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Protest and State–Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa
SIPRI Policy Paper PROTEST AND STATE– 56 SOCIETY RELATIONS IN October 2020 THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Ambassador Ramtane Lamamra (Algeria) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States) DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: + 46 8 655 9700 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Protest and State– Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa SIPRI Policy Paper No. 56 dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil October 2020 © SIPRI 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi Summary vii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 Figure 1.1. Classification of countries in the Middle East and North Africa by 2 protest intensity 2. State–society relations in the Middle East and North Africa 5 Mass protests 5 Sporadic protests 16 Scarce protests 31 Highly suppressed protests 37 Figure 2.1. -
Turmoil in the Middle East
Turmoil in the Middle East Standard Note: SN/IA/5902 Last updated: 28 March 2011 Author: Ben Smith Section International Affairs and Defence Section This note looks at the instability in the Middle East and North Africa since the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings. Source: worldmap.org This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. Contents 1 Tunisia and Egypt 3 2 Algeria 4 2.1 Background 4 2.2 Unrest in 2011 5 2.3 Algeria basic information 5 3 Bahrain 6 3.1 Increasing repression 7 3.2 Unrest in 2011 8 3.3 Saudi forces move in 9 3.4 Bahrain- Basic information 9 4 Iran 10 4.1 Unrest in 2011 10 4.2 Iran- basic information 11 5 Jordan 11 5.1 Unrest in 2011 11 5.2 Jordan- basic information 12 6 Libya 13 6.1 Unrest in 2011 14 6.2 International reaction 15 6.3 Refugees 17 6.4 Libya- basic information 17 7 Morocco 18 7.1 Morocco- basic information -
En En Motion for a Resolution
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2009 - 2014 Plenary sitting 4.7.2011 B7-0390/2011 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION to wind up the debate on the statement by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy pursuant to Rule 110(2) of the Rules of Procedure on Syria, Yemen and Bahrain in the context of the situation in the Arab world and North Africa Fiorello Provera, Rolandas Paksas, Lorenzo Fontana, Nikolaos Salavrakos, Mara Bizzotto, Jaroslav Paška, Bastiaan Belder, Juozas Imbrasas on behalf of the EFD Group RE\872694EN.doc PE465.718v01-00 EN United in diversity EN B7-0390/2011 European Parliament resolution on Syria, Yemen and Bahrain in the context of the situation in the Arab world and North Africa The European Parliament , – having regard to its previous resolutions on crises in the Middle East, Syria, Bahrain and Yemen, – having regard to the U.S. President’s 19 May 2011 speech regarding pro-democracy uprisings across the Arab world, in particular in Syria and Yemen, – having regard to the statements of the High Representative/Vice-President of the Commission on Syria of 20, 11 and 6 June 2011, and on Yemen of 3 and 30 June 2011, – having regard to Council’s conclusion on Yemen of 20 June 2011, on Syria of 20 June and on Bahrain of 23 May 2011, – having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, – having regard to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) of 1966, to which Syria, Yemen and Bahrain are parties, – having regard to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 1975, to which Syria and Yemen are party, – having regard to United Nations Secretary General’s statements on human rights violations in Syria of 22 June 2011, – having regard to U.S. -
His Majesty, King of Bahrain Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa P.O. Box 555 Rifa’A Palace Manama, Bahrain 16 November 2018
His Majesty, King of Bahrain Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa P.O. Box 555 Rifa’a Palace Manama, Bahrain 16 November 2018 Your Majesty, We write you in order to share with you our concerns regarding the upcoming elections for Bahrain’s lower house of parliament, the Council of Representatives, taking place on 24 November. We are deeply concerned about the restrictive political environment in Bahrain, in particular the government’s effective closing of all civil and political space. On 4 November, the Secretary General of Bahrain’s largest dissolved political society, Sheikh Ali Salman, was sentenced to life imprisonment. This sentence raises further concerns that the results will be viewed as unfree, unfair, and illegitimate. To ensure international recognition of election results, we urge you to take all necessary steps to ensure the elections’ credibility, including by releasing political prisoners and allowing the formation of independent civil and political society organisations. Denial of Political Participation In order for the elections to meet international standards of free and fair elections, citizens must be able to organise politically and have the opportunity to support a wide range of candidates running for office. However, your government’s decision to forcibly dissolve all major political opposition groups, including Al-Wefaq and Wa’ad, deprives large sectors of the population of their preferred political associations. Actions taken by your government’s security services – including harassment, intimidation, and arrest – towards smaller political societies like Al- Wahdawi, and high-profile leaders, further marginalised political opposition groups and limit many citizens’ ability to vote for policies they support. -
Arab Uprisings and Armed Forces: Between Openness and Resistance
SSR PAPER 2 Arab Uprisings and Armed Forces: Between Openness and Resistance Derek Lutterbeck DCAF DCAF a centre for security, development and the rule of law SSR PAPER 2 Arab Uprisings and Armed Forces Between Openness and Resistance Derek Lutterbeck DCAF The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international community in pursuing good governance and reform of the security sector. The Centre develops and promotes norms and standards, conducts tailored policy research, identifies good practices and recommendations to promote democratic security sector governance, and provides in‐country advisory support and practical assistance programmes. SSR Papers is a flagship DCAF publication series intended to contribute innovative thinking on important themes and approaches relating to security sector reform (SSR) in the broader context of security sector governance (SSG). Papers provide original and provocative analysis on topics that are directly linked to the challenges of a governance‐driven security sector reform agenda. SSR Papers are intended for researchers, policy‐makers and practitioners involved in this field. ISBN 978‐92‐9222‐180‐5 © 2011 The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces EDITORS Alan Bryden & Heiner Hänggi PRODUCTION Yury Korobovsky COPY EDITOR Cherry Ekins COVER IMAGE © Suhaib Salem/Reuters The views expressed are those of the author(s) alone and do not in any way reflect the views of the institutions referred to or -
Protests Rock Iraq
TWITTER SPORTS @newsofbahrain OPED 6 Saudi Arabian artists explore Arab identity with sculpture INSTAGRAM Sar Club clinch /nobmedia 4 Futsal League LINKEDIN FRIDAY newsofbahrain OCTOBER , 2019 title 210 FILS WHATSAPP ISSUE NO. 8254 HH Shaikh Khalid 3844 4692 bin Hamad Al FACEBOOK Khalifa crowned /nobmedia the winners of MAIL Futsal League|P12 [email protected] WEBSITE newsofbahrain.com ‘Angelina Jolie won’t get married again’ 10 CELEBS WORLD 5 Facebook can be forced to remove illegal content worldwide N. Korea says fired ‘new’ sub-launched UAE’s Al Mansoori returns after space mission missile AFP | Almaty, Kazakhstan mos said immediately after the landing. King congratulates three-man crew includ- Hague and Ovchinin complet- Manama ing an Emirati who be- ed a 203-day mission aboard came the first Arab to the lab while Mansoori’s two is Majesty King Hamad reachA the International Space crewmates from his Septem- Hbin Isa Al-Khalifa sent Station returned to Earth safe- ber 25 launch -- Russia’s Oleg a cable of congratulations to ly yesterday and were in good Skripochka and NASA’s Jessica UAE President Shaikh Khal- What appears to be a submarine- shape, the Russian space agency Meir -- are staying on as part of ifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan on launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Roscosmos said. a six-member team. the historic journey to the flies in an undisclosed location Hazzaa al-Mansoori of the Although Mansoori’s mission International Space Station Seoul United Arab Emirates touched was short -- eight days in to - (ISS) by Hazzaa al-Mansoori. down in the Kazakh steppes at tal -- it has been the source of HM the King described the 1059 GMT along with NASA as- great pride in the UAE, a new- achievement as a source of orth Korea successfully tronaut Nick Hague and Roscos- comer to the world of space pride to the Arab and Islamic Ntest-fired a “new-type” mos cosmonaut Alexey Ovchin- with ambitions to send an un- nations. -
Doing Business Report Proves Kingdom on the Right Track: CP
TWITTER SPORTS @newsofbahrain OPED 6 Iraqi musician brings didgeridoo to the Middle East INSTAGRAM Purser, Knox Jones, /nobmedia 25 Graham and Endler LINKEDIN FRIDAY newsofbahrain OCTOBER , 2019 keep title-double 210 FILS WHATSAPP hopes alive 3844 4692 ISSUE NO. 8275 All four players FACEBOOK advanced to their re- /nobmedia spective doubles finals MAIL while also booking a [email protected] place in their singles WEBSITE semi-finals |P12 newsofbahrain.com Jennifer Aniston spills the beans on her diet 10 CELEBS WORLD 5 Pakistan, India sign deal on visa-free corridor for pilgrims Doing business report proves Kingdom on the right track: CP that are progressing in the right Deputy Prime Minister, pledged er future. HRH Prince Salman direction, said HRH the Crown to continue his works in this HM King Hamad expressed • Prince. direction. his pride in the achievement pledges to continue “This achievement is a source The outstanding accomplish- and stressed, “It reflected the diversification efforts of pride and results from the ment, Crown Prince said, indi- ability of Bahrainis to rise to the guidance and support of His cates the works of the executive occasions, meet challenges and TDT | Manama Majesty King Hamad bin Isa Al and legislative branches, the pri- achieve successive successes Khalifa,” said HRH Prince Sal- vate sector and NGOs together as that place Bahrain in a leading man bin Hamad Al Khalifa in a ‘Team Bahrain’. position in the world.” ahrain’s improved ranking congratulatory message sent to Separately, His Majesty sent His Majesty hailed Prince Sal- Bin the World Bank Group’s HM the King. -
En En Motion for a Resolution
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2009 - 2014 Plenary sitting 4.4.2011 B7-0255/2011 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION to wind up the debate on the statement by the Vice-President of the Commission/High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy pursuant to Rule 110(2) of the Rules of Procedure on the situation in Syria, Bahrain and Yemen Kyriacos Triantaphyllides, Willy Meyer, Nikolaos Chountis, Patrick Le Hyaric, Marisa Matias, Jacky Hénin, Takis Hadjigeorgiou on behalf of the GUE/NGL Group RE\863430EN.doc PE459.792v01-00 EN United in diversityEN B7-0255/2011 European Parliament resolution on the situation in Syria, Bahrain and Yemen The European Parliament, – having regard to the Charter of the UN, – having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, – having regard to Rule 110(2) of its Rules of Procedure, A. whereas the situation in each country is different, characterised by its own peculiarities, and thus should be addressed separately, B. whereas in recent months and weeks popular protests for employment, better living standards, social and labour rights, for democracy and respect of human rights, as well as constitutional changes have erupted in a number of countries in Northern Africa and the Middle East, C. whereas only foreign companies and ruling circles profit from the exploitation of the rich oil resources, leaving the broad masses struggling to live a dignified life, D. whereas the effects of the economic and financial crisis have added to the already existing political, economic and social challenges in these countries, E. whereas events in Bahrain started with a mass popular gathering in the Pearl Roundabout in Manama, on February 14th 2011, that was confronted by riot police causing dead and injured; whereas subsequent protests were confronted in a similar way, F. -
April 2012 6 Flawed Reforms Bahrain Fails to Achieve Justice for Protesters
FLAWED REFORMS BAHRAIN FAILS TO ACHIEVE JUSTICE FOR PROTESTERS Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. First published in 2012 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2012 Index: MDE 11/014/2012 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo: Bahraini anti-government protesters react as riot police throw sound bombs at their feet to disperse them in Qadam, Bahrain, 17 February 2012. -
Weaponizing Tear Gas: Bahrain’S Unprecedented Use of Toxic Chemical Agents Against Civilians
Physicians for Human Rights Weaponizing Tear Gas: Bahrain’s Unprecedented Use of Toxic Chemical Agents Against Civilians August 2012 physiciansforhumanrights.org About Physicians for Human Rights Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) uses medicine and science to investigate and expose human rights violations. We work to prevent rights abuses by seeking justice and holding offenders accountable. Since 1986, PHR has conducted investigations in more than 40 countries, including on: 1987 — Use of toxic chemical agents in South Korea 1988 — Iraq’s use of chemical weapons against Kurds 1988 — Use of toxic chemical agents in West Bank and the Gaza Strip 1989 — Use of chemical warfare agents in Soviet Georgia 1996 — Exhumation of mass graves in the Balkans 1996 — Critical forensic evidence of genocide in Rwanda 1999 — Drafting the UN-endorsed guidelines for documentation of torture 2004 — Documentation of the genocide in Darfur 2008 — US complicity of torture in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantánamo Bay 2010 — Human experimentation by CIA medical personnel on prisoners in violation of the Nuremberg Code 2011 — Violations of medical neutrality in times of armed conflict and civil unrest during the Arab Spring ... 2 Arrow Street | Suite 301 1156 15th Street, NW | Suite 1001 Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Washington, DC 20005 USA +1 617 301 4200 +1 202 728 5335 physiciansforhumanrights.org ©2012, Physicians for Human Rights. All rights reserved. ISBN: 1-879707-68-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945532 Cover photo: Bahraini anti-riot police fire tear gas grenades at peaceful and unarmed civilians protesters, including a Shi’a cleric, in June 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxauI5hdjqk. -
Bogdan SZAJKOWSKI*
Alternative Politics, Vol.3, No.3, 256-419, November 2011 256 TIMELINE OF THE ARAB REVOLT: DECEMBER 2010 – JUNE 2011 Bogdan SZAJKOWSKI* December 17, 2010 Tunisia - Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26-year-old unemployed, sets fire to himself in the central Tunisian town of Sidi Bouzid, protesting at the confiscation by police of his fruit and vegetable cart. He suffers third-degree burns across his entire body and is subsequently treated in the Traumatology Centre for Severe Burns in the town of Ben Arous. His self-immolation sparks demonstrations in which protesters burned tyres and chanted slogans demanding jobs. Protests soon spread to other parts of the country including the towns of al-Ragab and Maknasi in central Tunisia, and later the capital, Tunis. Videos of the Sidi Bouzid demonstrations are online soon after the protest began and the Twitter website carries extensive commentary of the protests. December 19, 2010 Tunisia - Protests spread to Kairouan (holy city located in north-central Tunisia), Sfax (city 270 km southeast of Tunis), and Ben Guerdane (town in south-eastern Tunisia, close to the border with Libya). December 20, 2010 Tunisia - Mohamed Al Nouri Al Juwayni, the Tunisian development minister, travels to Sidi Bouzid to announce a new $10m employment programme. But protests continue unabated. December 21, 2010 Tunisia - President Ben Ali carries out limited cabinet reshuffle and warns that protesters would be punished if rioting continued in the country. December 22, 2010 Tunisia - Lahseen Naji, a 22-year-old commits suicide in the midst of another demonstration over unemployment in Sidi Bouzid by climbing an electricity pylon and electrocuting himself on the cables, after shouting out ―No to misery, no to unemployment!‖ 257 Bogdan Szajkowski Ramzi Al-Abboudi, under the burden of business debt, ironically made possible by the country‘s micro-credit solidarity programme, commits suicide. -
Bahrain: Change of the Regime Or Changes Within the Regime?
Bahrain: Change of the Regime or Changes within the Regime? The 14th February Uprising opposition of all shades was in agreement with Bahrain has been witnessing an uprising since the uprising, despite differences on the agenda 14th February 2011, the eruption of which had and means of protests. been signaled by a call on Facebook two weeks The first days of the uprisings (14–17 before. The call promoted two slogans: one, that February) witnessed increasingly dramatic the protests should be of a peaceful nature; and developments, which led to an unprecedented two, that the aim is to topple the regime. Both situation in the country. None of the concerned demands were in line with their precedents parties, neither the opposition nor the security in Tunisia and Egypt, and with the popular establishment, government or the general public expected such a large turnout of protesters amid tight security measures. Tens of Despite the peaceful nature thousands showed up in defiance. Despite the of the protests, it was quelled peaceful nature of the protests, it was quelled with ruthless force resulting in with ruthless force resulting in deaths and tens deaths and tens of causalities of causalities among the protesters. The funeral among the protesters. of a victim at Al-Daih village east of the island’s capital Manama on 15th February was massive. Thousands advanced towards the so-called expression “The People want the downfall of Lulu (eng: Pearl) roundabout1 in Manama. the regime“ (ash-sha’b yurid isqat al-nizam). The call came from anonymous persons, but thousands of Bahrainis supported it on the Facebook group entitled “14th February Bahrain Revolution”.