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Iraq Index Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036-2188 Tel: 202-797-6000 Fax: 202-797-6004 www.brooking s.edu Iraq Index Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq www.brookings.edu/iraqindex Updated October 31, 2005 For full source information for entries other than the current month, please see the Iraq Index archives at www.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/indexarchive.htm Michael E. O’Hanlon Nina Kamp For more information please contact Nina Kamp at [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Security Indicators Page U.S. Troop Fatalities since March 2003…….……………………………………………………………....…………………………………………………4 Cause of Death for US Troops…………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………….5 American Military Fatalities by Category……………………………………………………………………….….……………………………….……….6 Geographic Distribution of Military Fatalities……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 U.S. Troops Wounded in Action since March 2003……………………………..…………….…………………………………….………………………..7 British Military Fatalities since March 2003………………………………….……………….…………………….............................................................7 Non-U.S. & U.K. Coalition Military Fatalities since March, 2003……………..….…………………….…………………………….…………...………..8 Non-U.S. & U.K. Coalition Military Fatalities by Country since March 2003…….…………………………………………………………...…………..8 Iraqi Military and Police Killed since January 2005…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..9 Estimates of Iraqi Civilians Killed Since the Start of the War …………………………………………………………….…………………………….…9 -
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein ﺻﺪام ﺣﺴﻴﻦ :Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (/hʊˈseɪn/;[5] Arabic Marshal Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī;[a] 28 April ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺘﻲ 1937[b] – 30 December 2006) was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 Saddam Hussein ﺻﺪام ﺣﺴﻴﻦ April 2003.[10] A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power inIraq . As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflicts between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and foreign banks leaving the system eventually insolvent mostly due to the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, and UN sanctions.[11] Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatus of government as oil money helped Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace. Positions of power in the country were mostly filled with Sunni Arabs, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population.[12] Official portrait of Saddam Hussein in Saddam formally rose to power in 1979, although he had already been the de 1979 facto head of Iraq for several years. -
Nuremberg Icj Timeline 1474-1868
NUREMBERG ICJ TIMELINE 1474-1868 1474 Trial of Peter von Hagenbach In connection with offenses committed while governing ter- ritory in the Upper Alsace region on behalf of the Duke of 1625 Hugo Grotius Publishes On the Law of Burgundy, Peter von Hagenbach is tried and sentenced to death War and Peace by an ad hoc tribunal of twenty-eight judges representing differ- ent local polities. The crimes charged, including murder, mass Dutch jurist and philosopher Hugo Grotius, one of the principal rape and the planned extermination of the citizens of Breisach, founders of international law with such works as Mare Liberum are characterized by the prosecution as “trampling under foot (On the Freedom of the Seas), publishes De Jure Belli ac Pacis the laws of God and man.” Considered history’s first interna- (On the Law of War and Peace). Considered his masterpiece, tional war crimes trial, it is noted for rejecting the defense of the book elucidates and secularizes the topic of just war, includ- superior orders and introducing an embryonic version of crimes ing analysis of belligerent status, adequate grounds for initiating against humanity. war and procedures to be followed in the inception, conduct, and conclusion of war. 1758 Emerich de Vattel Lays Foundation for Formulating Crime of Aggression In his seminal treatise The Law of Nations, Swiss jurist Emerich de Vattel alludes to the great guilt of a sovereign who under- 1815 Declaration Relative to the Universal takes an “unjust war” because he is “chargeable with all the Abolition of the Slave Trade evils, all the horrors of the war: all the effusion of blood, the The first international instrument to condemn slavery, the desolation of families, the rapine, the acts of violence, the rav- Declaration Relative to the Universal Abolition of the Slave ages, the conflagrations, are his works and his crimes . -
Mohamed Salah Harzallah the Great Irish Famine Is a Watershed Event In
Brolly. Journal of Social Sciences 3 (3) 2020 SITES OF CINEMATOGRAPHIC MEMORY: “BLACK’47” AS A CONSTRUCTION OF THE IRISH PAST Mohamed Salah Harzallah Associate Professor of Irish and British Studies, University of Sousse, Tunisia [email protected] Abstract. This article deals with how the history of the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s is reconstructed and presented to the global viewers of the film Black’47 (2018). It shows that the film’s narrative reflected a Nationalist perception of the Irish past which condemns the role of the British politicians of the time. It also concludes that the film provides an opportunity for the Irish in Ireland and abroad with a site of cinematographic memory that transcends the national borders of Ireland and engages the public in the process of remembering and reconstructing the history of this calamity. Keywords: Irish film, Great Irish Famine, memory, public history, Black 47, Irish history The Great Irish Famine is a watershed event in Ireland, the memory of which has survived in the Irish collective memory until the present day. In the last two decades, a plethora of publications dealt with the Famine events from different perspectives while dividing scholars into three major groups. Nationalist, Revisionist and Post- Revisionist historians provided divergent views about what happened in Ireland in the 1840s. Apart from professional historians, the filmmaker Lance Daly contributed to the construction of the Famine events in his film Black’47 (2018). He attempted to show how the Irish lived under British rule in the year 1847 - the peak of Famine. Traditional historians, who show commitment to method and training, have shown a rejection of films as a source of information 73 Mohamed Salah Harzallah – Sites of Cinematographic Memory as filmmakers often sacrifice truth to an emotional and subjective construction of the events. -
Dysfunctional? Dissonant? Démodé? America's
DYSFUNCTIONAL? DISSONANT? DÉMODÉ? AMERICA’S CONSTITUTIONAL WOES IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE RAN HIRSCHL* INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 939 I. THE “FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONAL DISHARMONY” SCENARIO ... 941 II. THE “SYNTHETIC CONSTITUTION” SCENARIO ..................................... 948 III. THE “OPPORTUNISTIC CONSTITUTIONAL WARS” SCENARIO............... 953 IV. THE “INADEQUATE/DATED CONSTITUTION” SCENARIO ..................... 956 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 959 INTRODUCTION Many signs indicate that systemic political malaise and government dysfunction have taken hold in America. Sarcasm is prevalent in discussions of politicians and government institutions. Talk in the media is characterized by nonstop self-lamentation and doomsaying. International observers are becoming more and more concerned. All of this creates an impression of a fatally gridlocked, if not an altogether lost, political and constitutional system. Certainly, government shutdown is not a sign of good political health in any polity, let alone in a major economic and military powerhouse that professes to be the motherland of modern democracy. That certain “hard-wired” structural elements of America’s constitutional order are to blame for some of the country’s political woes seems indisputable.1 The challenge of constitutional obsoleteness and the distorted policy outcomes it yields seems particularly pressing. -
Indiana Law Fall08.Indd
Fall 2008 IU leads battle to understand and INDIANA LAW combat cyberspace attacks 6 From Baghdad to Bloomington Volume 3 Number 1 Volume Former Iraqi ambassador shares expertise with Indiana Law students by Debbie O’Leary When former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was .......................................................... executed on Dec. 30, 2006, Iraq’s Deputy Representative to the United Nations, Feisal Istrabadi, paused to pay tribute to the untold number of victims Hussein left in his devastating wake. “It’s a very solemn moment for me,” the 1988 Indiana University School of Law—Bloomington graduate explained at the time to CNN’s Anderson Cooper. “I can understand why some of my compatriots may be cheering. I have friends whose particular people ... lost 10, 15, 20 members of their family, more. But for me, Feisal Istrabadi it’s a moment, really, of remembrance of the victims of Ann Schertz Saddam Hussein.” 8 Johnsen confronts expanding executive power by Debbie O’Leary he Bush administration’s novel expansion critical checks on presidential abuses of power. She has Tof executive authority has generated heated been active in the debate, focusing her recent scholar- debate among Congress, political commentators, ship and Senate testimony on examining these timely and constitutional scholars. and controversial issues. Indiana Law Professor Dawn Johnsen brings a In her article, “Faithfully Executing the Laws: In- unique perspective to this discussion. As a former ternal Legal Constraints on Executive Power,” UCLA acting assistant attorney general (1997-98) heading Law Review (August 2007), Johnsen explained that the the Offi ce of Legal Council and deputy assistant OLC must provide an effective check on unlawful ac- attorney general (1993-96), she provided con- tion and a commitment to the rule of law, even in the stitutional and other legal advice to the attorney face of presidential pressure. -
And Now from the Green Zone . . . Reflections on the Iraq Tribunal's
Ethics International Affairs 2006 VOLUME 20 NUMBER 4 SYMPOSIUM: THE TRIAL OF SADDAM HUSSEIN And Now from the Green Zone . Reflections on the Iraq Tribunal’s Dujail Trial Miranda Sissons 1 he Iraq tribunal is an odd creature. It is an Iraqi-led mechanism de- signed and supported by foreigners. It is based on international law but Trelies heavily on Iraqi legal tradition and procedures. And it is a postcon- flict initiative in the midst of escalating war. The tribunal’s first trial has brought these and other problems to the fore. Eight individuals, including Saddam Hussein, have been tried on charges of crimes against humanity for actions taken against the residents of Dujail, a small village that was the site of an assassination attempt against the presidential motorcade on July 8, 1982. Hundreds of villagers were detained, tortured, killed, and exiled; those released from exile five years later returned to find their lands destroyed. The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) has moni- tored sessions of the Dujail trial regularly, independently, and on the ground. Dujail is the first in a series of trials. As such it is the beginning of a longer ac- countability process. The case of al-Anfal, a second and much larger trial, began 2 on August 21. Focused on the regime’s genocidal campaign against inhabitants of Iraq’s Kurdish region in 1988, the tribunal’s second trial chamber will have to manage proceedings reportedly involving at least 1,000 witnesses and ten times the documentary evidence of Dujail. Other crimes, such as those related to the 3 1991 intifada, are under active investigation. -
Fascist Legacies: the Controversy Over Mussolini’S Monuments in South Tyrol
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of History History, Department of 2013 Fascist Legacies: The Controversy over Mussolini’s Monuments in South Tyrol Gerald Steinacher University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub Steinacher, Gerald, "Fascist Legacies: The Controversy over Mussolini’s Monuments in South Tyrol" (2013). Faculty Publications, Department of History. 144. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub/144 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Gerald Steinacher* Fascist Legacies:1 Th e Controversy over Mussolini’s Monuments in South Tyrol2 Th e northern Italian town of Bolzano (Bozen in German) in the western Dolomites is known for breathtaking natural landscapes as well as for its medieval city centre, gothic cathedral, and world-famous mummy, Ötzi the Iceman, which is on dis- play at the local archaeological museum. At the same time, Bolzano’s more recent history casts a shadow over the town. Th e legacy of fascism looms large in the form of Ventennio fascista-era monuments such as the Victory Monument, a mas- sive triumphal arch commissioned by the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and located in Bolzano’s Victory Square, and the Mussolini relief on the façade of the former Fascist Party headquarters (now a tax offi ce) at Courthouse Square, which depicts il duce riding a horse with his arm raised high in the Fascist salute. -
Interdisciplinary Journal of the William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric
Interdisciplinary Journal of the William J. Perry Volume 14 2013 Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies ISSN: 1533-2535 Special Issue: The Drug Policy Debate FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY ISSUES THE DRUG POLICY DEBATE Michael Kryzanek, China, United States, and Latin A Selection of Brief Essays Representing America: Challenges and Opportunities the Diversity of Opinion, Contributors: Marilyn Quagliotti, Timothy Lynch, Hilton McDavid and Noel M. Cowell, A Peter Hakim (with Kimberly Covington), Perspective on Cutting Edge Research for Crime and Craig Deare, AMB Adam Blackwell, and Security Policies and Programs in the Caribbean General (ret.) Barry McCaffrey Tyrone James, The Growth of the Private Security Industry in Barbados: A Case Study BOOK REVIEWS Phil Kelly, A Geopolitical Interpretation of Security Joseph Barron: Review of Max Boot, Concerns within United States–Latin American Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Relations Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present Emily Bushman: Review of Mark FOCUS ON BRAZIL Schuller, Killing With Kindness: Haiti, Myles Frechette and Frank Samolis, A Tentative International Aid, and NGOs Embrace: Brazil’s Foreign and Trade Relations with Philip Cofone: Review of Gastón Fornés the United States and Alan Butt Philip, The China–Latin Salvador Raza, Brazil’s Border Security Systems America Axis: Emerging Markets and the Initiative: A Transformative Endeavor in Force Future of Globalisation Design Cole Gibson: Review of Rory Carroll, Shênia K. de Lima, Estratégia Nacional de Defesa Comandante: -
ENEMY of the STATE: the TRIAL and EXECUTION of SADDAM HUSSEIN, by Michael A
\\server05\productn\C\CJP\18-3\CJP305.txt unknown Seq: 1 11-SEP-09 15:40 BOOK REVIEW ENEMY OF THE STATE: THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF SADDAM HUSSEIN, by Michael A. Newton and Michael P. Scharf Jennifer Trahan* INTRODUCTION ................................................. 831 R I. BACKGROUND AND CREATION OF THE TRIBUNAL ......... 832 R II. THE EVENTS IN DUJAIL AND THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED AT TRIAL .............................................. 837 R III. CHALLENGES FACED AND FAIR TRIAL PROBLEMS ......... 840 R CONCLUSION................................................... 847 R INTRODUCTION Enemy of the State: The Trial and Execution of Saddam Hussein,1 written by Michael A. Newton2 and Michael P. Scharf,3 is a fascinating, insider’s account of the establishment of the Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT) in Baghdad and its first trial against former Iraqi President Saddam Hus- sein. The book does a fine job exploring the background of the Tribu- nal’s creation, detailing Saddam’s capture by American forces, describing some of the critical documents used at trial against Saddam and other defendants, and providing a flavor of the antics and chaotic tactics employed. The book also makes clear the personal courage pos- sessed by the judges and lawyers involved in the trial, which was tele- vised in Iraq, thereby exposing various individuals and their families to serious security risks, including death. The authors also provide their expert reflections on the difficulties of trying former leaders who insist on attempting to use trials as political platforms for grandstanding rather than addressing the charges against them (as was also seen in the trial of Slobodan Milo˘sevi´c). However, the book falls somewhat short in failing to adequately distinguish some of the antics and chaotic tactics (which may have colored public perceptions) from legitimate fair trial problems—about which numerous questions have been raised by other * Clinical Assistant Professor, New York University Global Affairs Program; Consult- ant, Of Counsel, International Justice Program, Human Rights Watch. -
1 US and British Support for Hussein Regime
President: Dicka Jamesina Lezama Alvardo Moderator: Diego Miguel Rivera Rivera 1 Official Assistant: Fernanda Lorenzo Pérez OHCHR treats topics that at some point in history were highly U.S and British support for relevant and that were discussed in the Security Council Hussein Regime at that moment. (Britannica, T. INTRODUCTION E. United Nations Security Council, 2019) “Whoever tries to climb over our fence, we will try to Since he was a teenager, Saddam Hussein started climb over his house. ” - Saddam Hussein his anti-western and anti-british ideologies. During college, he joined the Baath Party, an iraqi political The Security Council is the organ of the United party that would later on get him to the presidency. In Nations that has the primary purpose of maintaining 1956, he was part of a coup d’état against Abdul Karim international peace and security. It was created in Kassem, it ended up failing. Later, in 1958, Abdul Karim 1945 and was one of the first organs established. Kassem overthrew the iraqi monarchy and became At the beginning, there were a total of 11 members the prime minister of Iraq. Saddam was wounded after in the committee. Since 1965, those members have the attempt, so he flew to Syria and Egypt. The Baath been changing, but 5 always remain and the other 10 Party took over Iraq in 1963, but was overthrown that are non- permanent members. The non-permanent same year. Saddam was in jail for several years. After he members are chosen by their ability to achieve goals escaped prison, he became the new leader of the Baath by regions. -
YIHL2006-Con Cors-Concon 115..245
153 THE EXECUTION OF SADDAM HUSSEIN – A LEGAL ANALYSIS1 Eric H. Blinderman2 1. Introduction............................................... 154 2. Iraqi law and the death penalty ................................ 158 2.1 Three relevant laws ......................................... 158 2.2 The IHT’s legal authority to issue a death sentence against Saddam Hussein .................................................. 159 2.2.1 Lex mitior ................................................ 159 2.2.2 Crimes carrying the death penalty under Iraqi law . .............. 162 2.3 Procedural requirements to impose a death sentence under Iraqi law . 165 2.3.1 Automatic right of appeal and correction of appeal . .............. 166 2.3.1.1 Automatic right of appeal . .................................. 166 2.3.1.2 Motion for correction of appellate decision ...................... 168 2.3.2 Requests for clemency and/or pardon ........................... 169 2.3.3 Transfer of case to Ministry of Justice and other administrative steps . 169 3. The Iraqi government did not comply with relevant domestic law when carrying out the death sentence against Saddam Hussein ....... 172 3.1 The IHT unfairly calculated the time frame for the defense to file their appellate papers............................................ 172 1. © E.H. Blinderman 2008. 2. From March 2004 until December 2006, Eric Blinderman served in Iraq, first as an Associate General Counsel of the Coalition Provisional Authority and later as an Attorney Adviser, Chief Legal Counsel, and Associate Deputy to the Regime Crimes Liaison’s Office. During his tenure in Iraq, Eric worked principally with the Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT) as it prepared to try and tried members of the former regime, including Saddam Hussein, for atrocities committed against the Iraqi people. For his service in Iraq, Eric received a Special Commendation Award from the United States Department of Justice.