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The Battle for Bahrain Continues
INSS Insight No. 329, April 25, 2012 The Battle for Bahrain Continues Yoel Guzansky More than a year after the "Arab spring" came to Bahrain, the fire has still not died down. Although recent days were essentially no different from those that preceded it, the Formula One Grand Prix held in the kingdom brought the uprising back to the headlines, with the royal family seeking to use the race to demonstrate business as usual, and the Shiite opposition exploiting it to win people over to its cause. The popular uprising in Bahrain began soon after the start of the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, but in recent months, as a result of events in Syria, media attention has turned elsewhere. Meantime, however, the protest of the Shiite majority – estimated to constitute some 70 percent of the population – against the Sunni royal family has continued on a low flame. Demonstrations take place every week, generally in Shiite villages outside the capital, Manama, and not infrequently, they deteriorate into serious violence. Thus far, the regime has acknowledged the deaths of twenty people, while the opposition claims that eighty have been killed. Bahrain’s territory is 760 square kilometers. Its neighbor Qatar is located to the southeast, while Saudi Arabia, connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Bridge built in the mid 1980s, is to the west. Bahrain’s population is slightly over 1 million, about half of whom are foreign workers. Bahrain was the first state in the Gulf to discover oil, but because of the depletion of its reserves over the years, its main revenues come from profits from a Saudi oil field and its role as a banking and commercial center. -
Duke University Dissertation Template
A Sea of Debt: Histories of Commerce and Obligation in the Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1940 by Fahad Ahmad Bishara Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Edward J. Balleisen, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Janet J. Ewald ___________________________ Timur Kuran ___________________________ Bruce S. Hall ___________________________ Jonathan K. Ocko Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 i v ABSTRACT A Sea of Debt: Histories of Commerce and Obligation in the Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1940 by Fahad Ahmad Bishara Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Edward J. Balleisen, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Co-supervisor ___________________________ Janet J. Ewald ___________________________ Timur Kuran ___________________________ Bruce S. Hall ___________________________ Jonathan K. Ocko An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Fahad Ahmad Bishara 2012 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a legal history of debt and economic life in the Indian Ocean during the nineteenth and early-twentieth century. It draws on materials from Bahrain, Muscat, Bombay, Zanzibar and London to examine how members of an ocean-wide commercial society constructed relationships of economic mutualism with one another by mobilizing debt and credit. It further explores how they expressed their debt relationships through legal idioms, and how they mobilized commercial and legal instruments to adapt to the emergence of modern capitalism in the region. -
Nationalism in Bahrain: from the Rise of Popular Politics to the Arab Spring Working Paper, 15 April 2019 Chelsi Mueller While T
Nationalism in Bahrain: From the Rise of Popular Politics to the Arab Spring Working Paper, 15 April 2019 Chelsi Mueller While there is a Bahraini state, containing almost one and a half million people, it is difficult to speak of a “Bahraini nation,” let alone a Bahraini nationalism that reflects or anchors a common national identity framework. “Nationalism” is an ideology that involves identification with a “nation.” Benedict Anderson, Eric Hobsbawm and Ernest Gellner agree that a “nation” is an abstraction that is consciously created and continuously evolving. Benedict Anderson gifted us with the useful expression "imagined community," and contends that this community is based on any number of a common set of features which could include language, culture, religion, territory, ethnicity, and shared history. If we accept Anderson’s formulation and apply it to Bahrain, what would be the content of the imagined Bahraini community? The answer to that question depends on who you ask. A major sectarian fault line runs deep and wide through Bahrain and it has prevented the emergence of a sense of collective belonging capable of “imagining” Bahrain as a single national community. As a consequence, there are multiple conceptions of what it means to be quintessentially Bahraini. Bahrain’s population is almost equally divided between foreign nationals (55%) and Bahraini citizens (45%). The majority of Bahraini citizens (about 70%) are Shi‘i Arabs of non-tribal heritage while the ruling clique is mainly comprised of Sunni Arabs, most of whom claim Bedouin heritage. The least common denominator between the two largest groups is the Arab identity framework. -
Saudi Arabia Under King Faisal
SAUDI ARABIA UNDER KING FAISAL ABSTRACT || T^EsIs SubiviiTTEd FOR TIIE DEqREE of ' * ISLAMIC STUDIES ' ^ O^ilal Ahmad OZuttp UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. ABDUL ALI READER DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1997 /•, •^iX ,:Q. ABSTRACT It is a well-known fact of history that ever since the assassination of capital Uthman in 656 A.D. the Political importance of Central Arabia, the cradle of Islam , including its two holiest cities Mecca and Medina, paled into in insignificance. The fourth Rashidi Calif 'Ali bin Abi Talib had already left Medina and made Kufa in Iraq his new capital not only because it was the main base of his power, but also because the weight of the far-flung expanding Islamic Empire had shifted its centre of gravity to the north. From that time onwards even Mecca and Medina came into the news only once annually on the occasion of the Haj. It was for similar reasons that the 'Umayyads 661-750 A.D. ruled form Damascus in Syria, while the Abbasids (750- 1258 A.D ) made Baghdad in Iraq their capital. However , after a long gap of inertia, Central Arabia again came into the limelight of the Muslim world with the rise of the Wahhabi movement launched jointly by the religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and his ally Muhammad bin saud, a chieftain of the town of Dar'iyah situated between *Uyayana and Riyadh in the fertile Wadi Hanifa. There can be no denying the fact that the early rulers of the Saudi family succeeded in bringing about political stability in strife-torn Central Arabia by fusing together the numerous war-like Bedouin tribes and the settled communities into a political entity under the banner of standard, Unitarian Islam as revived and preached by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. -
Briefing April 2011
WAR, TERROR & POLITICAL VIOLENCE WTPV BRIEFING APRIL 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Transnational terrorism 2 Profile: Peru 3 Worldwide political violence 4 Africa Americas Asia Europe Middle East and North Africa Rebels ride past a fuel-storage facility attacked during clashes with government forces near Sedra, eastern Libya AIRSTRIKES HIT LIBYA AS MIDDLE EAST UNREST CONTINUES The US, UK and France began airstrikes Ali Abdullah Saleh declared a state of and cruise missile attacks against Libyan emergency, suggesting that the government air-defence installations and ground forces had lost patience with mediation efforts. on 19 March. Explosions were reported However, his position weakened on 21 in the capital Tripoli on 23 March as the March with the defection of three senior coalition continued enforcing a no-fly zone generals, who declared support for the over eastern Libya. The strikes followed a opposition and reportedly positioned units in UN Security Council resolution authorising central Sanaa to protect protesters. Looting the use of ‘all necessary measures’ to and arson were reported in the southern For more information about Hiscox or protect Libyan civilians from pro-regime city of Aden on 22 March, while there were Control Risks, please contact: forces. Uncertainty persists over the exact clashes in Mukulla on 21 March. purpose of the military engagement; Stephen Ashwell proponents of intervention have pointed to Bahrain’s government on 15 March Tel: 020 7448 6725 the humanitarian need for such measures, imposed a state of emergency and on 16 1 Great St Helen’s, London EC3A 6HX though there are also some indications March forcibly removed demonstrators from [email protected] that regime change is the ultimate goal. -
Arab Uprisings and Armed Forces: Between Openness and Resistance
SSR PAPER 2 Arab Uprisings and Armed Forces: Between Openness and Resistance Derek Lutterbeck DCAF DCAF a centre for security, development and the rule of law SSR PAPER 2 Arab Uprisings and Armed Forces Between Openness and Resistance Derek Lutterbeck DCAF The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international community in pursuing good governance and reform of the security sector. The Centre develops and promotes norms and standards, conducts tailored policy research, identifies good practices and recommendations to promote democratic security sector governance, and provides in‐country advisory support and practical assistance programmes. SSR Papers is a flagship DCAF publication series intended to contribute innovative thinking on important themes and approaches relating to security sector reform (SSR) in the broader context of security sector governance (SSG). Papers provide original and provocative analysis on topics that are directly linked to the challenges of a governance‐driven security sector reform agenda. SSR Papers are intended for researchers, policy‐makers and practitioners involved in this field. ISBN 978‐92‐9222‐180‐5 © 2011 The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces EDITORS Alan Bryden & Heiner Hänggi PRODUCTION Yury Korobovsky COPY EDITOR Cherry Ekins COVER IMAGE © Suhaib Salem/Reuters The views expressed are those of the author(s) alone and do not in any way reflect the views of the institutions referred to or -
A Comparative Analysis of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and Bahrain's February 14Th Movement Based on Goldstone's Fourth Generation Theory
Science Arena Publications Specialty Journal of Politics and Law ISSN: 2520-3282 Available online at www.sciarena.com 2018, Vol, 3 (4): 62-78 A Comparative Analysis of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and Bahrain's February 14th Movement Based on Goldstone's Fourth Generation Theory Ehsan Bagheri Dana1, Alireza Beygi1, Peyman Hassani2* 1 Islamic Studies and Political Science, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran, 2 Islamic Studies and Law, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding Author Abstract: The comparative analysis of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and Bahrain's February 14th movement as two Islamic countries which have been highly affected by each other in various fields is of great importance. By adapting the most critical Western ideas about the Islamic Revolution of Iran and analyzing its similarities and differences with Bahrain's February 14th movement, some of their most significant similarities and differences can be found. The " Goldstone's fourth generation " theory, which was presented as one of the late theories in the cause of the revolution, was evaluated by some scholars of the Islamic revolution in Iran and is still under investigation. The present study aimed at explaining the similarities and differences between the two events and evaluate the influence Bahrain’s movement from the Islamic Revolution of Iran through the comparative analysis of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and Bahrain's February 14th movement based on Goldstone's fourth generation theory. The findings of this study which were obtained based on a descriptive- analytical method and collection of sources based on the library and interviews with elite indicated that the Bahrain’s system in Bahrain's February 14th movement attempted to deny the effect of the Iranian revolution on Bahrain and introduce Bahrain's developments due to religious differences between Shiite and Sunni. -
En En Motion for a Resolution
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2009 - 2014 Plenary sitting 4.4.2011 B7-0255/2011 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION to wind up the debate on the statement by the Vice-President of the Commission/High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy pursuant to Rule 110(2) of the Rules of Procedure on the situation in Syria, Bahrain and Yemen Kyriacos Triantaphyllides, Willy Meyer, Nikolaos Chountis, Patrick Le Hyaric, Marisa Matias, Jacky Hénin, Takis Hadjigeorgiou on behalf of the GUE/NGL Group RE\863430EN.doc PE459.792v01-00 EN United in diversityEN B7-0255/2011 European Parliament resolution on the situation in Syria, Bahrain and Yemen The European Parliament, – having regard to the Charter of the UN, – having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, – having regard to Rule 110(2) of its Rules of Procedure, A. whereas the situation in each country is different, characterised by its own peculiarities, and thus should be addressed separately, B. whereas in recent months and weeks popular protests for employment, better living standards, social and labour rights, for democracy and respect of human rights, as well as constitutional changes have erupted in a number of countries in Northern Africa and the Middle East, C. whereas only foreign companies and ruling circles profit from the exploitation of the rich oil resources, leaving the broad masses struggling to live a dignified life, D. whereas the effects of the economic and financial crisis have added to the already existing political, economic and social challenges in these countries, E. whereas events in Bahrain started with a mass popular gathering in the Pearl Roundabout in Manama, on February 14th 2011, that was confronted by riot police causing dead and injured; whereas subsequent protests were confronted in a similar way, F. -
April 2012 6 Flawed Reforms Bahrain Fails to Achieve Justice for Protesters
FLAWED REFORMS BAHRAIN FAILS TO ACHIEVE JUSTICE FOR PROTESTERS Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. First published in 2012 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2012 Index: MDE 11/014/2012 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo: Bahraini anti-government protesters react as riot police throw sound bombs at their feet to disperse them in Qadam, Bahrain, 17 February 2012. -
Weaponizing Tear Gas: Bahrain’S Unprecedented Use of Toxic Chemical Agents Against Civilians
Physicians for Human Rights Weaponizing Tear Gas: Bahrain’s Unprecedented Use of Toxic Chemical Agents Against Civilians August 2012 physiciansforhumanrights.org About Physicians for Human Rights Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) uses medicine and science to investigate and expose human rights violations. We work to prevent rights abuses by seeking justice and holding offenders accountable. Since 1986, PHR has conducted investigations in more than 40 countries, including on: 1987 — Use of toxic chemical agents in South Korea 1988 — Iraq’s use of chemical weapons against Kurds 1988 — Use of toxic chemical agents in West Bank and the Gaza Strip 1989 — Use of chemical warfare agents in Soviet Georgia 1996 — Exhumation of mass graves in the Balkans 1996 — Critical forensic evidence of genocide in Rwanda 1999 — Drafting the UN-endorsed guidelines for documentation of torture 2004 — Documentation of the genocide in Darfur 2008 — US complicity of torture in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantánamo Bay 2010 — Human experimentation by CIA medical personnel on prisoners in violation of the Nuremberg Code 2011 — Violations of medical neutrality in times of armed conflict and civil unrest during the Arab Spring ... 2 Arrow Street | Suite 301 1156 15th Street, NW | Suite 1001 Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Washington, DC 20005 USA +1 617 301 4200 +1 202 728 5335 physiciansforhumanrights.org ©2012, Physicians for Human Rights. All rights reserved. ISBN: 1-879707-68-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945532 Cover photo: Bahraini anti-riot police fire tear gas grenades at peaceful and unarmed civilians protesters, including a Shi’a cleric, in June 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxauI5hdjqk. -
A Case Study of Bahrain
Institute for International Economic Policy Working Paper Series Elliott School of International Affairs The George Washington University REPRESSION, CIVIL CONFLICT, AND LEADERSHIP TENURE: A CASE STUDY OF BAHRAIN IIEP‐WP‐2016‐23 Susan Ariel Aaronson George Washington University 2016 Institute for International Economic Policy 1957 E St. NW, Suite 502 Voice: (202) 994‐5320 Fax: (202) 994‐5477 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gwu.edu/~iiep REPRESSION, CIVIL CONFLICT, AND LEADERSHIP TENURE: A CASE STUDY OF BAHRAIN12 Susan Ariel Aaronson, GWU (Photo of the protests at the Pearl Roundabout, Manama, Bahrain, 2011) This material is based upon work generously supported by, or in part by, the US Army Research Laboratory and the U. S. Army Research Office under grant number W911NF-14-1- 0485. 1 We are grateful to Valeriya Denisova, who helped research many of these sections, did tables and editing, and helped with the writing and to Cara Parrella and Kyle Renner, who diligently copyedited several versions. 3 Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco), About company. http://www.bapco.net/en-us/about-bapco 1 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 I. BAHRAIN CASE STUDY ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 A. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................................ -
Important Coins of the Islamic World
Important Coins of the Islamic World To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Lower Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Thursday 2 April 2020 at 12.00 noon Public viewing: Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Monday 30 March 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 31 March 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Wednesday 1 April 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 107 Price £15 Enquiries: Stephen Lloyd or Tom Eden Cover illustrations: Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (front); lots 43, 63 (back); A selection of coins struck in Makka (inside front); lots 26, 27 (inside back) Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.invaluable.com, www.numisbids.com, www.emax.bid and www. biddr.ch. Morton & Eden Ltd offers live online bidding via www.invaluable.com. Successful bidders using this platform will be charged a fee of 3.6% of the hammer price for this service, in addition to the Buyer’s Premium fee of 20%. This facility is provided on the understanding that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connection.