Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, JAPAN

http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/ Towards the Affluent Future Pioneered by Space Science

Greetings As a core institute conducting space science researches Saku Tsuneta, Director General of ISAS Missions of ISAS

The missions of ISAS aim to push ahead academic researches through the planning, development, ying experiments, operations and result production of characteristic and excellent space science missions consistently with the cooperation from universities, institutes in Japan and each foreign space institutes with the use of satellites, probes, sound rockets, big balloons and international space station. The biggest advantage of ISAS is that researchers of space engineering and space science cooperate with each other to research and develop, which means that engineers lead science missions with advanced technologies and new technologies that scientists expect can be developed ef ciently.

● To solutions to the fundamental problems of the modern space science and make them common intellectual properties of the society

● To create and execute new exploration programs such as landing on The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science（ ISAS）is an celestial bodies like the moon, the Mars and its satellites and collecting essential part of Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) extraterrestrial materials and going back to the earth through the close and is as well a unique institute. ISAS becomes a hub for cooperation between space science and space engineering. universities or institutes to work together with all the researchers in Japan to realize the space science missions which are ● To continuously evolve the space transportation system to execute impossible to start for them individually. We will live up to the missions with lower cost and higher frequency. expectations both inside and outside JAXA, and through academic researches, we will contribute to the wide-ranging ● To sustainably realize advanced space science missions with tasks that JAXA and Japan are facing during space development. So far, basing on the close cooperation between researchers the cooperative structure that universities and institutes from both inside of space science and space engineering, our institute have and outside the country work together according to the Inter-University successively proposed and realized ambitious projects such as Research Institute System. “Hayabusa” and etc. Space science in the world is becoming more and more advanced and large-scale and diversi ed ● To cultivate talents to get involved in space development and researches international cooperation has become a trend. It is also on space science. important for ISAS to cooperate with main space institutes from other countries and start more international missions in the future. ● To contribute to the space development of Japan including space utilization. The 21st century should be the century when mankind can get a comprehensive description on the origin of the Universe and life for the rst time. As explorations go on, a new world is showing more and more aspects far beyond our imaginations, The ISAS is going to put scientific satellite and exploration programs which such as the presence of dark energy and dark matters, will become more and more large-scale and complicated in the future, exoplanets, as well as the various appearances of the planets, into practice, through the cooperation with the engineers and researchers satellites and asteroids in our solar system. ISAS, with astrophysics and solar system science going hand in hand with with excellent administrative abilities and experience from JAXA. the space engineering, which opens up new possibilities toward At the same time, by conducting demonstrations of advanced technologies the space, will continue to challenge this magni cent exploration of knowledge with the cooperation of universities promptly with the use of the Epsilon rockets, which is a way to execute and institutes from inside and outside our country. Our institute missions with lower cost and higher frequency, we will make more contributions will start new missions while steadily executing the missions in to the developmentnt o space exploration including the space utilization development. We are looking forward to your understanding, support and suggestions. prompted by JAXA and private companies.

2 3 Researches and Development Making the Impossible Possible

“It is because of high risk that it is the frontier, and it is because of difficult projects that we can expect great achievements.”

Researchers with such a will are conducting researches every day. The space engineering is a treasure house of new e

technologies and it is expected to have great development in the future when successfully developed. c

n ie c s e Space: The Frontier for Humankind spac The space is still a frontier for humankind. The space requires for system integration to combine and harmonize these technologies is technologies under environments completely different in gravity, also an important subject of our institute. pressure or temperature from what are natural on the ground. To perform activities outside the atmosphere, facing all the engineering The progress of space engineering has made direct contributions to problems under sever or unknown environments, we have to keep the expansion of human’s area of activity and knowledge. At the developing new technologies with high reliability. same time, besides transportation, the progresses of space technologies have been integrated with communication, positioning Space engineering consists of various specialized elds and we and earth observation technologies and are closely related to our are pursuing extreme performance and reliability in each of them. everyday life. With this background, our institute is conducting basic However, it is not enough for us to design and realize advanced researches in the related elds of space engineering and is hardware such as rockets, satellites and probes by only developing developing and demonstrating technologies that help to solve all the Technology Demonstration of Reusable Sounding Rockets advanced technologies in each eld. To achieve a purpose, we advanced problems not only in space engineering but also have to harmonize each technology transversally as a system. The engineering in general. The future when we can do round trips frequently between the earth and space with reusable rockets. Smart Lander for Investigating Moon

Combustion test of the LOX/LH2 rocket engine

To realize a high-reliable space transportation system like passenger planes with a low cost to do round trips frequently between the earth and space, it is important to reuse the body of a launch vehicle. Aiming at the future application, we are conducting researches and demonstration tests to use the reusable rockets as sounding rockets. We developed a rocket “SLIM” is a plan to demonstrate the landing technology for probes to land at where they engine reusable for over 100 times with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuels and succeeded in demonstration tests. want (an accuracy of 100 meters) with small probes so as to expand the possibilities of scienti c explorations.

Epsilon Launch Vehicle Sounding Rockets Balloons

Small rockets developed for various scienti c experiments with about-10-minute ballistic ights. They are being widely used by most researchers for conduct space demonstrations in advance on innovative key technologies and technical veri cation of new ying bodies. They are also playing an important role for direct observations of the vertical structure of the upper atmosphere between 100-300km high which is dif cult for arti cial satellites as well as investigation of the initial behaviors of material Solar Power Sail Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS" Balloons have relaxed limitations on the size and weight of onboard devices, more (Artists rendering of IKAROS ) The Launch of Epsilon Launch Vehicle generated under microgravity chance to y and is possible to recycle the onboard devices. To make full use of environment. these features, we are conducting state-of-the-art ambitious or germinating With the combination of solar sail technology, which makes it possible to y in the space The Epsilon Launch Vehicle was born with the concept to make it easier to launch experiments. Furthermore, we are developing the world’ s most advanced next with solar radiation pressure with sails deployed in the space, and the technology to rockets and to lower the threshold towards the space. generation balloons for ying longer and higher. operate the high-ef cient ion engines with the power generated by thin lm solar cells, Sounding Rockets S-520 we are creating new possibilities for solar system explorations in the future.

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Technologies Supporting the Missions e

c

n ie The space science approaches the formation of the Universe, and even the origin of life. We make the challenging c s e activities possible, and tackle the development of technologies that create new possibilities. spac

Technologies Supporting Deep Space Exploration Advanced Observation Technologies

Atmospheric Entry System Autonomous Image Navigation and Guidance Control Stirling Cooler and Joule-Thomson Cooler

Looking toward the era when we do round trips To get closer to or land on the celestial bodies away from the It is necessary to cool the detectors close to between space and the earth actively or when we earth, autonomous functions are necessary. Because it takes absolute zero to reduce noise to the utmost limit Compton Camera explore planets with atmosphere, we are researching a long time to communicate, it will be too late to wait for observations with X-ray and infrared sensors. To and developing the atmospheric entry system. With directions from the ground. We are developing and improving reach 0.05K on the X-ray Astronomy Satellite The Compton camera nds the direction of the largest Arc-Heated Wind Tunnel, we research on automatic and autonomous control systems so that the probe “Hitomi” (ASTRO-H), besides liquid helium and arrival of gamma-rays according to the heat-resistant materials and structures. In the re-entry capsule of itself can estimate its location with a high accuracy and even adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, we are also Compton scattering law. We succeeded in “Hayabusa” , the returned samples were protected from high temperature detect and avoid obstacles while comparing images from the using Stirling cooler and Joule-Thomson cooler. developing Japan's own Compton camera during atmospheric re-entry with a technique called ablation. camera installed With the use of these mechanical refrigerators, the by using silicon semiconductors as on the probe to lifetime of the on-orbit detector cooling system is scatterers and cadmium telluride 1. Released from The 2.5m aero shell Furthermore, as the next the terrain data. greatly extended and it is planned that it will still be the mother ship in wind tunnel semiconductors as absorbers. The experiments. generation atmospheric This technology able to observe after all the freezing mixtures The Joule-Thomson cooler on “Hitomi” JAXA/SHI technology has been put into practice such Aero shell entry system, we developed will be not only Photo image Map data onboard get evaporated. 2. Aero shell capsule as the visualization of distribution of before a soft aero shell system. The applied to future deployed radioactive substances and the medical deployment airframe will not be exposed solar system elds such as heavy particle radiotherapy. 3. Decelerative to the high temperature exploration but aerodynamic Thermal Control Technologies heating reduced environment by deploying also widely used with the soft aero a big aero shell before Heat input Heat output shell at high altitude The large on ground. 4. Landing on aero shell entering the atmosphere. water and Liquid ow back Vapor flow Noncondensable gas Liquid ow Condensing part Active part Ion Engine Delta-DOR Gas holder Condensing Adiabatic part Evaporating part part Delta-DOR (Delta-Differential One-Way Ranging) is a powerful navigation technique for interplanetary spacecraft. Delta-DOR uses two widely 140mm 110mm 800mm 100mm separated antennas on the ground, and measures the time delay between radio signals from a spacecraft and a distant galaxy (more precisely a quasar). Light, power-saving and highly reliable thermal control devices are required for future The silicon sensor of the Compton camera on “Hitomi” By measuring the time difference with several tens pico second of accuracy, planet explorations and missions like space telescope and small satellites. We are the position of the spacecraft 150 million km away can be determined with a conducting researches on thermal control devices such as space loop heat pipes, few hundreds meter accuracy. The ISAS leads the recording technique of self-excited oscillating heat pipes and variable conductance heat pipes. broadband radio signals, a component of the Delta-DOR. Our total performance is comparable with NASA/JPL and the world’ s highest. The world’s rst microwave discharge ion engine μ10 demonstrated in space. Diffraction Limited Space Telescope EUV Imaging Spectrometer Magnetograph The ion engine gives power for a longer time with a lower cost and The diffraction limited (the theoretical highest The EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) is a wavelength Measuring magnetic elds is an essential makes various and complicated applications of satellites possible. It is resolution we can get considering the wave nature of region where we can get the clues to technique for researching space plasma and also a key technology for deep space exploration. The microwave light) space telescope technologies, all get together understand the environment of planet the internal part of planets. We have made a lot discharge ion engines installed on “Hayabusa” achieved the world’ s in the Orbiting Solar Observatory “Hinode” . atmosphere and plasma. However, to make of achievements through highly-precious longest operation for totally 40,000 hours. Particularly, such as the primary mirror of 50cm the optical system of the observation devices magnetic elds measuring with scienti c caliber with nearly no unevenness, the main mirror requires extreme high lm deposition satellites such as GEOTAIL and SELENE and support mechanism that withstands the launching technology and polishing technology with an they are all results from high-performance environment while not distorting the primary mirror, ultra-high precision of sub-nanometer level. magnetographs, light and long sensor low expansion composite materials that keep the With this technology, the primary mirror and extenders and reducing the magnetic elds of Research Robot Technologies Ultra-long Distance Communication precision of primary mirror and secondary mirrors diffraction gratings for EUV observation satellites. Furthermore, we have improved the within several microns against the vibration during installed on SPRINT-A (Hisaki) reached the resolution of magnetic elds measuring and To widely and fully explore the Deep space communication launching and on-orbit temperature changes, highest reectance and wavelength developed magnetographs with higher surface of moon and planets, technologies are necessary for stabilizing images by removing resolution ever. radioresistance, which have been installed on mobile explorations are controlling probes over 100 the blurs resulted from shakes the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO) necessary. At rst, we have to million km away and sending of satellites with adjustable (the BepiColombo project) and the Exploration understand the environment important data to the ground mirrors and etc. With these of energization Extender of the target celestial body. and small, light and highly technologies, we realized a and Radiation in For this purpose, we are ef cient performance is Highly ef cient breakthrough diffraction Geospace (ERG). solid ampli er researching vision system, essential for the communication limited resolution of 0.2-0.3 Ultra-small and image processing, terrain technologies for deep space high output GaN ampli er arcseconds and we will also sensing, map drawing, image exploration satellites. We are apply these technologies to tracking and etc. To move to where we want to explore, we are as researching space nanoelectronics technologies to quickly apply the space telescope plans well researching path planning, obstacle detection and avoidance, the most advanced electronic information communication which require higher Structure of the Solar The EUV imaging spectrometer installed The magnetograph installed advanced remote controlling and etc. technologies such as compact GaN ampli er to miniaturized deep resolutions in the future. Optical Telescope on Hisaki, on the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter. space exploration satellites. installed on “Hinode” Yoshioka et al., PSS, 2013 6 7 ISAS and Space Science Photos Credit: NASA/JPL/NAOJ, Illustration Credit: Akihiro Ikeshita

Researchers and engineers with intellectual curiosities and adventurous spirits have been beating in union in the ISAS. The research and development of the ISAS center on the aims below:

● Origin, evolution and diversity of the Universe By using space observatories, we tackle to understand the formation of the universe and the process leading to the diversity of the today’ s universe.

● Origin and evolution of organic compounds in the solar system By observations and explorations of objects in the solar system, we aim to understand the structure of the solar system and exoplanetary systems, and to uncover their formation and evolution. We are also keen to understand the necessary condition for habitability.

● Research and development for widening human activities in space We promote researches on technological development and their application for future space availabilities and “more distant, more freely and more advanced” space observations and explorations.

We carry out research activities to pursue a new vision of the universe.

8 9 Road-Map of Space Science 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

SUZAKU HITOMI 2005～ (ASTRO-EII) (ASTRO-H) ATHENA (planning phase) Launch Vehicle X-ray astronomy satellite to observe variety of X-ray sources X-ray astronomy satellite to measure dynamics and composition X-ray astronomical satellite with capabilities of higher angular ： M-V Rocket over a wider energy range (from 0.3 to 600 keV) of high temperature plasma in space resolution and wider eld of view and higher energy resolution

AKARI Research on the origin 2006～ (ASTRO-F) ～2011 SPICA (planning phase) Launch Vehicle Infrared astronomical observatory to obtain the all-sky survey data for studies Next-generation infrared space telescope and evolution ： M-V Rocket on formation of planetary systems and formation and evolution of galaxies of the Universe

HINODE SOLAR-C (planning phase) 2006～ (SOLAR-B) Launch Vehicle Solar-observing satellite developed to reveal the whole process of heating Next-generation solar-observation satellite to observe the Sun’ s surface and corona with higher resolution ： M-V Rocket and magnetic activities across the Sun’ s surface and corona

LiteBIRD (planning phase) Veri cation of the ination theory based on measurement of the polarimetry of microwave background radiation

2007～ SELENE ～2009 2013～ HISAKI (SPRINT-A) Martian Moon Explore (plannning phase) Launch Vehicle： H-IIA Mission to obtain elemental and mineral compositions, topography Launch Vehicle Space telescope to observe planetary atmosphere and so on with high accuracy and resolution : Epsilon Rocket and plasma in the magnetosphere with EUV Samples return mission from a satellite of Mars

ERG 1989～ AKEBONO (EXOS-D) ～2015 年 4 月運用終了 Mission to observe the radiation belt surrounding Launch Vehicle: M-3SII Satellite to monitor aurora phenomena of the earth the earth and space storm variation and Van Allen radiation belts for 26 years Research on the origin 2014～ HAYABUSA2 Launch Vehicle Mission to explore a C-type asteroid and evolution : H-IIA and bring back its samples 1992 ～ GEOTAIL of biosphere Launch Vehicle: Delta 2 Satellite developed in a Japan-U.S. joint project to study the structure and dynamics of the earth’ s magnetotail JUICE (planning phase) Mission to observe Jupiter and three of its largest moons, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa, in detail 2010～ AKATSUKI (PLANET-C) Launch Vehicle: H-IIA Rocket Venus climate orbiter to determine the dynamics of the Venus climate

BepiColombo (MMO) Joint mission of the European Space Agency and JAXA and MMO measures the magnetic eld of Mercury

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Research for future 2010～ IKAROS space projects Launch Vehicle: H-IIA Rocket World's rst solar powered sail craft to verify both technologies of photon propulsion and thin lm solar power generation Explore of Jupiter and the Trojan asteroids (planning phase) Small-scale plans SLIM Mission to explore Jupiter and the Trojan asteroids by the solar powered sail 2003～ HAYABUSA (MUSES-C) ～2010 Technology demonstration mission Medium-scale plans Launch Vehicle: Delta 2 Experimental mission on key technologies necessary for returning planetary samples for high-precision landing on the lunar surface Participating as a junior partner 2015～ Next-Generation Usuda Antenna in overseas missions New station for deep space missions 10 Illustrations by AKIHIRO IKESHITA 11 12 13 Becoming the Driving Force of Realization and Development

To keep making achievements in space science, where highly advanced Cultivating Researchers and Engineers of the Next Generation technologies and knowledge are required, To develop academic researches and scienti c technologies, it is as well as to make satellites or probes necessary to nurture the young researchers and engineers who with higher performance succeed, will be in charge of our future. In ISAS, we are teaching graduate students from Space and Astronautical Science of Soukendai ISAS is cooperating with universities or (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) and other universities, received according to the Special Collaborative other institutes both inside and outside Fellowship for Graduate Students System.

Japan, and is cultivating human resources In our institute, researchers of space science and of space engineering, all work together to realize their to bear space science in the future. common dream of conquering the space with the wisdom of mankind. It is a distinctive feature of the education in ISAS that one can learn a broad knowledge of advanced space engineering and space science (space observation and exploration) which will be very helpful in the future.

Additionally, students participate in international cooperative researches or large-scale projects conducted As the Core Institution in Space Science together with many universities and institutes including foreign ones. We as well expect that the students and young researchers to acquire the ability to plan advanced scienti c satellite projects and to conduct researches and projects in international teams besides a wealth of knowledge on space science. ISAS was established in 1981 as a national inter-university research institute to play the role of the core institute of space science in Japan. Researchers are conducting researches in various universities and institutes in Japan. In the framework of the inter-university research system, researchers from universities are able to use the cutting-edge facilities in ISAS. Such inter-university research system is Japan’ s own research system.

After becoming a member of the independent administrative institution JAXA in 2003, ISAS, same as universities, shows respects to the freewheeling thinking of the researchers, and is working as an inter-university research institute under the inter-university research system. Now, our institute is as well playing a role as the point of contact for international cooperation in space science in Japan and is promoting the cooperation and exchanges with institutes and researchers in other countries as an international center of excellence.

Selection of space science projects in Japan ・Studies under the inter-university research system ・Project creations & competitive selection of a mission ISAS Selecting & conducting space science project

Advisory Committee Advisory Committee for Space Science for Space Engineering Conducting germinating and advanced researches through freewheeling thinking

Research and project proposals from research communities

14 15 The ISAS and Other Facilities in JAXA

Sagamihara Campus The old ISAS was established in April 1981 as a national inner-university research institute and the Sagamihara campus opened as the center base at the same time in Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. There are the Research/Administration Buildings, the Environmental Test Building (for development and testing of onboard equipment for rockets and satellites), the Experiment Facility Building, and etc. After becoming a part of JAXA in 2003, it continues to play a role in the inner-university research system in Japan. Parts of the Space Education Center and Sokendai are also located here.

Operations Room Connecting Curation facility dealing the Ground and Space with extraterrestrial materials With the Usuda Deep Space Center and There is a facility (curation facility) for Uchinoura Space Center as the ground recording and initially analyzing the control of ce, we operate the earth orbiting samples brought back from the small satellites and planetary probes. planet Itokawa by Hayabusa.

Structure and Mechanics Test Building Flight Environment Test Building Here we test the strength and rigidity of We assemble scienti c satellites and rocket elements and satellite structures, probes in the clean room and run Sagamihara Campus the functions of rocket inter-stage joints performance and function tests here and nose fairings, etc. before launch.

Related facilitie Taiki

Noshiro

Tsukuba Usuda Space Center Akiruno experiment Lab. Uchinoura Space Center Usuda Deep Space Center (Space Technology Directorate I) (Space Tracking and Communications Center) Noshiro Rocket Testing Center Taiki Aerospace Research Field

The Uchinoura Space Center located at the Osumi Peninsula in It is a facility located at Saku-shi, Nagano Prefecture, Japan for tracking Uchinoura Noshiro Rocket Testing Center has performed a wide range of The Taiki Aerospace Research Field, which is a base for cooperation Kimotsuki-cho, Kagoshima Prefecture and we launch and track sounding and operating deep space probes towards celestial bodies such as other Tanegashima static ring tests of solid rocket motors. There are also facilities for between the town of Taiki, Hiroo-gun in Hokkaido and JAXA, is located in rockets and scienti c satellites and receive data from them here. planets in solar system. It is equipped with a 64m-diameter parabolic Space Center developing future high-performance engines. the Taiki Multi-Purpose Aerospace Park. From 2008, scienti c antenna and the VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometer) is also used for balloon-borne experiments that used to be performed at Sanriku is 16 observations. being performed here. 17 Becoming the Driving Force of Realization and Development are structured for the explicit purpose of sharing forefront scientific result with the widest possible community. Our Public Outreach Activities Making the most of deliverables of research and development such as particles sampled from the minor planet ITOKAWA.

Communicate our forefront results with their process

We gave high priority to open the door to people who are not Under agreement between Sagamihara City and the National e Anniversary of c familiar with space science. Major activities include facility tours Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, we held many joint events with n ie c and cooperation with local communities and science museums. Sagamihara City and seminars for municipal schools as well as the ISAS Foundation Plan Your Mission! s e The education and public outreach of ce of ISAS is staffed to joint tours with municipal museums to attract people who are not spac maximize the ef ciency to attract a larger audience and provide familiar with space science. We annually held a gathering of public lectures on space science as a memorial Staying for one week in ISAS, high-school students plan newest research results to the general public. of anniversary of the ISAS foundation. Researchers themselves present talks and their own missions to actively learn attitude as a researcher, Cooperating with the Japan Science Museum Committee, we help explain aims of new missions and technologies to realize them. i.e., “Think, Decide and Work by Yourself” . Exhibition room at ISAS and special open day are popular for the exhibitions related to space science held by each science museum. general public. More than 63,00 visitors participated in guided We actively dispatch lectures upon requests from science tours and self-guided tours. This is much higher than 2010 when museums, public halls, and schools. Japanese people enjoyed the return of the “HAYABUSA” boom, and the number of visitors is increasing steadily. Annual special open days were held at ISAS in summer, and more than 13,000- people visited.

Media Relatios & Press Releases

We hold press brie ngs and use our website cooperation with the PR Department of the JAXA Headquarters. We also have conferences to help the journalists and science communicators understand basic space science. The photo below shows introduction a Space School satellite called (MMO; Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter) to the press. This is an event that researchers directory communicate with children and answer a variety of questions from the audience. We host about 10 nationwide Space School per year. Special Open Days Researchers and graduated-students present experiments, talks, poster-presentations and exhibitions at Annual Special Open Days.

Daily Open Days

A part of our Sagamihara Campus, the Pavilion main campus of ISAS, is daily opened for （Image Illustration） the general public. In addition, we have an Pavilion Plan exhibition hall in the main building of ISAS. We plan to build a new pavilion to extend our public outreach activities. By utilizing real objects and/or engineering models, we are keen to establish better Science relation with the general public School and to be a domestic center of museum space science communication. Local Communities

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