INDEX index Issue 26 / April 2010 Irish Newsletter for Development Education Exchange INDEX Editorial Contents At a recent conference organised by the Centre for Global Education David Selby argued that Natural disasters? 3 development education needs to draw on by Patsy Toland emergency education, ‘as the world moves into multiple crisis syndrome, emergency will I see black people: coverage of 4 no longer be out there, but here, there and the Haiti earthquake by Gavan Titley everywhere.’ While the recent extreme weather conditions in Ireland, involving both flooding and Haiti: a tragedy or a brilliant 6 snow, cannot be compared to the scale of the business opportunity? devastation wrought by the earthquake in Haiti, by José Antonio Gutiérrez D they did highlight our lack of ability to deal with ‘natural’ disasters. INDEX Links: 8 Senan Gardiner’s report from the UN climate Dev Ed courses and events summit in Copenhagen tells us that not only did the global summit end without an international EU News & International Dates 10 agreement, but also that talks during the summit focused on the impact of emissions, rather than IDEA Corner 11 acknowledging that the world urgently needs to transition to a low carbon economy and to start Dev Ed news, funding, 12 talking at an international level about how we’re and resources going to do that.

In this issue of Index Patsy Toland questions Climate Justice when? 13 whether disasters can in fact be considered by Senan Gardiner ‘natural’, or whether the devastation wrought is in fact exacerbated by human actions. Gavin Resource Review: Tales of Disaster 15 Titley deconstructs the media coverage of the by Mary O’Reilly Haiti earthquake, and provides ideas for how it could be used to educate about critical media literacy, to analyse the assumptions and uncover bias. Jose Antonio Guterriez explores the history of foreign involvement in Haiti and argues for reconstruction that prioritises the interests of Haitian people.

This issue highlights resources that can be used Index www.comhlamh.org to educate about natural disasters, and includes INDEX is a free Comhlámh publication for people interested sectoral news, courses and events. in educating on global development issues, funded by Comhlámh, Trócaire, IDEA, and Irish Aid. The views expressed in individual articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organisations to which they are affiliated, the editorial committee, or Comhlámh.

“ Our future is like that of passengers Development Education is about questioning our on a small pleasure boat above the knowledge and perceptions about how the world works Niagara Falls, not knowing that the and about what role we play in it. It looks at the meanings engines are about to fail ” of concepts such as ‘development’ or ‘education’ in order to increase our understanding of the interconnectedness of – James Lovelock, 2007 our world (Galway One World Centre).

Editorial committee: Ali Leahy (Comhlámh), Jenna Coriddi (CGE), Aoife McTernan (Trócaire), Johnny Sheehan (NYCI), Mbemba Jabbi (Africa Centre), Eimear McNally (IDEA).

Please contact [email protected] to comment or to contribute to future issues. Cover image from © Kentoh, Dreamstime.com

2 Natural disasters? ‘Survivors in Haiti’s camps greeted news of Chile’s less deadly tremor with resignation, saying poor governance, corruption and shoddy construction magnified their own seismic disaster. “There aren’t any real politics in our country. Politics in our country is taking the money and putting it into a bank account, putting it in their pockets and running off,” a bitter Pierre-Francis Junior told AFP in a vast tent city where he now lives in the center of the capital Port-au-Prince.’ (newstraitstimes, Slum housing on the outskirts of the Haitian capital www.nst.com, 3rd March). Port au Prince © Steve Lindridge 2009

ontrasting the death tolls “Natural disasters are rarely ‘natural’, but the result of the recent earthquakes of a complex interplay of historical, political, in Haiti and Chile provides C development educators economic, geographic and human factors that with an opportunity to question the result in tragedies that could have been prevented.” ‘natural’ in natural disasters. Why did Haiti suffer 220,000 deaths, Could it be that permanent housing These questions provide enquiry into while Chile recorded less than 1,000, leads to a permanent problem for the notions of development and of the despite a much more severe seismic authorities? Millennium Development need for large-scale structural funds event? If the job of development Goal 7 has the target of achieving a for future development. This goes education is to prompt questioning significant improvement in the lives of beyond disaster relief and on to our of simplistic answers to complex 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. most beloved concept of sustainable problems then here is an excellent development. starting point. ‘The lack of improved sanitation and water facilities are two of the Reports that ‘thousands of US troops The comparison could start with four defining characteristics of are leaving Haiti in a swift scaling an explanation of tectonic plate urban slums. The others are durable back of US military involvement movements and the resulting housing and sufficient living area. In in post-earthquake security and earthquakes. Marking the 2005, slightly more than one third of reconstruction’ (Rory Carroll, geographical locations of recorded the urban population in developing Guardian, 8th March) and the near seismic activity on a map would trace regions lived in slum conditions.’ end to media coverage certainly a pattern across many developing (United Nation’s Millennium prompt questions of our commitment countries but also along the west Development Goals report 2008). to long-term support to Haiti. Ask coast of the USA and Mediterranean students to examine the time devoted Europe. Neither locations nor seismic Could Fair Trade help the farmers to the topic on television news, in the levels will provide any correlation with to improve their land rights? This news headlines or front-page stories. the death tolls of various disasters. prompts questions about the very slow progress in fair trading and the Natural disasters are rarely ‘natural’, One reason for the higher death reasons that corrupt commercial but the result of a complex interplay tolls in Haiti is the number of people interests and governments hinder of historical, political, economic, living in the city region. So why that progress. geographic and human factors that were so many people living there? result in tragedies that could have Who benefits from the agricultural So the simplicity of a tectonic plate been prevented. This prevention policies that promoted large-scale movement becomes more complex. is not about seismic predictions or commercial farming, poor land We can consider the Haiti disaster tsunami warnings, but rather about tenancy for indigenous farmers, large relief effort. Why was there only one bringing into sharp focus the many scale deforestation, and the resultant airport? Why was the port so easily elements that have created an move to the city? Do we care dismantled? Why were roads to unequal and unjust world. This is where financiers invest our savings rural hospitals and the neighbouring the responsibility that development to provide growth for our pension Dominican Republic not providing a education takes on and we should funds? local solution? Point out that Haiti is not allow the stories to fade from our less than a third the size of Ireland! ‘front page news’. In the city, why do people end up Or perhaps we want to question why in slums occupying land that the logistical efforts prioritized the flying Patsy Toland, Development wealthy do not want? And why are of 20,000 American troops into Haiti. Education Coordinator, Self Help their houses of such poor quality? Africa, www.selfhelp.ie

3 INDEX I see black people: coverage of the Haiti earthquake

evelopment education has an established coverage centrally featured not only unsubstantiated focus on media literacy, aimed at encouraging reports of mob violence, but also the commonplace critical readings of how questions of power, assumption that such violence, even if not occurring Dgeography, culture and inequality are in the instantaneous now of media coverage, was represented and imagined. Ongoing media events, such inevitable. as the coverage of the earthquake in Haiti, are crucial sources of political education. Yet where does such For example see Inigo Gilmore, ‘The Myth of Haiti’s media education find its bearings in a context where lawless streets’ (The Guardian, 20 January 2010). Writing media coverage is instantaneous, globalised, polyvocal from Port-au-Prince, the journalist challenged John and fleeting? O’Shea of Goal on his statements about the threat of machete wielding mob violence and his decision not to The coverage and framing of ‘natural disasters’ is deploy aid workers at that time. an established focus in media studies. Since at least the 1970s, studies of disaster coverage have been “Ongoing media events, such as the used to examine how news values reflect geopolitical relationships and to analyse how news coverage coverage of the earthquake in Haiti, ‘thresholds’ are shaped by racial and developmental are crucial sources of political hierarchies (One European equals X number of non-Western fatalities, and so forth). education.”

In the same vein, various studies have examined how the Journalists do not lightly refuse an ‘anarchy’ angle on a ‘imagined geographies’ of the West and the rest – the story, and as Gilmore pointed out, ‘…it’s not a war zone; historical produced images of exotic places, distant in it’s a disaster zone – and there appears to have been the imagination but intimately entwined with us materially little attempt to distinguish carefully between destructive and politically – shape approaches to disaster sites. In acts of criminality and the behaviour of starving people Consuming the Carribbean, Mimi Sheller illustrates this in helping themselves to what they can forage. For Haitians relation to the ‘paradise islands’ that have been central and many of those trying to help them, the overriding to the colonial economies of Europe, but which exist sentiment is that a massive catastrophe on this scale beyond the boundaries of projected inclusion: shouldn’t have to wait for aid because blanket security is the absolute priority.’ ‘The imagined community of the West has no space for the islands that were its origin, the horizon of self- The parallels with the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina perception, the source of its wealth…Displaced from the are disturbing, with the same racist assumption that the main narratives of modernity, the shores that Columbus violent propensity of poor black people will be inevitably first stumbled upon now appear only in tourist brochures, unleashed tucked into the ‘conflict orientation’ of news or in occasional disaster tales involving hurricanes, boat- stories. people, drug barons, dictators or revolutions. Despite its indisputable narrative position at the origin of the plot Yet to focus solely on the propagation of stereotypes of Western modernity, history has been edited and the is too limited. The news story, in an era of rolling, Caribbean left on the cutting room floor’ (2003: 1). instantaneous coverage, is always unfolding, being updated, piggybacking on and incorporating other In this narrative there is also a cast, and the ways in coverage, and being shaped reflexively in this process. which relationships between ‘victim’ and ‘helper’ are A dimension of this is that media coverage not only represented have been similarly analysed, often to becomes part of the story, but also has tangible impacts highlight the ways in which coverage of natural disasters through processes of mediatisation. may depoliticise and obscure historical relationships of exploitation and global inequality. Recent excellent For example, according to a report in the The Lancet, studies on these and related questions are Lilie some aid agencies in Haiti endangered lives by engaging Chouliaraki (2006) The Spectatorship of Suffering and in corporate ‘preening’. A report in The Guardian the Stan Cohen (2001) States of Denial. same day linked this reflex to the interplay between the competitive prerogatives of agencies in a charity In development education these lines of discussion are marketplace, and the transformative impact of globalised familiar, and can easily be explored in the coverage of the media coverage. Haitian earthquake. The week after the earthquake media

4 INDEX

Headlines from the Haitian earthquake © Sherwin McGehee 2010 Noting how rescues from the rubble had dominated “The iconic helicopter evacuation is media coverage - and arguably impacted on the less dramatic business of treating thousands of injured crucial to the media event; it is not and traumatised Haitians - the report focused on how enough to be rescued, it must look multiple rescue crews competed to rescue a woman like a rescue.” trapped under the Olympic Market: ‘“This could be one of the last rescues so everyone wants in on it,” said one US airman. With at least a dozen media organisations Sheller’s metaphor, there was an ongoing interpretative present the US team wanted to use a helicopter to airlift argument over the pieces on the cutting room floor, and if the woman to hospital but dropped the idea after the and how they should be taped back together. Haitians and French said that was needless and would hog the limelight.’ 1 The dismissal of historical and political context as a form of journalistic vested interest goes to the heart Like the ‘Saving Private Lynch’ sub-plot during the of development education as political education – invasion of Iraq 2, it is interesting to examine how insisting on historical structures and relationships over expectations derived from fictional narratives have an the forgiving amnesia of a constant present, insisting intertextual influence, shaping media events we normally on interconnection and interdependence over the approach as being strictly ‘factual’. The iconic helicopter sentimentalisation of individual actions, and reading evacuation is crucial to the media event; it is not enough inequality politically rather than celebrating charity to be rescued, it must look like a rescue. This example morally. It also asks questions about the adequacy of is also an instance of how media analysis can open the historical, social and political economic context that up wider political-economic discussions, in this case media are capable of providing in a hyper-competitive the influence of profile and brand management on the environment, where continuous and expanding news business of humanitarianism. flow is expected for relatively less investment.

The reaction to criticism of aid agencies, and more Gavan Titley, Media Studies, National University of centrally, of the securitarian mission of US Forces in Ireland, Maynooth, http://mediastudies.nuim.ie/ Haiti 3, is an interesting entry point to examine struggle over the political interpretation of an unfolding ‘event’. As 1 Rory Carroll and Tom Phillips, ‘Haiti aid effort “could have Mark Fisher discusses in his blog, K Punk, attempts to saved more”’, The Guardian, 22 January 2010 contextualise the ‘natural’ disaster in Haiti as a disaster 2 See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/ exacerbated by the embedded poverty of postcolonial correspondent/3028585.stm 3 exploitation and interference, and by the hidden hand See Ben Ehrenreich, ‘Why did US aid focus on securing Haiti rather than helping Haitians?’ Slate magazine, 21 January 2010, of odious debt repayments, were frequently dismissed http://www.slate.com/id/2242078/pagenum/all/#p2 as ‘bringing history into it’, ‘scoring political points on 4 ‘This is not the time to score political points’, human suffering’ and unwarranted criticism of heroic http://k-punk.abstractdynamics.org/archives/2010_01.html 5 aid workers and soldiers on the ground 4. To return to For a useful discussion see Nick Davies (2007) Flat Earth News

5 INDEX Haiti: a tragedy or a brilliant business

opportunity? A crowd of people wait for scavengers to throw goods from the roof of a partially collapsed warehouse in downtown Port-au-Prince, an area devastated by an earthquake six days earlier. Some parts of aiti has been at the centre of the news the media described such scavenging as looting. Photo © Moises for the early part of 2010 because of the Saman, 2010 - Panos Pictures. unprecedented tragedy that unfolded after Hthe deadly earthquake of January 12th. It is the country had been in ruins well before it occurred. A estimated that 300,000 people died, not only because century of US military intervention, dictatorships and IMF of the earthquake itself, but also because of the clumsy pressures had done the job. The impact of all this political and inefficient response of the international community (in intervention was particularly clear in its impact on the food spite of all the platitudes of ‘having learnt lessons from the self-sufficiency of Haiti. In 1919, while the country was 2005 Tsunami’). under military occupation, the Constitution was changed in order to favour US agrobusiness in the rubber and There have been frequent complaints about the coffee industries. disorganisation of the relief efforts; for example, that agencies are trying to compete with one another In the early ‘70s, a number of measures were taken to instead of cooperating with each other. The international favour a huge exodus from the countryside to the urban community seems to have been more concerned about centres in order to feed the booming sweatshops with sending troops in, than with providing meaningful fresh and cheap labour. Subsequently, in the early ‘80s the humanitarian aid, at a time when this aid was the most US ordered the dictator Jean Claude Duvalier to annihilate pressing need. all of the Creole pigs in the country, claiming that they spread fever to the US pigs. The native pig population was This was best exemplified by the take-over of the Haitian thus replaced by US pigs that were not used to Haitian airport by the US army. While military cargoes and conditions, and so needed much more attention in order thousands of troops were coming in precious aid, from to survive. This resulted in Haiti losing its pig population. Caricom, Cuba, Venezuela, Turkey and organisations such as Doctors Without Borders, was denied landing In 1997, as part of an agreement to end the Cedras permission or left stockpiled and undistributed 1. dictatorship, the US allowed a return to democracy in exchange for a series of deadly IMF sponsored measures. In the meantime, the international media, instead of These included lowering the tariff on rice to 3%. This focusing on the needs and the capacities of a population resulted in local peasants’ rice being wiped out by heavily that organised spontaneously to face the tragedy and to subsidized US rice. Then, once US rice producers had rescue their beloved ones with their bare hands, created monopoly over the rice market, the cost of rice increased a groundless image of Haitians as dangerous looters and to unaffordable prices. desperados at each others’ throats 2. This picture played into the hands of those who understood help to Haiti as a All these factors combined explain why in 2008 people way to advance the military occupation of that country. had to resort to eating “mud cookies” in order to survive. And this explains why there were widespread riots in April On the one hand, by a UN mission that, since 2004, 2008 by a hungry population – riots that were put down has been nothing but the armed forces of an unpopular not with bread, but with UN bullets. regime (Haiti has not had an army of its own since 1995). And on the other hand by the US, who are strengthening After the earthquake, everyone seems to have grand their military presence in the Caribbean as a means to ideas on how to rebuild Haiti. Ideas which completely re-compose their lost hegemony in Latin America. (Over bypass the Haitian people themselves! Even in Ireland we the last year and a half we’ve had new military bases in have TD Billy Timmins demanding Brussels send in more Colombia, Panama, Curacao and Aruba, the Colombian- occupation troops, this time under the EU banner. I don’t Honduran security pact, re-activation of the IV Fleet, and doubt that Mr. Timmins is speaking out of good will since the list goes on.) Ireland has nothing to gain out of military intervention, but this only shows the extent to which aid has become a But notwithstanding the intensity of the earthquake, military matter.

6 Tycoon Denis O’Brien calls for a Marshall Plan for Haiti. This is echoed by John O’Shea, CEO of Goal, who calls for a formal end to Haiti’s sovereignty and its transformation into a US protectorate, thus using aid to further the neo-colonial agenda 3. In addition, Tom Arnold, Concern Worlwide’s CEO, after acknowledging the urgency of cancelling Haiti’s illegitimate external debt, feels it is still perfectly logical to call for the IMF to be in charge of designing policies for the country’s reconstruction. This ignores the heinous role of this financial institution in turning Haiti into a holy mess over the last couple of decades 4.

On top of all that, the international community are insisting on rebuilding ‘Haiti the country of the sweatshops’ and not ‘Haiti a country fit for humans to live in’. This can be seen in Paul Collier’s report to the UN Secretary General 5. This report, fully endorsed by Bill Clinton, A Haitian policeman holds a gun in front of a partially collapsed Ban Ki Moon’s special envoy to Haiti, views ‘the way warehouse to prevent looting in an area of Port-au-Prince devastated by an earthquake six days earlier. Some parts of the media described forward’ for Haiti’s reconstruction in terms of developing such scavenging as looting, and there were a number of violent the garment industry. A Reuters article quoted a leading incidents. Photo © Moises Saman, 2010 - Panos Pictures. Haitian businessman saying that this would probably not guarantee a dignified life to Haitians, but that this is only a In our opinion and that of our partners, most efforts to first step6 . reconstruct Haiti should be directed at strengthening and developing the farmers and peasants, and thus to make We beg to differ. This is not a first step. This is actually it possible for the country to be food self-sufficient and the same old dusty path that Haiti has been walking sovereign once again. We have the chance to rebuild a since the early ‘70s, when USAID (United States Agency new Haiti or to reproduce the same old Haiti as if nothing for International Development - the US agency for ever happened on January 12th. international development) promised that Haiti would become the Taiwan of the Caribbean. However, instead We know that the ‘international community’ does not of helping Haiti in any real way, the development of necessarily share our opinions. Since the 2003 war against sweatshops distorted the local economy. It created Iraq it is clear that ‘catastrophe capitalism’ and ‘nation enclaves of economic activity that had no link to the rest reconstruction’ are actually hugely profitable businesses. of the country or to the market. On average it depressed Only real solidarity of the ordinary people can put pressure wages (between 1971 and 1975 there was a 25% wage on those governments and institutions that are trying to depression), and it created a massive unemployment profit from the ‘reconstruction’ effort and trying to rebuild problem, since the ‘dove-capitals’ left Haiti as easily as the country according to their own needs. This solidarity they had arrived. work is needed to make sure that a new and better country comes out of the rubble. Many thousands of peasants abandoned the land to find a job in the sweatshops that by 1985 employed some José Antonio Gutiérrez D. 100,000 people. By 2007, when most of these companies Research and Development Officer had left for China or Bangladesh, only 20,000 people were LASC www.lasc.ie employed. The rest were left to roam the slums of Port- au-Prince with no chance of going back to the land. These 1 “US Troops to Help Haiti’s Security, Aid Flows in” Andrew are far from impressive results indeed. And within the Cawthorne & Catherine Bremen, Reuters, 18 Jan 2010. sweatshops the working conditions have been scandalous 2 http://www.metro.co.uk/news/809424-haiti-now-the-thugs- with all sorts of abuses committed routinely against the take-over. workers, most of whom are women. 3 See http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ opinion/2010/0211/1224264198258.html http://www.irishtimes. In LASC, (Latin American Solidarity Centre) together with com/newspaper/world/2010/0208/1224263954850.html http:// our Haitian partners, we believe that no reconstruction of www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/john-oshea-dont-let- Haiti is possible without putting Haitian people at the very devastated-haiti-become-yesterdays-news-2029999.html centre of these efforts. Haitian people need empowerment 4 For a brilliant account of the impact of IMF policies see Peter and not charity. They need to master the reconstruction Hallward’s 2008 book Damming the Flood and to benefit from it. Haitian people don’t deserve houses, 5 See http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ hospitals, schools, employment, infrastructure, and so on, ALeqM5iO4vhMiyqrJtUybnX8jrHogRD4Bw that the ‘humanitarian developers’ would not be willing to 6 George Sassine, president of the Association of Haitian have themselves. industrialists, http://www.telemundo52.com/noticias/22631562/ detail.html

7 INDEX Index Links

particularly on the implications and of inclusion and diversity in film Courses opportunities provided by the Youth and digital media. It is approved and the World field of action. The under Grundtvig/Comenius and Dtalk – Development Training & seminar is funded through Youth in is scheduled to coincide with the Learning @ Kimmage Action and will provide a space for Galway African Film Festival. Creative Facilitation: 20-22 April, participants to engage with National Venue: Galway. 20- 22 July and European policy makers, share Date: 2-6 June. Working with the media: 19-20 May learning and explore how Youth in Contact: The Galway One World How to be a successful trainer: 13-15 Action funding can be used to support Centre, Tel: 091 530590, Email: July development education activities in [email protected], Visit: http:// Advocacy & Policy Influencing: Ireland. The seminar is open to people galwayowc.ning.com/ 31 August - 2 Sept aged 18-30 years who are currently Dtalk can also provide training involved in youth work as participants, How does the World Look to You? courses that are tailor made to your volunteers or staff. This development education course, organisation’s needs. Venue: The Emmaus Centre, Swords, also approved under Grundtvig/ Venue: Development Studies Centre, Co. Dublin. Comenius, will include sessions on a Kimmage, Dublin 12. Date: Thursday 29–30 April. variety of themes, including Racism, Contact: Selam Desta, selam.desta@ Contact: Johnny Sheehan at johnny@ Gender/Sexism, Aid, and Debt. kimmagedsc.ie, nyci.ie or Alan Hayes at [email protected]. Venue: Galway Tel: 01 4064341 or Áine Costigan, Date: 5-10 July [email protected], Development Studies Contact: Same as above. Tel: 01 4064424 or visit www.dtalk.ie. The Kimmage Development Studies Centre invites applications for Graduate Certificate in Holocaust Ending Hate in our Communities the following HETAC accredited Education This half-day workshop aims to give programmes, commencing This accredited programme was participants an understanding of the September 2010: developed by the Holocaust extent of bias, harassment and hate MA/Post Graduate Diploma in Education Trust Ireland and University crimes in their community, and the Development Studies: College Dublin, and approved by the impact of bias and harassment on Closing date for applications: 28 Board of Graduate Studies at UCD. those targeted, as well as practical May. Visit: www.hetireland.org to read skills to help them respond to and BA Degree in Development Studies: more. prevent hate crime. Closing date for applications: 23 Date: 9.30am to 1pm, July. Looking at the Economy through Tuesday 27 April. Contact: Tel: 01 4064386 / 4064380, Women’s Eyes Contact: Call Leish Dolan on 028 E-mail: [email protected], The course will explore such issues 9032 0202 (extension 6028) or Visit: www.kimmagedsc.ie. as: What is the economy? How is email [email protected] or the current crisis affecting women’s call Denise Wright, South Belfast Sustain it! Becoming a sustainable lives? What kinds of work do women Roundtable on 028 90 244 070. youth organisation tend to do and why? What are the This innovative course is designed for connections between women in Migration Awareness Training staff, volunteers and young leaders Ireland and women in countries of the This half-day workshop designed by of youth organisations wishing to global South? South Belfast Roundtable and the introduce the principles of sustainable Date: 12, 19 and 29 April and 3 May. Good Relations Unit of Belfast City development and education for Venue: Galway. Council aims to explore the history of sustainable development into their Contact: St. Vincent de Paul, 1, Mill inward and outward migration and the organisations. Street, Galway, Tel: 091 – 895203, rights of migrant workers in Northern Venue: The Greenhouse, 17 St Email: [email protected]. Ireland. It aims to dispel myths and Andrew Street, Dublin 2. provide practical information on Date: 10:00am - 4:00pm, Thursday 6 TCD/UCD Master’s in Development issues relating to migration. May. Practice Date: 9.30am to 1pm, Cost: €80 Statutory, €50 Community This new two-year programme that Thursday 29 April. and Voluntary Sector. (Fee subsidised offers a world class training and Contact: Same as above. by Irish Aid). education in development practice Contact: ECO-UNESCO’s Youth for at graduate level will commence in Engaging with Youth and the World: Sustainable Development Officer on September 2010. from Policy to Practice [email protected] or 01 662 5491. Visit: www.naturalscience.tcd.ie/ This two day residential development postgraduate/dev-pract/dev-pract. education seminar explores the new Thinking outside the Box php. European Youth Strategy, focusing This course will explore images Email: [email protected].

8 Index Links INDEX

Global Justice For A New Decade Environmental Education Forum Events This year Comhlámh’s AGM and Conference development forum will provide a Date: Monday 14 June. Recipe for Disaster: Who is space to learn about and discuss Venue: Lough Neagh Discovery Cooking the Global Meal? global justice issues, including a Centre. Latin America Week aims to panel discussion, a keynote speech Visit: www.eefni.org.uk/ concentrate the attention of the from Mary Robinson on Climate public on Latin America for one Justice, and workshop discussions. International Summer Camp in week, so as to highlight the justice Date: 15 May Palestine issues at stake in the region and Venue: Dublin city centre, TBC The international summer camp will thus to facilitate campaigning and Contact: [email protected] or bring together people from around solidarity actions between Ireland call 014783490 the world who are interested in and Latin America. Activities include helping create a better world. a photo exhibition, a film festival, and May Day Solidarity Brigade to Date: 14 - 28 June. a talk on “Haiti: From Food Self- Cuba Venue: Najah Uni, Nablus, Palestine Sufficiency to Mud Cookies -The Cuba Support Group Ireland is Visit: http://youth.zajel.org/summer_ Impact of Global Trade”. pleased to announce details of its camps/camp2010.htm Date: 19 – 26 April May Day 2010 solidarity brigade Contact: [email protected] Visit: www.lasc.ie for more offer to Cuba. Brigadistas will or [email protected] information participate, along with international guests from all over the world (and Where To Now? Empowering Dóchas AGM & New Voices in up to 1 million Cubans), in the Young People Through Information Development Conference celebrations for the 51 Anniversary of This one day conference is a joint The conference will provide a forum the Cuban Revolution in Revolution initiative of Eurodesk and Youth for discussion between Dóchas Square, as well as enjoy educational, Information Centres targeted at members and a wide range of other sight-seeing and tourism meetings, organisations and people working actors in development, in particular events and excursions. The aim is to with young people in Ireland. representatives of the private sector introduce Irish people to the realities Date: 9.30am to 4.30pm, 22 June. and emerging NGOs. It aims to of Cuban life, culture, history, Venue: National College of Ireland, ensure that Ireland’s development politics, and to learn about their Dublin efforts have the greatest possible hopes and aspirations for our shared Contact: Malgorzata Fiedot-Davies, impact on global poverty through futures. Email: [email protected], Tel: 01 encouraging cooperation between Date: 26 April to 9 May. 8722394, 01 8731411. these groups and improving our Cost: €415 for 2 weeks full board. collective understanding of what Contact: Simon McGuinness, One-to-One Advisory Sessions works. Tel: 0035387 6785842, 20 minute appointments are Date: 9.15 am – 5.30 pm, 23 April. Email: [email protected]. available with Comhlámh staff to talk Venue: Radisson SAS Hotel, Golden through options for volunteering for Lane, Dublin 8. Afri Famine Walk 2010 global development. Contact: AGM open to Dóchas Date: Saturday, 22 May. Dates: 4-7pm, 6 May and 3 June. members only, contact Anna Farrell, Venue: Doolough, Co. Mayo. Venue: Irish Aid Volunteering Centre, Email: [email protected]. For the Visit: www.afri.ie O’Connell Street, Dublin 1. conference contact James O’Brien, Contact: To book an appointment Email: conference.organiser@dochas. Sports as a catalyst for please contact Kate on 01 4783490 ie or visit www.dochas.ie/newvoices. Development in Africa or [email protected] Africa Centre’s annual public lecture. Celebrating 35 years of Solidarity, Date: 12-3pm, 25 May Development Education Matters Education & Activism for Global Venue: Trinity College Dublin, DICE will hold this conference in Justice Dublin 2 Mary Immaculate College, Limerick Join Afri, Comhlámh and Kimmage on 17-18 June. Development Studies Centre for Use of Images and Messages – Visit: www.diceproject.org a night of music, reminiscing and Human Right Issues! Contact: Gertrude Cotter, surprises. Africa Centre’s conference on Tel: 01 4970033, Date: 8pm to late, 15 May Images and Messages. Email: [email protected]. Venue: Wynn’s Hotel from 8pm till Date: 14 -15 July late. Venue: Dublin Castle. Contact: Admission free. Contact: Email: Education@ Please RSVP to africacentre.ie, Tel: 01-8656951, [email protected] www.africacentre.ie

9 INDEX EU Corner

Intercultural dialogue to develop a European identity crises can under no circumstances be used as an alibi This Grundvig Project will operate a ‘practice exchange’ for slowing down the payment of aid. Development over a two year period with six European exchange Commissioner, Andris Piebalgs, recommended that a peer partners. Kerry Action for Development Education (KADE) review be established and that each year the EU should will collaborate with Unique Voice, a language institute devote a further €10 billion to development. in Kerry, to design teaching tools and learning resources which will support the blending of intercultural training In April, the European Commission will present a with learning English as a second language. KADE will “package” on the MDGs comprising an inventory of disseminate learning to the six partners, and will invite progress already made by the EU in its contribution to them to pilot the teaching and learning materials with achieving these goals and on four proposals referring to adult learners at their own institutions. All activities will the quantity of aid provided and to its quality. be finalised by the end of July 2011 and a final report will be available by the end of September 2011. For more In May CONCORD will launch its 2010 AidWatch Report, information contact Aoife Comiskey Clifford at which provides detailed analysis of how the EU and [email protected]. its member states are meeting their commitments on development aid. Visit www.concordeurope.org. Partnership Fair Report The Second Edition of the TRIALOG partnership Fair was EU funding held in Vienna in February providing an opportunity for Dóchas has started an email list for those interested European civil society organisations to meet and learn in sharing learning about EU funding and working with how to shape successful EC project proposals. Event the European Commission. Email [email protected] to documentation is now available at www.trialog.or.at/ be added to the list. To learn more about EU Financial start.asp?ID=216. instruments, visit www.dochas.ie/pages/resources/default. aspx?id=35. Schools as key actors in promoting global education Calls for proposals & EC funding The Development Education Summer School 2010 will Visit the EuropeAid website for information at http:// be hosted by Hungary, from 6-13 June. The theme is ec.europa.eu/europeaid/work/funding/index_en.htm “Schools as Key Actors in Promoting Global Education”, and the overall objective is to improve the quality and quantity of NGOs and school cooperation in the field of Global Education. To learn more visit www.deeep.org/ summerschool2010.html. International Dates University on Youth and Development This event aims to create a political space where youth to Remember can act upon and acknowledge the role they play in Global 19-25 April Global Campaign for Education Development. 2010’s Action Week looks at ‘financing quality public Date: 13 – 19 September education: a right for all’. More information and edu- Venue: Mollina, Spain cational resources are available at www.campaign- Visit: http://universityonyouthandevelopment.org/?p=857 foreducation.ie. EU stalling on aid targets 3 May World Press Freedom Day OECD figures released on 17 February show that the EU This year looks at ‘Freedom of Information: The Right will miss its collective promise to spend 0.56% of GNI on to Know’. Free press around the world is vital if we aid to finance the Millennium Development Goals in 2010. are to have a more just and contextual portrayal of Despite being hit hard by the effects of the financial crisis, global development issues. Find facts and cartoons not all member states have missed their targets. Belgium, at www.worldpressfreedomday.org. Spain and the UK have made clear progress. However France and Germany’s aid levels have stagnated. 17 - 21 May Walk to School Week Every school is invited to take part in this event Also in February the 27 European development ministers which aims to encourage more people to walk to unanimously agreed that the financial and climate and from school. Visit www.walktoschool.org.uk for activities and resources.

10 INDEX IDEA Corner IDEA is an association of organisations and individuals involved in the provision, promotion or advancement of Dev Ed throughout the island of Ireland. www.ideaonline.ie FUTURE EVENTS

Annual IDEA Conference: HIGHLIGHTS JAN - MAR 2010 Radical Common Sense (check out our website www.ideaonline.ie for full reports on all the events below) Has development education become mainstream? Has it lost its radical edge? Does it still provide relevant Global Educator in Residence Programme challenges for education and civil society in Ireland? In October IDEA launched a new learning programme that aims to begin a dialogue about how Southern By providing a space for debates of alternative and radical perspectives can be integrated into our Dev Ed work voices from outside the dominant mainstream IDEA’s in Ireland. 10 members of IDEA are participating in this annual conference aims to bring some radical common 6-month long learning programme. The cornerstone sense into the debate about what is needed to empower of the programme is the visit of two educators from citizens through education to take part in changing society the Global South, Lynn Mario de Souza and Vanessa towards fairer, more inclusive and sustainable directions Andreotti which took place from March 22nd – 25th. The for the future. aim of the visits was to support and challenge educators to develop their thinking and practice on this issue. A Date: 4th June, 10 am to 4pm public seminar was also held on Wednesday 24th in Location: Dublin city centre (venue tba) Dublin to facilitate open discussion on the challenges Email: [email protected] and opportunities raised during the programme. As a follow up to the visit, organisations will communicate To register or find out more contact Eimear in IDEA with the educators to exchange feedback and plan Email [email protected], follow up actions. Call 01 6618831

Evaluating Development Education: Practice to Theory Two training days were held in Dublin and Belfast on the 4th and 5th of February with the aim of building capacity on evaluation for Dev Ed. Louise Robinson of Reading International Solidarity Centre demonstrated a practical toolkit for measuring attitudinal change over time. Susan Gallwey led participants in an exploration of the challenges of evaluating Dev Ed.

Social Media and Global Learning In conjunction with the Centre for Global Education and St. Mary’s University, IDEA delivered a third training in Social Media for 20 participants in Belfast City on the 3rd of March. IDEA’s Ning community has grown to include members from all three trainings. You can check Lynn Mario de Souza and Son Gyoh at the Public Seminar for the it out on: onlineidea.ning.com Global Educator in Residence Programme

L: Participants in the Social Media Training Seminar in March 2010 in Belfast. C: Louise Robinson of RISC demonstrates activities with participants of the Evaluation training on the 5th of February. R: Participants at the Global Educator in Residence Programme in discussion. Photos: IDEA 2010. 11 INDEX News DE News Resources

Climate Law Emergencies: Helping People Back from the Thanks to pressure from campaigners the government Brink has agreed to pass a climate law in 2010. Visit www. This new briefing paper from Dóchas highlights the foe.ie to learn more and to demand a strong law, aimed importance of the principles and mechanisms of effective at moving Ireland to a low carbon economy, and that disaster relief. It sets out the links between disasters and includes real reductions in emissions, including those poverty, and describes the professional standards that apply from aviation, shipping, and large polluters. to emergency aid. Visit www.dochas.ie/making_poverty_ history_together.htm Cancel Haiti’s Debt Contrary to the recent media reports, Haiti’s debt still Explaining what happened in Haiti to children is not cancelled. In January campaigners criticised the Plan’s EU Liaison Office ‘I have a Voice’ website has a International Monetary Fund (IMF) for offering a loan slideshow, an interactive information map and a discussion to Haiti as emergency assistance. Nessa Ní Chasaide forum to explain what happened in Haiti. Visit www. of DDCI said, “It is shocking that the IMF has offered ihaveavoice.eu. financial assistance to Haiti in the form of a loan when Haiti has over US$ 800 million of debts in urgent need Teaching about ‘Natural’ Disasters of cancellation. The Irish government should ensure that This online resource provides suggestions for exploring Haiti receives debt cancellation and grant based financial natural disasters from a development education perspective. support - not loans - at this difficult time.” Read more at Visit www.diceproject.org/teaching_material_thematic.aspx. www.christianaid.ie and www.debtireland.org. ‘Disaster Watch’ game How Can You Help Help villagers in Nicaragua survive floods, earthquakes and Development agencies working through Dóchas food shortages! Visit www.christianaid.org.uk/resources/ have launched a public information website, www. games/. Download educational resources on Christian Aid’s howyoucanhelp.ie/, on how professional emergency relief is response to the Haiti emergency at http://learn.christianaid. coordinated, and showing how the general public can assist org.uk/ the Irish aid agencies to do their work in times of major disasters. Asian Tsunami: 5 years on Lesson plans on the rebuilding and reconstruction at www. Call for Trócaire Development Issues Journal redcross.org.uk/standard.asp?id=101433. Trócaire’s annual Development Review isthe only annual Irish peer-reviewed journal dedicated to policy analysis Positive Images and research findings on development issues. This year’s This European project aims to promote positive attitudes thematic focus looks at how we can strengthen food towards vulnerable migrants and raise awareness of security in order to halve global hunger by 2015. Visit: www. humanitarian issues among young people. Visit www. trocaire.org/resources/call-for-papers or contact: Tara Bedi, redcross.org.uk/positiveimages. Download educational Email: [email protected]. Past issues available at www. resources on the Haiti earthquake designed to look trocaire.ie/tdr. Closing date: 31 May. beyond stereotypes at www.redcross.org.uk/standard. asp?id=102642 Educational Research Call for submissions to a special issue of the journal of the Trócaire Lent resources on Poverty and Hunger National Foundation for Education Research on Intercultural, Available to download at www.trocaire.org/resources/lent- Citizenship and Human Rights Education. Visit http:// resources. Trócaire also has a post-primary powerpoint campaigns.openemail.net/t/8315059/19130030/15149/0/. on the Haiti Earthquake at www.trocaire.org/resources/ schoolresources. DFID mini grants scheme The Department for International Development (DFID) Wood of life provides funds to civil society organisations in Northern This is a traveling, interactive exhibition on the importance Ireland to promote awareness of international development. of the world’s forests. Visit http://www.justforests.org/ Visit www.dfid.gov.uk. wood_of_life/.

The Advocacy Initiative Index Contacts list This new initiative has been established by a broadly-based Download Comhlámh’s 2010 update of this directory of group of civil society organisations in Ireland to inquire into organisations involved in development education in Ireland challenges facing the sector in relation to advocacy. Visit at www.comhlamh.org/resources-index-contacts-list.html. www.montaguecomms.ie/clients/23.

12 News INDEX Climate Justice when? Senan Gardiner (Presentation Ireland) What is next for NGOs after Copenhagen? One sitting beside French Secretary of State for Ecology, Chantal Jouanno, and the campaigner, Senan Gardiner, tells of his personal Finnish Envoy on Climate Change at an EU youth briefing with environmental ministers. experience at the United Nations summit and his Photo: David Wargert, 2009 ideas on where to go from here.

Flopenhagen” is the YOUNGO was one of the few official “One thing that media’s term for the UN NGO constituencies able to give negotiations on climate inputs during the negotiations. shocked me was the “change that took place in In order to do this, each day the lack of focus on “how” Copenhagen in December 2009. YOUNGO constituency would to transition to a low- This is understandable considering have a strategy meeting and then that the outcome of two weeks split into subgroups to work on carbon society.” of international negotiations is an policy, advocacy, direct actions “Accord” that is two and a half pages and communications. I worked in ears of the world’s decision makers long. It was decided on by a few the last group and over the two was possibly naïve (there were powerful countries, and although weeks worked on messaging, press over ten press conferences a day) it includes a concrete agreement releases, press conferences and but it was still a very daunting yet toward financing adaptation, it also wrote two speeches that were empowering experience. doesn’t cover who would manage delivered to the UN. such a fund or whether it would be in “Don’t bracket our future” the form of aid or loans. How to transition Inevitably the novelty and initial Throughout the negotiations, one enthusiasm wore off, as the side The negotiations were seen as a thing that shocked me was the lack events were increasingly taken critical apex to finalise and decide of focus on “how” to transition to over by technocrats, as the plenary on the mechanisms to tackle climate a low-carbon society. Most of the meetings dragged out, and as change including technology transfer, side events (lectures on issues as negotiators haggled over every line setting up a climate-adaptation fund far ranging as biofuels and human in a draft text agreement. In this for developing countries, reducing rights) were highly scientific, showing draft document all the text that was deforestation, and to decide upon graph after graph of projections not agreed on was bracketed. This a more comprehensive and widely- and impacts of different cuts in was most of the text. One tag line followed successor to the Kyoto emissions, but no talk showed us the YOUNGO constituency used Protocol. how we were realistically going to increasingly in their lobbying actions get there. This was of particular was “don’t bracket our future”. The fortnight started with high relevance to me as one of my spirits as over 10,000 NGO areas of interest is education for Then in seemingly standard representatives registered. As the sustainable development (ESD), procedure, the United Nations Ecology and Sustainable Living which works to help equip people Framework Convention on Climate Officer for Presentation Ireland, I with the mindset needed to Change (UNFCCC) decided, owing was privileged to represent Irish re-imagine a sustainable way of life to numbers, to only let in 20% of Youth on a delegation for the and way of living with the rest of the the NGO delegations in the second National Youth Council of Ireland. world. week. On the Wednesday they While in Copenhagen, I worked simply refused those campaigning with the International Youth Climate At a youth press conference I for more radical climate change Movement, which was the Youth organised, I called for governments action, such as Friends of the Earth NGO constituency (YOUNGO for to adopt ESD into their formal and and Avaaz, for no apparent reason. short) for the negotiations. non-formal education. The feeling that my words were falling on the I was lucky in the second weekin

13 INDEX December 12th. Photo: David Wargert, 2009 Photo: Day of protest in Copenhagen on “I realised that these impassioned youth leaders, who had come from every part of the world to speak for youth and the voiceless future generations, were our true leaders.”

speaker Juan Carlos Soriano from writes in the Nation Magazine “You Peru summed up the mood when can’t jump halfway across a chasm: he stated in the closing plenary “we you still fall to your death. It is all that, because of my work in will keep on working and keep on or disaster” (www.thenation.com/ communications, I was granted a pushing you harder and harder until doc/20100322). permanent pass that lasted until a deal is sealed”. That weekend the the Wednesday. After this, only 12 NGOs decided that if their leaders Towards a low carbon future youth representatives were allowed don’t lead, they will, from the Leaving Copenhagen I doubted there to attend the last two days, as grassroots up. would be top-down leadership and seemingly two young people (who was sadly proven right. However, weren’t affiliated to YOUNGO) had Copenhagen – three month on… on the positive side, the potential disturbed a plenary. Altogether Copenhagen has had a profound for grass-roots expression has only 900 NGOs were let in on the effect on global politics and many never been higher, as multitudes Thursday and only 300 on the Friday. commentators are now reporting in Ireland are joining voluntary The mood was definitely beginning as to how the playing fields have organisations and looking for an to sour. shifted. Some say that the divisive alternative to the “rat-race”. I was concept of “developed and shown that leadership in addressing Message in a bottle developing world” is now seen as climate change has to come from During the second week I met the outdated. “Nations such as China our communities around the world. Irish Minister for the Environment, and India showed that they are We must rise up to the challenge the first EU minister to agree to meet the new power players and will act and take steps towards becoming with EU youth NGOs. I had gathered as nakedly in their self-interest as low-carbon communities, assured messages in bottles to give to “world western powers have” (Malini Mehra in the knowledge of the long-term leaders” in Copenhagen, but at the www.schumachercollege.org.uk). benefits to weaning ourselves off time he was too busy so the of fossil fuels, for global justice, International Youth spokescouncil Within the NGO movement, a our environment and our future read through them instead. structural change was seen, where generations. This will require campaigns such as Stop Climate transformative education, groups The spokescouncil cheered, laughed Chaos, Tck Tck Tck, and Climate committed to examining their own and even cried with the writings Justice Now brought the concept of communities’ sustainability, and of the Irish schoolchildren, nuns, climate change and climate justice to most importantly supporting each farmers and others. I realised that a global audience in both the Global another. these impassioned youth leaders, North and South. These campaigns who had come from every part of have firmly made the link between In Ireland, I am lucky to be part the world to speak for youth and the climate change and global injustice. of a new programme engaging at voiceless future generations, were community level to work toward our true leaders. One of the most powerful tools in achieving sustainability in all aspects achieving this has been the internet. of our society. Presentation Ireland is In the last two days, I continued to Information on the internet is also now involved here in many exciting blog and connect back home on evolving and no longer are we and engaging campaigns to push for the negotiations from outside the “drowning in information, but thirsty change toward a low-carbon future, conference in an alternative venue for knowledge” as internet software from developing community gardens for NGOs. This was near Klimaforum tools such as “digg” and “RSS to building new centres according to – an alternative people’s summit that feeds” lead to smart browsing and best environmental practice. Hence, ran concurrently with COP15. At the thus smart campaigning. while we can keep working on closing address to the Klimaforum on politicians and lobbying to improve Friday, Naomi Klein addressed NGOs However across the web there is the process, now more than ever, we saying “the lesson that we tried and widespread concern that there isn’t must focus on creating the product we failed, we didn’t do it, is extremely enough time for the “going back to of a better, more sustainable world to demobilising … we didn’t all try, the drawing board” Accord. Simply show the radical change needed and many of us weren’t allowed to try”. put, many NGOs are disillusioned to lead by example. with working within the system for The conclusion to Copenhagen was incremental change as the urgency Presentation Ireland’s Ecology and quite disempowering at first but the of averting runaway climate change Sustainable Living Officer, Senan NGO’s rallied their troops. Youth looms ever larger. As Johan Hari Gardiner, [email protected].

14 Reviews & Resources INDEX Tales of

Disaster Cover image from Tales of Disaster resource Mary O’Reilly, 5th and 6th Class which inevitably result in tragedy, the accessible. As a learning resource Teacher, Kildangan National manner in which they are addressed it is invaluable. Due to the recent School, Monasterevin, Co. is extremely child-friendly. Badu, natural disasters the children have Kildare, reviews Trócaire’s Tales the ‘not so sharp’ central character some background knowledge of the of Disasters resource pack for offers a humorous aspect to the topics addressed and can somewhat primary schools. programme, which the children really empathise with the people affected enjoy. His mistakes provide the basis by the catastrophes. The case This publication aims to enable for learning; the children discover studies also really help the children children in Irish classrooms to a great deal from his ignorance to connect with the topics since explore natural disasters, to and misunderstanding. Although real people and places are being develop an understanding of natural this amusing character creates an addressed. disasters, to explore issues of enjoyable aspect to learning, the peace education, and to develop issues are still addressed and dealt Overall, I feel that this is a very useful empathy for people living in the with in a serious manner. and timely publication and will be an disaster risk areas. It evolved out of invaluable resource in the primary a partnership of many organisations The DVD contains five videos classroom. It is a must for all primary including IDEP, Indonesian NGO, the addressing the topics of Flood and school teachers. Although it states Jesuit Relief Service (JRS), Cordaid, Landslide, Earthquakes, Tsunami, that it is for 3rd - 6th class activities Trócaire and No Strings. Volcanoes and Multi-cultural could be altered to cater for the societies (Two Gardens). The activity junior classes and the DVD would The Tales of Disasters pack is a great book contains corresponding most definitely capture the interest of asset to any classroom. The DVD activities to the visual resources. a younger audience. immediately captured the children’s This book is particularly useful to attention. For this reason they found teachers as it covers many areas Tales of Disasters (Trócaire, 2008) it much easier to connect with the of the curriculum and presents is a resource for primary schools. topics addressed. Many issues that teachers with many interesting ideas Five short films that are used are connected to the disasters were for integration (and all teachers in South East Asia to prepare also addressed in the pack. These appreciate this luxury). I also find communities for natural disasters included poverty, the environment, it useful as it offers precise and have been developed into a peace, wealth and so on. Many concise amounts of information and classroom resource for children in important moral issues are presented doesn’t overload the pupils. Ireland. The cost of the DVD and to the children using the DVD. These activity book is €15/£12. To order topics sparked many discussions One thing I particularly like about your copy of Tales of Disasters and debates within the classroom. the pack is that all the resources please contact Mary at mboyce@ needed to carry out the activities are trocaire.ie. Although the pack features issues, ordinary, everyday items that are very

Have you ever used cartoons as a resource for Dev Ed?

Cartoons can be used to get discussion going and to explore and debate complex issues with a variety of different groups. Visit http://www. developmenteducation.ie/ galleries/ for ideas on ways to use cartoons. Courtesy of www.developmenteducation.ie 15

INDEX

INDEX is a free newsletter for people interested in educating on global development issues. To subscribe to INDEX visit our INDEX page at www.comhlamh.org/media-publications To join Comhlámh go to www.comhlamh.org/get-involved-join-us.html

INDEX is a Comhlámh publication for the Development Education sector, funded by Comhlámh, Trócaire, and Irish Aid Honorary Patron, Mary Robinson. © Comhlámh, 2010 Comhlámh, 2nd Floor, Ballast House, Aston Quay, Dublin 2.

The views expressed herein can Comhlámh is a signatory to the Dóchas in no way be taken to reflect the Code of Conduct on Images and official opinion of Irish Aid. Messages (http://www.dochas.ie). Design: www.alicefitzgerald.com Printed on recycled paper