Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77300-3

Home , AsiaStar, Eastern Range, Jumpseat (satellite), Kosmos 48, Lockheed Martin Space, Munin (satellite)

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77300-3 — The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space Fernand Verger , Isabelle Sourbès-Verger , Raymond Ghirardi , With contributions by Xavier Pasco , Foreword by John M. Logsdon , Translated by Stephen Lyle , Paul Reilly Index More Information

Index

Bold face entries refer to figures and figure Advanced Land Imager (ALI) 169, 232, 237 Agila 54, 297, 315 captions. resolution 274 chronology 291 Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) 163, position 291 169, 270 spectral bands 289 A sensors 232, 237, 270, 274 AGN AAD VSAR 237, 274 see active galactic nucleus see Acquisition, Archiving and Distribution Advanced Land Remote Sensing System (ALRSS) agriculture 241 AATSR 252 Airborne Laser (ABL) 356, 358 see Advanced Along Track Scanning Advanced Landsat 252 air braking 174, 204 Radiometer Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Air Density Explorer (ADE) 170 ABL (AMSR) 174, 262 Air Launch Aerospace Corporation 111, 126, 128 see Airborne Laser Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) 174 AIRS ABM METOP 243 see Atmospheric Infrared Sounder see antiballistic missile systems Advanced Orion 54 Akebono 175, 176, 177, 178, 178 ABM Treaty (1972) 355 Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Akjuit Aerospace Company 104, 110 accidents in space 48–49, 195, 362–363 Astrophysics (ASCA) 186 Alaska Aerospace Development Corp. 134 ACE Advanced Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) 156, Alcantara space base 104, 108, 110, 157 see Advanced Composition Explorer 157 Alcatel Space 94, 294, 305, 308 see Atmospheric Chemistry Explorer payload 154 Alenia Aerospace 94 ACeS Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and ALI see Asia Cellular Satellite Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) 169, 232, see Advanced Land Imager ACES 237 ALISSA see Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space resolution 274 see Atmosphère par lidar sur Salyut Acquisition, Archiving and Distribution (AAD) 265 Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) 169, Al Jazeera 311 ACRIMsat 168, 170, 171, 174 237, 270, 273 Alliant Techsystems 135, 137 active antenna 295 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer alloys in space 189 active galactic nucleus (AGN) 183, 186 (AVHRR) 230, 233, 236–237 Almaz 49, 248, 273, 369 Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers METOP 243 radar imagery 248 (AMPTE) 49, 176, 177, 178 NOAA 235, 242 SAR 237, 266 ACTIVE mission 110 Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer scalar level 238 Active Microwave Instrument (AMI) 169, 234, 237 (AVNIR) 169, 232, 236–237, 261, 262 SILVA sensor 232, 237, 274 resolution 274 resolution 274 SROSM 237 Active Pixel Sensor (APS) 230 Advanced Wideband Gapfiller (AWG) 352 Almaz Corp. 266 ACTS Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) 169, see Advanced Communication Technology see Chandra X-ray Observatory 233, 236, 267, 268 Satellite AE ALOS ADE see Aeronomy Explorer see Advanced Land Observation Satellite see Air Density Explorer Aegis ships 356 Alouette 48, 175, 175, 176 ADEOS AEM 170, 171 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) 180 see Advanced Earth Observation Satellite Aerial Images Inc. 261 Alpha programme 66, 81, 364 ADM AeroAstro 137, 138 ALRSS see Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aerojet 139, 141 see Advanced Land Remote Sensing System Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer engine 135–136 ALSEP (AATSR) 169, 172, 233, 237, 273 Aeronomy Explorer (AE) 170, 171 see Apollo Lunar Scientific Experiment Advanced Communication Technology Satellite Aeros 175, 175, 176 Packages (ACTS) 289, 296, 314, 352 Aérospatiale 309 altimetry 163, 163 Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) 182, 182 Aestus engine 147 missions 166 Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS) Afghanistan conflict 311 Amalthea 3, 214 19, 171, 172, 174, 248, 261–262, 262, 268, African Broadcasting Zone 286 Voyager 2 flyby 216 270, 275, 329 Afristar 291, 296, 306 amateur radio 292, 293, 349 AVNIR sensor 232, 236, 261, 262, 274 Agena American Mobile Satellite Corporation (AMSC) OCTS sensor 230, 236, 261–262, 275, 276 spacecraft 354 289, 296, 314 POLDER 236, 240, 262 stage 136 chronology 290 Advanced EHF satellite 352 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) 90, 92 position 290

390

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77300-3 — The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space Fernand Verger , Isabelle Sourbès-Verger , Raymond Ghirardi , With contributions by Xavier Pasco , Foreword by John M. Logsdon , Translated by Stephen Lyle , Paul Reilly Index More Information

Index 391

American Rocket Company 137, 138 Apollo 46, 48, 65, 81, 163, 188, 188, 197, 236, Arianespace 145–146 American Rocket Society 80 247, 248 Ariane Structure for Auxiliary Payloads (ASAP) Americom 312 accident 195 145, 146, 193 AmeriStar 306 chronology 362–363 Ariel 3, 215 Ames Research Center 85 Command and Service Module (CSM) 194, Voyager 2 flyby 216 AMI 195, 366 Ariel satellite 4, 48, 170, 170, 171, 171, 175, 175, see Active Microwave Instrument Command Module (CM) 194, 195 176, 181, 182 Amos 289, 297, 314 landing sites 198 ARIES chronology 290 Lunar Module (LM) 194, 195 see Australian Resource Information and position 290 programme 53, 130, 137, 194–196 Environment Satellite AMPTE Service Module (SM) 194 Aristoteles project 164 see Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer SIMBay 194, 195 Arkon satellite 340, 341 Explorers typical mission 196 Arsène satellite 292 AMS Apollo Lunar Scientific Experiment Packages Aryabhata satellite 48, 101, 175, 176 see Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (ALSEP) 195 ASAR Amsat 290, 292 Apollo–Soyuz Test Program (ASTP) 48, 137, 180, see Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar AMSC 367, 375 ASAT see American Mobile Satellite Corporation Apollo telescope 368 see antisatellite systems AMSR Apple 291 ASC satellite 290 see Advanced Microwave Scanning Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) ASCA Radiometer 295 see Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and AMSU Application Technology Satellites (ATS) 48, 54, Astrophysics see Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit 243, 296 ascending Andoya launch base 109, 111 chronology 290, 291 ground track 33 Angara launch family 117, 122, 123, 125, 127, position 290, 291 node 11, 12 128 APS ASEAN launch pad 123 see Active Pixel Sensor see Association of Southeast Asian Nations payload 119 apsidal precession 36 ASI Anik 48, 53, 54, 103, 296, 314 Apstar 54, 297, 305, 315 see Agenzia Spaziale Italiana chronology 290 chronology 291 Asia Cellular Satellite (ACeS) 312, 314 position 290 position 291 coverage 312, 313 spectral bands 289 spectral bands 289 Asiasat 53, 54, 297, 312, 315 animal tracking 329 APT chronology 291 Anna satellites 164–165, 166 see Automatic Picture Transmission coverage 313 anorthositic breccia 200 APT Satellite (Hong Kong) 305 position 291 ANS Aquila launch vehicle 137, 138 spectral bands 289 see Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet Arab Postal Union 309 Asia Satellite Telecommunications Company Antarctic 234, 270, 272 Arabsat 49, 53, 54, 309–311, 314 see Asiasat antenna 59, 60 chronology 291 Asiastar 296, 306 active 295 coverage 310 ASIC Canberra 160 position 291 see Application Specific Integrated Circuits directional 281 spectral bands 289 ASLV Earth station 281 telecommunications 297 see Advanced Satellite Launch Vehicle Goldstone 160 television broadcasting 310 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Madrid 160 Arcad 311 omnidirectional 57 see Arctic Auroral Density ASTER regional 57 Arctic Auroral Density (Arcad) 176 see Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission semi-global 57 Argentina and Reflection Radiometer spot beam 57, 58 GNP 296 Astérix 48 antiballistic missile systems (ABM) 334, 337, telecommunications 296 asteroid 2, 3, 221 347, 355, 357 Argon 336, 337, 338, 340–341 1998 FR36 222 antimatter 180 ARGOS 179, 328–329 distribution 221 antisatellite systems (ASAT) 334, 354, 355, 355, beacons 329 Galileo flyby 221 357, 370 data processing 329 Hilda family 221 satellites 354 ground stations 329 Kirkwood gaps 221 weapons 354, 358 argument of perigee 11–13 main belt 221, 221 Antrix 101 Ariane 88, 91–92, 112, 115, 116, 141–147, 293, observation 161, 215, 221–222, 224, 224 Apex 178 375 Trojan family 221 apogee 10, 14 Arabsat launches 309 asteroseismology 186 motor 57, 138 four generations 145 ASTP perturbation 15 heavy launcher 116, 147 see Apollo–Soyuz Test Program satellite distribution 52–53 payload 147 Astra 54, 297, 308, 311, 312

392 Index

chronology 291 Aurora launch vehicle 111, 124 biological research in space 188, 189, 205, 368, position 291 payload 119 369, 371, 373 spectral bands 289 Aurora satellite 54, 175, 175, 176, 177, 178, 314 biomass 168 Astrid 175, 176, 177, 178, 179 chronology 290 Bion 162, 188, 189 Astrium 157 position 290 Biosat 188, 189 Astroliner project 141 spectral bands 289 biosphere 161, 167, 256, 275 Astrolink project 295, 305 Aussat 49, 54, 297 Black Arrow 104, 145 astrometry 162, 181, 182, 183 Australia 72, 104, 138, 141, 145 Black Brant sounding rocket 110 Astron 181, 182 astronaut 104 black hole 186 astronaut Earth observation 273 Black Knight missile 145 first spacewalk 364 GNP 297 Block D, DM stage 124, 125, 125, 126 first woman 364 telecommunications 297 Block satellites 241 nationalities 361 Australian Resource Information and Blue Streak 104, 111, 145 numbers 361 Environment Satellite (ARIES) 232, 237, BMCC time in space 362–363, 372 273 see Battle Management Command and Control astronomical unit (AU) 2 resolution 274 BMEWS 48 Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet (ANS) 48, Austria 70, 90, 93 BNS 181, 182 Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) 379, 380 see Beidou Navigation System Astro series 181, 182, 186 Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) 242 BNSC Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 295 AVHRR see British National Space Centre Athena launch vehicle 116, 118, 137, 138 see Advanced Very High Resolution Bode’s law 221 launch pads 129, 132, 134 Radiometer Boeing 81, 86, 112, 118, 126, 129, 134, 138, 139, payload 135 AVIRIS 274 294, 305, 307 Atlantic Gate mission 308 AVNIR bone loss in space Atlantis shuttle 49, 139, 216 see Advanced Visible and Near Infrared see osteoporosis Atlas Radiometer Bonum 54, 297, 315 launch pads 129, 132 AVUM stage 148 chronology 291 launch vehicle 86, 116, 118, 128, 134–136, AWG position 291 136 see Advanced Wideband Gapfiller spectral bands 289 137–139, 321 AWIFS 232, 237 Booster Surveillance and Tracking System (BSTS) missile project 80 resolution 274 357 payload 135 AXAF Boreas 175, 175, 176 Atlas–Agena 136 see Chandra X-ray Observatory Bosnia 352 Atlas–Centaur 136, 212 Azur 48, 175, 175, 176 Brazil 72, 101, 104, 263 ATM GNP 296 see Asynchronous Transfer Mode ISS participation 379 B atmosphere 4–5, 5, 161 launch facilities 157–158, 158 circulation 168 Baghdad 260 remote-sensing 101, 237, 248, 248, 263, 273 density 6 Baikonur cosmodrome 22, 23, 73–75, 79, 109, telecommunications 296 energy transfer 275 110, 112, 113, 119–122, 120, 121, 339, 355 Brazilsat 49, 54, 296, 314 observation 170, 171, 170–171, 272 Earth rotation 107 chronology 290 thermodynamic modelling 275 ballistic position 290 Atmosphère par lidar sur Salyut (ALISSA) 170 flight 14 spectral bands 289 atmospheric bias 322 missiles 79, 87, 99, 114, 118, 126, 138, 145, Breeze stage 119, 125, 125–127, 127, 128 Atmospheric Chemistry Explorer (ACE) 174 154 Bremsat 170, 171, 180 Atmospheric Corrector (AC) 169 basalt 200 Brezhnev, L. 74, 364 Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM) 174 Batsat 294 Brilliant Eyes 356, 357, 358 Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) 174 battle intelligence 345 Brilliant Pebbles 357 atmospheric window 234 Battle Management Command and Control British Interplanetary Society 87 Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) 187 (BMCC) 356 British National Space Centre (BNSC) 90, 90, 93 ATS Beagle Mars lander 205 BSat 289, 297, 315 see Application Technology Satellite Beidou Navigation System (BNS) 327, 328 BSE 291 ATSR Belgium 70, 252 BSTS see Along Track Scanning Radiometer reconnaissance 342 see Booster Surveillance and Tracking System attitude, satellite 57, 58, 60, 281 Beria, L. 73 BTVK 232–233, 236 ATV Bhaskara 236, 248, 256 budget, space 68–72 see Automated Transfer Vehicle Biak 109 Canada 104 Auréole 48, 175, 176, 177, 178 Big Bang 183 China 68–69, 72 aurora Big Bird 48, 136, 336, 338 Europe 68–71, australis 6 Binariang Satellite Systems 312 India 68, 72, 102 borealis 6 binary system 186 Japan 68, 72, 98 auroral acceleration region 177 Biokosmos 162 Russia 68–69

Index 393

United States 68–69, 71, 81 CASC Chalet program 346–347, 347–348 USSR 68–69 see China Aerospace Corporation Challenger 49, 228 Buran shuttle 49, 121, 126, 360, 364, 367, CASET explosion 52, 115, 118, 139, 156, 362–363, 372–374, 374, 377, 380 see China Academy of Space Electronic 365, 370 Bush, G. 197, 357, 367, 370, 372, 373 Technology Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) 166, Bush, G.W. 358 CASIC 167 see China Aerospace Science and Industry CHAMP Corporation see Challenging Minisatellite Payload C Cassini–Huygens 193, 203, 220 Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) 181, 182, 186 C3I asteroid observations 221 Chang Zheng launch vehicles see Command, Control, Communications and Huygens descent probe 220 see Long March launch vehicles Intelligence instrumentation 220 Charge Coupled Device (CCD) 230 Cable and Wireless 312 orbiter 220 Charge, Element and Isotope Analysis System cable services 288, 289 path to Saturn 220 (CELIAS) 181 C/A code Cassini, J.D. 220 Charon 3, 221 see clear acquisition code CAST Chelomey, V. 73, 77, 125, 266 CACPT see China Academy of Space Technology Chile 324 see China Academy of Chemical Propulsion CASTC China 99–101, 118, 153 Technology see China Aerospace Science and Technology astronauts 381 CACTUS accelerometer 164 Corporation Cultural Revolution 99 Cakrawarta 54, 297 Castor booster 136, 137 geostationary satellite 293 spectral bands 289 Castor satellite 164, 165, 166 Four Modernisations 99 California Spaceport Authority 129 catadioptric reflector 163 Gang of Four 99 Calipso 174 C band 288, 295, 295 GNP 297 Callisto 3, 214, 219 CBERS launch facilities 154 Galileo flyby 217 see China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite launch vehicles 154–155, 155–156, 381 Pioneer flybys 216 CCB manned programmes 65, 381–382 Voyager flybys 216 see Common Core Booster navigation 328 Calsphere 179 CCD reconnaissance 336 CALT see Charge Coupled Device remote sensing 263, 273 see China Academy of Launch Vehicle CCD Cam 232, 237, 263 reusable technology 156 Technology resolution 274 space budget 68–69, 72 CalTech 85 CCE 177, 178 space policy 100, 381–382 CAMEC CDMA telecommunications 297 see China Aerospace Machinery and Electronic see Code Division Multiple Access China Academy of Chemical Propulsion Corporation CDS Technology (CACPT) 100 CAMEO 177, 178 see Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology Canada 72, 103–104, 266 CELIAS (CALT) 100 GNP 296 see Charge, Element and Isotope Analysis China Academy of Space Electronic Technology ISS participation 379, 380 System (CASET) 100 Radarsat 272 cellular telephones 294, 312 China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) 100 space budget 104 Centaur stage 136, 137 China Aerospace Corporation (CASC) 99 telecommunications 296 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 337, 346–347 China Aerospace Machinery and Electronic Canadian Space Agency (CSA) 103, 110, 272 Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) Corporation (CAMEC) 100 budget 102 90–92, 91, 142, 145, 160, 163, 182, 186, China Aerospace Science and Industry Canberra antenna 160 187, 209, 262, 325 Corporation (CASIC) 100, 100 Canyon 346–347 Argos 329 China Aerospace Science and Technology Cape Canaveral 21, 23, 85, 108, 110, 113, 114, DORIS 330 Corporation (CASTC) 100 129, 130–131, 249 SPOT Image 255 China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) Earth rotation 107 Centre spatiale de Toulouse (CST) 92 101, 237, 248, 248, 263, 273, 336 Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS) 129, 130 Cepheid variable 183 CCD Cam 232, 237, 263, 274 Cape York Space Agency Consortium 109, 111, Ceres 221 IRM SS sensor 232–233, 237, 263, 274 126 CERES WFI Cam 237, 263 Capricorn 351 see Cloud and Earth Radiant Energy Sensor China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC) Capricornio 117, 158, 158 Cerise 347, 348 99, 100, 153 carbon CETS China International Trust and Investment cycle 275 see European Conference on Corporation (CITIC) 312 dioxide 168 Telecommunications by Satellite China National Space Administration (CNSA) monoxide 172 CFC 100–101, 100 Carter, J. 252, 355, 370, 372 see chlorofluorocarbon Chinasat 54, 315 cartographic projection 24 CGWIC spectral bands 289 Carto-Sat 258 see China Great Wall Industry Corporation China Satellite Launch and Tracking Control

394 Index

(CLTC) 99, 100 Columbus Orbital Facility (COF) 375, 379, 380 293–295 chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) 171, 172 comet 2 High Eccentric Orbit (HEO) 293 chlorophyll 258, 262, 263, 276 Giacobini–Zinner 203, 222, 223 Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) 293 Christmas Island Spaceport 109, 111 Grigg–Skjellerup 203 Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO) 293 Chung-Li 264 Halley 193, 203, 209, 222, 223, 223–224 Constellation X-ray Mission 186 Churchill Research Range 104, 110 in situ observation 222–224 CONTOUR CIA Kohoutek 201 see Comet Nucleus Tour see Central Intelligence Agency Kopff 221 Coordinating Committee for Export Control CIS republics 73–79, 119–128 observation 161, 184, 221–224 (COCOM) 118 launch facilities 119–124 P/Tempel 1 224 Copernicus launch vehicles 124–128 sample return 222 see OAO space industry 78 West–Kohoutek–Ikemura 203, 221 COPERS CITIC Wild 2 203, 224 see European Preparatory Commission for see China International Trust and Investment Wirtanen 224 Space Research Corporation Comet Atmosphere and Earth Sample Return Core Software Technology 265 Citizen Explorer programme 374 (CAESAR) 224 Coriolis force 167 civilian applications 61–66, 62, 63, 70–72 Comet Nucleus Sample Return 224 Cornerstones 160, 168, 184, 186, 224 Clarke, A.C. 20, 280 Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) 224 Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) 181 Clarke orbit Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) coronal mass ejection (CME) 178, 182 see Geostationary Earth Orbit 221 Corona Programme 336, 337 Clark satellite 263, 275 COMINT lifetime 337 clear acquisition (C/A) code 322 see communication intelligence resolution 337 Clementine 48, 193, 194, 197 Command and Control Technologies Corporation Coronas 181, 182, 182 Clémentine 347, 348 (CCT) 134 Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial climatology 241 Command, Control, Communications and Replacement (COSTAR) 185 Clinton, W. 337, 358, 375 Intelligence (C3I) 83 Corsa 181, 182 Cloud and Earth Radiant Energy Sensor (CERES) Commission on Science, Technology and Industry Corvet stage 119, 124 172, 174 for National Defence (COSTIND) 99–101, COS B 181, 182, 187 Cloudsat 174 100 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) 181, 182, CLT Committee for Science and Technology (GKNT) 183 see Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de 74, 76 cosmic ray 7, 189, 201 Télédiffusion Committee of Space Research (COSPAR) 161 cosmic velocities 13, 13 CLTC Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Cosmograd 376 see China Satellite Launch and Tracking (COPUOS) 54 cosmonaut Control Committee on Space Debris 54 see astronaut Cluster constellation 177, 178, 178–179, 180 Common Core Booster (CCB) 136, 138, 139 COSMO/Skymed 92, 255, 342 cluster, satellite 52, 349 Common Element Centaur 136, 139 COSPAR CME Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 94 see Committee of Space Research see coronal mass ejection communication intelligence (COMINT) 345, 348 COSPAS–SARSAT 303, 320, 329–330 CNES Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) ground stations 330 see Centre National d’Études Spatiales 86, 298, 302 COSTEP CNSA Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion see Comprehensive Suprathermal and see China National Space Administration (CLT) 308 Energetic Particle Analyser coastal erosion 240 comparative COSTIND Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) 233, 236, geomorphology 192 see Commission on Science, Technology and 247 planetology 161, 211 Industry for National Defence Coast Guard Maritime Differential GPS service Comprehensive Suprathermal and Energetic Courier 281, 351 322 Particle Analyser (COSTEP) 181 coverage 280–284 COBE Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory global 283, 283 see Cosmic Background Explorer see Gamma-Ray Observatory regional 283, 283 COCOM Comsat semi-global 283, 283 see Coordinating Committee for Export Control see Communications Satellite Corporation spot 283, 283 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 281, 321 Comstar 54, 296, 314 CRAF COF chronology 290 Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby see Columbus Orbital Facility position 290 Cray 1 supercomputer COIS 232, 237 spectral bands 289 Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) 380 Cold War 46, 73, 80, 83, 103, 193 Condor system 59 Crew Transfer Vehicle (CTV) 379, 380 Coleman Aerospace 157 Conestoga launch vehicle 116, 134, 137, 138 CRISTA colonisation of space 25 payload 135 see Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Columbia shuttle 49, 139 conic projection 38 Telescopes for the Atmosphere Columbiad 129 conjunction 2 CRISTA-SPAS 170, 171 Columbus manned space programme 169 constellation, satellite 52, 106, 283, 287, CRRES 170, 171

Index 395

CRV SLEP 352 see Defense Meteorological Satellite Program see Crew Return Vehicle Defense Support Program (DSP) 54, 342–343, Dnepr launch vehicle 117, 126, 127 Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes 344, 358 payload 119 for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) 171 Follow-On 356 DoD cryogenic propulsion 115, 366 Deimos 3, 204 see United States Department of Defense Cryosat 170 Delta launch vehicle 86, 116, 118, 134, 135, 139 DODGE 165, 166 cryosphere 161, 167 launch pads 129, 132 Don 341 crystal growth in space 189, 368 payload 135 Doppler–Fizeau effect 162, 231, 318, 319, 319, CS 289, 297 Delta-Lite 134 320, 330, 331 chronology 291 Demeter microsatellite 165 Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning position 291 Denmark 70 Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) 59, CSA Denpa 175, 176 162–163, 166, 169, 330–331 see Canadian Space Agency descending accuracy 331 CTA Launch Services 137, 138 ground track 33 permanent beacon network 331 CTV node 11 SPOT 331 see Crew Transfer Vehicle desertification 275 TOPEX–POSEIDON 331 Cyberstar 295, 305 Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrtangelegenheiten DORIS cyclone 241, 242 (DARA) 90, 92 see Doppler Orbitography and cylindrical projection 37 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite Cyrano de Bergerac 192 Raumfahrt (DLR) 90, 90, 92, 183 double hop 283, 288 CZ launch vehicles Deutsche Interferometer für Douglas 134 see Long March launch vehicles Vielkanalphotometry und Astrometry (DIVA) downlink 281 CZCS 183 navigation systems 318–328 see Coastal Zone Colour Scanner DFS 54, 297 DSCS chronology 291 see Defense Satellite Communication System position 291 DSN D spectral bands 289 see Deep Space Network Dactyl 203 diachronic processing 239, 240 DSP Galileo flybys 221 Diadème 162, 165, 166 see Defense Support Program DARA Diamant 46, 91, 142, 145 dual-purpose applications 46, 62, 63, 165, 255, see Deutsche Agentur für Diapason 48, 162, 165, 166 334–335 Raumfahrtangelegenheiten differential image 239 Dubai 264 dark matter 180 digital elevation model 240 Duma 75, 76 DARPA Dione 3, 214 Dvigatel 141 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Cassini flyby 220 dynamical geodesy 163, 163 Darwin 184 Voyager 1 flyby 216 Dynamics Explorer (DE) 175, 176, 177, 178 DASA 94, 127 direct Data Collection System (DCS) 244 orbit 11 E data refreshment 357 ground track 33 David 274 Direct Broadcasting System (DBS) 54, 296, 314 EAC dawn–dusk orbit 19, 20 chronology 290 see European Astronaut Centre DBS position 290 EADS Direct Broadcasting System spectral bands 289 see European Aeronautic Defence and Space DCS directivity 281, 283 Company see Data Collection System DirecTV 54, 296, 305, 314 Eagle launch vehicle 137, 138 debris, man-made 7, 54 chronology 290 Eagle Vision 255 monitoring 55–56 position 290 Early Bird 48, 138, 248, 263, 299 decompartmentalisation 83 spectral bands 289 capacity 300 Deep Impact Probe 124 direct view link 283 chronology 290 deep space 2–3 DISA IFOV 232 Deep Space Network (DSN) 160 see Defense Information Systems Agency position 290 Deep Space probe 203 Discoverer satellites 48, 52, 179, 336, 337, 348 early warning satellites 41, 54, 63, 344–348 crash site 207 Discovery shuttle 49, 139 Cerise 347, 348 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Arabsat launches 309 chronology 342–343 (DARPA) 348 DIVA Clémentine 347, 348 Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) 352 see Deutsche Interferometer für DSP 342–343, 344 Defense Mapping Agency 85 Vielkanalphotometry und Astrometry ESSAIM 348 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DLR Heritage program 344 (DMSP) 179, 241, 241, 242 see Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und IMEWS 344 microwave imager 275 Raumfahrt Jumpseat 344, 346–347 Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCS) Dmilsatcom 353 Kosmos 342–343, 345 48, 54, 350–351, 352 DMSP MIDAS 342, 344

396 Index

Oko 342–343, 345, 345 see European Geostationary Navigation Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) 232, 237, 252 Prognoz 343, 345, 345 Overlay Service resolution 274 RAMOS 345 EGP 163, 166 Environmental Science Services Administration SBIRS 344, 348, 356, 357 Egypt (ESSA) 48, 52, 241, 242 Vela 342, 344 GNP 297 Envisat 163, 168, 169, 172, 266–268, 272, 273 Earth 2, 3 telecommunications 297, 309 AATSR 233, 237, 273 coverage 226, 238 EHF ASAR 270, 273, 274 gravitational potential 164 see extremely high frequency DORIS 331 gravity 163 Einstein observatory MERIS 237 images 238–240, 246 see HEAO EO magnetism 4–6, 5, 7, 166, 166 EIRP see Earth Orbiting platform nutation 166 see Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power Éole 48, 170, 170, 171 observation 52, 63, 168, 226–277, 368 Eisenhower, D. 80, 337, 365 EORSAT precession 166 EIT see Electronic Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite radiation budget 167, 171–175 see Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope EOS resources 247–249, 266–272 Ekran 49, 54, 271, 297, 315 see Earth Observing System rotation 166 chronology 291 EOS ACRIM 174 sphere of influence 28 position 291 EOS AM 1 Terra 172, 274 volcanic activity 275 spectral bands 289 EOSAT Earth Explorer programme 160, 168, 170 Ekspress 54 see Earth Observation Satellite Corporation Earth Observation Satellite Corporation (EOSAT) ELDO EOS Chem 174 252, 258, 259, 263 see European Launcher Development EOS PM Aqua 169, 174 Earth Observing Enterprise 160, 168 Organisation ephemerides, satellite 318 Earth Observing (EO) satellites 160, 169 electronic intelligence satellites ephemeris bias 322 sensors 232, 233, 237, 274 see ELINT E Prime Aerospace Corporation 137, 138 Earth Observing System (EOS) 160, 161, 163, Electronic Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite Equator satellite 175, 176, 177 168 (EORSAT) 64, 346–347, 348 equinox line 11 radar 235, 273 Elektro 241, 244, 244, 245 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) 283, Earth Orbiting platform (NM EO) 252 BTVK 236 300 Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) 172 Elektron 5, 41, 48, 175, 176, 177, 178 ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) 170, ELINT 54, 64, 345–348 see Earth Radiation Budget Experiment 171, 171–172 Chalet 347–348 ERBS Earth Radiation Mission (ERM) 174 Ferret 346–347, 347 see Earth Radiation Budget Satellite Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP) IOSA 348 EREP 247, 368 Kosmos 345, 346–347 see Earth Resources Experiment Package Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) 250 Magnum 347, 347–348 ERM Earth Science Enterprise 275, 276–277 Tselina 345, 346–347 see Earth Radiation Mission Earth Science Technology Programme 160 ellipse 12 ERNE Earth stations ellipsoid of reference 164 see Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and antennas 281 Ellipso project 294 Electron Experiment site angle 282, 282, 284 Borealis 295 Eros asteroid 203, 221, 222 Earth Terrain Camera (ETC) 229, 236 Concordia 295 NEAR approach 221, 222 Earthwatch 275, 339 El Niño 172 EROS satellite 127, 232, 237, 264–265, 344 Eastern Range Tracking Network 129 ELOP 265 AAD 265 EBU Émeraude programme 142, 145 image of Izmir 265 see European Broadcasting Union ENA PAS 265 eccentricity 12 see energetic neutral atom resolution 274 Echo satellite 162, 166, 281, 292 Enceladus 3, 214 ERS Echostar 54, 296, 314 Cassini flyby 220 see European Remote Sensing chronology 290 Voyager flybys 216 ERTS position 290 Endeavor shuttle 49, 139 see Earth Resources Technology Satellite spectral bands 289 Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron ESDI eclipse 57 Experiment (ERNE) 181 see European Security and Defence Initiative of GEO satellite 23–24 energetic neutral atom (ENA) 179 Esnault-Pelterie, R. 87 ecliptic 2, 11, 201 Energia 75, 78, 112, 373 ESOC ECS complex (Baikonur) 121 see European Space Operations Centre European Communication Satellite launch pad 121 Esrange launch base 109, 111 Edwards Air Force Base 108, 129 launch vehicle 117, 125, 126, 128, 374, 377, ESRIN EELV 380 see European Space Research Institute see Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle payload 119 ESRO EER Systems Corporation 137, 138 Engineering Test Satellite (ETS) 291 see European Space Research Organisation EGNOS Enhanced Imaging System 339 ESRO satellites 175, 175, 176

Index 397

ESSA AMI SAR 237, 266, 268, 269, 274 chronology 290, 291 see Environmental Science Services ATSR 236, 267, 268 position 290, 291 Administration GOME 268 spectral bands 289 ESSAIM programme 348 PRARE 267, 268 extrasolar planets 184 ESTEC radar altimeter 234, 267, 268 Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) 368 see European Space Research and Technology radar imagery 248 extremely high frequency (EHF) 352, 353 Estrack network 160 receiving stations 268 Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) 181, 182, Étalon 163, 166 scalar level 238 186 ETC scatterometer 234, 266–267 Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) 181 see Earth Terrain Camera European Security and Defence Initiative (ESDI) Eyesat 292 ETM 342, 353 see Enhanced Thematic Mapper European Space Agency (ESA) 70, 71, 87–89, 88, F ETS 95, 104, 142, 145, 148 see Engineering Test Satellite Atmospheric Dynamics Mission 174 FAA Eumetsat 243, 244, 329 budget 89 see Federal Aviation Administration Eurasiasat 289 Cornerstones 160, 168, 180, 184, 186, 224 Faint Object Camera (FOC) 185–186 Eureca 49, 188, 189 Earth Explorer 160, 168, 170 Faint Object Spectrometer (FOS) 185 EURIDIS 325 Earth Radiation Mission 174 Fairbanks receiving station 268 Eurimage 261 Future Launcher Technology Programme 147, Faisat 294, 296 Eurockot 118, 121, 127, 148 148 false colour image 239, 240 Eurocontrol 325 Horizon 2000 224 FAME Europa 3, 214, 219 ISS participation 375, 379, 380 see Full Sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer exobiology 219 Land Surface Processes and Interactions 169 Fanhui Shi Weixing Galileo flyby 217 Living Planet 161, 168, 277 see FSW programme Pioneer flybys 216 navigation 325 far infrared (FIR) 236–237 tectonics 218 Polar Platform project (PPF) 169 Far Infrared and Submillimetre Telescope (FIRST) Voyager flybys 216 remote sensing 266–268 25, 181, 184 water 218, 219 reusable technology 148 Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) Europa launch vehicle 88, 104, 111, 145, 221 SMART 160 181, 182, 186 Europe Spacelab 171, 180, 188, 189, 236, 360, 371 FaSat 49, 248 GNP 297 Space Science Programme 180 FAST launch facilities 141–145 telecommunications satellites 308 see Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer launch vehicles 145–148, 147 European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) 88 Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST) 177, 178, military space activities 95, 353 European Space Research and Technology 179 navigation 325, 328 (ESTEC) 88, 92 FCC space agencies 90 European Space Research Institute (ESRIN) 88 see Federal Communications Commission space budget 68–69, 69 European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) FDMA space industry 93–94, 93 87, 308 see Frequency Division Multiple Access space policy 87–95, 95 European Telecommunication Satellite Fécondation et Embryogenèse Réalisée chez un telecommunications 297, 353 Organisation Triton in Vivo dans l’Espace (FERTILE) 189 European Aeronautic Defence and Space see Eutelsat Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 324 Company (EADS) 94, 118 EuropeStar 289, 296, 305 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 287 European Astronaut Centre (EAC) 88 Eutelsat 49, 53, 54, 297, 308–309 Feng Bao launch vehicle 155 European Broadcasting Union (EBU) 308 Atlantic Gate mission 308 Feng Yun 19, 54, 241, 242, 244, 244, 245 European Broadcasting Zone 286 coverage 309 sensors 233, 236 European Communication Satellite (ECS) 289, privatisation 308 Feniks 340–341 308 spectral bands 289 Ferret 346–347, 347 chronology 291 Euteltracs 308 FERTILE 189 position 291 EUVE FIA European Conference on Telecommunications by see Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer see Future Imagery Architecture Satellite (CETS) 88 EVA Fiat Avio 148 European Geostationary Navigation Overlay see Extra Vehicular Activity Finland 70, 93 Service (EGNOS) 324, 325, 328 Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) 118, FIR Test Bed 325 128, 135, 136, 138–139, 139 see far infrared European Launcher Development Organisation exobase 4 FIRST (ELDO) 87, 145 Exos 170, 171, 176, 177, 178, 178 see Far Infrared and Submillimetre Telescope European Maritime Zone 286 Exosat 5, 49, 181, 182 first cosmic velocity 13, 13, 114 European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) 186 exosphere 4 Fleetsatcom 54, 350–351 European Preparatory Commission for Space exospheric temperature 5 Florida Spaceport Authority 129 Research (COPERS) 87 Explorer 46, 47, 48, 165, 166, 170, 175, 175, 176, FMC European Remote Sensing (ERS) 19, 49, 163, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 194, 241, 242 see Forward Motion Compensation 166, 169, 172, 179, 248, 266–268, 273, 275 Express 188, 297, 301, 302 FOBS

398 Index

see Fractional Orbit Bombardment System instrumentation 216 geomorphology 192 Fontana, F. 192 Jovian flybys 217, 218 lunar 199, 200 footprint 280, 282, 282 orbiter 216, 217 Martian 206, 207, 209 Ford, G. 354 orbits 217 of Mercury 212 FORTE 179 path towards Jupiter 215 of Miranda 216 Forward Motion Compensation (FMC) 228 Galileosat 325, 328 Geophysical Research Satellite (GRS) 175, 176 Foton 49, 58, 162, 188, 188 Galosh 355 geophysical satellites 166 Fractional Orbit Bombardment System (FOBS) Gals 289, 297, 302 Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) 164 354 chronology 291 GEOS Fragment 236 position 291 see Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite Fram 340–341 Gambit 336, 338 Geosar 330 France 70, 90, 91, 93, 141, 145, 252 Gamma 181, 182 Geosat 163, 165, 165, 166 cosmonaut 360 gamma burst 186 Follow-on 163, 165, 166 ELINT 347, 348 gamma-ray astronomy 162, 180, 181, 182, 186, Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) 7, 20–24, 52 military telecommunications 353 187 launch 110 reconnaissance 336, 336, 341–343 Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) satellite distribution 53 remote sensing 252–256, 273 187 Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) 49, Freedom 66, 81, 81, 361, 364, 367, 370, 372, Gamma-Ray Observatory (GRO) 181, 187 241, 243, 244, 245 375, 380 Ganges delta 251 VISSR 232, 236 Fregat module 117, 119, 124, 124, 125 Ganymede 3, 214 World Weather Watch 243 Freja 175, 176, 177, 178, 179 density 219 Geostationary Operational Environmental Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 281, Galileo flyby 217 Satellites (GOES) 5, 48, 54, 241, 243, 244, 324 Pioneer flybys 216 245, 277, 330, 330 frequency Voyager flybys 216 Geosar 330 allocations 289 water 219 imager 232 bands 295, 295 Garuda 297, 312, 312 scalar level 238 reservations 285–287 Gaspra 203, 215 World Weather Watch 243 FR satellites 175, 176 Galileo flybys 221 Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) FSW programme 58, 99, 162, 188, 188, 248, 263, GBI 114, 117, 125, 156, 156–157 336, 381–382 see Ground-Based Interceptor payload 154 Fuji satellite 292 GBS geostrophic motion 167 Full Sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer (FAME) see Global Broadcasting Service Geotail 177, 178, 178, 197 183 GCNSS Gerakl 340–341 FUSE see Global Communication Navigation German Space Travel Society 87 see Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Surveillance System Germany 70, 90, 92, 93, 266, 371 Future Imagery Architecture (FIA) 339 GE Americom 305 military telecommunications 353 Future Launcher Technology Programme (FLTP) GE Astro Space 305 reconnaissance 342 147, 148 Gektor 340 Germes 340 Fuyo GEM GE satellite 54, 296, 314 see Japanese Earth Resources Satellite see Galileo Europa Mission chronology 290 Gemini missions 48, 65, 136, 188, 248, 354, 363, position 290 364, 365 spectral bands 289 G General Designers 77 GE Space 305 GAC General Dynamics 86, 135, 136 GEStar 295 see Global Area Coverage General Electric 305 Geyzer relay satellite 341, 351 Gagarin, Y. 120, 188, 360, 364 Genesis 204 GFZ 163, 165 GAIA 25, 181, 183 GEO IK 1 satellite 165 GGSE Galaxy satellites 54, 296, 305, 314 geocentric distance 2 see Gravity Gradient Stabilisation Experiment chronology 290 geodesy GGTS 165, 166 position 290 beacon 165 giant planets spectral bands 289 missions 166 see Jovian planets Galaxy Express 152 satellites 165 GII GALEX 186 Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite (GEOS) 49, 163, see Global Information Infrastructure Galilean frame 29 165, 165, 166, 177, 178 Ginga Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) 217, 220 geodynamics 161 see Astro Galileo, G. 192 internal 165–167 Giotto 49, 203, 223 Galileo Millennium Mission 217, 220 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) 239, GIS Galileo navigation system 89, 95, 286, 318, 324, 240 see Geographical Information Systems 325, 328 Geographos asteroid 197 GKNT Galileo probe 49, 193, 203, 216–219 geography of telecommunications 296–297 see Committee for Science and Technology asteroid flybys 221 geoid 163, 164 GLAST descent probe 215, 216–217 models 164 see Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope

Index 399

Glavkosmos agency 75 Glushko, V.P. 73, 77, 366 Gravity Probe (GP) 187 Global Area Coverage 242 GMDSS Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Global Broadcasting Service (GBS) 352, 353 see Global Maritime Distress and Safety (GRACE) 164, 169–170 Global Change programme 85, 275 System Great Red Spot 217 Global Communication Navigation Surveillance GMES Greben ocean altimeter 373 System (GCNSS) 324 see Global Monitoring for Environment and greenhouse gases 168, 171 global coverage 283, 283 Security grey scale 239 Global Electrodynamics 179 GMS GRGS Global Information Infrastructure (GII) see Geostationary Meteorological Satellite see Groupement de Recherches Géodésiques project 287 GMTI et Spatiales Global Maritime Distress and Safety System see Ground Moving Target Indicators GRIM 5 model 164, 164 (GMDSS) 304, 330 GNSS GRM Global Mobile Personal Communications see Global Navigation Satellite System see Geopotential Research Mission Satellite (GMPCS) 286, 294, 306 GOCE GRO Global Monitoring for Environment and Security see Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean see Gamma-Ray Observatory (GMES) 95, 168, 272 Circulation Explorer Grosse, A.V. 160 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 303, GOCNAE Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI) 356, 357 324, 325 see Grupo de Organizaçao da Comissao Ground Moving Target Indicators (GMTI) 348 Global Oscillation at Low Frequencies (GOLF) 180 Nacional de Atividades Espaciais ground sample distance (GSD) 238 Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars Goddard, R. 87, 360 ground segment 281 (GOMOS) 172, 174, 174 Goddard Space Flight Center 85, 250 ground track 32–43, 107, 230, 231 Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) Godwin, F. 192 ascending 33 172, 268 GOES circular orbit 39–40 Global Positioning System (GPS) 162, 165, 306, see Geostationary Operational Environmental direct 33 319, 320–323, 325 Satellites eccentric orbit 41 atmospheric bias 322 Goldstone antenna 160 mapping 34–39 C/A code 322 GOLF Molniya 41 clock bias 322 see Global Oscillation at Low Frequencies retrograde 33 clocks 322 Golitsyno control center 323 SPOT 254 constellation 321 GOME Groupement de Recherches Géodésiques et control and monitor network 322 see Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment Spatiales (GRGS) 330 control segment 321 GOMOS GRS ephemeris bias 322 see Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of see Geophysical Research Satellite error sources 322 Stars see SPOT Reference Grid horizontal accuracy 322, 322 GOMS 232–233 Grupo de Organizaçao da Comissao Nacional de integrity 322 Gonets satellite 294, 295, 297, 351 Atividades Espaciais (GOCNAE) 104 P code 322 Gorbachev, M. 74, 373 GSC PPS 322 Gorizont 49, 52, 54, 297, 302, 315 see Guiana Space Centre pseudo-range 322 chronology 290, 291 GSD selective availability 322, 322 position 290, 291 see ground sample distance space segment 320–321 spectral bands 289 GSE 165 SPS 322, 323 Goskomoboronprom 75 GSLV UERE 322, 322 GPALS see Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle Global Protection Against Limited Strikes see Global Protection Against Limited Strikes GStar 54, 296, 314 (GPALS) 357 GPS chronology 290 Globalstar 52, 124, 135, 292, 293, 295, 296, 307 see Global Positioning System position 290 chronology 294 GRACE spectral bands 289 coverage 307 see Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Guiana Space Centre (GSC) 21, 22, 88, 92, 108, Globus 289, 297, 315 gradiometry 164 110, 112, 113, 134, 141–145, 142, 143, 144 chronology 291 GRANAT 181, 182, 186, 187 Earth rotation 107 position 291 Grand Tour 213–221 facilities 144 GLOMR 351 history 215 tracking stations 142, 143 GLONASS 165, 319 gravitational Gulf War 322, 341, 344, 348, 357 chronology 327 physics 162, 187 Gurwin Techsat 248 constellation 323 waves 162, 187 control and monitor network 322 gravitropism 162 H differential 324 gravity assist 29, 201, 211, 213, 220, 223 ground control 323 Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean Circulation H 1 programme 117, 151 high precision 324 Explorer (GOCE) 164, 170 launch pad 150 pseudo-range 324 Gravity Gradient Stabilisation Experiment (GGSE) payload 151 receivers 324 165, 166 H 2 programme 106, 115, 117, 150, 151, 152, standard precision 324 gravity gradient stabiliser 59 376

400 Index

launch pad 150 High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE) 181, 182, HRPan 237 payload 151 186 resolution 274 H 2A programme 96, 106, 117, 150, 151–152, Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite (HEOS) 48, 176, HRPT ground station 263 152 177, 178 HRS launch pad 150 High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite (HIP- see High Resolution Spectrometer payload 151 PARCOS) 49, 181, 182, 183 see High Resolution Stereoscopic H 2 Orbiting Plane Experimental (HOPE) 152, High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) 172 HRV 376, 380 High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder see High Resolution Visible H 2 Transfer Vehicle (HTV) 380 (HIRDLS) 174 HRVIR Hagoromo 194, 197 High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder see High Resolution Visible and Infrared sensor HALCA (HIRS) 233, 242 HSI see High Altitude Laboratory for METOP 243 see Hyperspectral Imaging Instrument Communications and Astrophysics High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS) 185 HS platform 86 Halley’s comet 193, 203, 209, 222 High Resolution Stereoscopic (HRS) 256 HTV observation 223, 223–224 High Resolution Visible and Infrared sensor see H 2 Transfer Vehicle halo orbit 25, 203, 223 (HRVIR) 230, 232, 237 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 49, 66, 181, 182, Hamburga 221 resolution 274 183, 184–186, 184, 185, 222, 338 Hammaguir launch base 110, 113, 141, 145 SPOT 235, 256 instrumentation 185–186 Haute Résolution Géométrique (HRG) 232, 237 High Resolution Visible sensor (HRV) 230, 231, maintenance and repairs 185–186 resolution 274 232, 236, 243, 255–256 Hughes Communications Inc (HCI) 305 HCI resolution 274 Hughes Electronics Corp 86, 305 see Hughes Communications Inc High Speed Flight Demonstrator (HSFD) 152 Hughes Network Systems (HNS) 305 HCMR 233, 236 High-Speed Photometer (HSP) 185 Hughes Space and Communications 86, 263, Healthsat 292 Hilda asteroid family 2, 221 298, 305, 314 HEAO Himawari 54 Hughes STX 266 see High Energy Astronomy Observatories Hindustan Aeronautics Limited 103 human space flight 187–189, 359–382 Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) 19, 19, HIPPARCOS Humidity Sounder for Brazil (HSB) 169 20, 40, 235, 247, 248 see High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite Hutchinson Whampoa 312 HCMR 233, 236 HIRDLS Huygens, C. 192, 220 heliocentric see High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder Huygens descent probe 220 orbit 27 HIRS instrumentation 220 probes 201 see High Resolution Infrared Radiation hydrazine 114, 124–127, 136, 145, 146–148, helioseismology 180 Sounder 155–156 Helios probes 48, 57, 183, 201, 201, 202–203 Hispasat 49, 54, 297, 314 hydrosphere 161, 167 Hélios satellites 49, 163, 255, 337, 341–343 chronology 290 hyperbolic excess velocity 26, 27 resolution 342 position 290 Hyperion 3, 214 scalar level 238 spectral bands 289 Cassini flyby 220 HEO history Voyager 2 flyby 216 see constellation of space flight 46, 48–49 Hyperion sensor 169, 237, 273 HEOS of probes and satellites 50–51 resolution 274 see Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite Hitchhiker 179 hypersonic aircraft 115 Hercules Aerospace 137 Hiten 177, 178, 178, 194, 197, 198 Hyperspectral Imaging Instrument (HSI) 169, 274 Hercules booster 135 HNS hyperspectral sensors 235, 273 Heritage program 344 see Hughes Network Systems hypsometric image 239 Hermes shuttle 146, 375 Hohmann transfer 15, 16, 26 Herschell Space Observatory homopause 4 I see Far Infrared and Submillimetre Telescope homosphere 4 HESSI Hong Kong 305, 312 IAE see High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager HOPE minishuttle 152, 376 see Instituto de Actividades Espaciais HETE Hopfield model 322 IAI see High Energy Transient Explorer Horizon 2000 224 see Israeli Aircraft Industries heterosphere 4, 170, 175, 177 horizontal accuracy 322, 322, 324 Iapetus 3, 214 Hexagon 336 Horus 342 Cassini flyby 220 HGS 54, 296 Hot Bird 54, 297, 308, 309 Voyager 2 flyby 216 High Altitude Laboratory for Communications chronology 291 IASTP and Astrophysics (HALCA) 181, 182, 183 position 291 see Inter-Agency Solar Terrestrial Physics High Eccentric Orbit (HEO) spectral bands 289 IBIZA see constellation Houston Space Centre 195 see Investigation Bisatellitaire des Zones High Energy Astronomy Observatories (HEAO) HRDI Aurorales 181, 182 see High Resolution Doppler Imager ICAO High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI) HRG see International Civil Aviation Organisation 182 see Haute Résolution Géométrique ICBM

Index 401

see intercontinental ballistic missile ImageSat 265 infrared ICE imaging radar 231, 234, 248 astronomy 162, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186 see International Cometary Explorer Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO) 171, radiation 6 Ice, Clouds and Land Elevation Satellite 222 spectrograph 60 (ICESat) 170 IMAG-Stereo 179 thermography 172, 256 ICESat IMAS Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) 181, 182, 184 see Ice, Clouds and Land Elevation Satellite see Integrated Multispectral Atmospheric Infrared Imaging Surveyor (IRIS) 184 ICO Global Communications 292, 293, 294, 295, Sounder Infrared Multispectral Scanner (IRMSS) 232–233, 303, 304, 307 IMCO 237, 263 ICO Teledesic Global 294, 307 see Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative resolution 274 Ida 203, 215 Organisation Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) 181, 182, 184 Galileo flybys 221 IMEWS Initial Defense Satellite Communication System IDCSP 48 see Integrated Missile Early Warning System (IDSCS) 349, 350 IDSCS IML injection velocity 13 see Initial Defense Satellite Communication see International Microgravity Laboratory Injun 179 System IMP Inmarsat 54, 125, 297, 298, 302–303, 303–304 IEEE see Interplanetary Monitoring Platforms Assembly of Parties 303 see International Sun–Earth Explorers Improved TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS) 48, Board 303 IFICS 241, 242 Director 303 see In-Flight Interceptor Communications IMSO Earth stations 302–303 System International Mobile Satellite Organisation financing 304 IFOV IMT 2000 mobile phones 304 see Instantaneous Field of View see International Mobile Telecommunications navigation 324, 325 IFRB inclination 11, 12 spectral bands 289 see International Frequency Registration INCOSPAR Inmarsat Ltd 304 Board see Indian National Committee for Insat 54, 157, 241, 243, 244, 245, 297, 315, 330 IGBP Space Research chronology 291 see International Geosphere Biosphere India 101–103, 114, 153, 334 OCM 275 Program cosmonaut 102, 360 position 291 IGN geostationary satellite 293 spectral bands 289 see Institut Géographique National GNP 297 VHRR 232–233, 236 IHI launch facilities 156–157 World Weather Watch 243 see Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries launch vehicles 156, 156–157 Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) 228, 231, Ikar manoeuvring stage 119, 124, 124 NNRMS 102 232–233 Ikar radiometer 273, 373 NRSA 102 Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science IKI PRL 102 (ISAS) 96, 96–97, 114, 149–51, 222 see Izledovanie Kosmitscheskikh Institut reconnaissance 344 budget 98 Ikonos satellites 19, 138, 226, 237, 248, remote sensing 256–259, 273 launch vehicles 150–151 263–264, 275 Space Applications Centre 102 Institut Géographique National (IGN) 330 IFOV 232 space budget 102 Instituto de Actividades Espaciais (IAE) 157 image of Washington 264 space organisation 102 Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (IPE) 104 resolution 263, 274 telecommunications 297 instrument track 230, 231 scalar level 238 Indian National Committee for Space Research Intasat 48, 175, 175, 176 IMAGE (INCOSPAR) 101 INTEGRAL see Imager for Magnetopause-to-Auroral Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) 19, 49, 103, 226, see International Gamma-Ray Laboratory Global Exploration 247, 256–259 Integrated Missile Early Warning System image HRPan resolution 274 (IMEWS) 344 diachronic processing 239, 240 LISS resolution 274 Integrated Multispectral Atmospheric Sounder differential 239 receiving stations 258 (IMAS) 252 false colour 239, 240 sensors 232–233, 236–237, 274 Integrated Overhead SIGINT Architecture (IOSA) gradient 240 Indian Space Commission 102 348 grey scale 239 Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) integrity parameter 319 hypsometric 239 101–102, 102 intelligent agents 295 monogenic 239 Indonesia 311 Intelsat 5, 48, 52, 54, 58, 86, 285, 293, 297, multiple resolution 239 GNP 297 298–301 polygenic 239–240 telecommunications 297 Assembly of Parties 299, 301 primary 239 Indostar 291, 315 Board of Governors 299, 301 processing 239–240 Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) 137 chronology 300 secondary 239 In-Flight Interceptor Communications System Director General 299 Imager for Magnetopause-to-Auroral Global (IFICS) 356 global communications system 299 Exploration (IMAGE) 177, 178, 179 Information Dominance Strategy 83, 353 Meeting of Signatories 299 Imager sensor 232, 236 Information Gathering Satellite (IGS) 96, 344 monopoly 309

402 Index

privatisation 301 weight 381 IRBM receiving stations 300 Zaria 65, 379, 380 see intermediate range ballistic missile spectral bands 289 Zvezda 65, 379, 380 Ireland 70 Inter-Agency Solar Terrestrial Physics (IASTP) International Sun–Earth Explorers (ISEE) 5, 25, Iridium 52, 58, 62, 114, 154, 292, 293, 295, 296, 160, 178–179 49, 175, 177, 178, 202–203, 223 306–307 Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination International Telecommunication Satellite chronology 294 Committee (IADC) 54 Organisation (ITSO) 301 coverage 306 Interbol 177, 178, 179 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 54, Iridium Limited Liability Corp 307 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) 46, 124, 285–287, 345 IRIS (Astro F) 127, 134, 155, 344, 356 Plenipotentiary Conference 285, 287 see Infrared Imaging Surveyor Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Radio Regulation Board 285 Iris satellite 48, 175, 175, 176 Organisation (IMCO) 303 Radio Regulations 285, 286 IRIS stage 148, 155 intergovernmental telecommunications systems regions 286 IRM satellite 178 308–311 World Radio Conference 285, 307 IRMSS Interim Control Module 380 zones 286 see Infrared Multispectral Scanner Interkosmos 4, 48, 52, 122, 123, 170, 171, 171, International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) 5, 49, 181, IRS 175, 175, 176, 176, 177, 178, 182, 248, 302 182, 186, 222, 290 see Indian Remote Sensing intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) 134, Internet 280, 288, 292, 305, 307, 312 ISAS 155 Inter-Orbital link (IOL) 283 see Institute of Space and Aeronautical International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) interplanetary Science International Cometary Explorer (ICE) 202–203, dust 2, 6–7, 224 ISEE 223 magnetic field 5 see International Sun–Earth Explorers Giacobini–Zinner flyby 222, 223 medium 175, 177, 200–204 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) 98, Halley flyby 222, 223 Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) 176, 178 152 International Frequency Registration Board Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) 283 Isis satellite 175, 175 (IFRB) 286 Intersputnik 289, 291, 298, 301–303 ISL International Gamma-Ray Laboratory (INTEGRAL) Board 302 see Inter-Satellite Link 187 Director 302 ISO International Geophysical Year 73, 80, 149, 160, Directorate 302 see Infrared Space Observatory 334 financing 302 Israel 103, 111, 114, 127, 264, 309 International Geosphere Biosphere Program technical management 302 astronaut 103 (IGBP) 275–276, 277 telecommunications 297 GNP 297 International Launch Services (ILS) 118, 121, 125 worldwide network 301 launch facilities 110, 157 International Microgravity Laboratory (IML) 188, interstellar clouds 183 launch vehicles 157, 158 189 intervisibility 282, 282 reconnaissance 336, 336, 341, 343, 344 International Mobile Satellite Organisation Investigation Bisatellitaire des Zones Aurorales remote sensing 264–265 (IMSO) 304 (IBIZA) 179 telecommunications 297 International Mobile Telecommunications Io 3, 214 Israeli Aircraft Industries (IAI) 103, 157, 265 (IMT 2000) 286 colour 218 Israeli Space Agency 103 International Polar Year 160 electric charge 217 ISRO International Radiotelegraph Conference 285 Galileo flyby 217 see Indian Space Research Organisation International Space Station (ISS) 40, 65, 66, 81, geomorphology 217 ISS 92, 104, 126, 130, 146, 360, 375–381 Masubi volcano 218 see International Space Station artist’s impression 376–377 Mount Pele 218 Istok spectroradiometer 373 assembly 378–379 sulphur dioxide 218 Istrack network 160 ATV 379, 380 volcanic activity 216, 217–218 Italsat 49, 54, 297, 315 chronology 362–363 Voyager flyby 216 chronology 291 Columbus 375, 379, 380 IOL position 291 CRV 390 see Inter-Orbital link spectral bands 289 CTV 379, 380 ionosphere 5, 167, 170, 175, 177 Italy 70, 90, 92, 93, 148 HTV 380 observation 175–180 ISS participation 379, 380 JEM 379, 380 Ionosphere Explorer 175 reconnaissance 336, 341, 342 MPLM 379, 380 ionospheric delay 322 Itamsat 292 power supply 381 ionospheric plasma 5 ITOS Progress-M 378 ion propulsion 222 see Improved TIROS Operational Satellite Quest 379 IOSA ITSO RMS 140, 379, 380 see Integrated Overhead SIGINT Architecture see International Telecommunication Satellite servicing 380 IPE Organisation Soyuz-TM 378, 379 see Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais IUE STS 378, 379, 380 Iraq 115, 158, 310 see International Ultraviolet Explorer Unity 65, 379, 380 IRAS Izledovanie Kosmitscheskikh Institut (IKI) 74, 178 volume 381 see Infrared Astronomy Satellite Izmir 265

Index 403

j K see Guiana Space Centre Kosmos 48, 125, 128 J 1 and 2 launch vehicles 97, 117, 152, 152 K 1 launch vehicle 141, 141 3M launcher 112, 117, 123, 125 payload 151 Ka band 287, 295, 295, 352 astronomy 181, 182 Japan 95–98 Kagoshima Space Centre 96, 109, 110, 113, 114, clusters 52 geostationary satellite 293 149, 150–151 early warning 342–343, 345 GNP 297 Kakuda Propulsion Center 96 Earth observation 226, 266, 274 ISS participation 379, 380 Kappa sounding rocket 151 ELINT 345, 346–347 launch facilities 149–152 Kapustin Yar Space Centre 73, 78, 109, 110, 112, geodesy 165 launch vehicles 149–152, 151–152 113, 123 geophysics 166 lunar conquest 195, 197 KATE camera 229, 236, 247, 261 ionosphere studies 175, 176 military reconnaissance 270, 344 Kazakhstan 73, 74, 78, 79, 110, 112, 119–120 launch pad 121, 122, 123, 123 navigation 325 KB magnetosphere studies 177, 178 remote sensing 256, 261–262, 268, 270–271, see Konstruktorskoe Byuro meteorology 241, 242, 248 273 K band 295, 295, 352 microgravity experiments 188 reusable space vehicle 152, 376, 380 Keldysh, M. 160 MSU 236 space budget 72, 98 Kelly Space and Technology 141 navigation 320, 326–327, 330 space organisation 96 Kennan/Crystal 336, 337 orbital positions 54 telecommunications 297 Kennedy, J.F. 80, 193, 194, 298, 364, 365 orbits 352 Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) 49, Kennedy Space Center (KSC) 85, 129, 130 payload 119 150, 248, 256, 268, 270–271, 273 Kepler, J. 192 radar imaging 235 OPS 232, 236, 268, 270, 274 Kepler’s laws 10, 10 reconnaissance 52, 260, 261, 336, 339, 40, polygenic processing 240 kerosene 114, 124–127, 124, 125, 135, 135–137, 340–341 radar imagery 248 152, 155 scalar level 238 SAR 237, 268, 274 KE-Sat Solar System exploration 202 scalar level 238 see Kinetic Energy ASAT telecommunications 52, 291, 349, 350–351, scanning 231 Key Hole 48, 136, 336, 337–339, 349, 370 352 380 Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) 379, chronology 336–337 upper atmosphere studies 170, 171, 171, 180 163 275 331 235 JASON , , night imaging Kristall module 49, 189, 372, 373 JCSat 54, 297, 315 scalar level 238 KSC 229 247 261 chronology 291 KFA camera , 229, 236, , see Kennedy Space Center position 291 resolution 274 Ku band 286, 288, 295, 295 118 127 128 157 spectral bands 289 Khrunichev 78, , , , Kuiper belt 2, 221 73 160 302 336 364 365 JEM Khrushchev, N. , , , , , Kupon 291 see Japanese Experiment Module Kibo Kvaerner Group 112 157 343 Jericho missile , see Japan Experiment Module Kvant module 49, 180, 372, 373 JERS Kiku 291 KVD 1 engine 157 358 see Japanese Earth Resources Satellite Kinetic Energy ASAT (KE-Sat) KVR camera 229, 238, 260, 261 80 222 Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) , 85, Kirkwood gaps 221 resolution 274 110 114 261 Jiuquan launch base 100, 109, , 113, , Kiruna receiving station , 268 KVRB stage 119, 125, 128 154 111 141 153–154, Kistler Aerospace Corporation , Kwajalein atoll 354, 354 250 111 Johnson Space Center 85, Kistler launch vehicle Kyoto Protocol 168 Johnston Island 354 KITComm Pty. Ltd 111 Joint Gravity Model (JGM) 164 Kitsat 263, 292 Jovian planets 2 Klimat 237 L 213 221 probes – Klobuchar model 322 L 3 Communications 157 111 134 138 JPL Kodiak Launch Complex , , LAAS 201 see Jet Propulsion Lab Kohoutek, comet see Local Area Augmentation System 121 76 339 Jubilee track Kometa , , 340–341 LAC 344 349 127 Jumpseat , 346–347, Kompleks-MIT see Local Area Coverage 128 Jupiter 2, 3, 214 Kompomash Corporation Lacrosse satellite 235, 337, 338–339 77 Galileo descent 215 Konstruktorskoe Byuro (KB) , 78 LADS 216 157 Galileo flybys , 217 Khimmash see Local Area Differential System 217 118 127 128 157 Great Red Spot Khrunichev , , , LAGEOS 163, 165 216 217 111 127 128 magnetic field , Makeyev , , Lagrange points 25, 172, 180, 181, 181, 182, 216 217 219 moons 3, 214, 215, , – Kopernicus 315 186, 221 216 Pioneer flybys Koreasat 49, 315 Laika 188 sphere of influence 28 chronology 291 Lambda sounding rocket 151 Voyager flybys 214 position 291 landmass observation 275 217 73 77 120 160 365 366 wind circulation Korolev, S. , , , , , Landsat 4, 19, 19, 38, 42, 43, 52, 160, 226, 247, 46 134 124 Jupiter launch vehicle , Korolev-type launchers , 124 248, 250–252, 273, 277, 338 Kourou launch site ALI 169

404 Index

ETM resolution 274 Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) 172, 242 Long March launch vehicle 99, 114, 117, RBV systems 228, 250, 252 LightSAR 272, 273 153–156, 155, 381 scalar level 238 resolution 274 payload 154 sensors 168, 230, 232, 235, 236–237 Lightsat 349 Loral Global Alliance (LGA) 294, 297, 298, 305, stabilisation 57 light year 2 314 World Reference System 238 limb sounding 171, 174 Internet 305 Land Surface Processes and Interactions 169 limb-to-limb images 238 mobile phones 305 Langley Research Center 85 limb-to-limb scanning 229, 230 Loral Space and Communications 305, 307 Lanyard 336, 337, 338 by satellite rotation 230 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 7, 152 Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Linear Imaging Self-Scanning (LISS) 232, constellations 106, 283, 287, 292, 293 (LASCO) 181, 183 236–237, 258 Luch 289 Large Format Camera (LMC) 228, 229, 236, 238, resolution 274 chronology 291 247, 249 line of nodes 11 position 291 LASCO liquefied methane 152 Luna 5, 48, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 365, 367 see Large Angle and Spectrometric liquid Lunakhod 163, 195, 197 Coronagraph hydrogen 114, 125–127, 135–137, 140, Lunar A 197 laser 356, 358 146–147, 152, 155, 155–156 Lunar Imaging Camera (LIC) 197 rangefinder 60 oxygen 114, 124–127, 125, 128, 135, Lunar Module (LM) 194, 195, 198 ranging 163 135–137, 140, 146–147, 152, 152, 155, ascent stage 196, 197 Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) 187 155–156 descent stage 196, 197 latitude coverage 33, 33 LIS Lunar Orbiter 48, 194, 195 launch see Lightning Imaging Sensor Lunar Prospector 193, 194, 197, 198, 200 airborne 111, 113, 126, 127 LISA Lunar Rover 195, 197 off-shore 111, 113 see Laser Interferometer Space Antenna lunar spacecraft 366 submarine 112, 113 LISS Luxembourg 312 technology 106 see Linear Imaging Self-Scanning window 28, 192, 206, 208, 211 lithosphere 161, 167 M launch site 106–158 little LEO system 306 characteristics 110 Living Planet 161, 168, 277 Maastricht Treaty 94 distribution 108–109 LK launch vehicle 157, 158 MacDonald Dettwiler Associated (MDA) 272 latitude 107 LMC MacSat 351 number of launches 113 see Large Format Camera Madrid antenna 160 situation 107 LMGT Mage stage 148 launch vehicle 114–118, 116–117 see Lockheed Martin Global Magellan 60, 203, 211 American 134–141 Telecommunications orbit around Venus 210 Brazilian 157 LMI radar coverage 210 Chinese 154–155, 155–156 see Lockheed Martin Intersputnik Magellanic Clouds 183 European 145–148 LMLV Magion subsatellite 177, 178, 179 Indian 156, 156–157 see Lockheed Martin Launch Vehicle magnetopause 5, 7, 177 Israeli 157 Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) 324, magnetosheath 5, 5, 7 Japanese 150–152, 151–152 325 magnetosphere 4, 7, 167, 170, 175, 178 Russian and Soviet 124–128 Local Area Coverage (LAC) 233, 237, 242 observation 175–180 Lavotchkin 124 Local Area Differential System (LADS) 324 Magnetospheric Constellation 179 L band 295, 295 local images 239 Magnetospheric Multiscale 179 Leasat 49, 351 Lockheed 118, 252 magnetotail 6, 177, 179, 201, 217 LEM 5 Lockheed–Khrunichev–Energia (LKE) 118 Magnum 54, 347, 347–348 Leninsk 120, 121 Lockheed Martin 86, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138, Magsat 166, 166, 167 LEO 263, 298, 348 main belt asteroids 2, 221, 221 see low earth orbit Lockheed Martin Global Telecommunications major axis 12 Leolink launch vehicle 111, 117, 157 (LMGT) 296, 305 Makeyev 78, 111, 127, 128 LEO Local User Terminal (LEOLUT) 330 Lockheed Martin Intersputnik (LMI) 289, 297, Malaysia 288, 311 Leosar 330, 330 301, 302, 305 GNP 297 LES 54, 350–351 chronology 291 telecommunications 297 Lewis satellite 138, 169, 248, 263, 273 position 291, 301 Manhattan project 160 HSI resolution 274 Lockheed Martin Launch Vehicle manned flight 65, 65–66 LGA (LMLV) 137, 138 Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL) 338, 382 see Loral Global Alliance Lockheed Martin Lifting Body 140 Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF) 375 Libya 309 Lockheed Martin Space Systems 141 Mao Tse-tung 99 LIC Lofti 179 MAP see Lunar Imaging Camera LOGACS 179 see Microwave Anisotropy Probe lidar 170, 174 Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) 56, 170, mapping ground tracks 34–39 lightning imaging 242 171, 180 MAPS

Index 405

see Measurement of Air Pollution from Mars Observer 193, 203, 204, 206 Schiaparelli fault 212 Satellites Mars Observer Camera (MOC) 205 sphere of influence 28 Marcel Dassault 157 Mars Odyssey 205 tectonic scarps 212 Marco Polo satellite 289, 297 Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) 205 topography 212 chronology 290 Mars Pathfinder 193, 203, 204, 204–205, 205, Victoria scarp 212 position 290 206 Zola 212 mare (Moon) 200 landing site 207 Mercury programme 48, 54, 65, 188, 248, 363, MARECS 49, 54, 297, 304 Mars Polar Lander 193, 203, 205 364, 365 chronology 290, 291 crash site 207 Mercury satellite 347 position 290, 291 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 205 MERIS 237 spectral bands 289 Mars Sample Return 85 mesopause 4 Marine Observation Satellite (MOS) 19, 49, 247, Mars Surveyor 193, 204, 206 mesosphere 4 256, 268 Martin Marietta 86, 118, 140, 305 Messenger mission 212 scalar level 238 mascon 195 meteorite 6 sensor 232–233, 236, 274 materials sciences in space 188, 188–189, 368, observation 170, 171 Mariner 48, 193, 202, 204, 206, 208, 209 369, 371, 373 threat to spacecraft 7, 56 Mercury mission 211, 211 Mathilde 203 Meteorological Operational Satellite (METOP) Marisat 49, 54, 304 NEAR flyby 221 169, 172, 243, 273, 329 chronology 290, 291 Matra 255 meteorological satellites 52, 63, 170, 241–246 position 290, 291 Matra Marconi Space 94, 294 chronology 241 spectral bands 289 McAuliffe asteroid 203 positions 244–245 Mars 2, 3, 192 Deep Space flyby 221 Meteor satellites 48, 52, 170, 171, 172, 226, 241, Acidalia Planitia 206, 207 McDonnell Douglas 86, 135, 151 242, 248, 261, 275 Amazonian era 206 McMurdo receiving station 268 scalar level 238 Ares Vallis 204–205, 207 MD sensors 233, 236–237 diameter 207 see Missile Defense Meteosat 5, 49, 54, 227, 241, 243 Elysium region 207, 209 MEADS image of Earth 246 geomorphology 206, 207, 209 see Medium Extended Air Defense System positions 244, 245 Hecates Tholus 207, 209 Measat 49, 54, 297, 312, 315 scalar level 238 Hellas Planitia 207, 209 chronology 291 scanning 230 Hesperian era 206 coverage 313 sensors 233, 236 history 206, 207 position 291 stabilisation 57 ionosphere 205 spectral bands 289 World Weather Watch 243 landing sites 207 Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites Meteosat Operational Programme (MOP) 244 launch windows 27, 206 (MAPS) 171 Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) 243 magnetic field 205 Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere SEVIRI 237 manned flight 205 (MOPITT) 172, 174 Meteosat Transition Programme (MTP) 244 Noachian era 206 medical research in space 188, 189, 368, 369, 373 methane 168, 172 Olympus Mons 207, 209 Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO) METOP paleochannels 209 see constellation see Meteorological Operational Satellite probes 204–209 Medium Explorer (MIDEX) 160, 183, 187 Metric Camera (MC) 229, 236, 238, 247 probe trajectories 206 Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS) Mexico 297, 324 sample return 205 356 GNP 296 sphere of influence 28 MEGHA-Tropics 242 telecommunications 296 Tharsis Rise 206, 207, 209 Melco 297 MHI consortium 98, 152 Valles Marineris 207, 209 Mentor 347 MHV volcanic activity 206 MEO see Miniature Homing Vehicle water 209 see constellation Michelson Doppler Imager/Solar Oscillations Mars 1–7 probes 48, 202, 204, 206 MEPHISTO 189 Investigation (MDI/SOI) 180 landing sites 207 Mercator projection 36 Michelson Interferometry Passive Atmospheric Mars 94 probe 373 Mercury 2, 3 Sounder (MIPAS) 174, 174 Mars 96 probe 124, 193, 204 Antoniadi fault 212 microgravity 162, 187–189, 368, 373 Marshall Islands 354 Beethoven 212 Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL) 188, 189 Marshall Space Flight Center 85, 365 Caloris Basin 212 micrometeorite 6 Mars Climate Orbiter 193, 203, 205 geomorphology 212 observation 170, 171, 180 Mars Explorer Program 205 Goya 212 MicroSat 248, 292, 351 rovers 205 helium 211 microsatellite 60, 165, 193 sample return missions 205 history 212 MicroSCOPE 187 Mars Express 205 launch windows 208, 211 Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) 183 instrumentation 205 magnetic field 211 Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) 174 lander 205 probes 211–212 Microwave Radiometer (MWR) 169 Mars Global Surveyor 204–205 probe trajectories 208 Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MSR) 237, 256

406 Index

Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) 59, 232–233, scientific equipment 373 near side 198 236–237, 242, 261, 373 Spektr module 273, 372, 373 rocks 199, 200 resolution 274 STS link-up 380 spacecraft 366 MIDAS volume 372 terra 200 see Missile Defense Alarm System Mir Corp 374 Moon Treaty 334 MIDEX Miranda 3, 215 MOP see Medium Explorer geomorphology 216 see Meteosat Operational Programme Military Academy 5 (China) 99 Voyager 2 flyby 216 Morelos 49, 54, 296, 314 military applications 61–66, 62–64, 70–72, 179, Mishin, G. 366 chronology 290 247, 333–358 MISR position 290 early warning 344–348 see Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer Morton–Thiokol 140 meteorological 241 Missile Defense Alarm System (MIDAS) 48, 179, MOS ocean surveillance 348 342, 344 see Marine Observation Satellite reconnaissance 336–344 Missile Defense (MD) program 357 see Modular Optoelectronic Scanner sensors 235, 239 Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) 106, Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI) 74 telecommunications 349–353, 350–351 118, 157 Motorola 154, 293, 294, 306 war in space 353–358 Mission 581 (China) 99 MPLM Military–Industrial Commission (VPK) 73 Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) 172 see Mini Pressurized Logistic Module military–industrial complex 62, 242, 357, 373 MIT 85 MSAS Military Strategic Tactical and Relay (MILSTAR) MITI see Multifunctional Satellite-based 351, 352 see Ministry of International Trade and Augmentation System Miller projection 36 Industry MSat 54, 296, 314 millimetre astronomy 162 Mitsubishi 151, 152, 263 chronology 290 MILSTAR MKF 236, 238, 247 position 290 see Military Strategic Tactical and Relay MLS spectral bands 289 Mimas 3, 214 see Microwave Limb Sounder M series launch vehicles 152 Cassini flyby 220 mobile phone systems 52, 280, 292, 294, 304, payload 151 Voyager 1 flyby 216 305, 312 MSG Mimistrobell asteroid 224, 224 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer see Meteosat Second Generation Miniature Homing Vehicle (MHV) 354, 355 (MODIS) 168, 169, 233, 237 MSL Mini Pressurized Logistic Module (MPLM) 379, MODIS see Microgravity Science Laboratory 380 see Moderate Resolution Imaging MSR minisatellite 60 Spectroradiometer see Microwave Scanning Radiometer MiniSTEP 187 modular launch family 138 MSU Ministry for General Machine-Building (MOM) Modular Optoelectronic Scanner (MOS) 236, 258 see Microwave Sounding Unit 73–75, 366 MOL MTCR Ministry of Aviation Industry (MAP) 74 see Manned Orbital Laboratory see Missile Technology Control Regime Ministry of International Trade and Industry Molniya MTFF (MITI) 97, 268 footprint 282, 282 see Man-Tended Free Flyer Minotaur launch vehicle 116 ground track 41 MTI 274 payload 135 launch pad 121, 123 MTP Minsk agreement 120 launch vehicle 117, 122, 124, 124 see Meteosat Transition Programme MIPAS orbit 5, 52, 293 MTPE see Michelson Interferometry Passive payload 119 see Mission to Planet Earth Atmospheric Sounder satellite 41, 48, 282, 289, 292, 293, 297, 302, MTSAT MIR 349, 350–351 see Multifunctional Transport Satellite see short wave infrared MOM Mubicomm 351 Mir space station 47, 49, 52, 66, 74, 170, see Ministry for General Machine-Building Mugunghwa 54, 297 188–189, 239, 247, 248, 360, 364, 367, Momo 248, 256, 257 spectral bands 289 372, 372–374, 380 MOMS 232, 236, 247, 373 Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) chronology 362–363 monogenic image 239 168, 174, 237 Citizen Explorer programme 374 Moon 3, 163 Multifunctional Satellite-based Augmentation deorbit 374 conquest 125, 365–366 System (MSAS) 324, 325 docking ports 372, 372 dating 200 Multifunctional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) 325 Earth observation 273 detection of water 197, 200 multimedia 280, 288, 292, 294, 295, 305, 307, KFA 236 diameter 199 312 Kristall module 49, 189, 372, 373 exploration 53, 192, 193–200 multipath bias 322 Kvant module 49, 180, 372, 373 far side 199 multiple access link 281, 282 power supply 372 geomorphology 199, 200 CDMA 281, 321 Priroda module 49, 236–237, 247, 248, 273, history 199, 200 FDMA 281, 324 274, 340, 372, 373 mare 200 TDMA 281 scientific activities 372, 373 mascon 195 multiple resolution image 239

Index 407

Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Navigation Development Satellites (NDS) 321 Radiometer (MESSR) 232, 236, 256, 257 Administration Navigation Land Earth Station (NLES) 325 resolution 274 see NOAA Navigation Technology Satellites (NTS) 321 multispectral imager 60 National Photographic Interpretation Center Navstar 5, 49, 162, 227 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) 230, 232, 236, 250, (NPIC) 85 chronology 326–327 251, 252 National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) 83, 339, Navstar–GPS 165, 320–323 resolution 274 348 configuration 321 Mumbaï township 259 National Remote Sensing Agency 101 Navy Earth Map Observer (NEMO) 232, 237, 273 Munin 177, 178 National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) AVIRIS resolution 274 Muses A 49, 178 81 PIC resolution 274 Muses B National Security Council (NSC) 81, 82 Navy Navigation Satellite System see High Altitude Laboratory for National Space Activities Council (NSAC) 96, 372 see Transit navigation system Communications and Astrophysics National Space Agency of the Ukraine (NSAU) 79 Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System (NROSS) 262 Muses C 222 National Space Development Agency (NASDA) NDS instrumentation 222 96, 96–98, 114, 149, 150, 256, 262, 268, see Navigation Development Satellites micro rover 222 329, 380 NDVI Mu sounding rocket 151 budget 98 see Normalised Difference Vegetation Index Musson series 165, 165, 166 launch vehicles 151–152 NEAR MVIRI 232, 236 reusable technology 152, 376, 380 see Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous MVIRSR 233, 236 National Space Development Centre (NSDC) 96 Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) 60, 193, MWR National Space Security Architect 83 203, 221 see Microwave Radiometer National Space Security Steering Group 83 Eros approach 221, 222 national telecommunications systems 314–315, instrumentation 221 314–315 Mathilde flyby 221 N NATO 348 Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object N 1 rocket 97, 125, 138, 195, 366, 369 satellite 54, 350–351, 353 Spectrometer (NICMOS) 185–186 Nadezhda satellites 320, 327, 330 natural gas propellant 126, 152 near infrared (NIR) 235, 236–237 NAG Naval Astronautics Group (NAG) 320 near space 4–7 see Naval Astronautics Group Naval Ocean Surveillance Satellite (NOSS) NEC Corp. 98 Nahuel 53, 54, 296, 305, 314 346–347, 348 NEMO spectral bands 289 NAVCEN 322 see Navy Earth Map Observer NAL navigation 52, 63, 65, 162, 288, 317–331 Neptune 2, 3 see National Aerospace Laboratory ARGOS 179, 328–329, 329 moons 3, 216 nanotechnologies 295 automobile 319 sphere of influence 28 NASA 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 129, 193–194, 250, 251, Beidou 327, 328 Voyager 2 flyby 216 262, 370, 372 clock bias 319, 319, 322 Netherlands 70, 93 ACTS program 289, 296, 314, 352 COSPAS–SARSAT 303, 320, 329–330 NetLander 205 ATS 243 downlink systems 318–328 Neurolab 188, 189 budget 81, 140 EGNOS 324, 325, 328 Neustrelitz 264 creation 365 ephemerides 318, 319 neutral sheet 5 Discovery 193, 197, 204, 221 Galileosat 325, 328 New Generation Space Telescope (NGST) 25 Earth Observing Enterprise 160 Galileo system 89, 286, 318, 324, 325, 328 NewICO 294 Earth Science Enterprise 275, 276–277 GLONASS 165, 319, 322, 327 New Millennium Programme (NMP) 160, 169, Earth Science Technology Programme 160 GNSS 303, 324, 325 221, 252, 273 Great Observatories 184, 186, 187 GPS 162, 165, 306, 319 New Skies satellites 297, 301 Mars Explorer 205 LAAS 324, 325 Newton observatory New Millennium Programme (NMP) 160, 169, MSAS 324 see X-Ray Multiple Mirror Mission 221, 252, 273 Navstar 5, 49, 162, 165, 227, 320–323, Newton’s law of gravity 10 reusable technology 140 326–327 newts in space 189 Space Launch Initiative 115, 141 Nova 327 Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) 186 NASDA Parus 320, 321, 326–327 NEXT launch vehicle 117, 157, 158 see National Space Development Agency pseudo-range 319, 319, 322, 324 NGST National Academy of Sciences 82, 85, 247 reference system 318 see Next Generation Space Telescope National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellite chronology 326–327 Nike-X missile 353 see NASA SBAS 324–325 Nilesat 53, 54, 297, 310, 314, 315 National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) 96, 97, SOOS 326 chronology 290 149, 152 Transit 319–320, 326 position 290 budget 98 Triad 327 spectral bands 289 National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) Tsikada 319, 320, 321, 326–327 NIMA 83, 339 uplink systems 318, 328–331 see National Imagery and Mapping Agency National Missile Defense (NMD) programme 134, vertical accuracy 324 Nimbus 19, 48, 52, 170, 171, 241, 242, 248, 250, 334, 345, 356, 357 WAAS 324, 325 266, 275

408 Index

ERB instrument 234 NSCAT scatterometer 262 OMI CZCS 233, 236, 247, 275 NSDC see Ozone Monitoring Instrument Nimiq satellite 289, 296, 314 see National Space Development Centre opposition 2 chronology 290 NStar 54, 297, 315 OPS position 290 spectral bands 289 see Optical Sensor Nippon launch vehicle 151 NSTB optical fibres 280, 288, 289 NIR see US National Satellite Test Bed optical remote-sensing 250–265 see near infrared NSTC Optical Sensor (OPS) 150, 232, 236, 268, 270 Nissan 151 see National Science and Technology Council resolution 274 nitric acid 155 NTS Optical Transient Detector (OTD) 242 nitrogen see Navigation Technology Satellites optoelectronics 295 peroxide 125, 145 nuclear detection satellites Optus 54, 297, 315 tetroxide 114, 124–127, 125, 136, 137, 145, see early warning satellites chronology 291 146–148, 155, 155–156 nuclear dissuasion 355, 357 position 291 nitrous oxide 168 spectral bands 289 Nixon, R. 367, 370 Orbcomm satellites 138, 295, 296, 306 O NK 33 engine 124, 141, 152 chronology 294 NK 44 engine 141 OAO Orbex launch vehicle 137, 138 NLES see Orbiting Astronomical Observatory Orbimage Corporation 242, 263, 275, 339 see Navigation Land Earth Station Oberon 3, 215 Orbis 179 NMD Voyager 2 flyby 216 orbit 9–29 see National Missile Defense Oberth, H. 87 acquisition 21, 22, 22–23 NMP Oblik 341 circular 39–40 see New Millennium Programme ocean dawn–dusk 19, 20 NOAA 4, 19, 20, 48, 52, 170, 171, 172, 226, 241, atmospheric exchange 275 direct 11 242, 252, 275, 277 circulation 168, 268 eccentric 41 AVHRR 235, 239, 242 observation 52, 64, 161, 242 geostationary 7, 20–24 navigation 328–329, 330 surface 168 heliocentric 27 revolving mirror scanner 230 surface temperature 267, 276 LEO 7 scalar level 238 swell 267 perturbations 14–15 sensors 233, 236–237 winds 267 planetary 2 VHRR 235 Ocean Colour and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) polar 111 nodal precession 14, 35 230, 236, 261–262, 275, 276 prograde 11 norite 200 Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) 237, 258, 275 retrograde 11, 111 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) ocean surveillance 346–347, 348 space probe 26–29, 201 275 OCM sun-synchronous 16–19 Norman station 264 see Ocean Colour Monitor orbital North American Air Command Defense (NORAD) OCTS cycle 42–43 55 see Ocean Colour and Temperature Scanner elements 11, 11–13, 34 North Korea 96, 115, 158, 270, 344 Odin minisatellite 174, 183–184 Orbital Geophysical Observatories (OGO) 48, Norway 70, 90, 93, 111 Odyssey platform 108 176, 177, 178 Noshiro Testing Centre (NTC) 96 Oersted satellite 166, 167 Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC) 111, 137, NOSS Offeq satellite 49, 103, 157, 265, 337, 341, 343 137, 138, 140, 306 see Naval Ocean Surveillance Satellite Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 81, 82, Orbital Test Satellite (OTS) 291, 308 NOVA 327 83 Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 48, Nozomi Mars probe 151, 203, 205 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) 181, 182 NPIC 81, 82, 83 Orbiting Frog Otolith (OFO) 188, 188 see National Photographic Interpretation OFO orbiting satellite 293 Center see Orbiting Frog Otolith Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio NPO 69, 77, 78 OGO (OSCAR) 48, 292 Energia 75, 112 see Orbital Geophysical Observatories 48 Orbiting Vehicles (OV) 48, 179 Energomash 128, 138 O’Higgins receiving station 268 orbitography 318 Lavotchkin 124 OICETS satellite 152 beacon 163, 331 Mashinostroyeniya 127, 266 Okean 59, 248, 271–272 Orbus stage 138 PM 308 MSU 59, 232–233, 236–237, 274 OrbView 19, 235, 242, 263 Yuzhnoye 79, 112, 125, 126, 127, 271 Oko 342–343, 345 IFOV 232 NRO Oktant 340–341 resolution 274, 275 see National Reconnaissance Office Olympus Mons 207, 209 Orfeus-SPAS 181, 182 NROSS Olympus satellite 290 Orion Networks Systems 305 see Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System OMB Orion satellite 54, 296, 305 NSAC see Office of Management and Budget chronology 290, 340–341 see National Space Activities Council Omega project 187 position 290

Index 409

spectral bands 289 (PAGEOS) 162, 166 Jovian planets 216 Orletz 76, 340, 341, 341 Pastec 59 Pioneer Orbiter 193, 194 Osaki range 150, 151 Pastel 59 Pioneer–Venus 49, 202–203, 208, 210–211 OSCAR Patriot Advanced Capability (PAC) 356 pixel 238–239 see Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio Paxsat 272 PLANCK 25, 181, 183 Oshumi satellite 48, 97 payload 57–58 planetary orbit 2 OSO 48, 181, 182 American vehicles 135 Planet B Osoboe Konstruktorskoe Byuro Ariane 147 see Nozomi Mars probe (OKB) 77, 78 Capricornio 154 planets Chelomei 266 Chinese vehicles 154 characteristics 2 Koslov 260 Energia 125 extrasolar 184 osteoporosis 189, 368 Indian vehicles 154 Jovian 2 OSTP Japanese vehicles 151 terrestrial 2 see Office of Science and Technology Policy Leolink 154 plasmapause 7 OTD NEXT 154 plasmasphere 6, 7, 170, 175, 177, 177 see Optical Transient Detector Russian vehicles 119 platform, satellite 57 OTS Shavit 154 Pleiades 255, 256, 342 see Orbital Test Satellite VLS 154 Plesetsk cosmodrome 78, 109, 110, 112, 113, Outer Space Treaty (1967) 334, 355 Payload Assist Module (PAM) 137 122, 122, 123, 148, 177, 339 OV PCCS Earth rotation 107 see Orbiting Vehicles see Policy Coordinating Committee for Space Pleumeur-Bodou 281 Overberg Test Range 109, 111 P code pleurodeles waltl 189 ozone layer 5, 161, 171–172, 172, 174, 275 see precise code Plutarch 192 Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) 174 PDUS Pluto 2, 3 see Primary Data User Station Pluto–Kuiper Express 221 Peacekeeper ballistic missile 138 POAM P Pegasus launch vehicle 56, 111, 116, 137, 137, see Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurements PA 2 launch vehicle 137, 138 138 Poe, E.A. 192 PAC payload 135 POEM see Patriot Advanced Capability Pegasus satellite 170, 171 see Polar Orbiting Earth Observation Mission PacAstro launch vehicle 111 Pegsat 170, 171 polar PAGEOS Pentagon 81, 83, 138, 307 aurora 6 see Passive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite Peole 170, 171, 171 cleft 5, 6, 7, 176, 177 Palapa 49, 54, 297, 311, 315 perestroika 66,73 ice caps 267, 268 chronology 291 perigee 10, 14 Polar Bear 179 coverage 311, 313 argument 11, 12 Polarisation Directionality of Earth Reflectance position 291 perturbation of 15 (POLDER) 168, 236, 240, 262 spectral bands 289 rotation of 14 Polar Orbiting Earth Observation Mission (POEM) Palmahim launch base 109, 110, 113, 114, 157, period (of orbit) 10 169, 273 343 perturbation (of orbit) 14–15 Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurements (POAM) PALSAR phase angle 2 59, 172 see Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Polar Platform project (PPF) 169 Aperture Radar Radar (PALSAR) 169 Polar satellite 178, 178 PAN sensor 232, 236, 258, 259 Philippines 311 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) 117, 156, resolution 274 GNP 297 157, 258 Panamsat Corp. 86, 296, 305 telecommunications 297 payload 154 Panamsat satellite (PAS) 54, 296, 305 Phobos 3, 204 POLDER chronology 290, 291 Phobos probes 49, 124, 203, 204, 206 see Polarisation Reflectionality of position 290, 291 failure 204 Earth Reflectance spectral bands 289 Phoebe 3, 214 Poliakov, V. 372 Panchromatic Remote-Sensing Instrument for Cassini flyby 220 Policy Coordinating Committee for Space (PCCS) Stereo Mapping (PRISM) 169 Voyager 2 flyby 216 81 paper satellite 286–287 Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) 102 Politburo 73 Parasol 174 physiology 368 polygenic image 239–240 Paris 253 PIC 232, 237 directional processing 240 Parkes radio telescope 104 resolution 274 external processing 240 parsec 2 Picard microsatellite 182, 186 scalar processing 240 Parus 320, 321, Picasso–Cena 174 Polyot AKO 125 chronology 326–327 Pion 170, 171 Polyot-Assured Space Access Inc. 123 PAS Pioneer 48–49, 57, 193, 194, 200–201, 201, Polyot satellite 48, 354 see Priority Acquisition Service 202–203 Portugal 70, 248, 263 Passive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite Grand Tour 212, 215 Posat 49, 248, 263, 292

410 Index

positioning launch pad 121 rainfall 173 see navigation payload 119 rain perturbation 284, 284 Post-Apollo Application Programme 368 Proton satellite 48, 175, 175, 176 RAKA post-Newtonian parameter 183, 187 protosolar nebula see Rosaviakosmos Potok 349 see presolar nebula RAMOS PPS PSLV see Russian–American Observational Satellite see Precise Positioning Service see Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle Rand Corporation 160 PR push-broom Ranger programme 48, 193, 194, 198, 250 see Precipitation Radar scanning 230 RAP PRANUA-ATLASS 174 sensors 230 see Reform Advisory Panel PRARE Putin, V. 77 RASA see Precise Range and Rate Equipment Pythagoras 192 see Rosaviakosmos Pratt & Whitney 135–136, 139 Rascom 315 precession Raytheon 263 Q apsidal 36 RBV of Earth 166 Qatar 311 see Return Beam Vidicon nodal 14, 35 quasar 186 RD Amross 139 Precipitation Radar (PR) 172, 242 Quasat 181 RD 0210 engine 125 precise (P) code 322 Quattro projects 179 RD 180 engine 136, 138, 140 Precise Positioning Service (PPS) 322 Quest 379 RD 120 M engine 124, 126, 128 Precise Range and Rate Equipment (PRARE) 163, Quick Bird 232, 237 RD 191 M engine 128 267, 268 resolution 274, 275 Reagan, R. 252, 355, 367, 370, 375 presolar nebula 161, 204, 217, 222 Quickscat 168, 174 reconnaissance 52, 63, 336–344 Priboy 119 scatterometer 234 Argon 336, 337, 338 Primary Data User Station (PDUS) 243–244 QQW 170, 171 Corona Programme 336, 337 primary image 239 COSMO-Skymed 342 Priority Acquisition Service (PAS) 265 Discoverer 336, 348 R Priroda module 49, 247, 248, 373 EROS 344 radar 237, 248, 273, 373 R7 launch vehicle 46, 115, 124, 366 Gambit 336, 338 sensors 232, 236, 274, 373 radar 60 Hélios 337, 341–343 PRISM altimetry 163, 163, 169, 172, 266, 267, 268 Horus 342 see Panchromatic Remote-Sensing Instrument imaging 231, 234, 248 IGS 344 for Stereo Mapping interferometry 234 Key Hole 336, 336–337, 337–339 PRL polarisation 231 Kometa 339, 340–341 see Physical Research Laboratory side-looking 59, 235 Kosmos 260, 261, 336, 339, 340, 340–341 probe 57–60, 61 spectral bands 237 Lacrosse 337, 338–339 by year of launch and country 62 survey of Venus 210, 210–211 Lanyard 336, 337, 338 chronology 48–49, 50–51, 202–203 synthetic aperture 165, 169, 234, 35, 237, Offeq 337, 341, 343 heliocentric 201 248, 266–272, 274 Orletz 340, 341, 341 Jovian planets 213–221 Radar Altimeter (RA) 169, 172, 266, 267, 268 Pleaides 342 Mars 204–209 radar controlled landing 195 Resurs 339 Mercury 211–212 Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite (RORSat) SAMOS 336, 336, 337 orbit 26–29 346–347, 348 SAMRO 341 solar 200–204 Radarsat 19, 20, 231, 248, 272, 273 SAR-Lupe 342 Solar System 202–203 radar imagery 248, 272 Soyuz capsule 339 Venus 209–211 SAR 237, 272, 274 TES 344 Prognoz 5, 48, 176, 177, 178, 181, 182, 343, 345 swaths 234 Vostok capsule 339 prograde radiation belt 5, 170, 175, 177 Yantar 339, 340, 341, 340–341 launch 110 radio astronomy 181, 182, 183 Zenit 339, 340–341 orbit 11 radiobiology in space 189 Redstone launch vehicle 80, 104, 134 Progress supply vessel 49, 362–363, 369 Radio Regulation Board (RRB) 285, 286 Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) 186 ISS access 378 Radio Regulations (RR) 285 Reform Advisory Panel (RAP) 287 manufacture 78 Radio Sport satellite 292 regional Project 21 Radose 175, 176 coverage 283, 283 see ICO RADS images 238 propellant 114 see Regional Area Differential System telecommunications systems 308–314 solid 114, 126, 135–137, 146–148, 152, Radsat 179 Regional Area Differential System (RADS) 324 155–156 Raduga 49, 52, 54, 297, 302, 315, 349 Relay satellite 292 Prospero 48 chronology 290, 291 Remote Manipulator System (RMS) 140, 379, PROTEUS 160, 163 position 290, 291 380 Proton launch vehicle 115, 117, 118, 121, 125, spectral bands 289 remote-sensing 57, 59, 63, 161, 226–227 128, 369, 377 RAE 181, 182 active 231

Index 411

future developments 273–277 Rumba satellite 179 SAMRO image processing 239–240 Rumsfeld, D. 85 see Satellite Militaire de Reconnaissance optical 250–265 Russia Optique passive 231 Academy of Sciences 75 Sänger, F. 87 resolution 274 design bureaus 77 San Marco launch base 109, 110, 113, 134, 148, terrestrial resources 247–249 early warning 342–343, 344–345, 345 148 repeater Earth observation 266, 271–272 Earth rotation 107 see transponder ELINT 345–347, 346 San Marco satellite 48, 170, 170, 171 resolution in Earth observation 274 GNP 297 Sanriku Balloon Center 96 Resource 274 ISS participation 379 Santa Rita control centre 148 Resurs 172, 248, 260–261, 339, 340 launch facilities 119–124 SAR cameras 236 launch vehicles 124–128 see Synthetic Aperture Radar KFA resolution 274 light launchers 126 SARA 181, 182 MSU 232–233, 274 manned programmes 65, 361, 362–363, 367, SAR-Lupe 342 retrograde 369, 375–381 SARSAT–COSPAS ground track 33 ocean surveillance 346–347, 348 see COSPAS– SARSAT launch 110 reconnaissance 339–341 SAS 181, 182 orbit 11, 338 remote sensing 260–261 SAST Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) 228, 229, 229, 236, space budget 68–69 see Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight 250, 252 space policy 73–79 Technology Reunion island 254 telecommunications 297, 350–351 Satcom 54, 296, 305, 314 reusable technology 115, 139–141, 148, 152, Russian–American Observational Satellite chronology 290 156, 373 (RAMOS) 345 position 290 Rhea 3, 214 Russian Space Agency spectral bands 289 Cassini flyby 220 see Rosaviakosmos satellite 57–60, 61 Voyager 1 flyby 216 Russian Space Forces (VKS) 76, 112, 122, 323 astronomy 181 Rhyolite-Aquacade 346–347 RVSN attitude 57, 281 right ascension 11 see Strategic Rocket Forces by year of launch and country 62 Rikcha 126 RXTE chronology 48–49, 50–51 Rimsat 54 see Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer cluster 52, 349 chronology 291 coverage 227, 280–284 position 291 direct view 283 S RKA distribution at apogee 52–53 see Rossyskoe Kosmicheskoe Agenstvo SA distribution in GEO 53 RMS satellites 170, 171 see selective availability early warning 41, 342–343, 344–348 Rocketdyne 140 SAC Earth observation 63, 247 engine 135–136 see Space Activities Commission ELINT 345–348 Rocket Systems Corporation 150 SAC-A satellite 181, 182, 182 energy supply 57 Rockot launch vehicle 56, 117, 121, 122, 123, SAC-B satellite 182 ephemerides 318 126, 127, 148 SAC-C satellite 167 footprint 280, 282, 282 launch pad 121, 123 SACI 175–178, 179 geodesy 165 payload 119 Safeguard 355 geographical 247 Rockwell 139, 140 Sagan, C. 85 geophysical 166 Rocsat 138, 248 SAGE geostationary 7, 20–24, 110, 280, 282, 283 Rodari asteroid 224, 224 see Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas ground track 32–43 Rohini 49 Experiment interception 355, 355 RORSat Sahara 249 intervisibility 282, 282 see Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite Sakigake 49, 203, 223–224 LEO 7 Rosat 181, 182, 186 Salsa satellite 179 meteorological 52, 63, 170, 241–246 Rosaviakosmos 69, 75, 76, 76, 121, 261, 323 SALT military reconnaissance 52, 63, 227, 239, 241, Rosetta 193, 224, 224 see Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 242, 247, 335, 336–344 instrumentation 224 Salyut space stations 48–49, 52, 180, 188, 247, Molniya 41, 48, 282, 289, 292, 293, 297, 302, lander 224 248, 366, 367, 369 349, 350–351 Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) 181, 182, 186 chronology 362–363 navigation 326–327 Rossyskoe Kosmicheskoe Agenstvo (RKA) 75 scientific activities 369 orbit 10–15 Rotor 340 servicing 369 payload 57–58 RR Samara Space Centre 78, 118, 260 platform 57 see Radio Regulations Samba satellite 179 remote-sensing 57, 59, 63, 226, 247–265, RRB SAMOS 336, 336, 337 273–277 see Radio Regulation Board SAMPEX scientific 63 RSA 3 launch vehicle 111 see Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric shadow zone 282, 282 Rubis programme 142, 145 Particle Explorer site angle 282, 282, 284

412 Index

sun-synchronous 16–19, 57, 114, 154, 170, SCATHA 179 Sesat 338 scatterometer 234, 266, 267 see Siberian–European Satellite telecommunications 41, 58, 64, 279–315, NSCAT 262 SES–Global 312 349–353 viewing angles 234 SEVIRI thermal regulation 57 Schriever Air Force Base 321 see Spinning Enhanced Visible IR Imager Satellite Astronomia Raggi-X (SAX) 181, 182, 186 SCIAMACHY Sfera series 165, 165, 166 Satellite-Based Augmentation Service (SBAS) see Scanning Imaging Absorption SFU 324 Spectrometer for Atmospheric see Space Flyer Unit Satellite Business System (SBS) 49, 296, 314 Cartography Shadnagar station 258, 264 chronology 290 Science and Production Associations (NPO) 69, shadow zone 282, 282 position 290 77 Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology spectral bands 289 Science and Technology Agency (STA) 96–97, 149 (SAST) 100 Satellite Data System (SDS) 48, 349 scientific applications 63 SHAR Satellite Inspector Technique 354 SCORE see Sriharikota High Altitude Range Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) 156–157 see Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay SHARES programme Satellite Militaire de Reconnaissance Optique Experiment Shavit launch vehicle 111, 117, 157, 158 (SAMRO) 341 Scout launch vehicle 129, 134, 148 Shenzhou programme 65, 101, 154, 381, 382 Satellite Multiservices System 308 SDI Shijian 175, 176, 177, 178 Satellite Operating Partnership (SOP) 265 see Strategic Defense Initiative Shinsei 175, 176 satellite-tracking projections 36 SDS shock wave 5, 7, 177 Satmex 54, 296, 305, 314 see Satellite Data System shooting star 7 chronology 290 SDUS short wave astronomy 181, 182 position 290 Secondary Data User Station short wave infrared (SWIR) 235, 236–237, 243 spectral bands 289 Sea Launch 111, 112, 113, 118, 126 Shtil submarine launch 127 Saturn 2, 3, 184, 214 search and rescue 303, 320, 329–330 payload 119 Cassini mission 220, 220–221 Seasat 49, 52, 163, 165, 166, 248, 266 Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR) 231, 234, 235, 237, magnetosphere 216 radar altimeter 266 273 moons 3, 184, 214, 216, 220–221 radar imagery 235, 248 Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) 171 Pioneer 10 flyby 216 SAR 237, 266, 269, 274 Siberian–European Satellite (SESAT) 297, 301, sphere of influence 28 scanning radiometer 266 308 Voyager flybys 214, 216 scatterometer 234, 266, 267 Sich 233, 237, 248, 271–272 Saturn rocket family 137 SMMR 266 SAR 237, 274 Saturn V 194, 368, 368 Seastar 19, 233, 237, 263, 275 SMR resolution 274 Saudisat 292 SeaWIFS 233, 237, 263, 275 Sichuan Aerospace Industry Corporation (SAIC) SAX Seawinds scatterometer 174 100 see Satellite Astronomia Raggi-X Secondary Data User Station (SDUS) 243 side-looking radar 59, 271 S band 295, 295 secondary image 239 SIGINT SBAS second cosmic velocity 13, 13 see signal intelligence see Satellite-Based Augmentation Service SECOR SIGMA 187 SBIRS see Sequential Collation of Range Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay see Space-Based Infrared System SEI Experiment (SCORE) 48, 52, 281, 351 SBL see Space Exploration Initiative signal intelligence (SIGINT) 345 see Space-Based Laser selective availability (SA) 322, 322 SIGNE 181, 182 SBS SELENE SILVA 232, 237 see Satellite Business System see Selenological and Engineering Explorer resolution 274 SBUV Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE) SIMBay 194, 195 see Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectral 197 Singapore 288 Radiometer semi-global coverage 283, 283 telecommunications 297 scalar level 238–239, 238 semi-major axis 12 university 263 Scalpel ICBM 127 sensors 228–237 Singapore–Taiwan satellite (ST) 289, 297 scanner 229–231 hyperspectral 235, 273 coverage 312, 313 spectral bands 235–236 IFOV 232–233 single access link 281 Scanner for Radiation Budget (SCARAB) 172 military 235, 239 Single Stage to Orbit (SSTO) 114, 115, 140 Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for resolution 274 Singleton satellites 347, 348 Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) spectral bands 234–237 Sinosat 289, 297, 315 174, 174 spectral sensitivity 232–233 chronology 291 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer Sequential Collation of Range (SECOR) 48, 165, position 291 (SMMR) 266 165, 166 Sintin 124, 125 scanning radiometer 59, 266 Service Life Enhancement Program (SLEP) 352 SIR scanning techniques 230, 230 SES see Shuttle Imaging Radar SCARAB see Société Européenne des Satellites Sirio 290, 308 see Scanner for Radiation Budget SES–Astra 312 Sirius satellite 54, 296, 297, 314, 315

Index 413

chronology 290, 291 flare 7, 177 reconnaissance 336, 337, 339–341 position 290, 291 panel 58–60 reusable technology 373 spectral bands 289 poles 201 space budget 68–69 SIRTF wind 2, 5, 7, 181, 284 space system 73 see Space Infrared Telescope Facility Solar A and B 182, 182 Sovinformsputnik 261 Sistema Kontrolia Kosmitcheskog Prostranstva Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) 25, Sovzond 261 (SKKP) 55 49, 178, 180, 182, 182, 183, 203 Soyuz site angle 282, 282, 284 Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle capsule 339 SITE programme 102 Explorer (SAMPEX) 177, 178, 179 ISS access 378, 379 Skybridge 52, 294, 295, 307 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectral Kourou launch 145 Skylab 4, 48, 52, 163, 166, 180, 188, 236, 247, Radiometer (SBUV) 171 launch pad 121, 123 248, 366, 367–368, 368 Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) 180, 181, 182 launch vehicle 112, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, chronology 362–363 Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) 170, 170, 171 124, 124, 148 power supply 372 Solar Orbit Relativity Test (SORT) 187 missions 48–49, 65, 180, 236, 248, 362–363, scientific activities 188, 368 Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) 364 sensor IFOV 233 174 module 4, 46, 52, 366, 369 solar observation 368 Solar System 2, 3 Space Activities Commission (SAC) 96, 96–97 volume 372 chronology of missions 202–203 Space and Missile Tracking System (SMTS) 356, Skylark sounding rocket 145 exploration 161, 180–183, 192–224 358 Skynet 48, 305, 350–351, 353 formation 222 Space Architect 83 SLBM Solar Terrestrial Physics programme (STP) 180 Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) 344, 348, see submarine-launched ballistic missile Solar Terrestrial Relation Observer (STEREO) 182 356, 357 SLEP Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Space-Based Laser (SBL) 356, 358 see Service Life Enhancement Program Radiation (SUMER) 181 space bases SLI Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) 181 see launch sites see Space Launch Initiative Solidaridad 54, 296, 314 Space Clipper 117, 126, 127 SLR 237 chronology 290 payload 119 SLS position 290 Space Commerce Corp. 266 see Spacelab Life Sciences spectral bands 289 Space Commercialisation Act 275 SLV Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) 140 space control 335, 353 see Satellite Launch Vehicle Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) 139 Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) 85, 197, 367, Small Explorer (SMEX) 160, 182, 183, 184, 186 Solrad 179, 181, 182 372 SMART 160, 193 Solwind 170, 171, 179 space flight SME SOOS 327 development 46, 48–49 see Solar Mesosphere Explorer SOP environmental influences 6, 187–189 SMEX see Satellite Operating Partnership human 187–189, 359–382 see Small Explorer SORCE Space Flyer Unit (SFU) 188, 189 SMM see Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment space geodesy 161, 162–165 see Solar Maximum Mission SORT Space Imaging 226, 258, 259, 263, 275, 339 SMMR see Solar Orbit Relativity Test Space Information (SPIN) 236, 238, 248, 261 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer South Africa 111 resolution 274 SMOS South Korea 263, 288, 297, 344 Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) 181, see Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission GNP 297 184 SMR 237 telecommunications 297 Spacelab 171, 180, 236, 360, 371 resolution 274 Soviet Union 73–74 scientific activities 188, 189, 371 SMS Academy of Sciences 73, 74, 160, 180 Spacelab Life Sciences mission (SLS) 188, 189 see Synchronous Meteorological Satellite break-up 74, 118, 119, 360 Space Launch Initiative (SLI) 115, 141 SMTS design bureaus 77 Spacenet 54, 296, 314 see Space and Missile Tracking System early warning 342–343, 344–345 chronology 290 SNOE Earth observation 266 position 290 see Student Nitric Oxide Explorer ELINT 345–347, 346 spectral bands 289 SOCCER 224 first geostationary satellite 293 Space Oblique Mercator projection 37 Société Européenne des Satellites (SES) 311, launch facilities 119–124 space plane 373, 375 312 launch vehicles 124–128 SpacePort Canada 108, 110 soft law 287 lunar conquest 195, 365–366 Spaceport System International 129 Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission (SMOS) manned programmes 65, 360–361, 362–363, Spaceport West 129 170 367, 369, 372–374 Space Science Programme 180 Sojourner 205 military activities 179–180, 336, 337, space segment 281 Sokol Almaz Radar 266 339–341, 342–343, 344–347, 346–347, Space Services Inc. 138 solar 348, 350–351, 354 Space Shuttle 4, 47, 52, 65, 66, 81, 106, 115, atmosphere 181 ministries 74 116, 130, 139–140, 140, 171, 180, 247, elevation 18, 19 ocean surveillance 346–347, 348 248, 367, 370–372, 371

414 Index

cargo bay 139 ground track 254 technical characteristics 229 chronology 362–363 HRG 237, 253, 274 Stilleto ICBM 127 cost 81, 140 HRS 256 STP experimentation 188, 188–189, 371 HRV 168, 230, 231, 232, 236, 255, 274 see Solar Terrestrial Physics external tank 140 HRVIR 232, 235, 256, 274 strap-on 124, 146, 156 ISS access 378, 379 oblique viewing 231, 231 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) 337, 358, Large Format Camera 247, 249 programme 252–256 370 Metric Camera 238, 238, 247 receiving stations 255 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) 138 Mir link-up 380 resolution 274 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 81, 85, 252, orbiter 139 scalar level 238, 239 293, 334, 355, 357–358, 370 payload 135 stereoscopic image 254, 256 Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN) 73–76, 75 radar sensing 231, 234, 235, 237, 248 Vegetation 233, 237, 256, 275, 277 stratopause 4 Remote Manipulator System (RMS) 140 spot coverage 283, 283 stratosphere 4 remote-sensing 273 SPOT Image 227, 255 Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment SIR 231, 234, 235, 237, 273 view of Paris 253 (SAGE) 171, 171, 172 Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) 140 SPOT Reference Grid (GRS) 238, 254 stratospheric balloon 4 Spartan platform 182 SPS Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) 242 Tethered Satellite System (TSS) 174 see Standard Positioning Service Strela tracking 283 Sputnik 46, 47, 48, 73, 79, 124, 175, 175, 181, launch vehicle 117, 126, 127 volume 370 182, 188, 202 payload 119 weapons testing 355, 360, 370 Sriharikota High Altitude Range (SHAR) 102, 109, satellite 349, 350–351 weight 370 110, 113, 114, 156 STS space station 58, 367–369, 375–381 SROSM 237 see Space Shuttle scientific activities 188, 368, 371 SROSS 175, 176, 179 STTW 291 Space Station Project 85 SSTO Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) 170, 171, space surveillance 354 see Single Stage to Orbit 174 Space Task Group 367 SSU submarine launch 112 Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) see Stratospheric Sounding Unit submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) 127 185–186 ST submillimetre astronomy 162, 183 space tourism 360, 373–374 see Singapore–Taiwan satellite Suisei 49, 203, 223–224 Space Transportation System (STS) STA SUMER see Space Shuttle see Science and Technology Agency see Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Space Utilization Research Center 96 Stalin, J. 160 Radiation Space Vehicle Advanced Technology Center 96 Standard Positioning Service (SPS) 322, 323 Sun 180–183 spacewalk 364 Starad satellites 179 probes 200–204 Spaceway project 295, 305 Stardust 193, 203, 224 SunSat 248 Spain 70, 90, 93 Starfish experiment 179 Sun-synchronous satellite 16–19, 57, 114, 154, reconnaissance 336, 341, 342 star formation 183 170, 338 SPARTAN 181, 182 Starlette 163, 165, 166 Super 301 agreement 256 SPAS Starlite Superbird 54, 297, 315 see Shuttle Pallet Satellite see Surveillance, Targeting and chronology 291 spationaut 374 Reconnaissance Satellite position 291 spectral bands Starsem 112, 118, 121, 124, 145, 148, 307 spectral bands 289 sensors 234–237, 236–237 Starshine satellite 134 supernova remnant 186 telecommunications 286, 287, 288, 289 Starsys 295 Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL) 60, 263 Spectrum Astro 348 START Surveillance, Targeting and Reconnaissance Spectrum XG 186, 187 see Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Satellite (Starlite) 348 Spektr module 273, 372, 373 Start launch vehicle 117, 123, 126, 127, 138, 264 Surveyor programme 48, 194, 195, 198 SPELDA 145, 146 launch pad 123 SVIRR 233 SPELTRA 146, 147 payload 119 Svobodny missile launch site 109, 110, 112, 113, sphere of gravitational influence 28–29 ‘Star Wars’ programme 47, 334, 355 123, 127, 165 SPIN station-keeping 24 SWAN see Space Information Stella 163, 165, 166 see Solar Wind Anisotropies Spinning Enhanced Visible/IR Imager (SEVIRI) Stennis Space Center 85 SWAS 181, 182, 183 232, 237, 243 Stensat 292 Sweden 70, 90, 93, 111, 138, 252 spiral galaxy 185 Stentor 353 Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer (SGRBE) 187 Spiral programme 373 STEP 179 swing-by SPOT 4, 17, 19, 19, 43, 47, 49, 59, 120, 122, 131, STEREO see gravity assist 133, 143, 153, 156, 163, 172, 226, 247, see Solar Terrestrial Relation Observer SWIR 248, 273, 338,343 still cameras 228, 228–229 see short wave infrared DORIS 331 coverage 228 Switzerland 70, 90, 93 Eagle Vision 255 spectral bands 236 SYLDA 145, 146, 146

Index 415

Symphonie satellite 48, 114, 308 missions 288–295 Voyager flybys 216 chronology 290 Molniya 293, 349 THAAD position 290 national systems 314–315, 314–315 see Theater High Altitude Area Defense Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) 243, paper satellite 286–287 Thaicom 49, 54, 297, 315 244 payload 57 chronology 291 Syncom 48 regional systems 308–314 coverage 313 synodic period 2, 27 reservations 285–287 position 291 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 165, 231, 234, satellite 41, 58, 64, 288–295 spectral bands 289 237, 248, 274 soft law 287 Thailand 311 for Earth resource systems 266–272 solar perturbation 284 GNP 297 Radarsat 272, 274 space segment 281 telecommunications 297 Syowo receiving station 268 spectral bands 286, 287, 288, 289 Thales of Miletus 192 Syracuse system 353 Teledesic 52, 294, 294, 295, 296, 307 Tharsis Rise 206, 207, 209 Télédiffusion de France (TDF) 49 Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) 356, chronology 290 357 T position 290 Theater Missile Defense (TMD) 357, 358 Taepo Dong 96, 115, 117, 158, 158, 270, 344 teleport 288 Ground-Based Radar 356 taikonaut 382 Telesat 103 Thematic Mapper (TM) 168, 230, 232, 236 Taiwan 264, 288, 297, 344 Telespazio 305 Landsat 235, 252 telecommunications 297 Television and Infrared Observation Satellite thermal infrared (TIR) 235, 236–237, 252 Taiyo 175, 176, 182 (TIROS) 19, 48–49, 52, 241, 242, 330 thermal plasma 5 Taiyuan launch base 100, 109, 110, 113, 114, 154 AVHRR 236 thermosphere 4 Takesaki range 150 television broadcasting 53, 280, 288, 289 Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Talon Shield program 344 television cameras 229 Energetics and Dynamics mission (TIMED) Tamouz 115, 158 coverage 228 179 Tanegashima Space Centre 96, 109, 110, 113, spectral bands 236 Thiokol 138, 157 114, 150, 151 technical characteristics 229 third cosmic velocity 13, 13 Tango satellite 179 Telkom 54, 297, 315 Thor Tansei satellite 5, 48 chronology 291 launch vehicle 134, 136, 151 Taurus launch vehicle 116, 118, 137, 138 position 291 missiles 354 launch pads 129, 132 spectral bands 289 satellite 54, 289, 290, 297, 314 payload 135 Telstar 5, 48, 52, 54, 281, 296, 305, 314 thruster 60 TDF chronology 290, 292 Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station see Télédiffusion de France position 290 (TERLS) 101 TDMA spectral bands 289 Thuraya 297, 314 see Time Division Multiple Access Temisat 292 Thuraya Satellite Communications Company 314 TDRS temperature Tigris 260 see Tracking and Data Relay Satellite in space 6 Timation 326–327 technical intelligence 344 ocean surface 267, 276 TIMED Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) 344 regulation 57 see Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere tectonics 165–167, 211 Tempo 54, 296, 314 Energetics and Dynamics mission Télécom 49, 53, 54, 297, 314 chronology 290 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 281 chronology 290, 291 position 290 TIR position 290, 291 spectral bands 289 see thermal infrared spectral bands 289 Tenma TIROS telecommunications 53, 65, 279–315 see Astro see Television and Infrared Observation constellation 52, 283, 287, 292, 292, 293–295 Terilen 341 Satellite coverage 280–284 terra (Moon) 200 TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) 242 deregulation 287, 288, 298 Terra satellite 160, 168, 168, 169, 172 Titan 3, 214, 220–221 frequencies 285–287 resolution 274 atmosphere 220–221 geography 296–297 sensors 233, 237 Cassini–Huygens mission 220 geostationary 292–293 terrestrial exobiology 221 ground segment 281 magnetic field 5 radar mapping 220 HEO 293 planet 2 Voyager 1 flyby 216 intergovernmental systems 308–311 resources 161 Titania 3, 215 international systems 298–307 Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) 184 Voyager 2 flyby 216 LEO 292, 293 TES Titan launch family 86, 116, 118, 134, 136, liberalisation 287 see Technology Experiment Satellite 136–137, 213, 220 links 280–284 see Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer launch pads 129, 132 MEO 293 Tethered Satellite System (TSS) 174–175 payload 135 meteorological perturbation 283–284 Tethys 3, 214 TM military 349–353, 350–351 Cassini flyby 220 see Thematic Mapper

416 Index

TMD Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) 172, 242 UEWR see Theater Missile Defense Microwave Imager (TMI) 172, 242 see Upgraded Early Warning Radar TMI Precipitation Radar (PR) 172, 242 UFO see TRMM Microwave Imager Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) 172, 233, see UHF Follow-On TMSat 248 237 UHF band 295, 295, 352 Tokyo Bay 257 Tropical Zone 286 UHF Follow-On (UFO) 54, 351, 352 Tokyo university 96, 149 tropopause 4 Uhuru TOMS troposphere 4 see SAS see Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer tropospheric delay 322 Ukraine 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 118, 119, 126, 157 Tonga 287 Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) 174 Earth observation 271–272 Topaz programme 142, 145 Truly, R. 370 UKS satellite 178 TOPEX–Poseidon 49, 163, 165, 166, 172, 248, Trumpet 347 ultraviolet 275 TRW 305, 348 astronomy 162, 180, 181, 182, 182, 186 DORIS 331 TsAGI 74 radiation 6 TOPO satellite 165, 166 TsDuc Long Range Space Communications Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) Topol missile 127 System 160–161 180 Torrejon Tselina 346, 346–347 Ulysses 49, 182, 201, 203 see WEU Satellite Centre Tsien Hsue-shen 99 trajectory 201 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) 168, Tsikada navigation system 319 Umbriel 3, 215 171, 262, 275 chronology 326–327 Voyager 2 flyby 216 Earth Probe 170, 171, 171 Tsiolkovsky, K. 73, 360 UME 175, 176 tourism in space 360, 373–374 TsNIIMash 74, 75, 78 UNFCCC TOVS TSS see United Nations Framework Convention on see TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder see Tethered Satellite System Climate Change TPF TsSKB 78, 118, 260 United Arab Emirates see Terrestrial Planet Finder Tsukuba Space Center 96 telecommunications 297 TRACE Tsyklon 117, 122, 125, 125, 128, 157, 320, 355 United Differential System (UDS) 324 see Transition Region and Coronal Explorer chronology 326–327 United Kingdom 70, 90, 92–93, 93, 350–351, 353 Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) 49, 185, launch pad 121, 123 United Nations 285 252, 283, 349 payload 119 United Nations Environment Programme 277 chronology 290 TTC United Nations Framework Convention on position 290 see Tracking, Telemetry and Command Climate Change (UNFCCC) 168 spectral bands 289 Tubsat 292 United Space Alliance 140 tracking interval 42 Turkey United States tracking stations 142, 143, 281 GNP 297 Air Force Secretary 81 Tracking, Telemetry and Command network (TTC) telecommunications 297 Department of Agriculture 81, 250, 252 160 Turksat 49, 54, 297, 315 Department of Commerce 252, 263, 275 trajectory programmes 163 chronology 291 Department of Defense 81, 82, 84, 250, Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS) 137 position 291 272, 283, 307, 320, 323, 338, 352 Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) spectral bands 289 Department of Transport 323 181, 182, 182 TV Cam 236 early warning 342–343, 344 Transit navigation system 319–320 TVSat 49, 54, 297, 314 ELINT 345, 346, 347–348 chronology 326 chronology 290 GNP 296 ground control 320 position 290 ISS participation 379 positioning accuracy 320 spectral bands 289 launch facilities 129–134 satellites 48, 52, 162, 165 TWINS launch vehicles 134–141 space segment 320 see Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom lunar programme 193–196, 365–366 transponder 57, 281 Spectrometers manned programmes 65, 360–361, 362–363, Transtage 137 Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom 367–368, 370–372, 375–381 Travers SAR 237, 274, 373 Spectrometers (TWINS) 179 military activities 179, 337–339, 342–343, TRIAD 326 Tyuratam 74, 78, 110, 119, 126 344, 345, 346–347, 347–348, 350–351, Triana satellites 172 353 Triplet satellites 348 Naval Research Office 247 U Triton 3 ocean surveillance 346–347, 348 Voyager 2 flyby 216 U2 spy planes 336 reconnaissance 337–339 TRMM UARS remote sensing 250–252, 263, 266, 273 see Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission see Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite research activities 85 TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) 172, 242 UDMH 125, 125, 136, 137, 145, 155 space budget 68–69, 71, 81 Trojan asteroid family 2, 221 UDS Space Command 80 Tromsö receiving station 268 see United Differential System space industry 85, 85–86 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 172, UERE space policy 79–86 173, 241, 242 see user equivalent range error State Department 81

Index 417

telecommunications 296, 350–351 vegetation VIRS United Technologies Chemical Systems Division observation 235, 240, 256, 275, 277 see Visible and Infrared Scanner 138 reflectance 235 Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) 172, 233, 237 Unity connecting node 65, 379, 380 Vegetation (SPOT) 233, 237, 256, 275, 277 Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer (VTIR) UoSat 52, 60, 248, 248, 263, 273, 292 Vela 5, 48, 179, 342, 344 233, 236, 256 PAN resolution 274 Venera 48–49, 202–203, 208, 209 visible astronomy 184–185 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR) 356 descent module 209 VISSR 232, 236 uplink 281 radar 209–210 VKS navigation systems 318, 328–331 Venture Star 140 see Russian Space Forces Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Venus 2, 3, 192 VLBI 170, 171, 172, 275 Aphrodite 210 see Very Long Baseline Interferometry Uragan satellites 323 atmospheric analyses 209–211 VLS launch vehicle 110, 116, 157, 158 Uranus 2, 3, 215 balloon probes 209 Volgograd launch base 110 magnetic field 216 coronae 211 Volna submarine launch 127 moons 3, 215 ionosphere 210–211 payload 119 sphere of influence 28 Ishtar 210 von Braun, W. 80, 87, 115, 137, 365 Voyager 2 flyby 215 launch windows 27, 208 Vortex 54, 346–347 Uribyol 49, 292 length of day 210 Voskhod US Air Force 80, 81, 84, 85, 129, 130, 134, 137, Maxwell Montes 210 launch vehicle 124 179, 273, 337, 344, 346–347, 348, 352, 354 probes 209–211 missions 48, 65, 188, 248, 363, 364, 365 US Army 80, 84, 134, 280, 354 probe trajectories 208 Vostok US Coast and Geodetic Survey 162 radar survey 210, 210–211 capsule 339 User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) 322, 322, seismic activity 210 launch pad 121 325 soil analysis 209–210 launch vehicle 52, 117, 119, 124, 124 US Geological Survey 211, 250, 251, 252, 277 sphere of influence 28 missions 48, 65, 188, 248, 363, 364, 365 US Marines 348, 352 tectonic motions 211 Vought Aircraft Industries 134, 141 US Microgravity Laboratory (USML) 188, 189 thermal mapping 210 Voyager 28, 29, 49, 184, 193, 202–203 US Microgravity Payload (USMP) 188, 189 topography 210 Jupiter flybys 214, 216 USML volcanic activity 211 Neptune flyby 216 see US Microgravity Laboratory Venus Laboratory Mission 211 Saturn flybys 214, 216 USMP Vernadsky Institute 74 trajectories 213, 214 see US Microgravity Payload vernal equinox 10, 11 Uranus flyby 215, 216 US National Airspace System 323 Verne, J. 129, 192 Voyager Interstellar Mission (VIM) 216 US National Satellite Test Bed (NSTB) 324 Vernier engine 124, 125, 127 VPK US Navy 80, 84, 134, 179, 262, 273, 319 Véronique sounding rocket 142 see Military–Industrial Commission USSR Versailles Treaty 87 VSAR 237 see Soviet Union vertical accuracy 324 resolution 274 Ustinov, D. 266 Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) 229, VSAT Usuda Deep Space Center (UDSC) 96 232–233, 236 see Very Small Aperture Terminal UVCS NOAA 235, 242 Vulcain engine 146, 147 Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) 160, Vysota submarine launch 127 163 payload 119 Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) 281, 288, V 312, 325 W V2 bomber 80, 87, 115 Vesta mission 221 Valles Marineris 207, 209 vestibular organ 188 WAAS Van Allen belt 6, 7, 175, 293 VHF band 295, 295 see Wide Area Augmentation Service Van Allen, J. 85 VHRR WADS Vandenberg 85, 108, 110, 113, 114, 129, see Very High Resolution Radiometer see Wide Field Differential System 132–133, 250 VHRSR 236 Wake Shield Facility (WSF) 188, 189 Vanguard launch vehicle 46, 134 Victor 248 WALES Vanguard satellite 48, 170, 171, 181, 182 Vietnam war 367 see Water Vapour Lidar Experiment in Space Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Viking engine 146 Wallops Island 85, 108, 110, 113, 114, 129, 134, Oscillations (VIRGO) 180 Viking probes 49, 193, 202–203, 204, 206 142 Vavilov Institute 78 landing sites 207 Warfighter 235, 237, 273 VCL Viking satellite (Sweden) 49, 175, 175, 176, 176, Washington 264 see Vegetation Canopy Lidar 177, 178 Water Vapour Lidar Experiment in Space (WALES) Vega launch vehicle 92, 116–117, 148, 148 Viking (upper atmosphere) programme 80 170 Vega probes 49, 203, 223 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre 102 WCRP Halley exploration 223 VIM see World Climate Research Programme Venus descent modules 209 see Voyager Interstellar Mission Weddell Sea 270 Vegetation Canopy Lidar (VCL) 170 Vinci engine 146, 147 weightlessness 7, 162, 187–189, 368, 373

418 Index

Wells, H.G. 192 World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) 243, Yangel, M. 77 Westar 48, 312 285 Yangel-type launchers 125, 125 chronology 290 World Radio Conference (WRC) 285, 287, 307 Yantar 238, 260, 261, 339, 340, 341 position 290 World Reference System (WRS) 238 chronology 340–341 Western European Union (WEU) 341 Worldspace 289, 296, 298, 306 resolution 274 Western Range Tracking Network 129 World Trade Organisation (WTO) 106, 287 Yeltsin, B. 77 Westpac 165, 166 World Weather Watch 226, 243 Yohkoh 182, 182 West project 295 Wresat 48 Yoshinubo complex 150, 151 WEU WRC yuhangyuan 382 see Western European Union see World Radio Conference Yuzhnoye 78, 79, 112, 125, 126, 127, 271 WEU Satellite Centre 95, 341, 342 WRS WFI Cam see World Reference System Z see Wide Field Imager WSF WG see Wake Shield Facility Zaria module 65, 379, 380 see Wideband Gapfiller program Zefiro engine 148 White Cloud Zemin, Jian 381 X see Naval Ocean Surveillance Satellite Zenit launch vehicle 70, 112, 115, 117, 118, 122, Wide Area Augmentation Service (WAAS) 324, 325 X 33 programme 115, 140 124, 126, 128, 377 Wideband Gapfiller (WG) program 352 X 34 programme 115, 140 launch pad 121, 123 Wide Field Differential System (WADS) 324 X band 295, 295 payload 119 Wide Field Imager (WFI) 237, 263 X-Band Radar 356 Zenit reconnaissance satellite 339, 340–341 Widefield Infrared Explorer (WIRE) 182, 184 xenopus in space 189 Zeus missile 353 Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC) 185–186 Xi’an Satellite Control Center (XSCC) 100 Zeya 165, 166 Wide Field Sensor (WIFS) 233, 236, 258 Xichang launch base 100, 109, 110, 112, 113, Zhongwei 54, 297, 315 WIFS 154 chronology 291 see Wide Field Sensor XMM position 291 Wika 170, 171 see X-Ray Multiple Mirror Mission spectral bands 289 Wilkins, J. 192 XM satellites 289 Zhongxing 54, 297, 315 WIND X-ray astronomy 162, 180, 181, 182, 182, 186 chronology 291 see Wind Imaging Interferometer X-Ray Multiple Mirror Mission (XMM) 181, 182, position 291 Wind Imaging Interferometer (WIND) 172, 178, 186 spectral bands 289 178, 181–182, 182 X-SAR 237, 249 Ziyuan 101, 263, 336 wind mapping 267 X STAR 232, 237 CCD Cam resolution 274 WIRE resolution 274 zodiacal light 201 see Widefield Infrared Explorer Zond 5, 48, 194, 195, 202, 204, 367 Wirtanen, comet 224, 224 Zvezda module 65, 379, 380 Y WMO see World Meteorological Organisation Yamal 289, 297, 315 Woomera base 104, 109, 111, 113, 141, 145 chronology 291 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) 275 position 291