 Justinian, 77, 87, 88 Juvenal, 80–81, 84, 85–86, 194 Lada-Richards, Ismene, 31 Landels, John, 80 Kabbani, Rana, 191–192 Lane, Edward William, 138–139, Kabul, 136, 142 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 194, 198 Kai Ka’us b. Iskandar, 104, 108 Language and linguistic, 39, 94, 115, Kalpakli, Mehmet, 101, 104, 106, 145 148, 212; Arabic, 97, 98, 121, 122, Kar kid (Sumerian prostitute), 22 123, 135; Chaghatay Turkish, Karagőz (Turkish shadow puppet 142, 167; English, 143; Latin, 98; theatre), 157–158, 183 Persian, 2, 13, 98, 135, 142–143; Kari-Yakubov, Mukhiddin, 228, 230 Ottoman Turkish, 135, 142 Kashmir, 161 Lansdell, Henry, 205 Kathak (Indian classical dance Late Antiquity, 96 genre), 156, 161, 196–197, 207 Law and legal, 14–15, 48, 78–79, 51, Katib (plural, kuttab), 97, 98, 103 83, 84, 88, 89, 111–112 Kemalists, 212 Lawler, Lillian, 54 Kennedy, Hugh, 127 Lear, Andrew, 24 Keuls, Eva, 41–42, 44, 45, 93 Lebanon, 215, 218, 220, 231 Khaleqi, Ruhollah, 187, 191 Levin, Theodore, 184, 185, 206, 224 Khalfi Khan, 177 Levine, Lawrence W., 29–30 Khanith (male effeminate in Oman), Libanius, 27 123, 240 n. 8 Lissargue, François, 61 Khawal (see Dancers, khawal) Literature, 5, 94, 95, 98, 104, 142, Khazeni, Arash, 136 151; Arabic, 189; medieval, 106, Khusras, 71, 226–227, 233–234 108; Greek, 9, 24, 40, 42, 43, 44, Khwaja Yusuf Andigani, 153, 167 61; Medical, 102; Mughal, 135; Kilpatrick, Hilary, 112, 115, 124 Ottoman Turkish, 135; Persian, Kinaedos (see cinaedus) 104, 135, 193; Roman (Latin), Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 37 24, 26 Kitab al-Aghani (book title), 112, Liwat (sodomy),102, 106, 137 115, 116, 117, 118, 124, 127 Loeb, Laurence D., 185 Koepke, Bruce, 226 Los Angeles Komos (pleasurable state of Lowenthal, David, 8, 63 drunkenness), 18, 60–61 Lower body, 6, 61, 62, 157 284 INDEX

Lucan, 85–86 Maza, Sarah, 2–3 Lucian, 27, 78, 83 McGinn, Thomas, 89 Lucknow, 161, 173, 177, 181, 196 Media, 1, 2, 4, 29, 214, 215, 216; Lumpenproletariat, 7, 100 Print, 1, 2 Mediterranean world, 3, 8, 35, 54, Ma’bun (see ‘ubna) (passive partner 102, 106, 107, 122, 131, 138, 140, in sodomy) 178, 210, 218 Maecenas, 84, 86 Meftahi, Ida, 215 Magic tricks and magicians, 26, 36, Mehmet II, 147 37, 59, 79, 144, 153, 183 Mehter (Ottoman military Mahdavian, Emelie, 184 orquestra), 153 Mahvash (Iranian vocalist), 217 Membré, Michele, 134 Majlis (pl. Majalis) (social Metrobius, 84 gatherings), 100, 117, 119–120, Mian Mamanat, 162–163 150, 160–161, 164, 166, 180 Middle Ages, 89 Malikjak, 27, 108 Middle East, 5, 8, 26, 31, 50, 57, 71, Al-Ma’mun (caliph), 126, 130, 133 81, 94, 107, 116, 131,138, 140, Mansouri, Lottollah, 23 171–207, 209–236 Maqam (musical mode), 115, 116, Military and war, 101, 102, 138, 139, 167, 187, 216, 217, 219 141, 171, 172–173, 175; Arab, 97, Maqsud Ali Raqas, 160–161 98, 101; France, 172; Great Britain, Marcus, Scott, 187 171, 172–173; Greece, 42, 43, 45, Marketplace, 21, 80, 89, 119, 120, 48; Music, 153; 132, 150, 160, 181, 182, 213 Mughal India, 107; Persia, 107, 138, Marrakesh, 153, 181 172; Ottoman Empire, 101, 138, Martial, 82, 194 172; Roman, 67–68, 68–69, 70; Martin, Vanessa, 186 Russian, 173; Turkish, 103 Masabni, Badi’ah, 182, 195, 221–222, Military bands, 181, 186 233 Millet and millet system, 176–177 Masculinity and masculinities, 4, Mime and mimes, 28, 36, 37–38, 77, 5, 11–14, 15–16, 38, 39, 74, 80, 78, 79, 81, 82, 87–89, 123, 159 134, 143, 210; Caliphal Baghdad, Mina (Ostad), 191 101–104; Colonialism, 178–179; Miniature paintings (see painting) Greece, 41–47, 61; Mughal India, Mirror for Princes (book title), 104 136–137, 143, 167; Safavid Persia, Misogyny, 5, 13, 46–47, 101, 136–137; Ottoman Turkey, 137– 137, 178 138; Rome, 65, 68–70, 73, 74, 78 Mitchell, Timothy, 173, 176, 179, 202 Masks, 14, 16, 83, 84, 85, 87, 195 Modern and modernity, 207, 209– Massad, Joseph A., 106, 107 211, 215–216, 218, 220, 221, 225, Matthee, Rudi, 33 227–228, 235; “modernoid,” 211 Mawali (non-Arab converts to Mofid, Ardevan, 239 n. 4 Islam), 97, 98, 131 Mohabbazin (Egyptian actors), 183 INDEX 285

Moiseyev, Igor and the Moiseyev 217; Greek, 30, 54, 56–57, 58–60; Dance Company, 230, 232 In Islam, 110, 112, 186–187; In Mongols (see also Mughal), 133, 134, the Theatre, 54; Lebanese, 219; 135–136, 139 Mughal India, 153, 156, 161, Monroe, James T., 108 188; Notation, 168, 216; Persian, Moralists and morality, 2, 4, 17, 28, 115, 117, 146, 148, 150, 185, 186, 31–32, 69, 70, 109, 123, 125, 151, 188, 215–216; Popular, 216–217, 158, 185, 204, 224, 233 Arabesk, 216, Lebanese, 219; Morcom, Anna, 163 Persian, 216–217; Regionalization, Moreh, Shmuel, 118, 119, 123 187–188; Roman, 75–77, 85; Morony, Michael G., 96, 97 Turkish, 115, 168, 188, 216; Morris, Ian, 44 Western, 117, 215–216 Mosques, 95, 96, 99 Musicians, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30, Motreb and motrebi (public 37, 53, 54, 63, 79, 93, 143, 148, entertainer), 26, 29, 122, 185, 166–169, 188–189, 215–220; 216, 217 Afghanistan, 225, 226; Bukhara, Mouritsen, Henrik, 66 184–185; Egypt, 188–190, 213; In Movies and movie actors, 1 Caliphal Baghdad, 113–118, 120, Mu’alliqat (poetry collection), 113 121–123, 124, 126–132 (see also Mughal Empire and the Mughals, 3, Singing slave girls); India, 227; 5, 30, 34, 51, 133–169, 171, 176, Lebanon, 218–220; Male, 218; 177–178, 181 Mughal India, 144, 166; Ottoman Muhammad (Prophet), 94, 97, 101, Turkey, 152, 159; Qajar Iran, 183, 102, 111, 115, 123, 131, 213, 241 194; Saffavid Persia, 135, 164 n. 2 Musiqa al-Kabir (book title), 116 Muhammad, Ali, ruler of Egypt, 197, Muslims, 9, 23, 28, 94–98, 102, 198 145, 147, 176, 177–178, 179, 181, Mujun (scurrilous poetry), 113, 125 184, 185, 191, 198, 202, 212, 215; Mukhannathun (effeminates), 30, 32, Shi’ite, 95, 184; Sunni, 184 104–105, 116, 119, 122–123, 127, Al-Mu’tasim (caliph), 130, 133 131–132, 138, 139, 218 Al-Mutayyam (shadow puppet play), Mulid, 159, 180, 213 118 Murray, Oswyn, 62 Al-Mu’tazz (caliph), 131 Murray, Stephen O., 11 Myth, Greek, 39, 54, 82, 84 Music, 16, 28, 30, 31, 35–36, 43, 45, 53, 55, 61, 62, 85, 104, 110, 117, Nadim, 30, 93, 98, 117, 125, 127 137, 144, 146, 150, 153–154, 156, Najmabadi, Afsaneh, 12, 13, 101, 186–188, 206, 215–220; Arab, 108, 179, 180, 202, 210 113–118, 124, 126, 188, 217; Naqareh and Naqarehkhaneh, 153, Central Asian, 115, 206, 216; In 186 Caliphal Baghdad, 112, 113–118, Naser al-Din Shah, 27, 108, 186 126–132; Egypt, takht, 187; Folk, Nasser, Abdel Gamal, 232 286 INDEX

Nationalism, 207, 210, 212; Egyptian, Ortaoyunu (Turkish theatre genre), 231; Iranian, 210; Lebanese, 219; 157, 158, 183 Turkish, 210 Ottoman Empire and the Ottomans, Nature and natural, 101, 108, 3, 25, 27, 34, 51, 71, 131, 133–169, 179, 180 171, 176–177, 207, 212 Nautch (see dancers, nautch) Ovid, 85 Nava’i, Ali Sher, 167, 168 Nazar (shahed-bazi, gazing at Pagans and paganism, 6, 38, 68, 75, beautiful young men), 239 n. 1 109–110, 137 Paintings, 9–10, 147, 149, 154; Greek Nero, 80, 81 (see vases and vase paintings, New York City, 11–12 Greek); Mughal, 147, 149, 161, Nidham-i-Aruzi-i-Samarqandi, 102 166, 206; Ottoman Turkish, 149, Nieuwkerk, Karin van, 31, 181, 190, 161, 195; Persian, 22, 110, 142, 197, 198, 221, 238 n. 1 145, 149, 161, 195; Qajar, 192–193; Nightclubs, 1, 181, 213, 216, 220, Roman Wall Paintings, 4, 74 221–223 Pakistan, 3, 26, 71, 96, 105–106, 115, Nomads and nomadic, 136, 141, 153 166, 175, 178, 184 Nooshin, Laudan, 8, 217–218 Pantomimes, 4, 5, 14, 19, 21, 28, 31, North Africa, 57, 140–141, 171, 172, 32, 37–38, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82–89, 173, 174, 175, 177 90, 91, 160, 163 Nudity, 42, 48, 63, 89, 90, 197 Paris (famous pantomime artist), 85–86 Odyssey, 42, 62, 135 Parker, Charles, H., 139–140 Ogilvy, J. D. A., 89 Parker, Holt N., 71, 74 Olearus, Adam, 164 Parsons, Louella, 1 Oman, 123, 139 Parties and entertainments Opera and opera houses, 181 (see Majlis) Orators and oratory, 42, 44, 45, Pashtuns, 212 70, 80 Past Is a Foreign Country (book title), Orchestras, Arab, 187, 220; 8, 63 symphony, 214, 215, 216, 235; Patriarchal and patriarchy, 5, 14, 178 traditional, 187, 215–216, Pausanias, 108 234 (see also Instruments and Peasants, 17 instrumentalists, musical) Pederasty (see also homosexuality), Orientalism and orientalists, 71, 14, 27, 46–52, 65, 72, 73, 94, 106, 94, 200 107, 137, 204–205, 239 n. 1 Orientalism (book title), 140, 172, Pellizer, Ezio, 62 175, 202 Penetration, sexual, 4, 5, 10, 11–12, Orphans, 23, 28, 33, 51, 121, 184, 13, 21, 47, 50–51, 71–72, 75, 102, 201, 224, 228, 234, 235 111, 184, 205, 234; symbolic, 234, Orr, Leslie, 196 235 (see also liwat) INDEX 287

Performances, 2, 4, 6, 7, 14, 16–17, Asia, 167; Ottoman, 238 n. 7; 29, 36, 77, 80–81, 83–84, 86, 87, Persian, 167; Safavid Persia, 135 88, 117, 148, 149, 150, 156, 179, Polis (see Greece, City state), 21, 181, 198, 212, 214–215, 227 62, 65 “Period eye,” 9–10, 28 Politics and politicians, 14, 15, Persia and Persians, 160, 175; 29, 44, 67, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95, 99, Achaemenids, 210; Ghaznavids, 140, 141, 199, 211, 212, 216, 219, 134; Islamic, 3, 54; Pre-Islamic, 229, 233 22, 35, 54, 95, 97, 114; Qajar, 23, Politics and Poetics of Transgression, 27, 34, 51, 131, 172, 176, 174, 181, The (book title), 6 207; Safavid, 3, 23, 33, 51, 106, Polybius, 69 122, 131, 133–169, 171; Saffarids, Popescu-Judetz, Eugenia, 238 n. 7 133; Samanids, 133; Seljuqs, 134; Popular Culture and Nationalism in Taherids, 133 Lebanon: The Fairouz and Rahbani Persians, 98 Nation (Book title), 219 Phallus and phallic, 9, 41, 61, 72, Population, Athens, 4 157–158, 178 Potter, David S., 78, 84–85 Phillip, the Macedon, 53 Pourjavady, Amir Hosein, 31, 141, Philosophy and philosophers, 9, 17, 148, 154, 165, 167 24, 40, 49, 64, 69, 125 Poverty (see scarcity culture) Phoenicians, 39 Pran, Nevile, 207 Photographs, 193–194 Procopius, 87–88 Plato, 17, 30, 43, 49 Prostitutes and prostitution, 4, 5, Pliny, 81 14–15, 22, 24, 33, 35, 36, 41, 51, Poetry, 19, 30, 45, 58, 67, 69, 52, 58, 83, 87, 97, 100, 112, 137, 112–113, 117, 144, 150–151, 145, 154, 156, 158, 165–166, 181, 161; Arabic, 90, 109, 112–113, 185, 207, 214, 217, 223, 225, 226, 117, 121, pre-Islamic, 112–113, 231, 232, 238 n. 1, 239 n. 1; Male, 114; Caliphal Baghdad, 98, 102, 22, 49, 51, 71, 73, 74–75, 78, 123, 103–104, 109, 112–113; Chaghatay 202, 224, 225, 226 Turkish, 143; Greek, 40, 42, 43, Puchner, Walter, 77 44, 45, 52, 56, 58, 60, 62, 67, 150; Puppet and shadow shows, 19, 79, Latin, 151; Medieval Islamic, 118, 122, 134, 156, 157–158, 183 238 n. 7; Ottoman Turkish, (see also storytelling) 101, 109–110, 112, 150; Middle Pylades, 84, 85, 86 Eastern, 49; Persian, 56, 90, 94, 104, 109–110, 112, 142–143, 156, Qabus-nameh (book title) 108 162, 222; Turkish, 112 Qajar dynasty (see Persia, Qajars) Poets, 5, 11, 30, 42, 49, 50, 52, 53, 56, Qasidah, 112–113, 122 85–86, 93, 102, 143, 161, 218, 235; Qiyan (singular gaynah). (See singing Caliphal Baghdad, 93, 102, 103, slave girls) 119, 123–126, 130, 148; Central Quadratilla, Ummidia, 21, 127 288 INDEX

Qu’ran, 35–36, 96, 97, 111, 125, 143, Roscius, 30 240 n. 2, 240 n. 6 El-Rouayheb, Khaled, 106, 107–108 Qureshi, Regula Burckhardt, 165 Rouché, Charlotte, 53 Rowson, Everett, 30, 102, 105, 109, Race and racism, 174, 199, 206, 110–111, 118–119, 122–123, 206–207 126, 132 Racy, Jihad, 117 Rubin, Don, 119 Radio, 1, 29, 214, 215, 216, 235 Ru-howzi (Iranian theatrical genre), Rahas (male Indian dancers), 161, 19, 87, 157, 158, 183 162, 163 Russia and Russians (see also Soviet Rahbani Brothers (Asi and Union), 12, 171, 216 Mansour), 219 Rahbani, Ziad, 219 Safavid Empire and the Safavids, Raj (British), 143, 177 134, 135 Raqas (male dancer; see also Said, Edward, 140, 172, 175, 201, 202 raqsandeh), 23, 163, 228 Sakata, Hiromi Lorraine, 225 Rawson, Elizabeth, 67, 69 Saleh, Magda, 194, 195 Reda, Mahmoud and the Reda Sama’, 110 Company, 231–233 Samarqand, 59, 95–96, 153, 168, 176, Reddy, Gayatri, 34, 227, 236 187, 202–207 Religion (see also Christianity, Saqi (see wine bearers) Hindu, Islam, Judaism, Sarshar, Houman, 185 Zoroastrianism), 4, 17, 49, 53, 66, Sasanians, 97, 99, 113, 119 67, 93, 94–98, 100, 134, 135, 154, Saturday Night Live (television 176–177, 180–181, 183 program), 19 Religious minorities, 154, 156, 184, Sawa, George, 112, 114 185, 191, 234 Sayid Darwish, 219 Rezvani, Medjid, 163, 194, 238 n. 5 Sazanda (Tajik and Uzbek Richlin, Amy, 7, 10, 26, 47–48, 50 musicians), 184 Ringrose, Kathryn, 71, 73, 77–78 Scandal and scandalous, 1, 2, 24, 32, Riots, 10, 100, 160 79, 81, 110, 125, 238 n. 4 Ritual, 53, 54, 55, 62, 142; Hindu, Scarcity culture, 40, 43–44 196–197; shamanistic, 195 Scare figures, 2, 4, 31, 47, 74, 88 Roded, Ruth, 101 Schimmel, Annemarie, 94, Roles, theatrical, 14, 37, 82, 163 109–110, 111, Roma, 7, 234 Schuyler, Eugene, 33, 202–206 Rome and Romans, ancient, 3, 4, 8, Scipio Aemilianus, 31 9, 10, 14, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27–28, Sculpture, Greece, 42, 44 29, 31, 33, 36, 37–38, 40, 48, 63, Second Sophistic, 45 64–91, 100, 102, 103, 108, 111, Secret History (book title), 87–88 123, 156, 163; Christian, 28, 68; Self-control, 15, 40, 43–45, 48, 69, 70, Imperial, 111; Republican, 69 104, 110, 137, 174–175 INDEX 289

Sellers-Young, Barbara, 232 32, 157, 191, 216–217; Mawali, 98; Sex and sexuality (see also Mughal India, 161, 177; Savavid masculinity and masculinities, Persia, 135, 150, 158; Singing slave homosexuality), 4, 12–13, 15–16, girls, 4, 21, 26, 96–97, 99, 119–120, 17–18, 20, 23, 28, 32, 33–34, 121–122, 123, 124, 129–131, 156, 51–52, 62–64, 71–73, 93–94, 101, 157, 166, 189; Turkish, 157 104, 112, 118–119, 122, 131, 133, Siyah-bazi (see ru-howzi, Iranian 137, 144, 149–152, 155–156, 162, black-face theatre), 157 173, 175, 184, 190, 194–195, 196, Skinner, Marilyn B., 14 199, 210, 214, 215, 218, 223, 224, Slater, William, 88 235, 236 Slaves and slavery, 4, 14, 23, 25, 28, Sexual availability, 3, 4, 6, 10–11, 32, 33, 39, 41, 51, 52, 53, 58, 60, 65, 33–34, 38, 63, 82, 83, 95, 121, 122, 67, 72, 73, 77, 79, 90, 96, 121–122, 131, 145, 156, 160, 165, 174–176, 127, 130–131, 154, 166, 234 226, 235 Smith, Julia M., 8 Shaff, Edmund, 237 n. 2 Socrates, 26, 49, 55 Shah Abbas I (the Great), 146, 164 Soneji, Davesh, 220 Shah Abbas II, 150 Sophocles, 125 Shah Esma’il, 164, 165 Soucek, Svat, 175, 176 Shah Jahan, 147 Southeast Asia (see also India, Shahnameh (book title), 135, 143 Pakistan), 209 Shah-nameh khani, 56, 135 Soviet Union, 175, 176, 206, 209, Shahrani, Nazif, 212 216, 225, 228–231, 235 Shahrzad (Kobra Sa’idi, Iranian film Spain (see Anadalusia) actress), 217, 222–224, 230, 233, Sparta, 41, 44, 49, 65 234, 235 Spectacle, 17, 53, 55, 82, 85, 86, 89, Shamisa, Sirus, 108 90, 215, 232 Sharar, Abdul Halim, 161–162, 163 Spector, Johanna, 216 Shari’a, 111, 137 Spirituality, 2 Sherley, Anthony, 106, 149, 150 Stallybrass, Peter, 6–7, 32, 61, 62, 78, Shiloah, Amnon, 31, 114, 141, 148 79, 145, 157 Shiraz, 94, 185 Stokes, Martin, 216, 218 Shireh’i, Karim, 186 Stone, Catherine, 95–96 Shirokaya, O. I., 229 Stone, Christopher, 215, 219 Shu’ubiyyah, 97 Storytelling and storytellers, 52–53, Sigheh (temporary wives), 137 56, 134–135, 182–183, 213; Singers and singing, 5, 26, 30, 37, 38, Caliphal Baghdad, 119; Greece, 54, 56, 61, 69, 80, 81, 82, 87, 100, 52; Ottoman Turkey, 152; Persia, 110, 214, 215–220, 228; Abbasid, 134–135, 164 100, 103–104, 112, 114, 116, St. Denis, Ruth, 2 119–123, 124, 126–132; Arab, 159, Starks, John H., 28 189–191; Egyptian, 217; Iranian, 2, Streusand, Douglas, 94, 140 290 INDEX

Sufis and Sufism, 109–110, 135, 136, Theatre (see also actors), 5, 16, 17, 137, 195, 196 21, 45, 53, 56, 62, 67, 150, 157, Sulla, 30 158, 179, 181, 182–183, 214, Sultan, Ottoman, 102 222–224, 225; Greek, 9, 42, 45, 53, Sumeria, 22, 31 55, 67; history, 5; Iranian, 19, 87, Sunnis, 95 157–158, 182–183; religious, 241 Swift, Mary Grace, 229–230 n. 2; Medieval Islam, 118–119; Symposium (see also convivium), Ottoman Turkey, 157–158, 17–18, 22, 43, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 182–183; Roman, 77–78, 82, 84, 58, 59, 60–64, 69, 70, 89, 166, 206 87, 90 Symposium (book title), 26, 53 Theodora (Empress), 87–88 Syria, 95, 96, 114, 128 Theoginis, 50, 51 Syrians, Aramaic-speaking, 97 Thesiger, Wilfred, 224 Thévenot, Jean de, 149, 157 Tabriz, 168, 188 Thousand and One Nights, 99, 119, Tacitus, 81 125, 127, 145 Taj al-Saltaneh, 27 Thucydides, 40, 44 Taj Mahal, 146 Timarchus, 14–15 Tajik-Persians, 212 Timur (Tamarlane), 141, 142, 143, Tajiks and Tajikistan, 3, 184, 216, 224 150, 168–169 Talattof, Kamran, 211, 217, Timurids, 134, 135–136, 141, 142, 222–224, 235 144, 168 Taliban, 225, 236 Toner, Jerry, 66 Tamara Khanum, 25, 222, 228–230, Tougher, Shaun, 71 233, 235 Touma, Habib Hassan, 96, 116 Taplin, Oliver, 44 Tourists and tourism, 181, 197, 209, Tarab (emotional state of happiness), 220; sexual, 175, 190 117 Training and Education (of public Tashkent, 176, 228 entertainers), 24–26, 55, 60, 80, Taverns, 21, 74, 100, 151, 160, 181, 121, 127, 131, 154, 166, 201, 204, 238 n. 5 218, 228–229 Tawa’if (Mughal courtesans) 5, Trance states, 17 34, 156–157, 165, 177, 181, 196, Transgender, 163 206–207, 220 Transgression and transgressive, 2–3, Taylor, Rabun, 75 6–7, 15–16, 201 Teahouse (see coffeehouse) Transoxania (see Central Asia) Tehran, 153, 195, 222, 239 n. 3:2 Turkey and Turks (see also Ottoman Tehrani, Hosein, 154 Empire), 3, 6, 25, 26, 36, 94, 115, Tehrani, Shahnaz, 26 139, 147, 160, 175, 198, 212, 215, Television, 214, 215, 216, 235 220, 231 Tenreiro, Pedro, 6 Turner, Victor, 6 Thackston, Wheeler M., 142, 153 Tuways, 116, 118, 122, 126, 131–132 INDEX 291

‘Ubaydallah ibn Tahir, 115–116 Whitmarsh, Tim, 80 ‘Ubna (passive role in sodomy), 102, Wikan, Unni, 123, 139 104–105, 139 Wilfong, Terry, 125 ‘Ud (musical instrument), 154 Williams, Craig A., 74, 75, Uebel, Michael, 32 78, 79 Umm Kulthum, 217, 233, 235 Wills, C. J., 188, 192–193 Unfinished Gestures: Devadasis, Winchell, Walter, 1 Memory, and Modernity in South Wine and wine poetry, 18, 24, 43, 45, India (book title), 220 61–2, 63, 104, 106, 109, 110, 124, United States, 2, 175, 184 125, 144, 150, 193, 206 Urdu, 142 Wine and cup bearers, 90, 106, 110, Uzbeks and Uzbekistan, 3, 25, 33, 120, 193 142, 184, 215, 216, 224, 225, Winkler, John, 12–13, 15, 47 228–230, 235 (See also Bukhara) Women with Mustaches and Men Uzelac, Gordana, 210 without Beards (book title), 12 World of Late Antiquity (book title), 8 Valentino, Rudolph, 34 World War I, 177, 207 Vasefi-Zein al-din, 160–161, 164 Wrestling and wrestlers (see athletics Vases and vase paintings, Greek, and athletes) 4, 17, 24, 42, 44, 49, 50, 51, 52, Wright, Owen, 30, 122, 128–129 57, 61, 63, 82, 239 n. 1; Sasanian Persian silver, 22 Xenophon, 17, 26, 47, 53, 55, 57, Vehbi, Endernulu Fazil, 150 90, 166 Veil and veiling, 95, 96, 97, 130, 175, 228, 240 n. 2 Yavari, Neguin, 98 Venice, 145 Young, Robert J. C., 173

Waines, David, 96 Zalzal, 127 Wajid Ali Shah, 162–163 Zanana / janana (transgendered Webb, Ruth, 25, 84 Indian dancers), 163, 184 Weeks, Jeffrey, 12–13, 15–16 Ze’evi, Dror, 149 West, The and Westerners, 12, 37, 65, Zina (fornication), 137 75, 93, 94, 98, 106, 107, 140, 143, Ziryab, 30, 93, 126, 128–129 171–207, 209, 214–215, 225 Zohreh (Ostad), 191 White, Allon, 6–7, 32, 61, 62, 78, 79, Zoroastrians, 96, 185 145, 157 Zubeida, Sami, 202