Allianz and the German Insurance Business, 1933-1945 Gerald D

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Index

Aachen-Leipziger Versicherungs-AG, 314 film to celebrate fiftieth anniversary, 278–9 Aachener und Münchener Feuerversicherungs- founding and development of, 2–3 Gesellschaft, 13, 30, 90, 287, 395, 398–9, group insurance policies, 122–4 408, 412 growth and success of (1930s), 31–2 Academy for German Law, 118, 457 insurance interests in agricultural sector, 85 Adler Feuerversicherung, 408 as insurer of Polish forced labor camps, Adler, Waldemar, 226 401–8 Adolf Hitler Donation of the German Business as insurer of SS concentration camp factories, Community, 109, 226 409–15 Agrippinia Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG, 185, investment in war effort, 422–4 287, 312, 413 investments under Four-Year Plan, 162–6 Air France, 377 investments in securities (1931–49), 156–8 Albania, 360 Allianz-Adler, 114, 298, 416 Albingia Versicherungs-AG, 31, 221, 287, 297, Allianz Leben, 11–12, 14–15, 17, 28, 31, 57, 62, 299–300, 339 86, 103, 106–7, 112, 123–4, 139–40, 147, All-German Block/Refugee Party, 467 153, 156–7, 163–4, 239–42, 246–8, 270, Allgemeine-Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG), 284, 287–9, 292, 299, 304, 350, 368, 385, 68, 103–4, 149, 163, 484 392, 397, 420, 424, 426–7, 436, 447, 449, Allgemeine Elementar-Versicherungs-AG, 360, 451, 454, 456, 469, 495, 508, 517, 523–5, 396–7 534 Allgemeine Versicherungsanstalt Krakau, Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG: see Allianz 470–1 Leben Allgemeine Versicherungs-Gesellschaft Phönix Allianz pension fund, 36, 131, 138, 500–1, 503 (Elementar-Phönix), 126, 150n, 151, 278, Allianz-Zeitung, 7, 16, 35, 65, 99, 114 292–5 Allied forces Allianz blacklisting of insurance firms, 427–9 acquisitions and consolidations (1920s), capture of concentration camp factories, 413 11–13, 16–17 effect of invasion in Belgium, 390 Aryanization restitution and compensation, postwar occupation zones in Berlin, 446 507–19 Romania joins (1944), 367 beginning of postwar reconstruction by, 447 Allied High Commission for Germany business policy (1920s), 14–15 acceptance of Wiedergutmachung laws by, Cologne branch, 116–17 497, 528–9 construction insurance offered by, 351–2 American Military Laws for restitution and contract with Munich Re (1940), 285–7 compensation, 497–8 DAF insurance companies as competitors to, Denazification Order (1946), 449–50 116, 289–90 denazification proceedings, 446, 449, 470–2 denazification commission within, 450, 456, division into four zones, 446 462–3 United States Court of Restitution Appeals, denazification of personnel, 448–57 511 Favag acquisition (1930), 21–4, 27–8, 31, 281 see also Nuremberg trials

549

550 Index

Alsace-Lorraine, occupied, 383, 466, 519 insurance business opportunities with, Allianz doing business in, 375–9, 387–8 148–9 German insurance companies in, 375 insurance company shares made available Swiss insurance companies in, 323–7 with, 393–4 Alquen, Gunter d’, 171 of Jewish property and assets, 145–8 Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherungsgesellschaft Nuremberg Laws related to, 129, 134 a. G., 45, 147n, 152, 154, 155n, 226, 228, plans for (1938), 199 289, 310–11 restitution and compensation for, 507–19 Alzheimer, Alois, 186, 218–19, 226, 308, 313, shares for sale as result of, 148 316–20, 334–5, 342–3, 362–3, 366–7, Ashton, Ernest B., 145, 513–15 369–72, 378–9, 382, 387, 389, 391–3, 420, Assecuranz-Compagnie Merkur, 29, 282 430–2, 434–5, 440, 443, 456, 458, 468, 483, Assicurazioni Generali, 151, 258, 292–3, 320–1, 490–3, 496 355–6, 360, 363, 366, 395–7, 399, 408 Amann, Max, 81 Association for the Coverage of Large Risks, Amend, Georg, 120–1, 180–2, 184–5, 268–9, 321, 324, 329, 354, 391, 491 275, 290, 292, 311–12, 316–17, 323–6, Association of Austrian Insurance Companies, 364–5, 368, 387–8, 417, 420–1, 452, 475–7, 291 490 Assocation of Commercial and Bureau Anglo-Danubian Lloyd Allgemeine Employees, 448 Versicherungs-AG, 151 Association of German Glass Insurance Der Angriff, 60 Companies, 190–1 Anker Allgemeine Versicherungsgesellschaft- Association of German Insurers, 519 AG, 300, 360 Association of German Iron and Steel Anschluß (1938): see Austria Industrialists, 74 anti-Semitism Association of German Life Insurance and nonpayment of Pogrom claims, Companies, 157, 167, 528–9 206–34 Association of German Private Fire Insurance German business executives’ opposition to, Companies, 403 67 Association of Private Accident and Liability in German political culture, 58–9 Insurers, 122 Hitler’s inaction related to, 100 Association of Private Insurers, 469 Jewish doctors and lawyers as targets of, Association of Swiss Insurance Companies, 243–5, 252, 276 255, 433 new legislation associated with (1938), 205 atonement tax post–World War I, 12 credits to Jews with Pogrom-related losses, of Der Stürmer, 128–9 206–32, 251, 521 see also Aryanization; atonement tax; levied on Jews, 257, 261 citizenship; Jewish businesses; Jews; Audebert, Rudolf, 373–4 Pogrom, November 8 (1938) Aufruhr, Aufruhrversicherung: see civil unrest Arendts, Wilhelm, 26, 112, 114, 118, 121, 397, insurance 456–60, 538 Ausschwitz, 126, 409, 411–13, 415, 496, 500 Argentinia, 362, 431 Australia, 262 Arnhold, Annamarie, 517 Austria, 150–1, 166, 177, 182, 189, 236, 247, Arnhold, Ellenmarie, 517 273–4, 281, 312, 355, 370, 391, 395, 415, Arnhold, Hans, 48, 485–6, 517 494 Arnhold, Karl, 115–16 Anschluß (1938), 289–90 Arps, Ludwig, 353, 494 German post-occupation restructuring of Arthur Andersen, 246–7 insurance business in, 290–304 Aryanization Italian insurance companies in, 292–3 Bürckel’s policy of, 301–2 pressures on Jews after Anschluß, 238 in Dresdner Bank, 138 Autenrieth, Karl, 222, 377, 384–6 Göring’s interest in, 198–9 Axel L. Bramsen & Co., 352

Index 551

Bäcker (Major), 124 Berlinische Feuer-Versicherungs-Anstalt, 22, Badische Feuerversicherungs-Bank, 11 165, 222, 377, 385 Badische Pferdeversicherungs-Anstalt, 147, 375 Berlinische Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft Baer, Willi, 130 AG, 262, 271, 281–2, 516 Balaban, Emmerich, 369 Berlinische Spiegelsglas-Versicherungs-AG, Balaban, Leon, 511 190 Baldwin, Stanley, 101 Bernard (Ministerial Councilor), 89 Balkans, 360 Bernhard, Georg, 41 Bank of America, 73, 483 Bernheimer, Otto, 337 Banka Romiaska, 366 Beveridge, William Lord, 339 Bärmann, 185 Biebow, Hans, 401–3, 405, 409 Bartholatus, Christian, 177–8 Blase, Heinrich, 314–15 Bartholome, Rudolf, 397 Blaskowitz, Johannes, 459 Basch, Else, 145–7, 513–15 Blood Purge (1934), 102 Basch, Julius, 145–7, 513–15 Bodenheimer, Siegmund, 19, 22 BASF, 67 Boehm, Walter, 55, 441–2 Basler Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft, 255, Boetius, Steffen, 436 355 Bohemia and Moravia: see Protectorate of Basler Nachrichten, 74 Bohemia and Moravia Basler Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft, 383 Bohemoslavia, 359 Baumgarte, Friedrich, 44 Bohle, Ernst, 129 Bavarian People’s Party, 118, 458 Böhmische Escompte-Bank & Creditanstalt, Bavarian State Bank, 503 358 Bayerische Hypotheken-und-Wechselbank, 13 Bore insurance company, Sweden, 46, 428–9 Bayerische Rückversicherung AG, 288, 322, Bormann, Martin, 129, 185–6, 188, 198, 312, 457 328, 330, 333, 335, 338 Bayerische Vereinsbank, 148, 284 Bosch AG, 1 Bayerische Versicherungsbank AG, 26, 85, 112, Bosch, Carl, 67 114–15, 138, 167, 188–9, 287, 292, 304, Boss, Emil, 435 397–8, 407–8, 410, 412, 414, 421, 455–8, Bothe, Heinrich, 312, 314–15, 319, 333, 383, 469, 476, 494 393, 417–19, 421 Bebler, Emil, 81, 103, 166, 324–6 Böttcher (Government Councilor), 267–9, Becker, Getrud, 521 273–4 Becker, Philipp, 19–20 Botur, André, 195 Beier, Max, 409–13 Brandenburger Spiegelglas-Versicherungs-AG, Belgium, 2, 201, 308, 319, 321, 325, 383, 391, 11 423, 437, 519 Brandt, Rudolf, 340–1 Allianz and Munich Re interests in, 371–2, Braß, Andreas, 132–3, 167–83, 185, 188, 190, 381, 388–90 290, 297, 301, 303, 310, 466 Belgian insurers in occupied, 389–90 Braunkohle Benzin AG, 164 effect of Allied invasion in occupied, 390 Brazil, 131, 144 English insurers in, 389 Bredow, Walter, 425 Jews driven from insurance business in, 393 Breker, Arno, 141 Benjamin, Hugo, 147, 511 Bruck, Martin, 129, 131 Béraud Villars, Jean, 371, 374, 377, 379, 483 Brüggemann, August, 284 Bergler, Hans, 413 Brüning, Heinrich, 48–50, 77, 485–6 Berliner Börsenzeitung, 52 Buchenwald (concentration camp), 167, 409, Berliner Hagel-Assecuranz-Gesellschaft von 413 1832, 518 Bücher, Hermann, 103, 149 Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft, 66, 69, 73, 103, Buchetmann, Franz, 492 483 Bulgaria, 360–1, 364, 431 Berliner, Wilhelm, 150–2 Bürckel, Josef, 98, 290–1, 301, 326

552 Index

business community, German confiscation denazification proceedings concerning, of Jewish assets by the Gestapo, 261–77 444–5 of Jewish life insurance assets, 251–77 postwar decartelization issues, 445 of Jewish property under Reich Citizenship postwar restitution and compensation issues, Law, 530 445–6 laws as basis for (1933), 261–2 business history, viii–ix, x–xi, 536 laws specific to Jews, 262–77 of Polish assets, 400 Cechoslavia,ˇ 357–9 under Reich Citizenship Law, 261–2, 264–5, Center Party, 50 527, 530 Central Association of German Banks and Concordia Lebensversicherungs-Bank AG, 88, Bankers, 41 303 Central Association of White-Collar Consorzio Italiano di Assicurazioni Employees, 61–2 Aeronautiche, 377 Ceylon, 46 construction insurance, 351–2, 414–15 Chase Manhatten Bank, 256 Corona-Slovanska Versicherungs-AG, 359 Chéneaux de Leyritz, Gabriel, 374, 376, Corps Franconia, 4 379–80, 388, 483 Cracow, 395, 397, 405, 408, 422 Chile, 295 Creditanstalt, 189, 292, 294, 309 China, 46, 329 Croatia, 360 Christian Democratic Party (CDU), 445, 468 Cromwell, Philip, 504 La Cité Accidents, 371, 378 Cuntz (Government Councilor), 397 La Cité Vie, 371, currency, German citizenship dominance of Reichsmark (1920s), 15 expropriation related to revocation of, postwar reform of, 474, 496, 499, 500–1, 525 261–3 regulations targeting Jews, 246–62 revocation under Reich Citizenship Law, 248, see also exchange rate policy, German; 261–5 foreign exchange civil unrest insurance (Aufruhrversicherung), Currie, Lauchlin, 434 3, 192, 195, 197, 200–1, 213–15, 220, 230, Curtius, Julius, 24 233, 345–7, 473, 520, 522 Cyprus, 46 Claims Conference: see Jewish Material Claims Czechoslovakia, 189, 281, 293, 303–4, 360, 371, against Germany 467 Clay, Lucius, 493 see also Protectorate of Bohemia and Clodius (State Secretary), 324 Moravia; Slovakia; Sudetenland Club of Berlin, 9, 79, 437 Czempin, Alexander, 512–13 Colonia Kölnische Feuer-und Kölnische Czempin, Walther, 512–13 Unfall-Versicherungs-AG, 13, 96, 172, 223, 339 Dachau (concentration camp and internment Commercial Union Assurance Company, camp), 145, 409, 411, 413, 476, 533 376 Dacia-România, 366 Commerz- und Privatbank, 25, 58, 163, 252 d’Alquen, Gunter: see Alquen, Gunter d’ compensation Daluege, Kurt, 68, 122–4, 198, 201 claims related to Reich Flight Tax payments, Daniel (Ministerial Councilor), 213, 222, 225 530–1, 533 Darmstädter und Nationalbank (Danat-Bank), FRG Compensation Law (1956), 529–31 17, 19, 23–4, 26 German law for (1949), 522 Darré, Walter Richard, 74, 81, 84–7, 90, 97 concentration camp, Krakau-Plaszow, 405–8 Deckers, Maurice, 388 concentration camp factories Decree for the Atonement Payment of Jews of Allianz’s insuring of, 535 German Citizenship (atonement tax), 199, captured by Allied forces (1945), 413 206, 208–10, 214, 216, 219, 224, 228–30, insurance coverage for, 408–13 232, 251, 261

Index 553

Decree for the Restoration of the Appearance Deutscher Ring Österreichische Versicherungs- of the Streets, 206, 208, 214, 228–9 AG der Deutschen Arbeitsfront: see Decree for the Settlement of Claims in Civil Deutscher Ring Law, 212, 225, 231 Deutsches Volksblatt, 295 Degenhardt, Carl, 102 Diercxsen, Francis, 389 Degussa (Deutsche Gold-und Silber- Dietz, Alwin, 112 Scheideanstalt), 1, 414 Disconto-Gesellschaft, 22, 25 Demachy & Cie., 373 Dividend and Bond Law (1934), 163–4 denaziﬁcation Dodd, Joseph E., 101–2, 475, 478–9 of Allianz’s leadership, 446 Donau Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG, 300 in American-occupied zone, 449 Donau-Concordia Allgemeine Versicherungs- American practice of, 470–2 AG, 355, 360 ﬁrst steps toward, 448–9 Dresdner Bank, 1, 26, 41, 138, 284, 358, 366, of German business leaders, 444–5 372, 392–3, 414, 438, 477, 493, 501, 518 of Hilgard, 203, 343 Drumm, Ernst, 322, 457 Russian brand of, 453 Dumcke, Paul, 18–21, 150–1 of Schmitt, 70–4, 78 Dümmler, Hans, 458, 476, 494–5 Denmark, 319, 352, 354 Dürichen, Otto, 508 Dessauer Gas (Deutsche Continental Düsseldorfer Lloyd, 69 Gas-Gesellschaft), 103–4, 164, 340, 484 Deutsch, Felix, 103 Eberhard, Arno, 112–13, 456, 460–2 Deutsch, Karl W., 76 Eckert, Max, 285 Der Deutsche, 92 Economic Advisory Council, 49–50 Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 74 Eggerss, Walter, 51–6, 95, 488 Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF): see German Eichbaum, Erna, 501–2 Labor Front Eichbaum, Maximilian, 13, 26, 125–9, 134, 245, Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke GmbH (DAW), 437, 484–5, 501–2 408–13 Elementar-Phönix: see Allgemeine Deutsche Bank, 1, 17, 24–5, 53, 56, 59, 148–9, Versicherungs-Gesellschaft Phönix 164, 261, 284, 333, 502 Elsaß-Lothringen Versicherungsgesellschaft, Deutsche Continental Gas-Gesellschaft: see 375, 387 Dessauer Gas emigration of Jews Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik, 408 bank accounts blocked, 251–2, 263 Deutsche Erd-und Steinwerke GmbH, 408 cashing in insurance policies prior to, 250–1 Deutsche Krankenversicherung AG, 468 fees paid prior to, 261 Deutsche Lebensversicherung Gemeinnützige laws related to, 258 AG, 167, 177 see also Reich Flight Tax (1931) Deutsche Lebensversicherungsbank Arminia employees, Allianz AG, 12 company policies related to, 36–8 Deutsche Phönix Versicherungs AG, 12, 16 dismissal of Jewish, 295–6 Der Deutsche Volkswirt, 77 employment policies during Third Reich, Deutscher Gemeinnütziger Rückversicherungs- 83–4 Verband, 44 at end of war, 441 Deutscher Handelstag numbers of (1930s), 31–5 Deutscher Herold Volks-und participation in DAF competitions, 116 Lebensversicherungs-AG, 288 during period of total mobilization, 421–4 Deutscher Lloyd Versicherungs-AG, 413 treatment of former Jewish, 500–7 Deutscher Ring, 88, 120, 185, 288–9, 296–7, unions of, 38 358, 413 employees, German insurers Deutscher Ring Österreichische total mobilization decisions about, 418–21 Lebensversicherung AG der Deutschen England: see Great Britain Arbeitsfront: see Deutscher Ring Epp, Franz Xaver Ritter von, 54, 459

554 Index

Erhard, Ludwig, 488 Flick, Friedrich, 164 Ernst, Karl, 119 Florianka, 395, 408 Ernst, Rudolf, 429–30 forced labor Erste Allgmeinen Unfall- und Schadens- in factories of concentration camps, 405–13, Versicherungs-Gesellschaft, 397, 413 535 Erste Ungarische Allgemeine Assecuranz- Ghetto at Lodz: see Lodz (Ghetto) Gesellschaft, 361, 369 Krakau-Plaszow, 405 Essener Nationalzeitung, 336 used by Schmitt, 481–2 Essener Steinkohlewerke AG, 164 foreign exchange and foreign exchange Estonia, 413 controls, 11, 13, 16, 43, 46–7, 127–9, 151, Ethnic German Liaison Office, 365–6 162, 174–5, 183, 191, 199–202, 219, 231, Eupen-Malmédy, 323 254–60, 319, 322, 326, 330, 346, 385–6, Europäische Güter-und Reisegepäck- 432, 491, 503, 512, 534 Versicherungs-AG, 361 Foreign Exchange Investigation Bureau (1936), 260 Falange, 347 Forstreuter, Walter, 182–3, 187 Färber, Gotthard, 188 Foreign Office, 211, 263, 326, 346, 388, 434 Favag: see Frankfurter Allgemeine Four-Year Plan, Four-Year Plan Office (1936), Versicherungs AG 106, 115, 122, 166, 172, 184, 215, 304, 317, Feder, Gottfried, 74, 80, 82, 94, 99 399 Federal Republic of Germany financial demands of, 178, 238, 255, 261 Federal Compensation Laws (1953, 1956), Göring’s implementation of, 158–9 499, 529–31 insurance industry concerns and response to, restitution and compensation under, 498–9 159–64 treaty with Israel (1952), 499 mobilization environment created by, 173, Working Group for Wiedergutmachung and 182 Compensation Questions, 529 price controls under, 170–1 Federal Supervisory Office for Insurance, France, 2, 259, 321, 323, 353–4 509–10, 517, 530 Allianz and Munich Re interests in, 371–82 Federal Supreme Court, 522 Aryanization in, 394–5 Federation of Free German Trade Unions, 448 English insurers and reinsurers in, 372, 375, Fehlmann, Heinrich, 74, 432, 483 378, 380, 382 Feige, Richard, 512 French insurers, 371–89 Feige, Walter, 512 German insurance companies in occupied El Fénix, 492 and unoccupied, 372–88 Fest, Joachim, 535 Jews driven from French insurance FIDES Versicherungs-AG, 3 businesses, 393 Fieger, Franz, 300 postwar agreement with German firms, 519 Finance Ministry (RFM): see Reich Finance see also Alsace-Lorraine Ministry (RFM) Franco, Francisco, 345–6 Finanzamt Moabit-West: see revenue offices, Frank, Hans, 118, 121, 396 Moabit-West Frankfurter Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG Finck, August von, 56, 63, 73, 103, 109–10, 118, (Favag), 13–14, 17–26, 28, 31, 33, 39–40, 148, 262, 284, 436–40, 456, 474–5, 489–90, 45, 48, 56, 58, 76, 150–2, 166, 181, 247, 496, 516 250, 278, 332, 341, 485, 534 see also Merck, Finck & Co. Frankfurter Versicherungs-AG, 281, 388, 426, Finck, Wilhelm, 2 454 Finzer (Plant Steward), 113 Frankfurter Zeitung, 19, 66, 166, 463 Firma Ernst Grün, 414 Frankona Rück-und Mitversicherungs- Fischböck, Hans, 391 Gesellschaft, 288, 321 Fischer, Otto Christian, 441 Fraternal League of German Police Officials, Fleischmann, Mali, 520–2 123–4

Index 555

Free Corps Oberland, 294 intrusive role of, 115 Freia Grundstücksverwertungs AG, 283 plan to bring employers into, 87–8 Frels, Gerhard, 528 proposed company groups, 95–6 Freudenburg, Erika, 126, 500–1 role in private enterprise, 108 Freudenburg, James, 69–70, 125–6, 138, 464, “Strength through Joy” program, 108, 110 500–2 takeover of ÖVAG, 296–7 Freundeskreis Heinrich Himmler: see Himmler, uniformed plant brigades, 113–16, 279 Circle of Friends German Lawyers and Notary Insurance Frick, Wilhelm, 81, 123 Company, 243–4 Friedberg, Hans, 509–10 German National People’s Party (DNVP), 70 Friedländer, Ilse, 130 German National Retail Clerks Association, Friedrich, Karl W., 76 38, 62 Friedrich Wilhelm Lebensversicherungs-AG, 11, German People’s Party (DVP), 41 90 German-Swiss Economic Agreement, 433 Frigessi di Rattalma, Arnoldo, 293–4, 308, 320 German-Swiss Reinsurance Agreement (1940), Fritzsche, Herbert Rolf, 97 432–3 Funk, Walther, 52, 55–6, 74, 128, 155–6, 159, German War Clause, 348 173, 182–7, 192, 204, 216–17, 291, 308, German War Insurance Community, 348 323–4, 328, 331, 335, 344, 366, 417, 419 German War Transport Community, 322 see also Reich Economics Ministry (RWM) Gerson, Hans, 131 Fürstenberg, Hans, 69, 103 Gesfürel/Ludwig Loewe AG, 149 Gestapo, 119, 126, 183, 191, 246, 262–6, 269, Gambke, Edgar, 469 271, 340, 356, 358, 388, 392, 438, 442–3, Gaulle, Charles de, 380, 432 452, 459–60, 471, 479, 504, 512 Gehrke, Carl, 69 Ghetto: see Lodz (Ghetto) General Association of White-Collar Gladbacher Feuerversicherungs-AG, 382, 385 Employees, 60, 62 Glasverein Eberswalde, 216 Generalgouvernement, 324, 396–8, 405, 408, Globus Versicherungs-AG, 11, 390 413, 422 Goebbels, Hans, 90, 96–7, 120, 170, 172, see also Poland 180–1, 185, 226, 290–1, 312–13, 315, 323, Generali: see Assicurazioni Generali 325, 391, 466, 475 Generali-Port-Polonia, 395–7, 408 Goebbels, Joseph, 66, 80–1, 90, 325, 520, 523 Gentilli, Camillo, 292 position on insurance payments to Jews Georgii, Max, 16 (1938), 198–205 Gerboth, Heinz, 382–4 role in November Pogrom, 191–4 Gerling concern, 17, 120, 182, 187, 287–9, 339, Goebbels–Braß German Insurance 413, 453 Comradeship, 172–3 German Air Transport Insurance Pool, 317, Goerdeler, Carl, 49, 342 322, 377, 422, 426 Goetz, Carl, 438, 477 German Association for Insurance Science, 160 Gold Discount Bank, 260, 533 German Chamber of Commerce, 443 Goldmann, Moritz, 133–5, 507 German Institute for Technical Labor Training Goldschmidt, Jakob, 23–5 (DINTA), 115 Goltz, Rüdiger Granf von der, 93 German Labor Front (DAF), 65, 116–17, Göring, Edda, 188 119–20, 126, 133, 159, 164, 172, 175, 177, Göring, Emmy, 187 185, 279, 289, 300, 302, 310–14, 330–1, Göring, Hermann, 50, 63, 78, 80–1, 97, 105, 333, 342, 353, 358, 384, 452, 457, 460, 467 164, 166, 173–5, 178, 192, 238, 291, 301, criticism of insurance industry by (1936), 306–9, 327–38, 341, 344, 373, 399, 410, 162 442–3, 462, 472–5, 484, 486, 488, 496, ﬁnancial demands of, 110–11 520–3, 537 in insurance business, 88–92, 167–9 appoints Hilgard to organize Reich Group interaction with Schmitt, 92–3 economic groups, 312–15

556 Index

Göring, Hermann (cont.) Halder, Franz, 459 implementation of Four-Year Plan (1936), Halsband, Rebecca, 510 158–9 Hamann, Kurt, 323 plan to seize Pogrom insurance obligations to Hamburger Feuerkasse, 96 Jews, 206–9, 213, 234 Hamburger Fremdenblatt, 336 position on Pogrom and insurance payments Hamburger-Mannheimer Versicherungs-AG, to Jews (1938), 195–205 68, 336, 465 Schmitt’s relations with, 51–60, 70–5, 121–2 Hamm, Eduard, 443 on seizure of Jewish insurance claims, 206 Hammonia Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG, support for private insurers, 181–8 28–9, 147, 281 tightens foreign exchange and currency Handelstrust West N.V., 392 controls (1936), 260 Hansen, Wilhelm, 216 Görlitzer, Arthur, 192 Harpener Bergbau AG, 164 Gorodecki, Abraham, 511–12 Härtel (SS-Standartenführer), 177 Gothaer Lebensversicherungsbank a. G., 88–9, Hartford Insurance Company, 379 160, 289, 299, 528 Hartig, Gustav, 382 Gottschick (Ministerial Director), 213 Hassell, Ulrich von, 306–9, 346–7, 443 Goudefroy, Hans, 119–20, 130, 136, 208–10, Head Trusteeship Ofﬁce East (HTO), 399–401 218–19, 225, 231–5, 368, 378, 436, 438, Heck, Bruno, 376 441, 447–51, 453–4, 467–8, 474, 489, 496, Heering, P., 391 501, 523 Heiland (Ministerial Director), 529 Gratama, J. W., 391–2, 491, 496 Helfferich, Emil, 53 Grauert, Ludwig, 74 Helios Allgemeine Rückversicherungs-AG, 18 Gray, Harry H.: see Grünebaum, Hans Helldorf, Wolf Heinrich Graf von (Count), 79, Great Britain, 22, 42, 57, 100, 135, 167, 205, 437–8 217, 253, 271, 306, 319, 328–9, 339, 346, Hellmann, Nora, 271 361–5, 367, 372, 374–8, 380–5, 387–91, Hellmann, Samuel, 271 397, 453–4, 465, 482, 487, 504–5, 519 Helvetia Allgemeine Versicherungs- Greece Gesellschaft, 355, 413 Axis takeover of (1941), 362–3 Henckel & Cie. GmbH, 284 German insurance companies in, 362–3 Henlein, Konrad, 303 insurance companies under Axis occupation Henschel & Sohn, 164 (1941), 362–4 Hensel, Fritz, 311 state reinsurance company, 362 Hensel, Rudolf, 30, 35–8 Gregory, von, 75 Hereditary Entailment Law (1933), 84–7 Greiser, Arthur, 328, 343, 402 Hermann-Göring-Werke, 164, 166, 291 Grieshaber, Hans, 431–2 Hermes-Kreditversicherungs-Bank-AG, 11, 23, Gritzbach, Erich, 338 28, 131 group insurance, 120, 123–4, 267, 291, 302, Herzfelder, Emil, 67–8 412 Herzog, Martin, 303, 370, 396, 441 Grünebaum, Hans, 132, 506–7 Heß, Hans, 8–9, 13, 15, 19, 27, 32, 41, 77, 104, Grynszpan, Herschel, 193 108–9, 116, 118–19, 125–30, 132, 134, 136, Guérard, Jacques, 374 154–5, 160, 171–2, 183, 276, 279–80, 285, Guggenbühl, Paul, 433, 435 294, 352, 354, 387, 410–11, 428–9, 432, Gürtner, Franz, 218 447, 450–3, 466, 468, 484, 496, 501–2, 505, Gustloff, Wilhelm, 199 535, 537–8 Gutmann, Herbert, 41 contacts with German Resistance, 437–8 contradiction of Schmitt’s recollections, Haag, Willi, 112 488–9 Haase, Alfred, 131, 134–5, 276, 411, 454–5, 502, defense of Wiedemann, 463–4 505 description of Allianz war damage, 441 Haid (Pg.), 90 education and early experience, 5–7

Index 557

as general director of Allianz, 72, 79–84, Himmler, Heinrich, 68, 77, 102–4, 105, 123–4, 104–5, 436–9 177, 198, 260, 307–9, 330, 344, 409 postwar leadership in Allianz, 453 Circle of Friends, 104, 307, 340–1 relations with von Finck (1944–45), 439–40 Hindenburg, Paul von, 49, 119, 448 relationship with Schmitt, 7, 72, 101–2 Hitler, Adolf, 50, 60–1, 63–4, 66, 70, 72–82, view of National Socialists, 72 84–5, 87, 89, 96–7, 99–106, 109–13, 116, Heß, Rudolf, 81, 97, 185, 188, 290, 312–14, 328 119, 133, 138–9, 143, 153–4, 159, 184–5, Hessian Trusteeship Administration GmbH, 188–9, 190–1, 198–9, 226, 263–4, 279, 294, 517–18 296, 301, 304–10, 324, 328, 330, 335–7, Heydrich, Reinhard, 198, 201–3, 214, 260, 307, 342–3, 345, 384, 386, 396, 417, 426, 437, 355 442, 459–61, 464, 473, 486, 498, 526, 535 Hilgard, Eduard, 6, 11, 13, 16, 23, 25, 27, 33, administrative style of, 75–6, 80 39, 41, 43–5, 56, 63, 65, 72, 77, 80, 91–3, Göring’s report on (1932), 51–2 95–6, 109–12, 118, 128, 132, 136, 148–9, Hilgard’s reaction to, 52 153–4, 157–63, 165–78, 180, 183–9, meeting of Allianz principals with, 52–3, 207–27, 229, 233–5, 279, 299, 303, 307, 55–7 316–17, 322–3, 353–4, 362, 364, 370–4, sanctioning of November Pogrom, 193–4 376–81, 383–6, 388–9, 391–3, 395, 415, supports private insurers, 184–5 417–24, 428–9, 432, 435–6, 438, 440–1, Hitzler, Hermann, 68–9, 336, 465, 467, 469 447, 456, 488, 490, 494–7, 521–3, 534, Hoffmann, Heinrich, 99 536–7 Holland van 1859 (Dordrecht), 390 account of contacts with NSDAP leaders, Honduras, 533 51–5 House of German Art, 109–10 concerns related to insurance industry Hübner (District Administration Lodz), 401–3 nationalization, 173–7 Hugenberg, Alfred, 62, 70, 74, 82 conducting public functions of Allianz, 79, Hungary, 152, 295, 340, 354, 360 81–2, 85 German occupation of Budapest (1944), 369 cultivation of Göring by, 327 insurance companies adjusted to non-Jewish denazification of, 203, 468–76 population, 369–70 education and early experience at Allianz, Jewish community in (1942–43), 369 7–10 laws with German racial definitions, 369–70 on Four-Year Plan, 160–2 wartime insurance business in, 364, 367–9 on insurance industry autonomy, 155 Hunke, Heinrich, 333, 335 leader of Reich Group for Insurance, 96–7, Hürlimann, E., 324 99, 107–8, 132, 136, 195–205, 311–15, 415–19 Iduna-Germania Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG, at meeting in Reich Air Ministry, November 223, 402, 405, 413 12 (1938), 195–206 IG Farben, 17, 163, 320, 415, 493 in Reich Association, 87–8, 93 Imperial Automobile Club, 3 relations with Nazi regime, 310–12 insurance relationship with Göring, 187–8, 327–8 denominated in foreign exchange, 13, 15, 46, relationship with Schmitt, 7–9, 73 83, 253–6 role in Austrian insurance industry for finished products of forced labor, 402–3 restructuring (1938), 290–304 for SS concentration camp factories, 409–15 role in conflict related to nationalization, for storage of materials used in forced labor, 329–44 402–4 role in settlement of Jewish Pogrom claims, for transport of confiscated assets, 401 206–35 wartime construction insurance, 351–2 support for Braß’s appointment (1937), see also reinsurance 167–70 insurance companies, British as War Insurance Community head, 347–8 in Axis-occupied Greece, 363 Hilgard, Hanns, 149 branches in conquered territories, 353

558 Index

insurance companies, British (cont.) publicly chartered (öffentlich rechtliche) Greek fire insurance handled by, 363 insurance companies, 17, 30, 42–4, 88, 90, in occupied and unoccupied France, 372, 374, 95–6, 120, 122, 159–60, 167, 170, 172–4, 376–7, 380–2, 385 180–2, 184–5, 211, 223, 227, 236, 289–91, in occupied Belgium, 389 297, 300–1, 303, 310, 312–15, 318, 323, position in world trade of, 328–9 327–8, 332, 334–6, 356, 375, 387, 399, 405, insurance companies, German 420, 460, 466, 473, 494 under 11th decree of Reich Citizenship Law, response to Hereditary Entailment Law 263–77 (1933), 84–7 Amend’s plan to consolidate public and role in control of foreign exchange, 47 private, 181, 184 role in insurance claims for Pogrom damage, attacks by Das Schwarze Korps on, 171–2, 206–35 176 in Sudetenland, 290–305 auto insurance rate cartel, 168–9 Swiss business with, 322–3 Braß’s attack on, 176–8 total war measures for, 417–18 Braß’s plan to consolidate public and private, unions in, 38 179–81 Western European expansion, 371–95 competition for hunting liability insurance, see also German War Insurance Community 121–2 insurance companies, Italian, 89 competition from DAF and chartered doing business in Bohemia-Moravia, 357 societies, 88–90 doing business in Slovakia, 360 competition in, 30–1 operating in Greece (1941), 363 competitors at outbreak of war (1939), role in Austrian insurance industry 287–9 restructuring (1938), 292–3 development of, 2 in Yugoslavia, 361 effect of Four-Year Plan on, 160–3 insurance companies, Swiss expansion in southeastern Europe, 355–71 association with German insurance firms, favoritism related to foreign exchange 429–34 regulations, 246–62 business interests in Germany, 323–6 interest in selling to peasants, 85 controlled by Allianz, 429–30 investments in securities (1931–49), 156–8 in German-occupied Alsace and Lorraine, issue of nationalization of (1938), 173–85 323–7 November Pogrom as problem for, 190–205 German-owned or -controlled, 371–2 in occupied Eastern European countries, wartime conduct of business, 429–31 395–415 insurance industry, international operating in Greece (1941), 362–3 Allianz’s role in, 2–3, 46 operating in Romania, 364–5 Favag’s role in, 18, 23–4 pandering to Nazis, 109–10, 120 German firms in postwar, 519 participation in German wartime expansion, German insurance companies in, 46 352–408 issue of defining liabilities (1937), 346–8 in Poland, 395–6, 422 of reinsurance business, 46 politics of, 39–50 reinsurance to pay for Pogrom damages, position on restitution law, 527–8 199–200 postwar bilateral agreements of, 519 Swiss-German connection in, 429–33 postwar reconstruction problems and insurance societies, publicly chartered strategy, 523–5 competition with private insurance price controls under Four-Year Plan, 170–1 companies, 42–5, 88 property and life insurance claims against, interest of Nazis in, 96–7 519–37 interest-rate reduction (1933), 153–6 proposed nationalization of, 329–44 Internationale Unfall- und proposed strategy in reconquered areas of Schadensversicherungs-Gesellschaft, Europe, 327–9 355–6

Index 559

Iraq, 46 as employees of Allianz, 125–38, 454, 500–7 Isar Lebensversicherungs-AG, 152, 173, 236–7, expropriation of in France, Belgium, and the 246 Netherlands, 391–5 Israel, treaty with FRG (1952), 499, 529 forced to deposit valuable items, 277 Italy, 89, 294, 317, 345, 360, 362, 372, 431, 443 under FRG compensation laws, 529–31 in Hungary (1943–4), 369–70 Jaberg, Paul, 429–31 insurance claims against Allianz, 526–7 Jacobi, Heinrich, 261 issue of unpaid insurance claims, vii, 535–6 Jagow, von (SA), 192 loss of insurance assets, 236–77 Janotta, Ernst von, 71 plan to deport (1941), 264 Jansen, Ludwig, 512 Pogrom-related credits for atonement tax, Jauch, Hübner & Co., 182 206–32 Jeidels, Gertrud, 525 in Poland, 399–407, 452 Jeidels, Otto, 66, 73, 103, 483–4, 525–6 postwar insurance claims of, 519–37 Jessen, Jens, 338–9, 342–3, 471–3 pre-1940 conﬁscation of insurance assets of, Jessen, Käthe, 473 236–8 Jewish businesses provision in FRG laws for interests of, 498–9 designation under Reich Citizenship Law, 192 racial laws in Italy, 293–4 exclusion from German economic life, 205–6, restitution claims for expropriated assets, 236, 275–6 143–7, 507–35 government intention to buy all, 192 in Romania, 355–6 in Hungary, 369–70 as shareholders of Allianz, 261–2 insurance compensation denied (1938), as supervisory members and directors of 194–9 Allianz, 13, 103, 125–9, 500–2 in the Netherlands, 393–4 Jouvet, Emile, 374, 377 vandalized during November Pogrom, 191–3 JRSO: see Jewish Restitution Successor Jewish employees Organization (JRSO) Allianz treatment of former, 500–7 Jugoslavija, 361 dismissal from Wiener Allianz (1938), 295–6 Juhlin-Dannfelt, G., 428 Jewish Family Protection Society, 237 Justice Ministry (RJM): see Reich Justice Jewish Material Claims against Germany Ministry (RJM) (Claims Conference), 499 Jewish “question” Kahr, Gustav von, 4 Göring on, 54 Karlsruher Lebensversicherungs-Bank AG, 18, insurance executives concerns about, 68–9 22, 24, 28–9, 120, 283, 289, 323, 375–7, proposed uniﬁed approach, 198 465–7, 472, 512 Schmitt’s view of, 58–9 Karstadt AG, 68, 81 Jewish Restitution Successor Organization Katzenstein, Ernst, 522 (JRSO), 499, 517, 522 Kehrl, Hans, 203–4 Jews, 12, 41, 52–4, 56, 58–9, 61, 71, 73, 80–1, Keppler, Wilhelm, 87, 104, 340 84, 88, 101, 103, 106, 118, 151–2, 166, Keppler Circle, 104 172–3, 182, 189, 306, 333, 337, 339–40, Kessel, Anton Dietrich, 190 342, 356, 361, 371, 383, 423, 434, 437, 443, Kessler (Reich Economic Chamber), 54 445, 451–2, 457–8, 461–3, 466–7, 472, 474, Kimmel, Adolf, 16 483–6, 491, 496–500 Kimmich, Karl, 149, 164 anti-Jewish demonstrations in spring of Kirdorf, Emil, 51 1938, 190–3 Kisch, Wilhelm, 278, 281 “Aryanization” of Jewish properties, 143–9 Kissel (President of RAA), 68 dismissal from Austrian insurance compa- Kisskalt, Wilhelm, 4, 5, 10, 21, 26, 41, 44, 47, nies, 293–6, 299–302 73, 76–7, 104, 118, 127, 151–2, 284, 286, economic discrimination against (1933–34), 288, 294, 438, 443, 459, 490, 493 66–70, 97–9 Klein, Günther, 397, 452

560 Index

Knoll, Hans, 495 Law for the Repeal of Naturalization and Knote, Gustav, 4 Recognition of German Citizenship, 262 Koch-Weser, Erich, 69 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Koenig, Hans, 255, 267, 323–4, 433–4, 470, 483, Civil Service, 67 491 Law for the Seizure of Assets of Enemies of the Köhler, Walter, 164, 183, 387, 467 People and the State, 262 Kohli, Robert, 434 Law No. 59, 498, 504, 506, 517, 527, 531 Kölnische Glasversicherungs-AG, 224 Lebensborn e.V., 307 Kölnische Hagel-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft, Lebens-Phönix: see Phönix Life 495 Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft Phönix: see Kölnische Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft, 288, Phönix Life 321 Leicher, Wilhelm, 456, 462 König, Georg, 112, 134–6, 310, 436 Leipziger Feuer-Versicherungs-Anstalt, 382 Körner, Paul, 52 Lencer, Rudolf, 93, 95, 133, 159, 184–5, 310–11, Körner, Wilhelm, Jr., 60–1, 64, 468 313, 342 Kraft Versicherungs-AG, 3, 29, 287, 304, 376, Levin (Lieutenant), 478 397, 400, 426 Levor, Hilde, 507–8 Kracauer, Siegfried, 37 Levor, Leo, 507–8 Krakau-Plaszow camp, 405–8 Ley, Robert, 80, 87, 90–3, 95, 97, 111–13, 115, Kranefuss, Fritz, 104, 340–1 312, 330–1, 335, 349 Kratochwill, Rudolf, 185–6, 297, 312, 314 Liberal Life Ltd.: see South African Liberal Life Kratz (Oberregierungsrat), 290, 301 Insurance Co. Krause, Richard, 436 life insurance policies Krause, Werner, 124, 450–3 conversion of foreign exchange components Krauss (Reich Association for Private of, 255–6 Insurance), 170 conversion to RM-denominated policies Kreutzinger, Georg, 62 (1933–34), 254–5 Krier (HTO), 400 denominated in gold or foreign currencies, Krohn, Johannes, 173 253–7 Krupp AG, 1 direct and indirect conﬁscation of proceeds Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav, 67 of Jewish, 249–51, 261 Kún, Karl, 369 direct expropriation of Jewish assets, 262–77 premiums paid from blocked bank accounts, Lachmann, Martin, 135–7, 506 263 Lammers, Hans, 337 repurchases and cancellation value of Jewish, Landesbrandschaden-Versicherungsanstalten, 238–50 301 repurchase value subject to tax, 250–1 Landfried (State Secretary), 314, 324, 326 taxation of repurchase assets, 250–2 Landschaftliche Brandkasse Hannover, 312 Linstow, Hans Otfried von, 442 Landshuter Leinen- und Gebildeweberei F.V. Lincoln, Abraham, 488 Grünfeld, 147 Lippert, Heinrich, 39, 47, 55, 93, 170 Landwirte Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG, 365 Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co., 392–4, 400 Lang, Emil, 488 Lithuania, 413 Lange, Hans, 61, 90 Lloyd’s of London, 320–1, 362 Lange, Kurt, 124, 148, 178, 180–2, 184, 186–7, Lodz (Ghetto), 401–9, 414, 496, 537 208, 290, 301, 312, 315 Loeb, Rudolf, 67 Latvia, 397, 413, 423 Loewe, Erich, 149 Lauinger, Artur, 19–21, 66, 166–7, 482, 484–5, Lohse, Hinrich, 413 494, 534 London Debt Agreement (1953), 518 Law for the Preparation of the Organic Or- The London Times, 78 ganization of the German Economy, Lorraine: see Alsace-Lorraine 91–4 Lösener, Bernhard, 198

Index 561

Lossau (RWM), 72 Mühlmann, Paul, 510 Löwenbräu AG, 104 Müller, Gerd, 372–3, 376, 378, 441, 447, 450–1, Luber, Georg, 85 453, 524–5 Lublin (concentration camp), 409, 412 Müller-Wieland, Willi, 143–4 Lux, Paul, 112, 114, 118, 126, 128, 160, 435–6 Münchener Rückversicherungsgesellschaft: see Luxemburg, 326–7, 334–5 Munich Re Luxemburg Agreement (1952), 499, 529 Munich Conference (1938), 309 Munich Property Utilization Agency, Ltd., Magdeburger Feuerversicherungs-Gesellschaft, 145–6 14, 287, 300, 412–13 Munich Re (Munich Reinsurance Company), Magdeburger Versicherungsgruppe, 246 3–4, 12–13, 19, 22, 24, 26, 28, 44, 63, Magnus, Edwin, 397, 413–14 73, 104–5, 109–10, 127, 150–2, 163, 186, Maiholzer, Clemens, 9, 141–2, 144–5, 401, 423, 278, 288, 290, 303, 307, 313, 316–17, 441, 447–50, 512 320, 324, 326, 339, 343, 345–6, 352–5, Majalkovitsch, D. J., 361 357–9, 361, 366, 369, 371–3, 375, 377–9, MAN AG, 1 386–92, 396–7, 399, 413–15, 424, 435–6, Mandt, Harald, 471 441, 443, 455–60, 468, 480, 484, 490, 505, Manes, Alfred, 339–40, 493–4, 509 534 Manteufel, Ernst, 425 American charges against, 491–4 Marchesano, Enrico, 294, 320 contracts with Allianz (1940), 10–11, 281–7 Maron, Oscar, 477, 486 founding of (1880), 2 Martroye & Luth & Varlez & Marx, 388 link to Union Rück of Switzerland, 364, Mathy, Herbert, 436 431–2, 495–6 Mattfeld, Gustav, 296, 357–8, 360–1, 492 protection of interests in neutral countries, Maurer, Oskar, 361–2 427–9 Mauthausen (concentration camp), 340 relationship with Allianz, 20, 281–7 Max Kühl KG, 147 role in expansion of German insurance, Mayrhofer, Josef, 296–7, 300, 367, 369–70 321–2 Meinberg, Wilhelm, 85–7 Swiss daughter companies of, 11, 364, 427, Melchior, Carl, 67 429–30 Mendelssohn & Co., 67, 148, 517 takeover of Phönix with Allianz, 291–5 Merck, Finck & Co., 56, 148, 262, 284, 474, municipal pawn shops, 277 502, 516 Musssolini, Benito, 89 see also Finck, August von Mutschmann, Martin, 75, 102, 307, 310 Mercker, Walther, 450–1 Merkel, Hedwig, 130 Nahmer, Paul von der, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9–11 Merkur AG, 148 National Socialist Factory Cell Organization Messerschmidt, 473 (NSBO), 64, 67, 72, 80, 88–90, 112, 115, Meuschel, Walther, 292, 346, 353–4, 359, 369, 310, 461 372–4, 460, 494–5 in insurance companies, 60–1 Meyer, Karl Otto, 462–3 seizure of power at Allianz, 61–2, 65 La Minerve, 371, 374, 377–9, 386, 483 National Socialist Party (NSDAP), 65, 67–9, La Minerve de Belgique, 388 70, 73–6, 780, 82–3, 88–9, 93, 95–7, 99, Mittwochsgesellschaft: see Wednesday Society 101–2, 104, 110, 112–13, 115–16, 118–21, Möbius, Karl, 7 124, 128–9, 135, 138, 148, 150, 154–5, Model, Walter, 442 158–60, 162, 166–9, 173–5, 177–8, 180–5, Moldenhauer, Paul, 41 192–3, 195, 197–8, 201, 215, 226, 231, Möller, Alex, 466, 472–3 233–4, 236, 263, 285, 290–2, 294, 296–7, Montenegro, 360 302–3, 310–12, 318, 322–4, 333–4, 337–8, Morpurgo, Edgardo, 292–3 340–1, 344, 384, 392–3, 409–10, 417, 423, Mosler, Eduard, 148 444, 448–52, 454–6, 458–68, 470–5, 478, Mouchard, André, 387–8, 465, 467 484, 490, 493, 495–6, 504, 513

562 Index

National Socialist Party (NSDAP) (cont.) Night of Broken Glass (1938): see Pogrom, criticism of insurance industry (1936), 162 November 8 (1938) infiltration of insurance industry, 185–6 Nordhoff, Johannes, 22 insurance business with private companies, Nordstern Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG, 14, 120–1 30, 66, 220, 222, 287, 315, 319, 321, 385, 413 members insured by Allianz, 187–9 Nordstern Lebensversicherungs AG, 287, 338 mixing with business interests, 89–90 Nordwolle textile company, 17 program of, 80 Norway, 5, 319, 321, 352, 354, 467, 504 relations of Allianz principals with, 50–60 November Pogrom: see Pogrom, November 8 Schmitt joins, 63–4 (1938) National Socialist Reich Lawyer’s League, NSBO: see National Socialist Factory Cell 120–1 Organization (NSBO) National Socialist Reich Organization of NurembergLaws(1935) German War Victims, 120 defining who was an Aryan, 129, 309 National Socialist Teachers’ League, 120 limiting Aryan contact with Jews, 134 National Socialist Women’s Organization, 120 see also Reich Citizenship Law nationalization (socialization) of insurance Nuremberg trials, 476, 521 industry, 42–4, 65, 88, 153, 173–5, 181, 184–5, 290, 304, 323–4, 327, 329, 332, Oberlindober, Hans, 120–1 335–8, 343, 347, 373, 385, 417, 444–5, 472, Obermayer, Georg, 455–6, 480 475, 490, 493, 495 occupation of Germany, postwar: see Allied Die Nationalsozialistische Volkswirtschaft, 333 High Commission for Germany De Nederlanden van 1845 (Den Haag), 391–2, Odenbreit, Max, 185, 312 518 Oertel, Christian, 96, 167–8, 172 Nejedlý, Josef, 357 Old Savers’ Law, 525 Netherlands, 22, 308, 319, 325, 353–4, 383, 388, Oldenburg, Hans, 492 423 Oppenheim, Baron von, 451 agreement of German insurers with Dutch Orel, 361 insurers, 390–1 Organization Todt, 351, 414, 423 Allianz and Munich Re interests in, 371, 381, Orzel, 408 390 Osten, Hansgeorg von der, 397 Allianz insurance business in occupied, 390 Österreichische Versicherungs-AG (ÖVAG), anti-Semitism in occupied, 393–4 151, 296, 299 Dutch insurers in occupied, 390–2 Ostmärkische Volksfürsorge, 297 English insurers and reinsurers in, 372, Ostmark-Versicherungs-AG, 301 390–1 German occupation regime in, 391–2 La Pace, 293, 361 Neue Frankfurter Allgemeine Versicherungs- Palestine, 46, 245, 258, 502, 504, 511 AG, 24, 26, 28, 31, 54, 69–70, 99, 113, 125, Pape, Carl Otto, 505 129–32, 147–9, 171, 221–2, 232, 281, 287, Papen, Franz von, 50, 57–8, 81 327 Parthier, Hans, 112, 454 Neuengamme (concentration camp), 409, 413 Patria Insurance Company, 395–7 Neumann, Samuel, 516 Paul, Georg, 492 Neumanns Zeitschrift für Versicherungswesen, Peˇca, Václav, 359 176, 333 Persilscheine, 472, 483, 494 Neumüller, Ludwig, 348 Pétain, Henri Philippe, 467 Neurath, Konstantin von, 360 Pfister (Pg.), 60 Newman, Peter, 515–17 Philippi, Harry, 482–3 News Chronicle, 217 Phönix Life, 127, 150–3, 236, 273–4, 295, 300, Niedermeyer, Ferdinand, 394–5 302 Niemöller, Hermann, 309, 443 Pilot Insurance Company, 492 Niemöller, Martin, 309, 442, 479, 487–8 Planck, Erwin, 452

Index 563

Plaszow (concentration camp), 405–8 Rath, Ernst vom, 193, 209–10, 234 Plus Ultra Company, Spain, 17, 346, 347, 427–8 Rath, Klaus Wilhelm, 333, 335–6, 338–9, 386, Pogrom, November 8 (1938), vii, 136, 145–6, 417 182, 184, 190, 193–7, 199, 201, 237–8, 246, Rathenau, Emil, 103 251, 261, 267, 273, 276, 304, 306, 310, 346, Rathenau, Walther, 103 451, 464, 466, 473–4, 496, 520–3, 533, 537 Rausche, Ernst, 283 damages and complications created by, Ravensbrück (concentration camp), 409, 413 203–35 Les Réassurances, 371, 373, 388 insurance obligations arising from, 206–34 reconstruction, postwar significance for Jews, 237–8 German insurance company strategy, 523–5 Pohl, Oswald, 409 problems of, 446–7 Poidebard, Eugène, 373–4 Schmitt’s ideas for European, 481–2 Poland Regeno-Raiffeisen-Versicherungsgesellschaften, Allianz and Munich Re in, 395–8 85 German invasion of, 395 Reich Air Ministry, 195, 197, 352, 423, 472–3 Head Trusteeship Office East activities in, Reich Association for Private Insurance, xii, 9, 399–401 39–49, 55, 84–5, 87, 89, 92–3, 96, 110, 139, Polish insurance companies under HTO, 155, 160, 170, 185, 290 399–414 Reich Association of German Agricultural Polish insurers after collapse of, 396–7 Cooperatives, 85 pre-1939 German insurance companies in, 395 Reich Association of German Industry, 46 regional divisions in occupied, 395–6 Reich Association of German War Victims, 120 Pollmann, Diedrich, 289, 297, 359 Reich Association of Jews in Germany, 271 Pomplitz, Kurt, 338 Reich Citizenship Law Popitz, Johannes, 342 4th Decree (1938), 276 Porto Allegre case (1923), 209, 217, 229 11th Decree (1941), 248, 263–73, 525, 527 Portugal, 347 13th Decree (1943), 264 Posensche Feuersozietät, 399, 402, 405 confiscation of Jewish property under, 245, Posse, Hans, 94, 154 261–2, 264–5, 527, 530 Pototzky & Co. Aktiengesellschaft für designation of Jewish businesses under, 192 Versicherungswesen, 135–6, 504 insurance policy restitution to Jews under, Pototzky, Fritz, 135, 504 530–3 Pototzky, Hans, 135, 504 Reich Commissar for Price Formation, 159, Pototzky, Ludwig, 135, 504–5 169–70, 423 La Préservatrice, 378–9 Reich Commissar for Price Surveillance, 49 Preußische Staatsbank (Seehandlung), 261 Reich Company Community for Banking and Price Control Decree (Preisstop Verordnung), Insurance of the DAF, 93, 133 159, 170 Reich Currency Law (1924), 253 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 238, Reich Economic Chamber, 54 274, 302–4, 353–7, 360, 432 Reich Economic Court, 192 Providentia Frankfurter Versicherungs- Reich Economics Ministry (RWM), 41, 44–5, Gesellschaft, 12, 16, 281 62, 68, 71, 76, 80, 82, 84, 87–91, 97, 105, Provinzial-Feuerversicherungsanstalt der 122, 124, 128–9, 133, 148, 152–6, 158–9, Rheinprovinz, 90, 96, 325 162–4, 166, 169–73, 178, 180, 182–7, Provinzial-Lebensversicherungsanstalt der 192, 195, 202, 204, 208, 210–16, 219, 222, Rheinprovinz, 325 224–6, 228, 233–4, 236–7, 255, 274–5, Prudential Assurance Company, 397 290–1, 297, 299–301, 303, 309–10, 312–17, První Ceská,ˇ 304 323–4, 326–9, 331–4, 338, 340–1, 350–1, Puhl, Emil, 434, 435 353, 356, 362–3, 366–7, 369–72, 377, 380, 391, 400, 413, 417–19, 421, 423–4, 427, RAA: see Reich Supervisory Office for 431, 433, 443, 461–2, 484, 486, 504, 537 Insurance (RAA) regulation of insurance industry by, xi–xii

564 Index

Reich Economics Ministry (RWM) (cont.) 233, 236–7, 239, 253–4, 257–8, 267–8, in reorganization of Austrian insurance 272–3, 283–4, 311–12, 315–18, 324, 326, industry, 290–304 348, 350, 353, 360, 364–5, 368, 376, 378, role in claims for Pogrom damage, 207–15, 380, 398, 420–3, 427, 452, 475, 513 222–8 decree related to Jewish health insurance role in Reich Group reorganization, 313 (1940), 275 Reich Finance Ministry (RFM), 7, 48, 66, 91, licensing and regulation of insurance 157, 162, 202, 250, 260–1, 267–8, 272, 274, companies, 20, 23–5 472, 485, 520 under new VAG (1931), 39–41 role in insurance claims for Pogrom damage, role in Austrian insurance industry 206, 208, 211, 214–15, 222–31, 234 restructuring (1938), 301 Reich Flight Tax (1931), 146, 250–1, 258–61, Reich Supreme Court, 126, 138, 209 337, 530, 533 Reichsbank, 24, 49, 92, 101, 163, 255–6, 317, Reich Food Estate, 84–6, 92 401, 432–5, 491, 501 Reich Group for Banking, 441 Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft, 518 Reich Group for Industry, 84 Reichslandbund, 87 Reich Group for Insurance, 92, 95, 107, 109, Reichsrat, 41 132, 136, 150, 154, 157, 162, 165–7, 168, Reichstag, 41 173, 175, 178, 194–5, 197, 202, 205–8, Reininghaus, Eberhard von, 151–2, 292, 295, 219–22, 226–7, 230–1, 236, 262, 290–1, 321, 359, 458, 493, 496 299, 303, 310–14, 327, 333, 347, 350, 370, Reinartz (SS-Obersturmführer), 413 377, 380, 382–5, 389–91, 393, 393, 415, reinsurance 417–20, 441, 471–5, 494–6, 522, 537 Greek state monopoly, 362 Hilgard as leader of, 95–6 issues related to Spanish Civil War, 345–7 reorganization of (1939), 180–8 in occupied and unoccupied France, 373–4, Reich Groups, 92–3 376, 385 Reich Insurance Committee to pay for November Pogrom damages, Alzheimer as member of, 316–19 199–200 Schmitt and Goebbels as deputy chairmen of, Schmitt’s idea for continental markets in, 315–18 319–22, 324 Schwede-Coburg as chair of, 315–19, 331–44 Swiss companies in business of, 432 Reich Insurance Law (VAG), 197, 317 Reinsurance Economic Group, 316 reforms (1931), 39–41 restitution regulation of private insurance under, 20, 23 Hessian Trusteeship, 517–18 Reich Interior Ministry, 228, 231, 263, 274 need for additional research about, 500 Reich Justice Ministry (RJM), 208, 212, 225, of property and life insurance, 507, 519–36 228, 232, 267, 275, 319, 471, 473 real estate claims against Allianz, 507–19 role in claims for Pogrom damage, 214–28 restitution courts, German, 498, 505, 509–11, Reich Law on Hereditary Entailment, 84 515, 521, 527–8 Reich Labor Ministry, 38, 173–5 Restitution Law, American, 522 Reich loans (Reichsanleihen), 157, 163, 424, Reuter, Bruno, 312, 314 472, 523–4 revenue offices, 206, 209, 224, 229–30, 232, 251, Reich Ministry of Interior 265–6, 271, 274, 276 Reich Office for Employment and Labor chief regional revenue officer, 262, 264, 267, Exchange, 84 269–70, 272 Reich Printing Office, 263 Moabit-West, 262–3, 265, 273 Reich Propaganda Ministry, 108, 112, 197, 205, RFM: see Reich Finance Ministry (RFM) 325, 338 Rhein und Mosel, 375, 387–8, 465, 467 Reich Security Head Office, 266–7 Ribbe, Friedrich Wilhelm, 402–3, 405 Reich Supervisory Office for Insurance (RAA), Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 105 43, 45–7, 68, 78, 99, 120, 123–4, 130, 146, Riebesell, Paul, 96–7, 159–60, 173 153, 164, 170–1, 179–80, 182, 185, 197, Ringelmann, Richard, 527

Index 565

Rinsler, Franz, 12 Schloeßmann, Rudolf, 13–14, 16, 27, 86, 124, Ripert, Joseph, 382 127, 153, 155, 157, 160, 164, 168, 287, 289, Rittberg, Joseph, 129 299–302, 348, 438, 447, 461–2, 469, 495 Riunioni Adriatica di Sicurta (RAS), 293–4, Schmeer (State Councilor), 202, 214 300, 320–1, 355–7, 360, 363, 408 Schmidt, Eugen, 443 RJM: see Reich Justice Ministry (RJM) Schmidt, Rudolf, 12 Roguin & Lombard, 431 Schmidt-Polex, Hans, 185, 292–7, 314, 354–5, Röhm, Ernst, 75, 77, 102, 115, 119, 464 360, 366–9, 436 Rolnická, 304 Schmitt, Günther, 73, 305–8 Romalo, Alexander, 366 Schmitt, Klaus, 443, 479 Romania, 354, 364–8 Schmitt, Kurt, 3–7, 9–11, 13, 15–17, 19, 21–8, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 434 30–3, 38–42, 44–5, 47–60, 63–7, 69–84, 87, Röse, Robert, 69, 131 90–5, 97–105, 108–9, 119, 121–6, 128–9, Rosenberg, Alfred, 246 139, 141, 149, 153, 155, 159, 164, 167, Rosenkranz, Robert, 357–8 171, 174, 178, 183–7, 218–19, 254, 278–9, Roßmann, Anton, 138 283–6, 292–4, 305–13, 315–17, 318–24, Rumkowski, Chaim, 401, 403, 405 326–32, 335–44, 346, 352, 354, 358–60, Ruperti, Ernst-Justus, 377–9, 488 368, 375, 377–8, 380, 388–9, 391–2, 413, Rycerz, Bruno, 62, 90 429–32, 434, 436–43, 456, 458, 461–2, 471–2, 475–96, 501, 504–5, 525, 535–7 SA (Sturmabteilung), 56, 67, 71, 74, 77, 79–80, beliefs about Hitler and National socialism, 109, 112–13, 119, 145, 307, 438, 449, 76–7 454–5, 475, 513, 533 as board chairman in German companies, Blood Purge of (1934), 102 103–5 damage to Jewish businesses, 191–3 contributions to Nazi causes, 307 role in November Pogrom (1938), 193 denaziﬁcation of, 70–4, 78, 476–81 role in NSBO factory council takeovers, 60–3 as deputy chair of Reich Association, 39–41 role in organizing DAF brigades, 115 as deputy chairman of Reich Insurance Saar, 290, 327 Committee, 315–18 Sachs, Camille, 474, 484 as economics minister under National Sachs, Henry, 474 Socialism, 4, 72–102 Sachsenhausen (concentration camp), 409, 411 education and early career, 4–5 Sack, Alfred, 411–12 explanation of joining Hitler’s Cabinet, Sal. Oppenheim jun. & Cie., 284 70–4 Sambri, Renato, 397 as general director of Allianz, 5–6, 10–34 Samuel Neumann (Bankhaus), 516 idea for association of European insurance Samwer, Adolf, 337, 387–8, 456, 465–8 companies, 320–2 Samwer, Karl, 160, 466 ideas about reconstruction in Europe, 481–2 Sauckel, Fritz, 88 joins National Socialist Party, 63–4, 72 Schacht, Hjalmar, 24–5, 63, 75, 92–3, 101–2, negotiation of police group insurance, 122–4 105, 128, 151, 153, 155, 158–9, 170, 310, political efforts related to insurance business, 476 39–50 Schäffer, Hans, 44, 66–7, 80–1 position on discrimination against Jews, Schalfeljew, Eduard, 103, 340 97–102 Schaub, Julius, 189 relationship with Göring, 121–2, 186–7, 308, Schieren, Wolfgang, 534 327–8, 330 Schindler, Oskar, 406, 408 relationship with Hans Heß, 7, 436–40 Schlayer, Karl-Friedrich von, 377, 379, 428 relationship with Himmler, 307–8, 330, Schlegelberger, Franz, 275 340–1 Schlesinger, Georg, 295 relationship with Hitler, 99–104 Schlesische Feuerversicherungs-Gesellschaft, relationships with National Socialist leaders, 221, 402, 412 50–66, 70–1, 306–9

566 Index

Schmitt, Kurt (cont.) Securitas Feuer-Versicherungs-AG, 11 role in Austrian insurance industry Segelcke (Regierungsrat), 226 restructuring (1938), 292–304 Seldte, Franz, 81, 83, 90–1 role in conflict related to nationalization, Serbia, 360 329–44 Seyß-Inquart, Arthur, 391–2 role in German insurance wartime expansion, Siam, 46 352–408 Siegmund (Director), 363 role in insurance claims for Pogrom damage, Siemens AG, 1 218–19 Siemens, Carl Friedrich von, 67 SS membership, 77–8, 104, 340–1 Silesia Versicherungs-Gesellschaft AG, 408, 412 support for Nazi regime, 64–5, 70, 489–90 Silverberg, Paul, 49 suspect to the Gestapo, 442–3 Simon (DAF), 113 sympathy for German Resistance, 442–3 Simon, Gustav, 326, 334 understanding of goals of National Socialist Sittenberger, Hans, 291–2, 300 regime, 306–8 Slavia, 304, 356, 359 view of Nazi leaders, 306–7 Slovakia, 354–5, 360 Schmitt, Marguerite, 4, 73, 308, 443, 476 insurance companies doing business in, Schneider, Rudolf, 397 355–6, 360 Schnell, Edgar, 315, 319–20 puppet state of, 301, 304 Schocken AG, 148 Slovenia, 360 Scholber, Max, 62–3, 448, 473 Sobernheim, Curt, 58 Schröder, Kurt von, 104 Social Democratic Party (SPD), 27, 43, 50, 57, Schubert, Julius, 520 63, 99, 129, 445, 448, 471 Schulze zur Wiesche, Paul, 470 social insurance system, German, 47–8 Schwandt, Johannes, 206, 215, 225–7 socialization: see nationalization Schwarz, Franz X., 121, 129, 180–1, 185, 475 Société Francaise de Banque et de Dépots, 394 Das Schwarze Korps, 130–1, 160, 171, 173–4, Solmssen, Georg, 59 176, 290–1, 464 Sonnemann, Else, 230 Schwede-Coburg, Franz, 120, 170, 173–4, 178, South Africa, 46, 127–8, 245, 484 180, 182–6, 290–1, 296, 301, 307, 311–14, South African Liberal Insurance Company, 46, 322–3, 327, 391, 413, 417, 460, 466, 475, 127–8 537 Soviet Union, 182, 306, 383–4, 396, 412, 418, as chairman of Reich Insurance Committee, 425, 441, 467 315–19, 331–44, 356–7, 386, 419 pre-1941 section of Poland, 396 interest in publicly chartered insurance Spain, 345–7, 427–8, 492 companies, 96 Spanish Civil War, 345–7 role in conflict about nationalization, 329–44 Speer, Albert, 138–9, 141–4, 351, 423, 427, 512 testimony in denazification tribunal, 471–3 Sperl (Military Administrative Councilor), 389 Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft, 373, 429–30 Sperr, Franz, 443 Schweizerische Lebensversicherungs-und Sperr, Traudl, 443 Rentenanstalt, 255, 267, 433, 470 SS (Schutzstaffel der NSDAP), 61, 64, 68, 77, Schweizerische National-Versicherungs- 81, 103–4, 109, 124, 129, 143, 150, 171, Gesellschaft, 11, 245, 355, 371, 427, 173–5, 189, 191, 198, 211, 260, 306–8, 319, 429–31, 495, 502 339–42, 405, 408–14, 449, 455–6, 459, Schweizerische Rückversicherungsgesellschaft: 478–9, 537 see Swiss Re Städtische Versicherungsanstalt der Gemeinde Schweizerische Unfallversicherungs- Wien, 301 Gesellschaft, 74 Stahlhelm, 305 Schwerin-Krosigk, Lutz Graf, 91, 225 Star Versicherungsanstalt, 356 Screening Committee for the Bavarian Stauß, Georg Emil von, 53, 56 Insurance Industry, 455–6 Stieringer, Bruno, 55 SD (security service of the SS), 191, 193, 471 Stinnes, Hugo, 7

Index 567

stock market, German, 163–4 Thyssen AG, 1 Storck, Hans, 433–5 Thyssen, Fritz, 51, 53 Strasser, Georg, 119 Tiedke, Johannes, 45, 152, 154–5, 176–8, 190, Straub, Agnes, 187 226, 229, 310–11, 456, 538 Streicher, Julius, 128, 307, 466 Tietz, 68 Stucki, Walter, 434 trade union movement Stülpnagel, Heinrich von, 459 DAF acquires insurance organizations of, Stumfall, Hanns, 145, 513, 515 88–92 Sturmabteilung (SA): see SA (Sturmabteilung) smashed by National Socialists (1933), 65, 88 Der Stürmer, 128, 466 see also German Labor Front (DAF) Stuttgart-Lübeck Lebensversicherungs-AG, 16 Transsylvania Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG Stuttgarter Verein Versicherungs-AG, 1, 16, 28, (Agronomul), 365 36 tumult damage insurance: see civil unrest Stutthof (concentration camp), 413 Turkey, 431 Süddeutsche Bank, 502 Süddeutsche Zucker AG, 104 Uexküll, Edgar von, 41, 55, 77, 79, 128, 160, Sudetendeutsche Partei, 303 470 Sudetendeutsche Union Versicherungs-AG, Uhlfelder Department Store, 194 303–4, 312, 355, 360 Ujedinjeno Osiguravajuce Dionicarsko, 361–2 Sudentendeutsche Volksfürsorge Ukraine, 396 Lebenversicherungs-AG, 355 Ullrich, Hans, 89, 299, 301, 313 Sudetenland, 149, 193, 238, 289, 302–3, 355–6, Ulrich, Heinrich, 502 426 United States of America, 22, 35–8, 42, 100–1, Südwestdeutsche Bank AG, 19 132, 145, 205, 220, 254, 256–7, 263, 280, Sulﬁna, Michele, 151, 292 279, 372, 382–4, 425, 430–2, 444–5, 447, Sulzberger, Robert, 502–3 449, 451, 453–9, 465, 467–71, 475–6, Süß, Theodor, 487–8 478–80, 483–4, 486–7, 490–3, 497–9, 506, Suvich, Fulvio, 294 511–13, 517, 522, 525–7, 531, 535 Svea, Brand- och Lifförsäkringsaktiebolaget, 68 Union Allgemeine Deutsche Hagel- Svoboda, 357 Versicherungs-Gesellschaft, 12 Sweden, 319, 427, 429, 492, 506 Union Rück (Union Rückversicherungs- Swiss National Bank, 432–3 Gesellschaft), 364, 371, 427, 429, 431–2, Swiss Re (Schweizerische Rückversicherungs- 495 Gesellschaft), 22, 24, 166, 267, 285, 300, 316, 320–2, 324, 326, 388, 432–3, 457, VAG : see Reich Supervisory Insurance Law 479–80, 493 (VAG) Switzerland, 2, 18, 22, 103, 136, 199, 245, 253, Vaterländische und Rhenania Vereinigte 266, 317, 319, 322, 324–5, 371–2, 383, Versicherungs-Gesellschaften AG, 13–14, 427–9, 431–2, 434, 438–40, 480, 484, 487, 19, 31 489, 491–2 Vereinigte Berlinische und Preußische Szönyi, Josef, 369 Lebensversicherungs-AG, 18, 22, 24, 28 Sztójay, Döme, 369 Vereinigte Stahlwerke (United Steel Works), 17, 67, 163–4 Tennenbaum, Cirl, 509 Vereinte Lebensversicherung AG, 236 Tennenbaum, Manes, 509 Vereinte Versicherung, 246, 248–9 Terboven, Josef, 75 Vernickel, Paul, 149 Thees, Hans, 214–16, 218–19, 230, 232–3, 235, Versicherungs-Aktiengesellschaft für das 319, 471, 473 Ostland, 396 Theler, Hans, 429–31 Versicherungswirtschaft, 482 Theresienstadt (concentration camp), 145, 271 Vesely, Frantisek, 358 Thiele (Party Chancellory), 290 Vesta Insurance Co., 398–9, 408 Thieme, Carl von, 2, 4, 10 Victoria Feuer-Versicherungs-AG, 31, 222

568 Index

Victoria zu Berlin, Allgemeine Versicherungs- Westarp, Rudolf Graf, 340 AG, 17, 23, 30–1, 67–8, 90, 155, 288–9, White Russia, 413 323, 339, 355–6, 360, 367–8, 375, 385, 412, Wiedemann, Alfred, 26, 113, 126, 132, 463–5 453 Wiedergutmachung, 503, 533 Victory Insurance Co., 378 legislation implementing, 497–8 Vita Lebensversicherungs AG, 255, 267 restitution and compensation issues, 445–6, Vogelar-Deinhardstein, Heinrich, 296 497 Vögler, Alfred, 67 restitution and compensation law, 527–9 Völkischer Beobachter, 64, 111, 193 Wiener Allianz Versicherungs-AG, 276, 292, Volksfürsorge, Gewerkschaftlich- 294, 296, 304, 354–5, 357, 360–8, 371, 494 Genossenschaftliche Versicherungs-AG, Wiesche, Dieter Schulze, 479 88–9, 288–9, 297, 358–9 Wigo Wollwaren GmbH, 233 Vorsorge Lebensversicherungs-AG, 289 Wilhelma in Magdeburg Allgemeine Ver- sicherungs AG, 12–13, 16, 245 Wach & Roskotten, 141 Wilikens, Werner, 75 Wagener, Oscar, 55–6, 74–5 Winkler, Max, 399 Wagener, Otto, 74–5, 78–9 Wintershall AG, 164 Wagner (SS-Obersturmbannführer), 411 Winterthur Lebensversicherungs-Gesellschaft, Wagner, Adolph, 42 6, 255, 432 Wagner, Adolf, 110, 118, 145, 170, 307, 458 Wispelsberger, Michael, 455–6 Wagner, Josef, 159 Woerman, Ernst, 198 Wagner, Robert, 323, 326, 387, 467 Wolff, Gustav, 75 Walter, Fritz, 442 Wolff, Karl, 307–8, 319 Walz, August, 456 Wolff, Theodor, 41 Warburg, Erich, 69 Wollenberg, Adolf, 510 Warburg, Max, 67, 69–71 Wrengler (Oberst), 338 Warmbold, Hermann, 48 Württembergische Feuerversicherung AG, Warschauer Versicherungs-Gesellschaft AG, 232–3 396–7, 408 Württembergische Feuerversicherungs-AG, 385 Warthegau, 397, 413, 422 Würz, Otto, 116, 118 Wassermann, Oscar, 24 Weber, Christian, 146 Yugoslavia, 193, 354, 368 Weber, Erwin, 451–2 Axis division of, 360–1 Wechselseitige Brandschaden- und Janus, insurance companies doing business in Allgemeine Versicherungs-Anstalt a. G., divided, 361–2 151 Wednesday Society (Mittwochsgesellschaft), Zech (Factory Council Chairman), 7, 61–2 342 Zentralkasse Norddeutscher Volksbanken, 273 Wegner, Hans, 145, 513 Zhukov, Georgij K., 448 Weiß, Bernhard, 191 Ziegler, Dieter, 138 Wengler, Marguerite: see Schmitt, Marguerite Zillmer, August, 240 Wertheimer, Simon, 457 Zwicky, F. P., 479–80, 483, 493