Mythological Inquiry to the Recondite Theoidgy of the Heathens

M Y TH O LO GICAL INQUIR Y .

he heo o ca s ecu a ons as we O F t T l gi l p l ti , ll a f the i era ure of G reece ere were s o l t t , th three perfectly distinct eras but the light which at these three eras was spread over Greece was not conﬁned to that

coun r . or na e e sew ere and t y It igi t d l h , was extended to the world at large ; and

was connec ed w e en s w ose in it t ith v t , h ﬂuence upon the destinies of mankind will never cease to Operate The ﬁrst authenticated era of Greek civilization and celebrity commences with the colony of Danaus from Egypt and the theology of that age was derived from

r eus the d sc e of usmus . i O ph , i ipl M W th the ei ception of the poems of Homer and B 2 M Y H L I L I N U IR Y T O OG CA Q .

es od e has sur ed to a es its H i , littl viv tt t literary greatness : yet there have been handed down to us some few theological and historical fragments of the deepest

r t th an u r n inte est o e tiq a ia .

The secon the class c a e of reece d , i g G , af er an n er a of se era cen ur es is t i t v l v l t i , ushered in with the philosophical specu lations of Thales and Pythagoras : and the writings of Herodotus take up the

s or of the wor w ere was ef hi t y ld , h it l t

his co em orar e em a the ast by t p y N h i h, l

wa of the inspired historians . It s a pe riod in w c oso and e er art hi h phil phy, v y , and almost every kind of polished litera

ure reac e an une ua ed em nence t , h d q ll i , and in which the theological speculations of many of its philosophers soared above the gross materialism of preceding times : but it was an age remarkable for the ignorance of its learned in every thing connected with mythological an d anti

quarian research . With the promulgation of Christianity L G I A L I U R Y 3 M Y TIiO O C N Q I . commences another era and whether we re ar the ree s as a na on em g d G k , ti ,

rac n the octr nes of the os e or b i g d i g p l , opposing it by the systems of the later

a on s is an era in e r era ure Pl t ist , it th i lit t , as we as in e r eo o com e e ll th i th l gy , pl t ly w T w ne . he light hich broke forth with the promulgation of the gospel was pre ceded in some degree by the publication of the Septuagint : and the attention of many a learned antiquarian was turned to e ore the h s or of e r coun r es xpl i t y th i t i , and to develope the theological signiﬁca

on of the s ra e e en s w c were ti t ng l g d , hi h still held sacred over so large a portion

of th e ear . The fra ments owe er th g , h v , which lay before the antiquarian of that da were too muc ro en to resent to y, h b k p him the entire system of heathen theo logy ; and the want of sufﬁcient data dis a ed him from rac n the connex on bl t i g i , which he j ustly presumed must have ori ginally existed between those legends and th cre recor s e sa d d . 4 M Y TH O LOGI CA L I N QUIRY .

The connecting links in that broken

c a n of w c the man earned an h i , hi h y l ti

uarians of reece who our s ed in the q G , ﬂ i h

ear a es of the urc s ood so muc ly g Ch h , t h

in need a e in our own mes een , h v ti b

su e b two er s n u ar d sco r ppli d y v y i g l i ve ies .

The rs of t ese the n er re a on of ﬁ t h , i t p t ti

the H ero l cs a s the un s u sed i g yphi , l y di g i

historic records of Egypt in ju xta- posi tion with the Hebrew scriptures : and this will eventually ﬁ x the history of the world by means of the authentic archives of two of its most celebrated nations ; and at the same time has given us ano ther key to the interpretation of the my

i n T thology of the anc e ts . he other dis

cover has een su ed from n y b ppli I dia, w ere ea en sm our s n in all it h h th i , ﬂ i hi g s

ar s and our is s cu a ed p t vig , till ltiv t amongst a peopl e under our own do m n on w ere has een reser e i i , h it b p v d by an un n erru ed r es ood who s i t pt p i th , till

ossess and in a reat measure under p , g s and its anc en o umes and to w om t , i t v l , h T N R Y 5 M Y H OLOGI CAL I QUI . we may stillhave recourse for explana tion .

At ﬁrst sight the Mythological frag ments of antiquity present to us a mass

f nf n n o co us o . o a c oser exam na on i Up l i ti ,

owe er we ﬁ nd in em all c r a n fea h v , th e t i

ures in w c t e corre on and we t hi h h y sp d , ma o ser e a so certa n d fferences eou y b v l i i , p liar to se f in w c eac na on arie it l , hi h h ti v s f m l ro al others . By rej ecting these dif ferences and reta n n the o n s of re , i i g p i t sem ance hus co at n the d fferen bl , by t ll i g i t s s ems and e e n s nduc n y t , xt ndi g thi i tio to all the fra men s w n our reac w g t ithi h , e may extract the original and fundamental tenets of their mythology : and we may likewise in some degree ascertain how muc of a ru w c was subse h th t t th , hi h

uent a a e r st an had q ly prop g t d by Ch i i ity ,

t the r arc l been revealed o pat i hs of o d .

The most remarkable feature in the heathen theology is the multiplicity of 6 M Y TH OLOGI CAL I N QUI RY .

t Th i s gods . e easy temper of poly

e sm as has een ca e es a e th i , it b ll d , h it t d not to adopt the divinities of the sur roun n na ons w e the deiﬁcation di g ti ; hil , not on of eroes and n s but of the ly h ki g ,

‘ v r ues and ces w the en of the i t vi , ith g ii woo s and wa ers moun a ns and c es d t , t i iti , contributed to introduce new and strange

n But if inmates into thePantheo . we e ec ese modern n ruders if we te j t th i t , store to their original seats the imported

e es s uc as Pan to rca a ermes d iti , h A di , H to ercu es to re and Dion Egypt, H l Ty , y sus to India ; and if we investigate the or n of eac we s a ﬁnd e er na igi h , h ll v y

on no w s and n the ar e of ti , t ith t i g v i ty names ac now ed n the same e es , k l gi g d iti , and the same s s em of eo o and , y t th l gy , however humble any of the deities may appear in the Pantheons of Greece and

ome eac who has an c a m to an R , h , y l i ti uit w be foun u ma e if not q y, ill d lti t ly,

mmed a e reso a e n o one or o er i i t ly, lv bl i t th M Y TH OLOGIC A L I N QUI R Y . 7 of two r me a r nc es the rea p i v l p i ipl , g t

God and oddess of the en es G G til .

In con uct n suc an n es a on d i g h i v tig ti , a very singular circ umstance presents

se f in the man fo d c ara er f it l , i l h ct o these

e e r hu r d ities . Th i man o ter restrial ap

earance as me e mor a s de ed i p , r t l iﬁ s the

mos o ous . As the sun moon ele t bvi , , men s and owers of na ure e as t , p t , th y sume a celes i r h si al c t al o p y c aspe t . And if we turn to the writings of the philoso

hers we s a ﬁ nd em sus a n n a p , h ll th t i i g character more abstract and metaphy sical Yet un er allt ese d fferen forms ; d h i t , h ne s t m is r r t e same ge ral ys e p ese ved .

In his terrestr ial c arac er the c ef h t , hi

ero God un er w a e er name is H , d h t v , claimed by every nation as its progenitor an founder And not on is be ce e d . ly l brated as the king of that country in

u r bu of the w o e wor d ar c a t . He p ti l , h l l is exposed to some alarming danger from the sea or an e r nc le or monster , vil p i ip H L R Y 8 M Y T O OG I CA L I N QUI .

He i by which the sea is represented . s nevertheless rescued by some friendly fema e aid sometimes concea ed in a l , l ca ern or in the moon or reser ed in a v , p v

ea - e slee hom e u on a sna e or d th lik p, p k ,

oa in on an is an or a o us ou ﬂ t g l d l t , th gh

more frequently in a boat or ark . At

en he awa ens from his s um er l gth k l b ,

su ues his en em and lands u on a bd y , p

moun a n H r n the t i . e then eorga izes

worl and ec omes h mse f the fa er d , b i l th ,

r mar of ree sons an d ro u h p i ily, th , th g

em of the uman race not unfre th , h ; quently with some allusions to the dove

I human and ra n ow . n fac in his i b t, character he was the great father of mankind but he may no t only be iden tiﬁed with Noah but with Adam like

w T n w u n a th ise. he o e as looked po s e

re- appearance of the other, and both as

incarnations of the Deity . In his immediate celestial charac ter the G od is universally held to be the S un . I M Y TH OLOGI CA L I N QU RY . 9

The character of the great Goddess is

f ore e A th o a m complex d scription. s e com an on of the man she is the ark p i , ; which was regarded not only as his

onsor but his dau er as the wor c t, ght , k of his own ands and his mo er from h ; th ,

se w m h a n e er ed as an who o b e ag i m g ,

nfant to a second fe and as his re i , li p serve r during the catastrophe of the

m an n f h de u . As the co o o t e Sun l ge , p i she is either the earth or moon : not th at the distinctions between the human an d celestial characters are accurately maintained ; for they are s o strangely blm ded o e er at the ad n ures t g th , th ve t a ca e to one are fre uen l and ppli bl q t y, some mes ur ose m sa e to the ti p p ly, i ppli d

h M n o er . us w st t e a is sa d th Th , hil i to ave en ered n o een concea ed in h t i t , b l , and a e a a n ssued from the ark h v g i i , th moon and the ear indifferentl e , th , y ; the Sun is fabled to have been plunged

n o the ocean to a e sa ed u on a i t , h v il p

o us to a e a en refu e in a ﬂ oat l t , h v t k g 10 M Y TH L GI L N I O O CA I QU R Y . in s and and to a e dwe on a g i l , h v lt up sacred mountain left dry by the reti ri ng flood

The foregoing portion of the subject has been so fu n es a e a in lly i v tig t d , th t the present essay I shall scarcely al

u e to a a n b t w con ne m l d it g i , u ill ﬁ y self to an examination of the physical and metaphysical character of the great Deity and Triad of the heathens ; and to some few points of the recondite theo lo of the nc en s connec e w h gy A i t , t d it

a m n n And w h th t ost i teresti g subj ect . it

a n en ro ose to e am ne in de th t i t t, I p p x i tail the different systems of each of the most civilized nations of antiquity .

As the Indian religion is still existing in the as and access e to our re E t, ibl

See M r a er at en t u on t s su ect in F b l g h p hi bj , his Pagan Idolatry ; in which he has collected such ample authorities from th e records of all the na t ons of ant u t t at it is un necessar for me to i iq i y , h y makeany observations in proof of the conclusions w c he has drawn hi h . ll I NDI AN . s e ar c es and is not so confused as the h , ‘ res t s a commence s n u r w , I h ll thi i q i y ith

an investigation of its doctrines . I n his examination of the Vedas or

C lebr k es n d an cr ures M r. o o e I i S ipt , giv th e fo llowing description of the deities of

n d a . The e es n o ed a ear I i D iti i v k pp ,

on a cursor ns ec on of the eda up y i p ti V , to be as various as the authors of the

' r ers addressed to em : but accor p ay th , d in g to the most ancient annotations on

th e nd an Scr ures ese ar ous names I i ipt , th v i

of ersons and t n s are all reso a e p hi g , lv bl

nto fferen es of t ree de es and i di t titl h iti , ’ m n G The Ni h ulti ately of o e od . g anti

or G ossar of the edas w c is the l y V , ( hi h

rs ar of the Niructa conc ude w ﬁ t p t ,) l s ith three lists of names of deities the ﬁrst comprising such as are deemed synony mous with Fire ; the second with Air ;

nd th h a e third with t e Sun . In the last

ar of the Niructa which en re re a es p t , ti ly l t

to de s is w ce asser ed a ere itie , it t i t th t th D ’ are b ut ree Go s E sra eva evalak . th d , N 12 M Y TH OLOGI CA L I QUI R Y .

The fur er nference a ese n end th i , th t th i t but one de t is su or ed man as i y, pp t by y p sages in the Veda ; and is very clearly and concisely stated in the beginning of the ndex to the e a on the authori i Rigv d , ty of the Niructa and of the Veda

ft r c M A e iting several passages r . Cole bro e con nues The e es are on l k ti , D iti y

ree w ose aces are the ear the ia th , h pl th , termediate re on and ea en : name gi , h v [ ly"

r Air n ar ro e and the S u . e e Fi , , Th y p nounced to be [deities"of the mysterious names severally ; and (Prajapati) the lord of creatures is [the deity"of them collec

’ T ever tively . he syllable O M intends y

’ deity it belongs to (Paramasht hi) him who dwells in the supreme abode ; it pertains to (Brahma) the vast one ; to ’ (Deva) God ; to (Ad byatma) the super

n end n sou er de es e on in i t i g l . Oth iti , b l g g to ose se era re ons are ort ons of th v l gi , p i

’ - III As atic esearc es 385 . M oor s P an V . i R h ,

theon . I DI N 13 N A . the [three"gods for they are variously named and described on account of their d fferen o era ions but in fac ere is i t p t , [ t"th on one e TH E R E T SOUL M a ly D ity, G A ( han H i e n r atma) . e s called th Su ; fo he is the sou l of all beings ; [and" that is

ec ared the e The un the s u d l by sag . [ S " o l

’ of a a w at mo es and of tas t hush (j g t) h v , ( ) ’ that wh ich is ﬁxed ; other deities are portions of him : and that is expressly declared by the sage The wise call Fire ”

N R M I R and R UN 8 m. I D A T A VA A , In th e Man ava Sastra or Institutes of Menu the origin of the Universe is thus ‘ unfolded : It existed only in the ﬁrst

ne dea et une anded as if in divi i , y xp ,

o ed in dar ness m erce e un v lv k , i p ptibl , deﬁnable un scovera e reason and , di bl by , und sco ere b re e a on as if were i v d y v l ti , it

n wholly immersed in sleep . The the sole se f- e is n ower who had e s e l x ti g p , xi t d

from e ern s one for in erson t ity, h th p , expanding his idea and dispelling the 14 M Y TH OLOGI CA L I N QU I R Y .

oom a ou he rs cre e gl . With th ght ﬁ t at

the wa ers and ace in em a ro t , pl d th p

ductive seed : s seed ecame an e thi b gg , in which he was himself born in the fo rm

of ra ma the rea forefa er of all B h , g t th

Th wa rs are ca ed N ara b s r s . e e e pi it t ll ,

cause e were the roduc on of R th y p ti NA A , or the spirit of God an d since they

were his rs A ana or ace of mo on ﬁ t y , pl ti , he was thence named NAR AY A N A or mov I in in the wa ers . n a e th rea g t th t gg e. g t Power sat inactive a whole year of the Creator : at the close of wh ich by his thought alone be caused the egg to di

e se f and from its two s ons vid it l , divi i “ framed the world . The name given by the Indians to

e r u reme e or onad is ra m th i S p D ity, M , B h ;

and nofwithstandin the a earance of , g pp ma er a sm in all e r sacre books the t i li th i d , B rahmans never admit that they uphold

See also the Samveda in the Upanishads by 2 rron I . . 7 . Du Pe , p

16 M Y TH OLOGI CAL I N QUI R Y .

" flood a d f re and re roduced were by n i p , doctrines universally received among the a he s : and the nd ans th he t n by I i , e w d af er the a se of eac redes ned orl , t l p h p ti

er od of it x stence was ou to p i s e i , th ght

e d r d a At eac a o n ed b est oye by Siv . h pp i t

me of its des c on s nu ceas es ti tru ti , Vi h from his re r n care and s ee s b e p se vi g , l p neath the waters : but after the allotted

r o from his nave s r n s for a pe i d, l p i g th

o us to the face ear n ra ma in l t sur , b i g B h its cu who re r an zes the wor d and p, o g i l , , w en he has er ormed his wor re res h p f k, ti , leaving to Vishnu its government and preservation ; when all thesame heroes and ersons rea ear and s m ar e n p pp , i il ve ts are a a n rans c ed lthe m g i t a t , til ti e arrives for ano r d so u n the is l tio . Brahma is less worshipped and cele rated n n n b tha Vish u a d Siva . Having exercised his office of creating or rather re enera n the wor d he re r g ti g l , ti es and

ee the aut or t es co ecte M r . S h i i ll d by Faber. I NDI N 17 A .

n rferes no m re He is es eemed a i te o . t s

T me In the a s rac as me as and i b t t, Ti P t, th e Beginning . M etaphysically he is

P o wer or accord n to o ers now , , i g th , K ledge and phy sically he is stated by

so me to be more ar cu ar ar or , p ti l ly E th

M a er but some mes re . He is the tt , ti Fi

S un in the mornin his co or is red and g, l , h is a an the crea ure u on w c he V h , ( t p hi h

is carr ed or w c is sacre to him is i , hi h d ,)

the Swan or Goose and the ace in ; pl ,

w c he res es the ar . He s m hi h id , E th y b olizes gravity and Is delineated with

four heads . With respect to the primeval Deity and the production of Brahma there is a man ifest contradiction in the sacred

I th ana a as ra ra ma oo s . n e b k M v S t , B h

is sa d to a e roceede from the e i h v p d gg, deposited by Nara or Narayana upon the

wa ers or accord n to o ers to s r n t ; i g th , p i g in a lotus to the surface of these chaotic

’ - Picart s e ous Ceremon es 4 10 4 37 . III. R ligi i , C Y 18 M Y TH OLOG ICA L IN QUI R . wa ers from the na e" o is nu or Na t , v f V h , ra ana Who wa mmerse in s ee be y , s i d l p neath them and in accordance with

h s the a s na a sec s or fo o ers of t i , V i h v t , ll w

shnu ma e s nu the same as ra m Vi , k Vi h B h , the r me a God and S r t from W om p i v l pi i , h B rahma proceeds to the reconstruction of

the wor . But th is den e ot ers ld is i d by h ,

who loo u on ra m as the so e monad k p B h l ,

s nct from s nu who is es eemed di ti Vi h , t

ton f h w h b u e o t e forms in hich e proceeds .

I t is a ffi cu t to he s m s a e ere di l y i ply t t d h ,

but w c w van s a w ro hi h ill i h s e p ceed . After the construction of the world by

ra m the office of its reser at on is B h a, p v i

n Hi f a assumed by Vish u . s chie ttribute

is s om : he is the Air a er Hu Wi d , W t ,

idit in eneral ace and some mes m y g , Sp , ti ,

t ou rare art : he is me re h gh ly , E h Ti p

sen and the idd e and he is the Sun t, M l

n and at n His in the eveni g ight . color

is ue or ac s his a an the a e bl bl ki h ; V h , E gl

name Garu a his a o ed ace the d d ; ll tt pl ,

Air or n ermed a e re on and h s m i t i t gi , e y I N D IAN . I9

l b o izes e . is he who mos com l vity It , t monly appears in the Avatars or Incar nat ons of w c n ne in num er are i , hi h i b recorded as past the most celebrated of which are his incarnations as Mateya or the s ama r s na and ud a Fi h , R , K i h , B dh the ten th of Kalki or the Horse is yet to come It is from him that B rahma s prings whenhe proceeds to his office of creation . Th e destroying and regenerating

ow er a ahade a swara or Rou p , Siv , M v , I , trem is regarded metaphy sically as Jus

ce and h sicall as ire or ea and ti , p y y F H t,

H i h n sometimes Water. e s t e Su at noon : his co or is w e w a ue roat l hit , ith bl th , b ut sometimes red his Vahan is the

u a nd his lace of res dence t B ll , p i he

As d st u on in the m Heaven . e r cti aterial world is but change or production in

another form and was so d a mos , hel by l t

all the h ea en oso e s we ﬁnd th phil ph r ,

D erro . 17 . c at R oudri II. n 5 S h , up , p 2 H L I L IN I RY 0 M Y T O OG CA QU .

that the peculiar emblems of Siva are the

r en the s m o of destruction and T id t y b l ,

the Linga or Phallus of regener ation . The three Deities were called Tri murti ; and in the cav erns of Ellora they ‘ are un e in a r une us e are it d T i b t . Th y

collectively symbolized by the triangle . Vishnu as H umidity person iﬁed is also

re resen e an n er ed r an e and p t d by i v t t i gl , Siva by a triangle erect as a personiﬁca

on of re w e the ona ra m is ti Fi , hil M d B h re resen ed the c rc e as ern p t by i l Et ity , and by a point as having neither length

nor read as se f e s n and c on b th , l xi ti g, taining The B rahmans deny

r a sm et is asser ed M r mate i li ; y it t by .

ilford a w en c ose n erro a ed W ,I th t h l ly i t g t

h e of e a or God w c e r on t e titl D v , hi h th i

s sacred o s e to the Sun e mo t bo k giv , th y

a d rec answer and of en contra avoid i t , t

nd n n Th dict themselves a o e a other . e

Heher contends that t is ust do es not Bp. h b represent the Indian triad .

— 400. III . As . Res . 372 . M oor . 1 Moor, I I NDI N 2 1. A . su eme di n of the Sun owe er is pr vi ity , h v , constantly asserted in their scriptures ; and he o es erse in the edas w ch t h li t v V , hi is ca ed the a a r is Let us adore ll G y t i, , th e su remac of a d ne sun the p y th t ivi ,

God ead who um na es all who re h , ill i t , crea es all from w om all roceed to t , h p , w om all mus re urn whom we n o e h t t , i v k to direct our understanding aright in our progress towards his holy The commentary of Sir William Jones upon this is exactly in the apologetic form of o ne of the a er la on s s a e or n l t P t i t , ll g izi g and reﬁning upon the awkward mate rialism of the r c oc r nes w c O phi d t i , hi h h wou d e a n awa but is una e to e l xpl i y , bl c ncea o l .

mus owe er be o ser ed a It t, h v , b v , th t th e nd ans a e d n es as wer I i h v ivi iti , it e c ounter ar s of ese ree rea de es p t th th g t iti , b ut mere ma er a r nc es as ndra t i l p i ipl , I the God of the rmamen u the Fi t, Ag it

’ - W. W Sir Jones s orks , vol. vi. Moor .

t M oor. 2 I 2 M Y TH OLOG CA L I N QUI R Y .

" tri - formed de of re and ur a ity Fi , S y the Sun was anot er form and was e h , h ld to be re ed R avi a so an t r th e bodi . T l o he personiﬁcation of the Sun was esteemed

t em one of the r mur or r e by h T i ti , t ipl forms of their three great divinities into w c e e re ll r hi h th s a a esolvable .

In the v ulgar Theology of the Greeks and omans the r ad is commonl re R , T i y presented as the three sons of Kronus or

a urn S t ,

E U S O SE I N LU N Z , P DO , P TO ,

U I E R E UN E PL UTo J P T , N PT , , the gods respectively of the Air or Hea ven of the Sea and of re or the In , , Fi fernal re ons In accor ance w t s gi . d ith hi , the Triad delivered by Pherecydes Syrusj;

S I RI E R I R E . P T, WAT , F These triads differ from all other heathen

— W - Sir . n 2 8 . o M or . 7 J es . o W ford I I A R s . 359. I s . e 1 il , . 17 Dam s Anc ra . 3 . asciu See . 1 , F g

24 M Y TH OLOGICA L I N QUI RY .

e In th f » duc d by Orpheus . e Orphic rag men s the enera on of the un erse and t , g ti iv

‘ ‘ of the o s is es od r eus g d by H i , O ph ,1

Aristo hanes Suidas and ot ers des p j , “ h cribed as proceeding from the Ether and

r Chaos . F om these two principles the

r me a od and od ess or ra er from p i v l g g d , th the rs of em the anc en t er w c ﬁ t th , i t E h , hi h as o er un the ao c o e Night v h g Ch ti gl b , s o for the i w c was anes or h t th L ght, hi h Ph ,

ros or o os who was the fa r ca or E ,§ P th , b i t of the world : though he is sometimes des cribed as roceed n from an e In p i g gg . ﬁ[ a fra men of the eo o of r eus g t Th l gy O ph , “ preserved by Damasciusf this Phanes is represented as a triple divinity with w n s and surroun e the ead of a i g , d d by h

1 1 Theog . 6 . 2 r — H r r 1 . 49. H m n to P oto onus e t A g . y g — — m as in t don l4 l Procl. in Timmum Athe i ,

r ater ar of t ese assa e s are nagoras . The g e p t h p g nt n collected and translated in the Ancie Fragme ts .

C aos . v 98 . Art c e A es . 6 i l h

2 If lb . 310 . 31 1 . n ra . . 94 . 298 . A c . F g p

nc ra . A . F g OR PII IC . 25

u a on and a Ram con o ned wi h B ll , Li , , j i t a Serpent ; and similar fragments are

reser e r u In ano er p v d by P ocl s . th frag m en of the same reser ed or na t , p v igi lly b mo eus and a so uo ed w y Ti th , l q t ith s ome s ar a ons Cedrenus Sui light v i ti by , d as and a a a the cosmo on is us , M l l , g y th “ d istinctly represented) From the be

n n n the er was man fes ed in me gi i g Eth i t ti , a nd on every side of the Ether was Chaos a nd gloomy Night en veloped and oh s oured all n s a were un er the thi g , th t d

er The ar was n s e on ac Eth . E th i vi ibl count of the darkness : but the light b ro e rou the t er and illumi k th gh E h , us ed the ar and all the ma er a of t E th , t i l the crea on and its name is e s ti M ti ,

‘ anes Erica aeus s n f n or Ph , p 1 ( ig i yi g Will

- ounse fe er . s C l , Light, Li giv ) By thi

o wer all n s were roduced as we p thi g p , ll

ncor orea r nc es as the sun and i p l p i ipl , moon and t e r n uences and all the , h i i ﬂ ,

. la 2 Anc F g . 96 . 26 M Y TH OLOGI CA L I N QUI RY . s ars and the ear and the sea an d t , th , , all things that are visible and invisib l e ” in them . r

We have here the Triad proceedin g from the Ether as Phanes in the form o f

M ETIs E n E R I A JE S , o s, C P U , which a re equ ivalent to Li ht g ,

or Counsel or L ove or Li e iver , , f g , “ Acusilaus gives the triad

M ET Is E no s H E R . , , ET

or o e L v ,

not er r c fra men the mn A h O phi g t, Hy

‘ to Proto onus w en tera trans a ed g ,1 h li lly l t , runs thus

I nvok e t ee oh P roto onus two - fo d i h , g , l , r wandering : through the Ethe .

- E orn re mcIn in th o den w n s . gg b , j g y g l i g

Bull- aced the ener a tor of the esse f , g bl d ,

and of mortal men .

h muc renowne Li ht T e h d g ,

the far celebrated E ricap ceus .

6 An c r 1 . Damas cius . a . 3 , F g

ki n . ra . 294 . . rea t Anc . F g I Qy B g R I 27 O PH C .

' Ineﬂable occu t m etuous , l , i p , all glittering s trength Who sc atterest the twilight cloud

of ark ness from the e es d y ,

And roamest t rou the h gh world.

u on the ﬂ t of th w n s p igh y i g , Bringing forth the brilliant and pure light

wherefore I n vok e thee as P ha nes i ,

As P ria us th e k n p i g ,

and as the Dar k - e ed S len dor y p ,

Come t ou ess d e n fu of wisdom , h bl e b i g , ll f

and enerat on come in o g i , j y

To th sa r r r y cred eve va ying myste y .

Be present with the pries ts of thy orgies .

The Protogonus or Being proceeding from the Ether is here represented as

The BU L L - face I H E R ICA PE US d L G T, ,

E N E R R G ATO , again repeated as

R I US H AN E S R K - E Y E P AP , P , DA D,

en or Spl d ,

n fu and nera n a bei g ll of Metis ge tio . The same appears from other Orphic

- r f . O r Da k aced I M etis . 2 M Y H N 8 T OLOGI CAL I QU IRY .

Fragments} ? preserved by Procl us in his

n m u comme tary on the Ti ae s .

- M et s the ﬁrst ather and all de tfu E ros . i , F , ligh l

a n Ag i ,

Soft Eros and inaus c ous M et s , pi i i ;

n a d,

M et s earin the enerat on of the Gods i b g g i , illus trious E ricapaeus and in the C rat lus y ,

M et s earin the seed of the Gods w om i b g , h the blessed

Inha tants of O m us ca n s r to on s bi ly p ll Pha e P o g u .

rom ese fra men s we ma at once F th g t , y perceive that the persons of the Orphic

r ad corres on not w the u er t i p d , ith J pit ,

u o and e une of the u ar t eo Pl t , N pt , v lg h

o but ra er w t the u er u o l gy , th i h J pit , Pl t ,

and anes who is the same w o o Ph , ith Ap ll and a remarkable correspondence may be

n m n h n traced betwee the a d t e India .

Anc . ra . 297 F g . o ur II Ic . 29

rom the anc en er s r n s for F i t Eth , p i g th the anes as ra ma s r n s from Ph , B h p i g

s nu . He is the creat n r nc e Vi h i g p i ipl , re resen e w ree or four eads p t d ith th h . who springs from an egg to regenerate the wor and he roceeds as the r ad ld , p t i ,

Pri A E and M E R I CA PE U S, N s, a n , corres ond n w the n an r a p i g ith I di T i d ,

VI SH N U R H M and IV , B A A , S A , w ho proceed from Brahm .

The rs of ese is Erica mu s the ﬁ t th p , same w eus or u er who is es ith Z J pit , teemed the er a erson of the r a Eth i l p t i d ,

‘ ‘ as the reser er or Sa our as fe P v , vi ,1 Li , and the G er of fe as M eilichos iv Li ,1 , § which I should translate the King . In his h sical c arac er he is the God of p y h t ,

Air and the anc en er from w c , " i t Eth , hi h the Phanes sprung : he is the father of

l Hi o r if o re i da l ollo . s c o c o s r p l , l d , k

Phum utus 6 . u iter Soter asaim. , 1 J p , p ‘ 2. Ih 5 . I Phurn . 5 .

— r d L n Lat. iv assim . II Var o e i g . p 30 M Y TH O LOGI CA L I N QU IR Y .

and his attendant animal is the

a e and is he t a is su ose so E gl , it h t pp d frequently to become incarnate : and in another of the Orphic fragmentsﬁ pre ser d r s o e and o ers he is re ve by A i t tl , M th presented as invested with the attribué s of the Su reme a mos in the er p , l t v y

’ words which Vishnu uses in the cha racter of Krishna .

anes or ros is th erson who Ph , E , e p , s r n s from the rece n er p i g p di g pow .

M eta h sicall he is n e ec and p y y I t ll t, 1

h sicall he is the t w c ro e p y y Ligh , hi h b k for from the anc en er the Grea th i t Eth , t in ower often re resen ed as a c g p , p t hild , his co or is w e and his a an is l hit , v h some mes the on and some mes a ti Li . § ti

Statics also mentions the infernal J upiter as black .

Com are the as sa e Anc . ra . 289 w t 1 p p g , F g , i h the Bagavat Gita translated by Wilford : both pas s es relate to the anc ent Ether rather h ag i , t an to the Etherial ow r of the Triad p e .

Damasc s . L d s u u c . 7 . I i y ,

2 M Y H L I L I N UI R Y 3 T O OG CA Q . more particularly was Phanes in his col l i I h a c ect ve c aracter. n t e s cr es the h iﬁ , ceremo nies were three times performed and in the m s er es the n oca on to y t i , i v ti the Sun was in the following form and words

Oh all ruling Sun

I R I of the wor d SP T l , POWE R of the world

LIGH T of the world . T

If we turn to the recondite theology of the ear es fra men a re Egypt, li t g t th t p sents itself is the Cosmogony of San choniatho w c ou it has d: hi h , th gh de scended to us rou t nician ands th gh h , is an Egyptian record from the books of ‘ In s th n Thoth . thi e beginni g of all things is represented as a dark windy

’ dw E 7 2 dn oa rrév m i r i wide wdr ma om ? » 9 9 9 , p c , , p

Th oc . Id. 43. e ii . 2 1 M acrob . I . Sat. 0 . 3.

I Eus . Pr . Ev . c . 10 . It is ven w I . gi ith an

s trans at on in th Anc . ra . 1 . E ngli h l i e F g p . E G Y PTIA N . 33

AI R and H S un ounded and w ou , C AO b , ith t

r ro m h m race of e fo m . F t e e b th se pro

ceeded For um or o e . f er w om a , L v A t h

rd is n roduced ca ed M OT b ut thi i t , ll , which was by some called k m ; and from hence Sprung the seed of the crea

on and the enera on of th n ti g ti e u iverse .

In the erme c creed ano er E H ti , th gyp

an fra men of rea an u t re ti g t g t tiq i y , p ser ed Jamblichus and in the fra v by , g men s reser ed Damasc ius a so of t p v by , l

rea an u w e ﬁnd the u reme g t tiq ity , S p represented as a Monad prior to the ﬁrst

God and n mmo ea e in the so Ki g, i v bl li

ude of his n t the foun a n of all t U i y , t i

n s and the root of all r mar n e thi g , p i y I t l

e e s n forms the n s e ligibl xi ti g , I divi ibl

O ne the rs Eﬂi ies who is denomi , ﬁ t g , ‘ na d EI CII TON He is enera e in si te . v t d ‘ ence and ce e ra e as un nown ar l , l b t d k d k

r m n u h ness th ee ti es pronou ced as s c . T

— lichu v . c 2 . 4 . Anc . ra . Jamb s Myst. iii . F g 2 84 .

— ci s S e Anc . ra . 320 f Damas u . e F g D 34 M Y TH OLOGI CA L IN QUI R Y .

From s ONE the se f- ru n God s one thi , l li g h ‘ ort the onad from the One the f h , M , o E M E P H the ru er of the H ly , l

ce s a ods the em ur ic n e ec le ti l g , D i g I t ll t ;1

w c w en roceeds to enera on hi h , h it p g ti ,

is ca ed M N but erfec in all n s ll A O ; p t g thi g , not deceptively b ut artiﬁcially accord

in to ru PH TH A or e aes us and g t th , H ph t ;

as the roducer of all ood p g , The triple deity into which E M E P H resolves himself is therefore according to Jamblichus

M N PH T H A SI RIS A O , , O , who are oﬂicially the

e erator P er ectin P roducer G n , f g tr ul o ood . y , f g

but accord n to M naseas the ree i g , " th ,

who are un e as a us are it d Ep ph ,

SAR A P I s I N Y SUS SI R IS . , D O , O

m vi . c . 2 . lb . 0 . 2 . J a b . ii 1

Dumas . see Anc . ra . 284 . and or rius 1 F g P phy .

amblichus Ih . 5 J ,

O - E u s . d s . a us is said S n Pl t. I an p ph by y cel

l to v een the son of Ju iter u us ha e b p . By Pl tarch

he is also called Apopis . Y PT N 35 E G IA .

“ In use us is a er cur ous as sa e E bi v y i p g , in w c the de t w om he cals the hi h i y , h l

em ur us is descr ed as KN E P II of a D i g , ib , dar a ure co or w a sce re and a k z l , ith pt ,

ro a ume and one . s e from y l pl , z Thi d ity his mou ut for an e from w c th p th g , hi h w as orn the od w om the ans b g , h Egypti

P TH A h Gree s e t ca H but t e aes us . ll , k H ph In the Sermo sacer of the Hermetic

oo s now extant we a e the rs b k ,T h v ﬁ t principles of the universe laid down as

S I R I in ar ness and a er from P T d k , W t ,

n he I H cc r which spru g t Holy L G T . A o d

in to Heraiscus a er and San g ,jlj W t d , and according to Asclepiades Sand and

a er were the r me a r nc es : W t , p i v l p i ipl from w hich was generated the ﬁrst Ka

me his and from him a secon ame p , d K

s and from s a a n a r phi , thi g i thi d .

— III. P Ev c . ll. II . Str . 562 r . . XV .

; ra . . 1 Anc . F g 286 — n ra . 32 1 . I sus ect th e Greek I A c . F g p word seppw h as been substituted for lippov both signi f in sand and t at the E tian Amun is concea ed y g , h gyp l r the word and has t s means een ost unde , by hi b l . M Y TH L I L I N 36 O OG CA QUI RY .

We have in these fragments precisely

the same ne s as in the rece n te t p di g .

rom the er a r nc e w c was F Eth i l p i ipl , hi h

co- ex s n in dar ness w the c aos i ti g k ith h ,

and w c is enom na ed the t er or hi h d i t E h ,

Eichton or Kne h s r n s fort o os , p , p i g h P th

or Phthah the ra ma of the nd an , B h I i , and the Pothos Eros Love or Phanes

of the r c eo o the o o P O phi th l gy , Ap ll y thius of the classical and more corrupted system ; whose name of Emeph appears to be a variation of the Emephtha of

‘ ‘ Stob aeus the a us of M naseas ﬁ Ep ph , l and the Kamepbisj: of Asclepiades and of

. Ec lo . See ind r iv . h s a P t . Phy g f P , y 1 La Croze has suggested as the derivation of

rd the Co t c X HM I- Q I the rotector o this wo p i , P f

E t and t ou I cannot accede to the O n on gyp , h gh pi i , it certainly is in some measure couhtenanced by

cero De Nat. eor. . 3 who sa s Secun Ci D lib , y ,

s u canus Phtbas ut E tii a e ant uem du V l , gyp pp ll , q " custodem E gypti volunt. It is canvas sed by

. who su ests nn Jablonsk i Panth . E g gg a co exion ‘ between the name and the p a epscz of E ratos I should su est that it is on Amun thones . gg ly

Phthah . T 37 E GY P I AN .

m the e . H i rn f Stobmus also e s bo ro gg, and is the rea n ower more ar C ti g P , p ti cularl dis n u s ed as Li ht and me y ti g i h g , taphysically as I ntellect and it is this de who roceeds in the form of a ity , p

r a as t i d ,

s r s Phthah mun O i i , , A ,

s r s on sus Sera s . O i i , Di y , pi In the preceding fragment of San choniatho the t rd erson a ears as , hi p pp

M et ca ed a so Ilus some rans , ll l , by t lat d M ud a is the c ao c m x ure e , th t , h ti i t , but which is evidently the Phoenician

n IL or G od . This perso age appears to be the same ha is a so anc o , t t l , by S h niatho cal ed u and en ed w t , l M th , id tiﬁ i h He is the Serapis and Amun a o e ment oned and the e s of the b v i , M ti Orphic system ; and as Siva in the Indian

roduces the c ao c wa ers so is he sa d p h ti t , i

In the Tar . erusa em it is as serted that g J l , , the Egyptians called the Wisdom of the ﬁrst Intel lect, Pth a.

Anc ra 15 . 1 . F g . 38 M Y TH O LOGI CA L I N QU I RY . to ro e the see or er a s the sub p vid d , p h p s ance of the crea on t ti . If from these the most ancient frag men s of t an ore we urn to th e t Egyp i l , t records inscribed upon her enduring mo numents we ﬁnd a mu u e of o s as , ltit d g d among the Indians : b ut the higher we ascen the more the num er m n s es d , b di i i h , and upon the oldest monuments the most frequent delineation is that of Amun R a

a one who a ears in ree st nc l , pp th di i t

forms and n o one or o er of w ose , i t th h characters all the other divinities may

d The c ef o f be resolve . hi g d o the Egyptians was designated by the nam e of Amun and this is evidently the sacred

name the AUM of the n ans w c , I di , hi h appears to be that alluded to by M ar * tianus a e a and is sa to C p ll , id have

‘ een rs comm e to wr n Bit s b ﬁ t itt d iti g by y ,1

a era eum facies vultus ue S lve v D , q paterni O cto et sexcentis numeris cui litera trin a

Conformat sacrum nomen co nomen et m , g , o en .

H mn . ad o y S lem.

am . vi . c 5 1 J b ii . .

40 M Y H L I L I N UIR Y T O OG CA Q . an o er he is as fre uen de c ed y th , q tly pi t ‘ ue . He was the od of the e bl g Nil , which is indirectly conﬁrmed by Pindar ;T and o em who sa s a the by Pt l y , ¢ y , th t Egy ptians gave the name of Agathodm

mon t o the western or Heracleotic ran . , b ch From his mouth proceeded the Mundane

E from w c s run Phthah the gg, hi h p g ,

crea e wer M r. n on r tiv po . § Wilki s p o

ceeds a n se ara ed the r t , H vi g p t Spi i

from the rea or and ur os n to set C t , p p i g

a ar and de f eac a tr u e w c p t i y h t ib t , hi h

resen e se f to e r ma na on he p t d it l th i i gi ti , t y found it necessary to form another deity

from the rea e ower whom e C tiv p , th y

ca ed PTH A H roceed n from the for ll , , p i g

n he n of Kn mer and e ce deeme t so e h. , th d p Some difference was observed between

the ower w c crea e the wor and p , hi h t d ld , that which caus ed and ruled over the

enera on of man and con nued to g ti , ti promote the conti nuation of the human

T i r a r u e of th species . h s latte tt ib t e

ant . IV . P th . Champ . P h 1 y

c 5 . III . E useh. Pr . E v. l V eo . . l. I . G g EGY PTI N A . 4 1 divinity was deiﬁed under the appellation w KH E M . Thus as the supreme deity

nown the ree d s nc names of k by th i ti t ,

KN E P II P , TII A II , K nEM

to ese were o ned the oddesses th j i g ,

Sa e e and u o and the num er t , N ith , B t ; b of the eight Deities was completed by the a d on of Ra or mun Ra is d iti , A th

ast owe er was not a d s nc od l , h v , i ti t g , but a name common to each person of the triad : and indeed to all the three names above the name of Amun was con l stant y preﬁxed .

n M r ' PH TH A H accord to . nson , i g Wilki ,1

M at Hier — I have no ntention to mak . . i e an o ser a u on the oddesses who all y b v tions p g , are v ariations of the same who was regarded as the and the Ark f wh Chaos , the E arth , ; o ich the following important passage of Plutarch is in part

a conﬁrmat on : 1313 the somet mes ca M UT II i y i ll ,

n s metims s AT I U R I and sometimes M ETn UE R . a d o I , he ﬁrst of these names t e s n f a M other By t h y ig i y , ’ by the second H orus s mundane house (which was k r e the A hrod te of the Greek s but the ar o gg, p i ) ; is com ounded of two words one si ni the third p , g ” i ull and the other cause. Is . and Os . fy ng f , , — M a H r. 8 . Cham . anth . 1 t. ie p P 2 M Y H O T G N I . 4 LO I CA I. I QU R Y

was the creat e ower who s run from iv p , p g the E roduced from the m u o f gg, p o th

“ ‘ ’ Kn h H th d of Li h ep . e was e go g t l

His form was a M umm w the em y ,jlj ith

hlems of l e and stabilit and w the if y ,§ ith ‘ sta o ower He corres onds accu ﬂ f p . p

ratel w h the ra ma of the n an y it B h I di , and Pothos or Phanes of the Orphic

s s ems and e em a ears in t ree y t , lik th , pp h

r n f ese o more other forms . O e o th

forms is of a aw - ea e ei of an h k h d d d ty,

a ure co or w the em ems of Phthah . z l , ith bl By Champollion this form is called

Phthah Socari. In another form h e is

re resen e as an nfan and fre uen p t d i t, q tly

as an nfan Pria aean ure and de i t p ﬁg ,

III Eus b Pr . E v . c . 1 1 . C cero a so de . e . i l scribes him as the son of the Nile— and Cham llio h f h po n as t e son o Amun Knep .

I ave no dou t but t at 6 m -6 as t h b h p 1: "p 9, well as the ass.. of the Greek s was derived from

P htha h .

uaere w et er the an a ed ﬁ ure does not I Q , h h b d g g

rat er nt mate an nfan t swat ed as is the cus m h i i i , h to

in the M editerranean .

ormer tak en to be th e Nilometer I sus F ly . ect t at it is the em em of Cr ea tion or I nte p h bl llect. E Y P I N 43 G T A . formed and as suc is e iden the , h , v tly

o os ros orus and ar ocra es P th , E , H , H p t , of the Greeks : and in this form also ’ is some m c h o he ti es alled Pht ah S cari .

As Phthah ore he has a Scarabmus for Th , his bend and t s ma er a s be con ,T hi y p h p sidered th e animal more especially sa cred to him as is a so aced u on , it l pl p the head of the infant ﬁgure lElian 1:

owever sa s a the on was conse h y , th t Li

hi a H h tu crated to m s ep ms s .

KN E P II the erea r nc e and Eth l p i ipl ,

PH TII A II the rea e the ot os C tiv Light, P h of Sanchoniatho the orus of the r c , H O phi

e s were the two mos o v ous d po t , t b i ivi

Th h r r n nities of Egypt . e ot e pe so of the triad is as common on the monu him M r. nson ca s H EM ments . Wilki ll K ,

am o on endes and o and Ch p lli , M b th

H es chius under the word H a a hk ives y , p nc g I av a stron us h the name Eéxa pcc. h e g s picion t at

i n e of zé a is the or ina of Os ris the th s am x p ig l i , ih r or N e of the Scr tures and the Sir s or S o , il ip , i u arch Sirius of Pl t .

ant . 1 Champ . P h — lib 3 . 7 . 5 . 0 I Lib . 12 . c . . . c 44 M Y H I L I N U I R Y T OLOG CA Q . agree in assuming that he is eq uiv a

en to the Pan of the Gree s the mu l t k , A n

enera or of amblichus and t a h is G t J , h t

rea a tr u e is ea the en alwarm h g t t ib t H t, g i t that assists in the continuation of th e

ar u i a n v io s species . This deity s p i ted in a s and n os ure of a red and some t i g p t , ,

imes a ue co or w his r arm t bl l , ith ight

en e u ar H e has two es c a ext d d pw ds . pe i l

em ems the one a r e bl , t ipl

on e a e um the o er th g d Fl g ll , th ,

h u The names t e Phall s . by which this deity is al ways de signated appear in the annexed

r ons The hieroglyphical insc ipti .

rs of ese w c is i en ﬁ t th , A , hi h g v ’ in Cham ollion s an t eon p P h , I

s ou read as Seth and the h ld ,

second ven M r. , B , gi by Wil Seth nson and M r . ur on as ki B t ,

s u or Seth Amun M nevi M th, ‘ Khem M thu and am nc ned to Amun , i li

him SE TH M OT or M E TI s . call , ,

The last characters can hardly mean that he

h her But as Siva is sa d to was the son of is mot . i E GY PTI AN . 45

This deity is the same as the Siva of the n ans e r es ro n and Re I di , th i D t yi g generating Power ; for be exactly coin cides w him in allhis a r u H ith tt ib tes . e is the G od of ea and enera on and H t g ti ,

e S a has his a c em em of lik iv , Ph lli bl reproduction and his triple- thonged

a e um the em em of en eance ﬂ g ll , bl v g and of the ruler of the dead upon the monu en s a e to be but a s m t , I t k light

r a on of the r den or of the axe va i ti t i t,

f H is a an a so is the o Siva. v h l B ull

ne s as is the u an a M vi , B ll N di th t Th w of i a. e oa endes as a so S v G t M , l consecrated to him as an emblem of heat and generation ; and an animal of this kind is constantly placed in one of

T r the h ands of Siva. he G eeks have taken him to be the same as Pan : and this Pan in one of the Orphic rhap “ sodies is stated to be the same as Dis)

av roduced he c aot c waters so t s t t e ma h e p t h i , hi i l y

er a s m t at em was th e Cause or P ro p h p i ply , h Kh

d cer o I sis th Chaoti c or Terr a ueous lobe . u f , e q g

- m . Anc ra . 314 . Hora ollo. Da asc . F g p 46 M Y TH L I L IN U I R Y O OG CA Q .

' or u o or u and he is den ca Pl t , M th i ti l with Priapus ; and with Serapis whose

ecu ar ea - ress the mo us or p li h d d , di

as e is a so aced u on the ead b k t, l pl p h

of ne s . In s or ere is scarce M vi h t, th ly a shade of distinction between Khem and Siva : the Egyptians venerated the

same e as the n ans in his ene d ity I di , g

ra n c arac er as em w en e ti g h t Kh , h th y

sus en e the a e um the ns rument p d d ﬂ g ll , i t

of en eance o er his r an bu t v g , v ight h d ;

in his es ro n c arac er as the ru er d t yi g h t , l

of the ea as s r s w en he aced d d , O i i , h t y pl the ﬂagellum in his hands as the tri dent is in that character placed in the

and of S a . s a resent owe er h iv I h ll p ly , h v , have occasion to make some further obser vations with respect to the original iden

of s de and the manner in w c tity thi ity, hi h he has been degraded from the high station which he occupies in the ancient

n an an and r c r a s to I di , Egypti , O phi t i d , the Typhon and Arimanes of succeeding

mes and een moreo er confoun ed ti , b v d w th ith e chaotic matter .

4 8 M Y TH OLOG ICA L I N QUI RY . are a ed a so the e s of a on and th e dd l l g Li ,

a s of the on and the rocod e w th t il Li C il , i four rms and the w n s o h of the a , i g b t Hawk and Scarabmus : and his color is

e w In o er a es we ﬁnd s m r y llo . th pl t i ila

com na ons . He was oo e u on bi ti l k d p , accor n to some as rocee n from di g , p di g Phthah : b ut be w as himself the Egyp

an r a the com oun r e anes ti t i d , p d t ipl Ph ,

and the n n r m of the Greeks I dia B ah .

In the c ass c a e the ersons of the l i g , p Egyptian triad became strangely con

A r r fused . s desc ibed f om Herodotus to

u arc t e cons s of Pl t h , h y i t

SI R IS R U S Y P H N O , HO , T O .

Of t ese R US the rea n o wer h , HO , C ti g p , was un iversally regarded as the Sun and

’ Li ht and ar cu ar the ummer s su g , p ti l ly S n , and me a s ca as I ntelle t H t phy i lly, c . e was represented as the infant son of Osiris : of which legend Plutarch gives us a varia

on a Aroeris or the e er oru ti th t , ld H s , was the son of the tw ns s s and s r s i , I i O i i , begotten before they themselves were

orn and orn w em and b , b ith th Typhon 9 E GY PTIA N . 4 and Nephthys at a birth His color ‘ was w e and his s m o c an ma hit , y b li i l was common the aw but some ly H k ,

‘ mes the on or the C at and ons ti Li ,1 li were placed under his throne zjlj and at

emm s a r e a ar was ded ca e Ch i , t ipl lt i t d

him a n to lo e. § Julius Firmicus addresses him as the father and mother of all: ﬂ and he was sometimes depicted as a Pria

ean ure as the enera or sca er n p ﬁg , g t ,1[ tt i g the seeds of enera on and r n n to g ti , b i gi g light the sea and land : an d under the c arac er of ar ocra es he was re re h t H p t , p sented as the Sun sitting in a lotus on the surface of the waters . He is evi dautly the same as Brahma Phanes and

Phthah .

The preserving power OSIR I S was

ut. Is . s r Os . I . H ra ll Pl 1 o po o .

I . ll II H . 1 . I Horapo o. . erod 59 II Tu omnium pater pariter et mater : Tu tibi d Li li m . a b. M h s 1 1 . at e . 5 pater ac ﬁ us . 5 .

us I Suidas P riap . L L I N UI R Y 50 M Y TH O OG I CA Q . re arded as the c ef e res d n g hi d ity, p i i g ‘ o er the wor d . e a s ca he v l M t phy i lly,

" re resen s a n e ec or. Sou of p t th t I t ll t,1 l

the wor d w c is the ower of ood l , hi h P g ,

he r nce and u er of all ood t n t P i R l g hi gs .

s ca he was the Air and the Phy i lly , ,

e or the r nc e of um d Nil , P i ipl H i ity in enera w c is ew se affirmed g l , hi h lik i

Sallustius His co or was ac by gl: l bl k ,§ and the animal sacred to him was more es ec a the aw and he was the p i lly H k, "

h ar Sun . T us f he is identical with Kneph at other times he is confounded w h But h m it Horus . e is ore constantly

den ed as an nferna de w i tiﬁ i l ity, ith

S a s or u o as n of the ower er pi Pl t , ki g l re ons and the sou and as the de gi th ,“

' — H r d . ut. A O ut. I O e o o s et s . Pl 1 Y C. Pl . I D 4 . ut. s e . De iis c . . t Os I , 5 Pl

— — i m. . S c . ass Plut B iod . P i

' va i a wohﬁ An ll 53 N6r ow li f ep E poq e. — b" ant 15 d r h r (E a . 8 d c e . d J . ticli es cite by Ki P h .

utarc sa s that the ower of the air was Pl h y , p by some ca e Os r s others Sera s ot ers ll d i i , by pi , by h

Sothi in the E t an ton ue . , gyp i g 1 E GY PTI AN . 5

” clin in g year and PlutarchTevidently regards him as the Khem of the monu men s w ere he sa s a he is e er t , h y , th t v y where exhibited in Egyp t with the Phal lic em em of enera on and c ad in a bl g ti , l

ame- co ored ro e and was es eemed ﬂ l b , t that intelligible substance of which the Sun w as deemed the body and visible

art utarc s a es moreo er ha p }: Pl h t t , v , t t his name was not s r s but r s or O i i , Si i ,

r us and a he was a so denom n Si i , th t l i ated Ompba ;§ and was in his opin ion the same w t Sera s and was som i h pi , by e called Sothi z§ but Diodorus Siculus ll sa s at some ca ed t s a c de y , th ll hi Ph lli ity

' Ith hallus but o ers c on up , th Ty h . 1" PM

s r s di n r n O reci v an i ﬁdem a ume tatur . i i i " g

Tertull. cit. a . ant 154 . J bl P h .

1 18 . et Os . 1 For this reason h e strangely condemns the o inion wh ch in his da ascri ed the o e of p , i y b gl b

th Sun to T on . Is et Os . e yph s Plut. .

His t. iv. 0 . 1T In this passage Clemens cites the name Ty

on ph . 52 M Y T HOLOGI CA L I N QUIR Y . lanicus as serts a his name as ro th t , p * h r s w i nounced t e es as Ys ris . by p i t ,

TY PH ON is the destroying principle.

‘ His proper name is Seth xi He is also ca e Smu and accord n to ane o ll d , , i g M th , Bebou ; all which terms are indicative of ower and es ruc on and m ed P , D t ti , I p i

‘ ment : 1 and he was considered the irra

‘ tional ar of the ou . s ca p t S l 1 Phy i lly , he is re ea or an n er Fi , H t, y thi g Fi y and some he was re arded as the by , g

O rb of the Sun an o n on curren in , pi i t the me of u arc but w c a ti Pl t h , hi h th t

r n r H autho condem s as hete odox . e was also esteemed the His color was and his vahan was the B ull ; but in later times the Hippopotamus and

Crocodile were en him as em ems T giv bl . All the three powers were regarded

as the Sun w c accor n to acro , hi h , di g M bius was in the u er re ions de c ed ,:lj pp g pi t d i r an n the ower ue . b ight, l bl The con fusion among the classical

H ellanicus . a a 152 . p . J bl .

ut. Is . et Os I Sat c . 19 1 Pl . 1 . . . Y I N 53 E G PT A .

' writers has arisen from ignorance and m c n n u a en r efore is o ceptio . Abo t c tu y b Herodotus a great reformation had taken

ace in w c the ers an doc r ne of pl , hi h P i t i two nde enden owers a ood and i p t p , g evil r nc e had een ended w t p i ipl , b bl i h the ancient theology : and hence it hap

ened a one of the ree rea owers p , th t th g t p ,

amon some na ons ecame de rade g ti , b g d

nto an emon as Arimanes and i Evil D ,

on and o ers amon w om Typh ; by th , g h must be reckoned the philosophers of

reece was confounde w the ao G , d ith Ch tic

ma er to w ose er ers from P tt ; h p v ity , y

tha oras downwards t e a r u ed the g , h y tt ib t

But the fur r w origin of evil . the e go

c n o an u the more res ec a e ba k i t tiq ity, p t bl

does the en n or es ro n and Av gi g, D t yi g,

- u n ower a ear In he Re prod ci g p pp . t

nd an and anc en an s s ems I i i t Egypti y t , Siva and Khem exhibit the most accu

r te resem ance of eac o er and are a bl h th ,

h re d n each one of t e th e great ivi ities .

In the r c a ain he is e s ounse O phi g M ti , C l,

w r in the a s rac and the Re or Po e b t t, 54 TH I N I Y M Y OLOGI CAL QU R .

n r n d To e a n fu the ge e ati g eity . xpl i lly strange confusion that occurs in the

t an m o o of the ower a e Egyp i yth l gy l g , we must attend to another importan t c rcumstan e In an ear a e of Pa i c . ly g

anism occurred a o en sc sm w ch g vi l t hi , hi divided all the worshippers of idols

n o two rea contend n ar es w c i t g t i g p ti , hi h are s e s n in n a and are we till xi ti g I di , ll

now n under the names of a s na as k V i h v , ‘ an The a s na a w th d Saivas . V i h v s ere e wors ers of s nu or Kne h w om hipp Vi h p , h

e re ar e as the c ef e w e th y g d d hi d ity , hil they considered B rahma and Siva as inferior : while the Saivas esteemed Siva

as the c ef and ra ma and s nu as hi , B h Vi h subordinate and in every heathen nation a preference was in time given to the worship of the one of these deities over

the o er or the nat on w as e th , i divid d

e w en h wo r r m b t e t e t pa ties . F o a pas sa e in u arc a the n a an s f g Pl t h , th t i h bit t o the e a wors ed Kne h a one Th b id hipp p l ,

’ — ’ S e M r . r s o r M r e Fabe Id lat y . oo s Pan

- t eon . As . R es . ass m h p i .

56 M Y TH OLOGI CA L I N QUI R Y . thus united the divine attributes of Khem and Kneph in their Osiris or

era s t e a e to on as an S pi } h y g v Typh , e ower ose or na a tr utes of vil p , th igi l t ib

em a is en eance Re r u on Kh , th t , V g , t ib ti , ’ ower ea a es and the un s orb P , H t, H d , S , which they deemed inconsistent with the c arac er of s r Nor is s un on of h t O i is . thi i the characters of Kneph and Khem sin gular : for the very same union of the characters of Vishn u and Siva took place about the very same time among the In

‘ ans in t e r rea do Ja anath di , h i g t i l g , 1 who is st l re arded as a common e i l g d ity, in whose worship every sect and every

a e of n an un e c st I di s it . I mu st here advert also to the simi larit and confus on w c re a s in y i hi h p v il ,

The attr utes of Phthah Socari as the H awk ib ,

ea ed e t are a so tracea e . The name Os r h d d i y , l bl i is is commonly by Indian mythologists derived from

Is wara or I ora a common name of Siva. The x , re is evidently some connexion . t Jaganath is described by M oor as Krishna or

Vishnu ; by M aurice as Siva. The characters

P . . 482 . were united . Sec II ag Id Y T N 57 E G P I A .

all the s stems we a e examined y h v , between the creative and destroying

owers the res ec e r nc es of p , p tiv p i ipl light

and ea w c ar ses not from the h t, hi h i ,

m d cr on of au ors noran of is es ipti th , ig t

the d s nc ons as in the c assic a e but i ti ti , l g , A i from the subject itself. s n Egypt Khem

an Phthah are ot Pria man ods d b h p g , and have the emblems of generation : so

in nd a S a is esteemed not mere I i , iv , ly

the des ro n but the re roduc n or t yi g, p i g

enera n ower as we as ra ma g ti g p , ll B h

to un f r M acco o w c r . oor ob t hi h , M

ser es a in na ura enomena the v , th t, t l ph , destruction of one form is but reproduc

t n in no r io a ther. So also the e is a con

fus on e ween the vahans as we i b t , ll as

e ween the co ors of ra ma and S a b t l B h iv .

has arisen from the su ec se f for It bj t it l , phys ically it is not easy to draw the

s nc on e ween or to de ne the di ti ti b t , ﬁ

‘ a tr u es of ea and . In e t ib t , H t Light lik manner the Vulcan of the Latins may be identiﬁed with the Phthah of the

ans and w the u o as we l Egypti , ith Pl t , l 58 M Y TH O LOGICA L IN QU IR Y . as with the Hephmstus of the Greeks .

a n we a e e une the de t of Ag i , h v N pt , i y the ocean the same w the nd an , ith I i

a ar cu arl in his form of ar una Siv , p ti l y V , and o ear n the r en the em b th b i g t id t,

em of es ruc on but in the E bl d t ti , gyp t an the ocean is re resen e T i , p t d by y

on as the an a on s of s r s and ph , t g i t O i i , h as an nferna od . Yet notwit stand i l g , in all s a aren confus on here g thi pp t i , t was or na a c ear d s nc on w c igi lly l i ti ti , hi h w ill appear more fully as we proceed in

our nduc on i ti .

e to the an we ma a e N xt Egypti , y t k

up the Syrian fragments . According to ‘ osc us the t nicians e d t a M h , h l , h t ,

from the H E R and Air was roduced ET , p

the n e e od ULO M U S in w ose I t lligibl g , , h name perhaps we may trace the ancien t

‘ f A M And s co nc des w name o U . 1 thi i i ith

the n mat on in use us ha the i ti i E bi , t t

mes Anc . ra . 319. Da . F g

r a s however it ma be s m the 1 P e h p , , y i ply

ord c h s n f n the Eterna . w m, ig i yi g l sY R IA N . 59

Kne h of the ans from w om p Egypti , h

Phth ah roceeded was the A at p , g ho daemon of the t nicians rom U . F lo mus was roduce C a usoaus ro a p d , p b bly the mun R a f the A o Egyptians. San chon iatho also informs us that they wor ‘ s e lu o under the name of M hipp d P t UTII .

Photius ew se s a es a the aan Tlik i t t , th t Ph i cian an d Syrian Kronus was known under th n f e ames o ,

' E L, BE L , BOL A rIIE N .

The S don ans accord n to Eudemus i i , i g ,

ace efore all n s pl d b thi g ,

C II R ON Us TH S OM ICH LES , PO O , , w c Damascius rans a es as hi h t l t , but whom I take to be no other than the

Khem Phthah and mun Kne h J: , A p h n of t e Egyptia s.

r . 15 . Anc. F ag

» h in Damascium . 1 Bibliot ec . ’ I See Sanch oniatho s Egypto - Phosnician his

of Kronus so evidentl dentiﬁed with Ham tory , y i ,

of Noa as an avatar of em. Anc . th e son h , Kh

Frag . 60 M Y TH OLOGICAL I N QU I RY .

The rea de of the r ans was g t ity Ty i ,

Arcles the erac es r ercu es of th e , H l o H l ‘ r r Greeks . This He acles was a t iple d n and is descr ed Hieron ivi ity, ib by y mus and Hellanicus as a ra on w h T D g , it the ea s of a u of a on and of a h d B ll, Li ,

M an w w n s T s the r c , ith i g . o thi O phi fra men reser ed Athena oras g t, p v by g , jl: ad er s w c s a es a a er was v t , hi h t t , th t W t the r me a r nc e and from its p i v l p i ipl , su s en e LOS w c he rans a es as b id c I , hi h t l t

M ud roceeded and from ese s run , p , th p g a Ser en an ma con o ned w the p t i l , j i ith

ea of a on in the m s of w ch h d Li , id t hi was the countenance of the God Hera c es or Kr nu The an H r l o s . Egypti e cules is said by Plutarch to be placed

in the Sun w orus Some fur er ith H . th allusion to the Phoenician triad I be lieve is traceable i n the three sons of

Genus en Sanchoniatho as , giv by , §

re and ame Fi , Light, Fl ,

H r » d . . e o Dam n . es A c . 312 1 Frag .

L . 1 . An . 6 . e 7 c . a 1 g p. Fr g SY R I N A . 6 1 as this Genus was the son of Protogo n r Ph h h us o t a .

mon the PhilIstines a so we ﬁnd A g l ,

e r c ef od a on who is the th i hi g D g ,

uranus of Sanchon iatho a a O . It ppe rs also that Baal was a triple Divinity w e emos the abom na on of th hil Ch h , i ti e

oa es and aa eor of the d M bit , B l P , Mi i ans seem to be the Pria aean em of , p Kh

the od of Hea and en era on . Egypt, g t g ti

The dessenes a so e d the r a and E l h l t i d , placed M onimus and Azizus as contem

h Sun plars with t e .

Proceeding eastward— of the ancient

' a ean earn n we a e but few Ch ld l i g, h v

remans ou rus a the me i , th gh I t t th t ti is not far distant when modern enter prize and ingenu ity will open to us the numerous inscriptions still existing

in the a ns of S nar The a pl i hi . B by

“ on ans sa s e the l i , y lik

aa Shilishi or the Tri e aa II in s B l , pl B l , K g ,

i Anc . ra . 313. v.42 . 1 F g 62 M Y TH O LOG ICAL I N QUI R Y . res of the ar ar ans ass o er in t B b i , p v silence the One Principle of the uni h erse and t e cons u e two Tauthe v , y tit t , and A ason ma n A ason the bus p , ki g p

and of Tauthe and ma n her the b , ki g mo er f the And from ese th o Gods . th

roceeds an on e o en son M o p ly b g tt , y ‘ mis w c he conce es to be no o er , hi h iv th

an the n e e wor roceed n th i t lligibl ld , p i g from the two principles ; and this ap t m e pears o be the sa e as Phan s .

Of the a ean t a orean and Ch ld , Py h g ,

a a s c heor es u on the num ers C b li ti t i p b , I s a ere a e no no ce fur er t an t h ll h t k ti , th h o men on a eac of ese sec s set ti , th t h th t apart the three ﬁrst of the ten in tegers under peculiar names to represent three of the rea a r u es of the e as g t tt ib t D ity , a triad ; while the other seven integers were also held to be mysteriously en dowed .

In this we may probably recognize again th e sacred AUM ro n the C al ean reﬁ M si , d ppi g h d p x , g n if in From y g .

64 M Y TH O LOGI CA L I N QUI R Y .

had once een it b ,

Air re Sun , Fi , , and to t s e ten and in s mere out hi x t , thi

ne of the oc r ne e e e we ma li d t i , I b li v y re but the a er la on s s e er ly by l tt P t i t , v y scrap of ancient theology was bent to

c mm t n a co odate it o their ow system .

The same doctrine is held in all the fragments of the Persian system which have come down to us . According to

he enda es under the n ame of t Z v t,

ER U N E or me w ou oun s Z O A , Ti ith t b d , the Persians recognized a ﬁrst and ori “ m m R M UZ D nd ginal being. Fro hi O a

H R I M N roceeded eac n e endent A A p , h i d p

rmu is the e of the other . O zd b ing essen a ood the cause of all ood ti lly g , g ,

nd n in rime a i hr man a livi g p v l l ght . A i was or na oo b t a sed from igi lly g d , u l p envy of Ormuzd .

u arc s a es a OR O M A SDEs and Pl t h t t , th t

’ ndavest and oun Deh sh Se n s Ze B e . e Duperro n Translatio . PE R sI AN . 65

ARI M A N E s were the two ruling princi

es o osed to eac o er in cease e pl , pp h th l ss conﬂict ; and werethe good and evil prin

i l r e c p e espectiv ly . They sprung from li ht and dar kness w c of all n g , hi h thi gs mo r em cc r they st es bled . A o ding to Eudemusf they proceeded from Place or

romasd was re rd t Time. O es ga ed as he

‘ w o e e anse of ea en and the h l xp H v ,1 by

en e w H Greeks id tiﬁ d ith Zeus . 1: e was esteemed the P reserver ; and Ari

manes the Destro er . e ween em , y B t th was ace M ITuR As the ed a or pl d ,§ M i t ,“ who was re arded as the Sun as Li ht g , g , as I ntellect and as the ma er and ene , k g rato r of all things ﬁT He was a triple d n and was a so sa d to a e tri ivi ity , l i h v

Anc . a . 319. Dam . Fr g

rod . stat s t at the Zeus of the ers ans 1 He e , h P i

— was so re arded I . c . l3l . Stra . g , , XV b

1 Arist.

. s t Os . Pl ut do I . e

— ut. Ih Zendav . Jescht de M thra III . Pl . i ,

rron 2 13. Du Pe ,

n r m . II Porphyr . do A t o Ny p 66 M Y TH O LOG ICA L I N QUIRY .

‘ d m f To him of all ani e se . plicat hi l , ma s the on was consecrated and in l , Li ; his honour were institu ted the Leontine m er es in w c the Sun was re re yst i , hi h p

t d th em ems of the u the sen e by e bl B ll,

n and the aw un ed . Lio , H k , it 1 There is a passage preserved by E use bius of the ers an oroas er in w c ,I P i Z t , hi h the chief deity of the Persians is repre

n ed in all the a r u es of ern se t tt ib t Et ity , an ower and sdom but w the d P , Wi , ith

w tr b a m head of a Ha k . S a o lso entions a ers an od who is ca ed mann s or P i g , ll A ,

Oman us w c has occas oned some ,§ hi h i

n u r amon an uar ans to ascer a n i q i y g tiq i , t i to which ofthe Persian deities the title is

In the end h a ca e . a es t e n a ppli bl Z v t, me

rans a ed rmu d is a wa s w r n t l t O z , l y itte

Anhouma and wou d su est t t , I l gg ha

— Don Areo . E 7 Is at Os . s . . Plut. do . i y p p .

. V D . Abst. 16 . 1 Porphyr de Ant I . e — 2 I Pr. E v . I. Anc . Fr . 39. ’ “ a Stra o . . O a w¢i or p rk , b , lib xi p c,

mic, lb. xi. PE R sI A N . 67

ese names are den ca and the same th i ti l , as Aum and mun the un ersal of A , iv ity whose divinity seems also to be alluded to in the following verses of Lucan

uarnvis E thio um o ulis Arabum ue Me Q p p p , q tis ‘ Gent us at ue Indis unns sit u iter Amm . ib , q , J p on

The same doctrine was un iversally pre

n vale t among allthe more eastern nations .

mon the nese from Tao the A g Chi , , so ere n ncor orea reason s run two v ig i p l , p g

e n s or as some rans a e it s run a b i g , , t l t , p g second from w c roceeded ree who , hi h p th , created all things ; and their sacred

ra on is a com oun of a r a w l d g p d bi d , i d

eas t and a ser en . The same ma b , p t y be raced amon the S amese the Bur t g i , mese and in the s ands of a an amon , i l J p , g several of whom the Bull appears as a

es ro n ower a em n to rea D t yi g p , tt pti g b k the mundane egg.

e urn n to the es we ﬁ nd the R t i g W t, s ame doc r nes amon the ermans in t i g G ,

Lucan . , lib . ix 6 8 M Y TH OLOGI CA L I N QUI R Y . the dda amon the a anders and E , g L pl , h among t e Celts . “ ac us sa s a the od Tuisto and T it y , th t g his son annus were the founders of the M ,

erman na on and a annus had G ti , th t M

re on from w om the fferent tr bes th e s s, h di i

he men ons er ed e r names . ti , d iv th i

In the ancien da of Sasmund the t Ed , chief god of the Scandinavian nations is

Od n and the mos renowned of his i , t sons is or the od of under armed Th , g Th , w hi ce e rate ammer hese are ith s l b d h . T the two rea o s in cons an o r on g t g d t t pe ati .

But in the as catas ro e ca led th l t t ph , l e

Twili ht the ods w en e all er s g of g , h th y p i h , together w ith the evil demons who have o osed em ano er E I N who pp th , th B G, had

“ not a eared efore the owerfu the pp b , p l ,

a an he who o erns all h n s v li t, g v t i g , comes forth from his lofty abodes to

o a e the wor and to render ren v t ld , divine j ustice : and he establishes the sacred

De M or. Germ. S N DI N I A N 69 CA AV .

n d re f r r des es w c s a en u o e e . ti i , hi h h ll v

In the dda of Snorro IN rm E , OD , V , and V E who are cons dered as the , i res pec tive gods of Ether Light and

re ' the ru ers and reser ers of the Fi , 1 l p v wor d are s a d to be the sons o B e f ox. l , t t The three sons of Bor are also men tioned in the more ancient Edda of

Smmund as d n Hmmur and odur , O i , , L , the crea ors who w en e crea ed the t , , h th y t

rs ma e and fema e Ase and Emblo ﬁ t l l , ,

ave res ec e din the fe Hmmur g p tiv ly , O li , h t e reason and odur t e ood . h , L bl The Laplanders wors hipped the Su

reme as Juma a and aced ree ods p l , pl th g subo rdinate to him The ﬁrst was the ce e ra e or of the dda the second l b t d Th E ; ,

r unk are his ce erent who dis Sto j , vi g ,

enses ess n s to man nd and was p bl i g ki , their common household god ; and the

d was Be we who is the Sun . thir y ,

’ — a s o ut er s H r . E dda Seem See l B l o Bib .

1 Edda Snor. 70 M Y TH OL OGI CAL I N QUI R Y .

If from the Scandina an r es we vi t ib , proceed to examine the tradition of ano

er ar e but er d ss m ar fam of th l g , v y i i il ily the or and es we ﬁ nd the fo ow N th W t, ll ing very curious metaphysical theology W among the Druids in ales .

To er e ua e rad on the ru ds p p t t t iti , D i used cer a n r ca ed sen ences w c t i t ipli t t , hi h are called the Triads; in which they set forth every thing relating to their reli

on stor and sc ence t at the same gi , hi y , i , h m be comm ed to memor and ight itt y , hande own w reater ease The d d ith g . theological triads are as follows

. ere are ree r me a n es I Th th p i v l U iti , and more an one of eac canno e s th h t xi t,

One God

One Truth ; and

One o n of er w ere all 0 P i t lib ty, h p it pos es equiponderate.

ee n s r ed from t II . Thr thi g p oce he

ree r me al un es th p i v iti ,

of fe All Li , All that is Good and

72 M Y TH OLOG I CA L I N QUI RY .

But it is not among the civilized na

ons nor u on the anc en con nen ti , p i t ti t a one a we ﬁnd ese fundamen a l , th t th t l

ene s e a ea e ua amon the t t . Th y pp r q lly g

ar ar ans of the Old and amon the b b i , g savages of the New World . The Peruvians worshipped a Supreme

a ed V R A COC A He was n wn od c I H . o g , ll k to them also by the names of Pacha camac Sou of the wor Usa u a m l ld , p d i

ra e and a ar e of o er names . As bl , v i ty th he was not s e e erec ed to him vi ibl , th y t no em es no offer to him an sa r t pl , r ed y c i

ﬁ ces but e worsh ed him in r , th y ipp thei own hearts ; and esteemed him as an n u ‘ nown God . The Sun owe er was k , h v , the great obj ect of their worship : and

at the rea festival w en cer g t , T h tain bloody and consec rated bread was de

‘ ’ - — Ac a a r . os t . F be See also M Culloh s R e searc es the work of an Amer can ent em n o h , i g l a , t o t e k nown in t s un li tl hi co try .

Acosta N at. and M or . H st. 4 1 1 . Herr 1 , i era, ‘ 34 M ll. 83 iv . 8. Cu 3 . PeR Uv IAN . 73

voutl ea en the eo e e xhi y t by p pl , th y e

ed t ree s atues of the Sun a of bit h t , e ch

w c had a ar cular name w c as hi h p ti , hi h ,

ransla d Herrera wer r t te by , e espectively

a er and ord Sun Son Sun and F th L , ,

ro er Sun . He sa s moreo er t at B th y , v , h

at Chucuisaca e wors ed an do , th y hipp i l ca ed an a an a w ch e sa d ll T g t g , hi , th y i ,

n was three in o e.

From a comparison of all the preced

in assa es we ﬁnd tha the Hea en g p g , , t th system universally recogmzed a triad of d e rsons and ou here is muc ivin pe , th gh t h c nfus on res ec n some o n s the fol o i p ti g p i t ,

ar lowing are perfectly cle . The FI RST of these great powers is

u Kne h Oromasdes eus or Vishn , p , , Z ,

r w c are e den names of Jupite , hi h vi tly one and the same deity . He is the PR E

SE R I N ower the E rica aaus I FE or V G p , p , L ,

- I E R in the r c and the a er LI PE G Y O phi , F th

a dean r ads and s ca in the Ch l t i , phy i lly

H E R I L P WE R the S ir Air the ET A O , p it, , 74 M Y TH OLOGI CA L I N QU IR Y .

The t er or r nc e of um . E h , P i ipl H idity co or w w c he was a n ed if at l ith hi h p i t ,

all was dee LUE or ac . He is , p B , bl k

den ed w the S UN and if we re i tiﬁ ith ; ,

t the ar a ons and re a n on the s i j v i ti , t i ly milarities we ma sa a the G LE , y y , th t EA or Hawk was regarded as his especial

n o en n Vaha r att da t .

rom him or in some of the eo o es F , th l gi , from him and the aos roceede a Ch , p d

SE N e who is ra ma Phthah CO D d ity, B h , ,

orus o os ros anes o o or H , P th , E , Ph , Ap ll ,

t ras the R E I VE ow er who ro Mi h , C AT p , p ceeded from the former to reorganize the w r His d s n u s n s a o ld . i ti g i hi g phy ic l cha racter is I H and as suc he is re re L G T ; h , p sented as breaking forth from the Etherial

r nc e and a a n as a c s r n n p i ipl , g i hild p i gi g in a o us from the na e of s nu or as l t v l Vi h ,

e n orn from an E de os e u on b i g b gg, p it d p

aot c wa ers or sa n on e r the Ch i t , ili g th i

urface in a oat a cu or oa n s an : s b , p, ﬂ ti g i l d

His meta s ca a r u e is N E L LE phy i l tt ib t I T CT ,

His co or is VVII ITE or e ow or Love. l , y ll Y 75 M Y TH OLOG I CA L I N QUI R . an d h e is more ar cu ar and es e p ti l ly, p

c iall den e w the SUN . He is the y , i tiﬁ d ith

same w on sus or acc us . His ith Di y , B h

Vahan or a endan is ess c ear asoer , tt t , l l ly t i h h a ned an t e o ers . In t e nd an is th th I i , it

h n t e S w a or oose . In the ers n S , G P ia , y ‘ r an and ss r an is the I N as i , A y i , it L O , we as in some of the an forms ll Egypti , though the Egyptians gave to him se

era o er an ma s ar cu ar the v l th i l , p ti l ly Hawk and Scarab aaus : an d in the Or

hi an d Gree is a tr e com na n o . p c k, it ipl bi ti

In the ers an s s em w c had n P i y t , hi h bee more ar cu ar reformed s de p ti l ly , thi ity was es eemed the ed a or t M i t .

The TH I R is a u o Sera s D Siv , Pl t , pi ,

u em en es Arimanes or T M th , Kh , M d , , y

H is h E phon . e t e D STROY I N G A N D B E

R U I N or enera n r nc e th P OD C G G ti g p i ipl , e

et s of the r c the M 6t of anc M i O phi , S ho

Lions were placed under the throne of the

tian H orns and of the S r an and Ass ri n p , y i y — Ad onis and Adad . Hora ollo ausan as M a p , P i , c ius rob . 76 M Y TH L I L I N UIR Y O OG CA Q . niatho . He is regarded physically as

IR E A N D HE T and he was the O R B O P F A ,

TH E SUN meta s ca he was WE R phy i lly , PO

I Hi i m n and J UST CE . s col or s co mo ly

R E D ou S a is some mes w te . , th gh iv ti hi

His a an or a endan is the U LL . v h , tt t, B How he came into existence is not men tioned in any of the systems we have

roduced . the Sa a sec s he was p By iv t , es eemed the rs r me a r nc e and t ﬁ t p i v l p i ipl , by many as the original producer of the

aos . In rocess of me owe er he Ch p ti , h v , underwent the most singular transform a

on and was re ar ed as the r nc e ti , g d p i ipl

of Evil . He was also esteemed the

E N . In the catastro es w c OC A ph , hi h were supposed periodically to destroy the

art the des ro n r nc e was con E h , t yi g p i ipl

sidered to a ear a erna e as ood and pp lt t ly , ﬂ ‘ ﬁ re I th a o o t e . n e las t c tastr phe f h de

u e he a eared as the ocean w c l g , pp , hi h ,

B r S n N Ar e ossus . e eca 3. at. uest. 29 st t e , Q , i o l

and man aut Cens r n us Se y hors cited by o i . e also

a . the authorities collected by M r . F ber M Y H L I L N IR Y 7 T O OG CA I QU . 7 according to a received opinion of the anc en s roceeded from the c n re f i t , p e t o “ the ear and re red to a a n. And th , ti it g i

ence we ﬁnd a the des ro n ower h , th t t yi g p ,

ou ro er re is in e er m tho th gh p p ly Fi , v y y

o so me imes re arde as the ocean l gy t g d , and in that respect his residence was

teeme the cen re of the ear ha is es d t th , t t , a co rd n to the r s o e an s s em the c i g A i t t li y t ,

n re of the n erse . As re the ce t U iv Fi , u ma e es ro er he a ears to ave lti t d t y , pp h been originally regarded as the orb of the Sun and cen re of the n erse ao , t U iv

ord n to the o ern can s stem w c c i g C p i y , hi h there is much reason to suppose had

n re a ed But when th origi ally p v il . e true s s em ecame o scure and os be a y t b b d l t, p pears still to have maintained his central

os on re ar ed the oe s as ades p iti , g d by p t H , but by the philosophers as a vivifying

ﬁ re concen red in the ear . ,T t th

S r Lucian De Dea y ia . cur ous ssertation of r Ta or n 1 See th e i di M . yl o

assa e in A sto who states the octrin the p g ri tle, d e 78 M Y TH OLOGI CA L I N QU IRY .

These three were the distinct persons or forms of the Heathen triad : but they were not exactly separate gods ; for they

were eac of hem the Sun the um h t , A

and ra m of the nd ans t i e Amun B h I i ,

and mun Ra of the ans and the A Egypti ,

a of the n ermed a e n n Bu Ba l i t i t atio s . t it was not the or b of the Sun that was

wors ed but was the Sun re a ded hipp , it g r

as the ou of the wor and as a s r S l ld , ola

r ad in ree d s n c ersons forms or t i th i ti t p , ,

cond ons w c were s ca iti ; hi h phy i lly ,

the blue the white and the red

TH ER I H O RB O F IR E E , L G T, F ,

who were re arde res ec e as the g d p tiv ly ,

R E SE R E R R E R E S R Y E R P V , C ATO , D T O

A N D E R DU E R R P O C , and meta s ca as the phy i lly ,

’ ‘ ' ' of Pythagoras as E 1ri p ev yap f oii peo'ov wiip ei va i ' ' a ¢n v r r 83 i v i v r tvv d or a w odo u r ninth ¢ , n y i , p , ? ' ' , ' ' e o ew v m lr d eeo y 3" l re xa i i e a v word y . d p p p p p , mp For they say that Fire is in the middle ; and t at the earth e n one of th e stars and circ u h , b i g , larl mov n a out th e m dd e mak es da and y i g b i l , y "

De Carlo . c 3. n t. . 1 igh , ii

80 M Y TH OLOGICA L IN QUI RY . of the more re ned and meta s ca ﬁ phy i l , as the

Erica asus anes and e s p , Ph , M ti of the r w h n O phic . This as t e Amu R a of the ans who assumed to him Egypti , se f the em ems and roceeded in the l bl , p forms of

mun mun mun e A A A S th ,

Kne h Phthah or Sothi p , , he was also the triple Brahm of the Indians the triple Mithras of the Persians the triple Hercules of Tyre and the r une an a an a t i T g t g ,

the at er Son Son Sun and F h , , B rother Sun of the Peruvians

owers the Li e or E motions the I ntellec t p , f , , and the Will or P ower of act on in analo i , gy to t r e ersons of the So ar Tr a the h e p l i d .

W th res ect to the E t an names I av i p gyp i , h e no dou t the fo ow n were of H e rew ori in al b ll i g b g , NPhH S irit or breat as Nef “ mt AU ma: , p h , ; R

Li ht as Horus and " no SDI or soft as SThI g , ; , , or as the Masorites oint it Shaddai s n f n , p , , ig i yi g

- all owerful or Almi t as Sothi or Seth . p , gh y, H Y THOLOGICA L IN QUI R Y . 8 1

and the de to w om the r e com ity, h t ipl

ound a an of the a e the on and p v h E gl , Li , the B w u as ori na ns ra . ll , gi lly co ec ted

Clear as the preceding induction may

a ear us far we now mee w pp th , t ith a d fﬁ h cu . a ra ma Phthah or i lty , viz t t B h , ,

P anes was in all the s s ems re arded h , y t g as the Son of the er a r nc e and Eth i l p i ipl , at the same time as himself the Triad ; which appears in some meas ure at va ri the reced n con lu ance w ith p i g c sion .

But if w e urn to the cr ures we t S ipt , shall ﬁnd that which will throw light u on e er ar and reduce to or er p v y p t, d e r ma ve y ano ly . From the widely dispersed traditions u on th e su ec is man fes a t e p bj t, it i t, th t h circumstances of the Creation and of the Deluge were well known to all mankin d previously to the dispersion : and the writings of Moses give to the chosen

eo e not so muc a new re e a on as p pl , h v l ti , a led au en ca ed and ns red detai , th ti t , i pi G 82 M Y TH OLOGICA L I N QUIR Y . a coun of c rcumstances w c had c t i , hi h

en ecome ar a o scured t me th b p ti lly b by i , Th and abused by superstition . e for m

ess wa er aos and the t er a sub l t y Ch , E h i l

ance of the ea ens enfo n and st h v , ldi g pass ing over its surface as a mighty w nd are the rs r nc es o of the i , ﬁ t p i ipl b th sacred and profane cosmogonies . By

oses e are rec a med as the ma e M th y l i , t rials created by the immediate agency of a superior Almighty Power : but H ea thenism was a an e s c s stem and P th i ti y ,

the en es e were re arded as by G til , th y g two primeval principles of the nature of

a e and ema e as nd and a er M l F l , Mi M tt ,

w c had n e en en e s ed f hi h i d p d tly xi t , o

emse es from alle ern and w th lv , t ity ; , hich

efore the reor an a on of a new wor b g iz ti ld ,

la mo on ess as a wa er aos y ti l , t y Ch ,

ound ess and w ou form o er w b l ith t , v hic h

the er un in dar ness as the an Eth h g k ,

n n or re us of the oe s cie t ight, E b p t b ut

w c u on the reor an a on of th hi h , p g iz ti e

r d were e d to cons u e in m s wo l , h l tit t , y tic M Y TH OLOGICA L IN QUIRY . 83 un on the rea erma rod c de of i , g t H ph iti ity the ea ens the One the Un erse H th , , iv

e f its l . The ﬁrst Operation which occurred accord n to the Sacred s or an was i g hi t i , , And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the wa ers and God sa Let t ; id , ” r nd ere w e e be a as . th Light, th Light

Bu t accor n to the ea en accounts di g h th , from the dar er w c la mot on k Eth , hi h y i

es s a o e the aos the s run l b v Ch , Light p g forth ; and the Chaos assumed under its

a s c ower the form of an E or pl ti P , gg, h G o e . s was t e ra ma l b Thi light B h ,

h anes orus Phthah or ras of P , H , , Mith ,

a ns And has n w th e He the . it bee ell su es ed man of the old wr ters gg t , by y i , that the meaning of the Hebrew passage is a God cause the o er an n , th t d v h gi g

E t er or m x ure of all the er a h , i t Eth i l

Erebus signiﬁes E vening and M ix ture ; and is so a ed in Sancho iatho : and n ee it si ppli n , i d d , g n iﬁed the dark etherial mixture in allthe Heathen

s s Theologi t . 84 M Y H L G I L I N UI R Y T O O CA Q . elements to assume a mo ion c rcu atin t , i l g round the c aot c mass and a f h i , th t rom

s mo on the was not cr t thi ti , Light ea ed, but. beamed forth ; and was used by the C reator as the material instru men w c his su se ue t t, by hi h b q n opera

ons were carr ed n o execut on ti i i t i , and the earth arranged in all its forms and eau b ty .

We are en ns ruc ed a in th th i t t , th t e

Hea ens was set a a ernac e for the sun v t b l ,

r so ar u d from w c encefort o l ﬂ i , hi h it th h

from n r I proceeded as a ce t e. n the

ea en a coun s the anes who had H th c t , Ph , hitherto appeared but in the character of ecomes the Sun the sou and Light, b , l ,

r f the wor d w c w e th rule o l ; hi h , hil e

n n er w as assed o er accor a cie t Eth p v , d

to some s s ems in s en med a ing y t , il t it

on was the rea o ec of the ea en ti , g t bj t H th

r and was enera ed in the tr wo ship, v t iple

a a of re at its orb of ro c p city Fi , Light p ceedin from and of S r or er g it, pi it, Eth , M TH L L I N UI RY 5 Y O OGI CA Q . 8 m re urnin to it And ence the anes t g . h Ph a ear o h an r d pp s b t as Light d as the T ia .

Such was the original system of the H eathens : nor was it altogether a vain ima ination for a w ch t e wor g th t, hi h y sh ed as e r r ad was but the e ipp th i t i , typ ,

e s n w ch n s invi the visibl ig , by hi thi g

s b e were con e ed . is n eed i l v y It , i d , man fes from the Old es amen and i t T t t,

art cu ar from the or nal e rew p i l ly ig i H b , that the Persons of the Holy Trinity are

onstant s adowed for s ca c ly h th , phy i lly,

the same natura owers wh c con by l p , i h stituted the triad of the Gentiles ; and

As I have elsewhere in a Meta s ca l , phy i l n

uir examined at ar e the oso h nv v q y , l g Phil p y i ol ed his othesis whic was revived a m in t hyp , h nd ain tained b H utc ns on in the as t centur it is y hi l y , unnecessary for me here further to advert to that part of the s ubject . But see his very curious ob the Triad f h serrations on o t e Gentiles , and the

ru im in w ch be deduced as it were (2 Che b , hi ,

f om Scri ture tenets ver simi ar to those p r wn r p , y l d ndu tion here obtaine by I c . 86 Y T L I N UI RY M H OLOGI CA Q . s r ua not as the mere a r utes or pi it lly , tt ib , facu es of a su reme mind as re re lti p , p sen e in the ea en r ads but as dis t d H th t i ,

nc ersons c a m n suc ecul ar at ti t p , l i i g h p i

r u es or res ect e con escen n in t ib t , p iv ly d di g , the co enan of race to ad ress em v t g , d th se s t uc facu t e of man Th lve o s h l i s . e

H E R is on nua ed as a re FAT c ti lly typiﬁ Fi ,

acce t n the a o emen and sacr ces p i g t n t iﬁ ,

consum n and un s n the u as i g p i hi g g ilty ,

the or of all ower and m and us L d p , ight, j

ce the foun a n of n a roac ed ti , t i Divi ity , pp h and known to us only through the med ia

on of the Son - the SON as as a ti , Light,

e ator and aTeacher en en n th e M di , , light i g

understand n ad ress n mse f more i g, d i g hi l

ar cu ar to the n e ec o n n out p ti l ly I t ll t , p i ti g the distinctions of good and evil— the

I R IT as r or Air a rus n mi SP , Spi it, , hi g ghty

Wnd O era n u on the affec ons i , p ti g p ti ,

fee n s or emo ons . We are comman li g , ti ded by the Christian faith to look to the

Son for now e e to o e his instruc k l dg , b y

ons and to acce the con ons of ti , pt diti

R 88 M Y TH OLOGI CAL I N QUI Y . afforded us w n he as few ears ithi t l t y , that we have been enabled to connect t em and o a n the Com ete s s em h , bt i pl y t It is therefore utterly impossible that the Christian doctrine should have been derived from Heathen sources : or that Jewish peasants should have dived into

h secre s of an u and a e ao t e t tiq ity, h v

a now e e w c no one e en quired k l dg hi h , v amon the mos earned of a a e e er g t l th t g , v suspected to have existed ; that they should have rej ected allthe excrescences of ousand ears a e uriﬁed of its a th y , h v p it ma er a sm and a a n iven a th t i li , g i g it s e fundamen al ene of re on u on wh c t t t ligi , p i h was grafted the doctrine of an incam a

on and a onement fu n all th ti t , lﬁlli g e

ro ec es of old and sa isf in th p ph i , t y g e un ersa ex ecta on of a M E ssIA H iv l p ti . The conclusion is irresistible— that the Trinitarian doctrine was a primary reve

a on and was one of the or i na an l ti , ig l d fundamental tenets of the Patriarchal

he en curren church . T th t account of M Y THOLOGI CAL IN QUI RY . 89 the crea ion com ined wi this s cal t , b th phy i triad which shadowed forth to them the di ne m ster a ears to a e ecome vi y y , pp h v b the s um n b oc w c set man nd t bli g l k , hi h ki to reﬁne upon the truth that hence they m s ook the e f r the arc e the i t typ o hityp , so ar tr ad for the s r ual and e fe l i pi it , th y ll into the errors of attributing eternity to ma ter of acin a Monad a o e the t , pl g b v

rin w h the an e s o n on T ity, it P th i tic pi i that the Deity was no other than the

The d tr f th universe itself. oc ine o e suc cession of wor ds the e em s c os s l , M t p y h i , and Demonolatry would follow naturally enough by an extension of their system from the particular circumstances of the creation to those attendant upon the de luge : while the universal expectation of an incarnation was transferred from the fu ure to the as and a ro r t p t, pp p iated to ‘ the a r arc s and e r t ree sons P t i h , th i h , who were cons dere de es ncarn i d iti i ate.

a ’ ’ See a er s a an Ido atr and M F b P g l y , acculloh s

Researches . 90 M Y H L I A L I N U RY T O OG C Q I .

By the pride of false philosophy they forsoo the rut of re e a on and sun k t h v l ti , k

n o ma er a sm n o the wors of the i t t i li , i t hip e emen s of man and easts an d n o l t , b , i t idolatry with all its attendant abomina

ons . en e new God e ti Wh th y k , th y gloriﬁed him not as God ; neither were thankful ; but became vain in their

ma na ons and he r foo s ear w as i gi ti , t i li h h t

a k n r n d r e ed . P ofessi g themselves to be w se e ecame foo s and c an ed i , th y b l ; h g the glory of the incorruptible God into

an ma e ma e e to corru e man i g d lik ptibl ,

and to rds and four- footed eas s and bi , b t ,

c ee n n s . erefore God a e r pi g thi g Wh , g v

em u to unc eanness rou the th p l , th gh “ us of r n ar l ts thei ow he ts .

It is a matter of very curious inquiry how mankind degenerated into the wor

s of an ma s and the a om nat on o f hip i l , b i i s

do a r It w a e een o ser ed I l t y . ill h v b b v ,

omans . 2 1 . R , i l M Y TH OLOGICA L IN QUIR Y . in the recedin remar s a amon p g k , th t g the ea ens the LE was the a an H th , EAG V h of the E therial ower the I N of the p , L O

L i ht and the ULL of Fi re H eat or g , B , , the Solar Orb though these distino tions are not always very accurately ma n a ne ese an mals are in fac i t i d . Th i t n o other than the animals that composed the Cherubim ; which in the Antedilu

an a r arc a and ew s dis ensa vi , P t i h l , J i h p

ons were aced at the en rance of ti , pl t

arad se and afterwar s u on the erc P i , d p M y seat of the Ark they were deemed

oracu ar : and a o e em res ed the l b v th , t

S ec na the c oud of or the s e h hi h , l gl y , vi ibl

s m o of the resence of the ord who y b l p L ,

s re resen ed as s n e ween em i p t itti g b t th , h f or ﬂying upon them . T e orm of the “ eru im w as of a u from w ch Ch b B ll , hi

e a uman o as a centaur w aros h b dy , , ith

r eads a of a u of an a e fou h , th t B ll , E gl ,

a on and of a M an w t w n s and of Li , , i h i g

— Chr n . 1 z k . 10. l o v . . E e . i xx iii 8 2 M Y I 9 TH OLOGI CA L I N QU RY .

nd d In h a s an co ered w e es . t e h , v ith y

ea en eru m amon o er remark h th Ch bi , g th a e var a ons the ead of a ser en is bl i ti , h p t often su s u e for the uman head b tit t d h . The Seraphim are considered to hav e

een s m ar and the era m were of b i il , T phi the same form but sma er ures w c , ll ﬁg , hi h were set up by individuals in their own

ouses and to w c e resor ed for h , hi h th y t

answers .

The Cherubim constituted the place of worship for all believers : they were

ermed the P heni E lohim the r t , o presence of God ; and from between them issued the It wou ld

a e een a s n u ar om ss on if th e h v b i g l i i ,

ea en as e wen off from the Pa H th , th y t triarchal wors had not carr ed w th hip, i i them an institution so remarkable ac cordingly we ﬁ nd the ﬁgures worked u p

n ll e r re ous ns u ons and i to a th i ligi i tit ti ,

e a The Teraphim have spok en vanity . 2 x . . — Z h vII 2 ass m . E od . x xv . 22 . 1 ec . . . P i I x R 9 M Y TH OLOGICA L IN QUI Y . 3 the memory of them retained even to the

es n pr e t day . From the quotations in the former

ar of s essa we ﬁ nd a the Hea p t thi y , th t

hens d s r u e the eru c anima s t i t ib t d Ch bi l , severally to the res pective persons of the

r ad as Vahans U on w c e sit T i , , p hi h th y or r de or as consecra ed a en an s i , t tt d t ; and they not unfrequently confounded

em w the e es emsel es and th ith d iti th v , connected triplicated forms of various ’ an mals as s a ues of e r d B o s . ut i , t t th i g these combinations are rarely gi ven but to the Phanes Phthah ras and ,T , Mith ,

They are to be found in almost every va

iet ded cated to the sun : or r de antro r y , i P phy y ( )

ves a c erub c com oun of a L ar or rather gi h i p d iz d , C rocodi e L on Dra on and H awk and the Do l , i , g , ; g w as very frequently combined : Martianus Capella

de Nu t o . sa s t at the so ar s had the ( p . Phil l ) y , h l hip ad of a L on on its mast of a Cat u on its stem h e i , p ,

n ts s rn and a Crocodile o i te .

W ﬁnd them somet mes thou rare 1 e i , gh ly ;

iv n to ot ers thus the Cer erus is ven to g e h ; , b gi P luto and Serapis : and H ecate and Ceres are

ﬁ ures so is a so M etra the dau ter of triple g , l , gh

- n Orus eichton P alce hatus c . 24 . E ris ictho ( p , , M I L 94 Y TH OLOG CA I N QUI RY.

Amun R a to t a erson who roc , h t p p eeds as and is mse f the tr ad : an d allsuch , hi l i combinations were conceived to be ora

cular .

The word Cherub was not pronounced as we common ronounce it but as ly p ,

KeRuB or KeR uV w its ura , , ith pl l formed the a t on of I M or by ddi i , I N , and the eru m as we o ser ed were Ch bi , b v ,

a ed the PheNi o m the faces r c ll El hi , , o presence of God . i If we trace these words in their severa der a es we s a ﬁnd a s n u ar l iv tiv , h ll i g l

n rma on of the fac s a read ro co ﬁ ti t l y p ved .

m PheN or PeN we a e he Fro , , h v t

hanes who was mos ar cu ar the P , t p ti l ly triad and to whom the triple com “ r es d d pounds were mo e pecially e icated .

u. M et 8. All these were inferna owers O . l p but this arises from th e confusion alluded to be

n aiId es ro n ow r tween the generati g d t yi g p e .

See assa es c ted Damascius Or eus M p g i , , ph , a

bius &c . Anc . ra . In the Bacchantm of cro , F g

des acchus is nvok ed to a ear e ther as Euripi , B i pp i

ll a ra on or a L on . a Bu , D g , i

6 M Y TH L GI L I N UIRY 9 O O CA Q .

an m a em e. aunus coinc ded F u , T pl F i ‘ w Pan and to him is also at ri uted ith , t b the power ofo terrifying : and in this di rec on in the ro ress of reﬁnemen or ti , p g t,

cor on the r e com ound anes rupti , t ipl p Ph

erm na ed in the aun a com ound t i t F , p

ure of the man and oa but some ﬁg g t,

mes w no o er race of the or na ti ith th t igi l ,

than a tail . In ano er d rec on we ﬁnd KeR Be th i ti ,

rus the r e ea e ee er of the , t ipl h d d k p

a es of ades the en rance to the fu g t H , t ture life ; so the Cherubim were placed

th en ran e of arad se as h s at e t c P i , it a

n we o ser ed n to exc ude the bee ll b v , ot l

fa en race of man but as a means f ll , o

mun ca on w the de and as a com i ti ith ity,

e urc d rec n to e ernal fe . visibl ch h , i ti g t li Cerberus is also said to be the Sun by

‘ u arc who a so denomina es Pl t h ,1 l t , Mi

' KR uPhius and identiﬁes Cha thras, ,

r or d rviu i O Au e . ct an Se s e S extus . l Vi n n .

d Id. 4 8 . Voss . e

d Os . 1 Flat. Is . an MYTHOLOG I CAL IN QUI R Y : 97 ‘ ROPS wit S eRaPis who was or h , igi nally the Phanes and also represented

‘ as a Deity of a triple

’ ‘ " ' Eig Zsb si Aiﬁ sit Hhto i on a m 3 c c nc, ; c d c 1

ou e Pan he is not unfre uen th gh , lik , q tly confounded with the Deity of Fire and th h n e So lar Orb . T e ame was origie

Dall the SeRaPh the same w t e y , ith h

r ant sa s there were in E t man C a B y y , gyp y ha — ro ian Tem es . The a orrb M o m of anes in p pl x p g Ph , the Or c fra ments shou d be trans ated not phi g , l l ,

Ch ru the J o ul or Serene but the e bic Lion . yf ,

S Anc . r . 299. Horn . Od . . 6 10 ee F ag A . and

H mn to the M ot er of the Gods v 4 . and t y h , . o

Hermes v . 566 . In Hesio is a so the descr on , d l ipti

f the Ch maera anbther C eru c an m : o i , h bi i al

’ ‘ ' 3 r r ei s e alta i ia i v a orroio M ovr o h p g p , p p x p c, ' ‘ ' H de i ai i 5 b rm x a re oi o d dxovro x p pnc, ) d ; p p p c, ' ' ‘

oﬂ e M a w bIrI OeV 33 d oucwv dea? 38 a i a . d , p , I ) xtp p

Th o . 32 1 e g . o ne of its beads was t at of a Lion another of a h ,

h f e z Dra on and t e th rd o a C ma ra vi . a Goat g , i hi , , d c the beas t de i ated to Khem .

‘ t M acrob . i. c . 2 1 .

O r d u an H mn ad Solem rac e rese ve . 1 l p by J li , y n H 8 L L I UI RY 9 M YTH O OG ICA N Q .

he u n was a name common to all C r b, a d t e ods and he is r e resen ed w h g } . p t ith ‘ the er e s at hi fee . ChiRON C b ru s t , ano er com ound who was a u c th p , p bli

ns ruc or and l ew se den t e w i t t , ik i i iﬁ d ith ‘ the Sun and the son of Kronus and , ﬁt

ro er of eus or u er is ano er b th Z J pit ,§ th f m n t h or ; a d so is ChaRON, a t e

n r e t ance of Hades .

the su s tu on of the G for the By b ti ti ,

a ou v r d cur s e at on ma be ace . K , i d i i y t

In S a n we ﬁnd GeRYoN common p i , ly a ree- ea e but m a f th h d d , so etimes our

eade monster co ere w e es and h d , v d ith y handsﬁf subdued like Cerberus by Her

cules . rom s form of the word the F thi , ﬁgures of the winged serpents placed in “ ‘ frontof the em es were cal ed I mré t pl , l p g ,

ut. Pl Is . et Os .

Sc l. 1 0 o in L co ron . v 20 . 1 h y ph .

Kano . V de enat. c . 4 p .

anes de Lamacho 629. Aristoph ,

if Is . et Os . Plut. The pediment of the Greek temples was caled d by and div-" a from the e anded E a e l er m , xp gl ,

100 M Y TH O LOGICA L IN QUI R Y .

un i er n chivalry . This compo d s v y a

c en . was a fo rm of Aroeris accord i t It , ’ in to am oll on and in some of the g Ch p i ,

a es of R osellini we ﬁnd the er m pl t , v y sa e

‘ ‘ ﬁgure : and it is described by [Eliamlas

a w n e on w c accord n t i g d Li , hi h , i g o ’ C tes as had an a e s bac and ead i , E gl k h . From the oracular properties attributed

to : ese ures we a e the re th ﬁg , h v G ek ' c ioi r es and the sa n r a ii yp q , iddl , yi g p c aiprdtoc m lp é vn gJ said to be taken from

the e ocus deeme ro e c an ﬁ ld l t, d p ph ti , d

a ed to an fema e who rows o ppli y l , g ld in celibacy ; but I suspect that it was

or na a ca e on to the a igi lly ppli bl ly Pythi . In another direction we ﬁnd among the

an s the SPhiNX w c sus e Egypti , hi h I p ct is only another variation

n di u f S h n volucris e nis e s era fron ts uella. p i x p , p b , p §

The Greek Sphinx was a compound of a oman a on and an a e th e W , Li , E gl ;

C am . ant . E as c 27 h p P h t li , . .

Suidas — H hius has E t s . I . e yc p poc

Auson us i . M Y TH L I L IN UIRY 10 1 O OG CA Q .

Egyptian omitted the Eagle : it was

lace in the es u es of the em es p d v tib l t pl , and was introduced by Cadmus into

reece was sa the oe s to G . It id by p t

del er en mas but o ers . was iv ig , by th it ’ ul cons ted as oracular. In Egypt we ﬁnd also the Scarab con

secrated to the Sun ' or Phthah orus ,1 , H , or Phanes and it appears to have been deemed more particularly a living repre

sentative of the eru and an em em Ch b , bl

of the r ad as was certa n of the t i , it i ly

Sa n Accord n to Hora ollo was d: i g p , § it cons idered as a hieroglyphical represené tation of an only begotten son— of a t er— and of the w r d ecause it fa h o l , b

ro a a es its s ec es w hou a fema e p p g t p i it t l , ro n u a o e of d r a f by lli g p gl b i t, able symbo lizing the generation of the world

The same au hor els u hanes . s a by P t t l , th t

i h ve co su ted it as oracu ar Laius is sa d to a n l l . 1 H orapollo— Porphyri

H . r h iv . de A st. c . 10 . ora I P o p . b p 102 M Y TH OLOGICA L IN QUI R Y :

t ere were ree s ecies of the scara h th p b,

s acred amon the ans the Cat g Egypti ,

formed the u - formed and the b s , B ll , I i

formed .

In ano er d rec on the cat- ea ed th i ti , h d ' ThRiPhis the con em ar of Phthah a , t pl , p pears to be b ut the representation of the Teraph ; and perhaps was the same c at

forme s a ue w c Hora ollo sa s d t t , hi h p T y ,

was in e o o s consecra ed to the , H li p li , t

Sun But in the rea em e of o . g t t pl Ap llo

at e we ﬁnd a more exact and D lphi , cur ous coun er ar of the or na f m i t p t igi l , ro which the Orphic reformers drew their rites . This temple was dedicated to Apollo Py thius : and in the adytum was

aced the r o rou w c pl T ip d , th gh hi h pro ceeded the oracu ar a our w c l v p , hi h is evidently an imitation of the Shechinah

a o e the eru m . The r od se f b v Ch bi t ip it l , whatever in after times it might have

een was not or na a ree- foo e b , igi lly th t d

W . ee M r . ilk nson s M at r S i Hie . ollo 1 Horap .

104 M Y THO LO GICA L I N QUIRY .

Wi h the a l s of S o e wi n th e t T b e t n thi , e T ra him u on it and the lou b p p , C d a ove, supplied by the natural vapour of the chasm. The Cherubim may be found in every ar of the he en wor d to the p t ath ld, an a use of em e e e ma e raced b th , I b li v , y b t f m T the worship o ani als. he heathens or inal fel in ma er an wo ig ly l to t ialism, d r shipped the created ethereal elements instead of the Creator ; and in process of me de n ed an r s e u ti sce d othe t p , by s b stitutin s o c of dorat on he g a bje ts a i , t very animals which they originally re

rded ut s es of e r e erea ga b a typ th i th lgods.

The knowledge of the origin and mean n of e r re on and of e r i g th i ligi , th i sacred r es radua ec d amon it , g lly d line g the heathens ; and became more and more o er a d w c on and o scure v l i ith ﬁ ti b d , as the eo e de enera ed nto do a r p pl g t i i l t y . Yet there was a light still maintained in the world to which the nations might ' wrs H oLOGICA L I NQUIR Y . 105

r r es o t . And the chosen people appear

to a e een laced in s ch s ons h v b p u po iti , and their history to have comprised such

adventures wer s ca cu a ed for , as e be t l l t the general dissemination of truth among

the na ons ti . The geographical situation of Pales

ne c osen it ma be for the seat . of ti , h y

uni ersa em re ereaft r is the mos v l pi h e , t remarkable upon earth for the facility of

' communication which it aﬂords with

ua er o he o t the me every q rt f t gl be . A ti

of the d en formed as were the A v t, it it boundary of the rival empires of Rome: and ar a su ec to me but din P thi , bj t Ro , hol g an intimate connexion with its colonial ' h oﬁ spring within t e Parthian dominions .

And its s ua on was at t a me n t it ti , h t ti , o more excellently adapted for the uni versa d ffus on of the Gos el o in l i i p , b th the Eas and es an was for the t W t, th it general instruction of mankind in times of old w en formed so cons era e , h it id bl a part of the high road of communion 106 M Y THOLOGI CA L I N QUIRY :

tion between the empires of Egypt and

th n of the Assyria. About e begi ning

e een d nast the most b r ant ight th y y, illi

er od of an s or the descen p i Egypti hi t y, t of the srae tes nto oo lace I li i Egypt t k p , and the sway of Joseph diffused the light of Revelation over that land ; and towards the conclusion ofthat dynasty the Exodus was effected : and the fame of the mira culous exploits of Moses and Joshu a was wafted with the Danaan colonies to

reece w the fu t e anaan es to G , ith gi iv C it the es and carr ed the srae es W t , i by I lit themselvesinto the East. There is express

‘ historical evidence r to shew that the colonies of Danaus and Cadmus went out of w th the c dren of srael Egypt i hil I , and were of the mixed multitude that

ar ed from em in the deser w ence p t th t, h

ursued e r course to re they p th i G ece. And to this event may be traced the ﬁrst reformation and the ﬁrst era of Greek

" ied. Sic . See Anc . ra . 1 1 D F g p . 84 .

10 Y 8 MYT H OLOGI CAL I N QUI R . sion of the ten tribes over the territories of the M edea and Assyrians by Salman aser - and u n th fu t - s a s m , po e ll e e t bli h ent of the ha dean em re at ab on a C l pi B yl , knowledge of the truth was diffused far and wide by the captivity of the Jews

ems e th elv s .

The con ers on of e uc adne ar v i N b h zz , and the decrees of himself and his suc cessors o of the a dean an er , b th Ch l d P

Ian ine in fa our of the ew s dis en s l , v J i h p sa on had a er owerfu effec u on ti , v y p l t p the religious and philosophical sentiments

w e of the East. And heth r it originate d w t the a v t of the ews or ro. i h c pti i y J , p ceeded from the previous dispersion of the srae i es the reforma on was eneral I l t , ti g throughout the civilized world . Into Persia and Chaldea the reformation was

n ro uce oroas er in o ina i t d d by Z t t Ch ,

The history of Zoroaster is a complete com

n of t at of Dan e and Shadrach and h is pou d h i l , companions ; in his favor with the k ing— his reli gions purity of s entiment— the conspiracy of th e mr r nom c lcs r. IN UI RY 109 Q .

a an and S am a ou the same ime b J p , i , b t t y ’ onfuc us Kaca and Somnocodom and C i , , ;

nto Ind a a ersona e who as i i by th t p g ,

su med or to w om was at r uted the , h t ib ,

ast a ar under the name of ud l Av t , B dha : and it was at this time that the Upani shads and Pnran as of the Vedas were

com e and ndee all e r sacr pil d , i d th i ed

wr tt n o to I volumes i e r re uched . n Egypt the reformatio n was forced upon the na tives by the Persian conquerors : and the general destruction of their images

and tem es and the restric ons wh pl , ti ich

’ M agi— the lion s den — the ﬁery furnace— and his ﬁn al triumph and reformation in th e reign o f

His name in the Zend is a wa s w a Darius . l y rit

rethaschtro accord n to Du erron an ten Z e i g p , d Zaratashtru according to the E nglish pronuncia

H is name ook s e treme k tion of Hyde . l x ly li e a

an vers on of the a on an e tes a ar Pers i i B byl i B l h zz ,

n the ers an Sha e u v a ent to Bel as in Z ar bei g P i h q i l , (

r A on ot s nif in Lord nd Tashtr Nebo Za d ,) b h ig y g , a

z r a Persian substitute for Teshaz a . n sa s t at t s Confuc us accor n M arti i y , h hi i g “ di

me was orn . C . 550 but accor n to to so , b B ; di g

te . C . 4 83. Le Comp , B llo M Y H LO I L I N U Y T O G CA Q IR .

were laid upon the ancient worship o f

th con uered a mos a ols e th e q , l t b i h d e

r es ood and o era t e r o p i th , blit ted h i ld religion The reformation was also car ried by Pythago ras into Italy and Greece ; and introduced the second era of The

o o oso and i era ure a l gy , Phil phy , L t t , th t

s n s ed re di ti gui h G ece. The effect of this reformation was to give a higher and more metaphysica l character to the speculations of the Phi losophers ; by blending the newly ao quired truths with their old philosophy

and suc a c arac er was on re a ned h h t l g t i . The Persians seem to have proﬁted by it most : and whilst it appears to have

t e- an ma e e r eal a a ns o a r i t d th i z g i t id l t y , it led them to convert the two indepen dent principles of Mind and Matter into Spiritual agents in opposition to one

ano er and to a e re ed the unmin th , h v viv

ed wors of the Sun and re at gl hip Fi , ﬁrst but as an emblem and image of the

u reme ou soon a a n de en S p , th gh it g i g e

M Y TH O LOGICAL IN QUI RY . divinas Spiritus per omniamax ima mi

' n ma ae ua nten one diﬁ usus si e i , q li i ti , v

fatum et immutabilis causarum inter se ” cohaarentium ser es i . In the second century arose the Gnos tic eret cs who a o ed the H i , d pt Ideal wor as ar of e r re r ld p t th i ligious c eed . The different sects of the Gnostics went far e ond the rec an sa e and sou h b y G i g , g t in the sublimer ﬂights of Oriental mys ticism the doc r nes to w c e , t i , hi h th y looked upon the writings of Plato merely as n roduc or essa s and e rea ed i t t y y , th y t t his fo owers w a con em a a ns ll ith t pt, g i t which the vanity of a philosopher is seld om proof ; and as long as these sects and sc oo s e s ed a er enm re h l xi t , bitt ity p T vailed between them. he Gnostics

' gave at once a real ex istence to the Ideal

wor d and con nu n the c a n of e n l , ti i g h i b i g from the u reme t rou numerous S p , h gh

rders of ons or erson ed a s rac o E , p iﬁ b t t

d s of w c the second and rd i ea , hi h thi

Consol. ad Helv. c . 8 . C H R I L I ON OLOG CA N QUIRY . 13

" arao Naracho w om a a a aﬁirms Ph , h M l l to be the ﬁrst Egyptian king and the same as enes w be e dent from the iden M , ill vi .

of his successor Tosorthrus w the tity , , ith

Athothes or o the successor of enes Th th , M in the other list ; as he is said to be the same as sc e us who is o to a e A l pi , Th th, h v

een ce e ra ed for his u d n s an hi b l b t b il i g , d s

‘ n en on of ed c ne and e V i v ti m i i l tters . 1 e nephes is said to have built the pyramids and by Eratosthenes the same is related of a n Sao his ou he e den ki g p , th gh vi tly

does not mean the Souphis in the M emr hite d nas a o e but he ma a e p y ty b v , y h v

mis applied the fact . I am strongly in clined to think that the pyramids were

u in as ear as ese re ns b ilt Egypt ly th ig , as buildings of that style and grandeur had been already raised upon the plains

of S nar and man c es had en hi , y iti be already founded even in the land of naan Ca ,

o ‘ Anc . ra 159. lb . 94 9 96 97. 6 F g , 1 , 5, , 1 . 4 , I N CHRONOLOGICAL QUI R Y .

must for the res en om t an fur I , p t, i y ther remarks upon the coincidences here t be obs r ed s a ha e referred o e v , till I h ll v

me of the monumen al d sco ries to so t i ve .

wo u d here erefore on remark t a I l , th , ly , h t Eratosthenes gives but 5 instead of 8

n s ou his num er 190 ears ki g , th gh b , y , coincides with that required by the Old Chronicle ; and at the conclusion of these

190 ears he c an es his es from The y , h g titl

n to he an an n s c ear de ba T b Egypti ki g , l ly noting that after these 5 reigns a change

r of dynasty occu red . As the earliest of these sovereigns of Egypt must have rather been patriarchs or r es s an n s er a s w h a p i t th ki g , p h p , it d rec succession sus ec a the st i t , I p t th t li ex i s a e ree and a the n h bit p dig , th t ki g dom became divided into several petty so ere n es cons u ed b the d fferent v ig ti , tit t y i branches o f the family and there is some ground for this in the assertion of

rta us and Eu e ius t a t e coun . A pan s b , h t h

“ 16 CHRONOLOGI CA L I N QUIRY .

s in a n em as t e 17th d nas mo t pl ci g th h y ty.

The Shepherds are recorded by diffs , rent authors as below

’ use us ose hu . E bi . J p s 1

Saites Salatis Buon Beon Apophis Apachnas Archles Apophis J anias Assis

Syncellus . §

Silites 19

Bmon 44 Apach nas 36 Aph ophis 6 1 50

29 or 4 4 20

259 or 2 74

To s a e the ma er fa rl a e b een t t tt i y , I h v ,

m e ed o set for ese l s s at ar co p ll t th th i t l ge .

“ n 1 15 . lb . 136 . A c . Frag . 1 lb 140 lb . 114 . 5 . . 1 CH RONOLOGI CA L I N QUI RY . 7

And wou d rs o ser e t a all the I l ﬁ t b v , h t versions of Manetho place the Shepherds

as the 17th d n as e ce fr canus . y ty , x pt A i Africanus u s them as the 15th dy ”p t nas and en aces as the l6th 32 ty ; th pl ,

e er n s b ut w ou Greek Sh ph d ki g , ith t

names who re ned 518 ears he en , ig y th

es the 17 as 4 3 S e er n s giv th , h ph d ki g and 4 3 e an Dios olites and sa s at Th b p , y th these Shepherds and Thebans reigned

a o e er I5 I ears . a n the Old lt g th y Ag i , Chro nicle allows four descents In 103

ears to the 17 d nas and ca s em y th y ty, ll th Memphites by which the Shepherd dy nas is e den n en ed as e e ty vi tly i t d , th y h ld their court at Memphis : and they are so en use us who ca s giv by E bi , ll them

e er s . a n S nce us sa Sh ph d Ag i , y ll ys that Kertos reigned 29 years according to

e us but accord n to ane o 4 Jos ph , i g M th 4 ; w c is er s n u ar as he is om e hi h v y i g l , itt d

ot and the en of his re n ih by b h , l gth ig "t c ud d in a of his successor Aseth l e th t .

For all the above assa es see Anc . ra p g , F g . C H R N L I L I U ( Y C O O OG CA NQ R ,

The difﬁculties resulting from these conﬂicting statements among the literary fra en of E n tor ave here gm ts‘ gyptia his y , h tofore been excessively increased by the monumental discoveries . The tablet of

A d d sco ered . B nkes or i by os, i v by Mr a , ig n n t i a l e of 2 r a co a ne a c ta o u 5 ei ns. lly, d g g The rs e h a e een s b the ﬁ t ig t , h v b lo t y

frac u e of t e s one. The 9th l0 h t r h t , t ,

1 1th 12th and 13t are the mm d at , , h, i e i e

r d r of the 18th d n p e ecesso s y asty ; and . the remaining 12 are fully recognized as t n s of e i 8th n s onc din heki g th dy a ty , c l u g

w t amesses . w o erecte h i h R II h d t e tablet.

Two of the los re ns . the 7th O ir t ig , viz , , s

e e . and th 8 were su l e b t s u I e th, pp i d y Lord Prudhoe and M aj or Fe lix; and the

6th b Mr . Wilkinson from d fferent fra , ,, y i g men s and the a et o f am a t t bl K k, dis co

vered M r . ur n su lies t e res by B to , pp h t

This I believ e was ﬁrst pointed out in a plate

ull r published by M r . C imo e in the Transaction s o f

the o a Soc et of L terature . I am owever R y l i y i , h , utterly at a loss to conceive upon what authority

20 R G L I CH ON OLO ICA N QUI RY . appear upon monuments erected by them se es in ffer n ar s of a difﬁ lv di e t p t Egypt, culty is raised respecting the statement of ne o a the S e erds mme Ma th , th t h ph i

iatel receded the 18th d nas d y p y ty , by shewing that there were native kings of

who com e e u d n s of cos Egypt, pl t d b il i g tly ma n cence at the er me w en the g iﬁ , v y ti h country is asserted to have been under m the dominion of an ene y . I believe I have here fairly stated every d fﬁ cu ot f rom the terar and i lty , b h li y monumentalfragments ; and I would offer

h f w n so u on w c resen s t e ollo i g l ti , hi h p t itself from a comprehensive survey of all the documents before us — That the tablet of Abydos originally contained a complete catalogue of the n a

n s of t from enes to R . tive ki g Egyp , M a ‘ es mess II .

The surplus signet s upplied by the tablet of Karnak appears to me to present no diﬂiculty to this hypothesis ; for if the ruins of London sho uld f ansack d and ta e o k be herea ter r e , bl ts f the ings HR N L I L I N I RY 21 C O O OG CA QU .

— a af er 190 ears the S e erds Th t t y , h ph

n aded the n dom and at rs sub i v ki g , ﬁ t jected both Upper and Lower Egypt to their dominion ; but established them se es r nc a in ower and lv p i ip lly L Egypt, at em s and fort ed ars as a M phi , iﬁ Av i strong hold .

— a re ous to the n as on the Th t p vi ly i v i , kingdom had arrived at some degree of o f En and from th e Con uest s ou be found or gl q h ld , more t an one co ect on of me a s the wou d h ll i d l , y l

' probably diﬁ er in the number of the apparent

' rei ns ow n to the diﬁeren t v ew in w ch Crom g , i g i hi

we and M ar and the o nt re ns of ll , Philip y , j i ig

W am and M ar and the so e re n of W am illi y , l ig illi 111 an d the a rn s f nr V lte ating reign o He y I. and V ' Edwar l . wou d be re arded : and the diﬁ ere d , l g nt ta ets wou d ver ro a resent 34 or 35 or bl l y p b bly p ,

v n 36 re ns There was former a s r es f e e ig . ly e i o ra un w Papal port its ro d the church of St. Paul ith out the wa s of om t ere is anot er in Flo ll R e, h h

' rence I stron s us ect t e diﬁ er as not one ; gly p h y , of the anc ent cata o ues of the s o s of ome i l g Bi h p R , erus a em or Ant oc as ven S nce us and J l , i h , gi by y ll

Nice horus a ree . It is oss e owever t at p g p ibl , h , h th e name of M enes was not originally upon the tablet ; for Sanchoniatho says that the monarchy began with Thoth . 22 CH R ON OLOGICA L IN QUIRY .

le d u nd t the r a ram s Sp n o r, a hat g e t p y id had been erected ; which is the more pro

a e as t e reat r dal tower at b bl , h g py ami

a e was a exa e w ch was imi B b l n mpl , hi tated by almost eve ry nation in the w orld .

- a af er re a n n dom n on 103 ear Th t t t i i g i i y s, according to the statement of the Old

ron c e w is fo owed b E r Ch i l , hich ll y ase

n the She er ower was ro en bi s, ph d p b k by the n at es in the 4 th ear of A o s iv , y p phi ,

e the fourth Sh pherd king .

— T a w eff b e en I s as ec ed sirt s . h t thi t y O ,

r the king of Uppe E gypt .

- That after a severe struggle the Shep

erds were e ress d but not ac ual h d p e , t ly on c quered or driven out.

— a ur n th e next 15 1 ears th e Th t d i g y , Shepherds and Theb an ki ngs in th is manner ru ed con o n accordin to th e l j i tly, g s me o f Afr canus or o e r different tate nt i , v re o ns and c ies o f eithe r at gi it Egypt,

eace or in a an u d s a e of warfare p , l g i t t ; during which the Shepherds were prin

2 4 C H R ON OLOGI CAL I N QUIR Y .

s ou d us correc and s ou d s n I h l th t, I h l y chronize the latter part of it with the successors of Osirtesen to the 18th I .

Salatis .

Been Apachnas ? Pachnas or 36 6 . Korea , } Archles

A 4 7 . Osirtesen I . pophis .

mun M uthab 8. A I .

Apophis con M u hah 9. Amun t II cl uded . an as J i , 10 . Osirtesen II. S a ta n, or Se 1 1 . Osirtesen Ill. thos artos K 2 Amun M uthab II 1 . I.

Aseth , or

Ass s 1 Alis hra muthosis i 3. p g Hak or

The ne is the rea 18th d nas xt g t y ty , comprising the most ﬂourishing period of Egyptian history : and the coinc i

euces e ween the monumen s E d b t t , ra

tosthenes and ane o o in his , M th b th

or and his d nas es are er re hist y y ti , v y

r m a om ar s n f markable. F o c p i o o the

d nas es arran ed e ow w l be y ti g b l , it i l H R N L L I N IRY 25 C O O OGI CA QU .

e den a ra os enes af er the ﬁ ve vi t th t E t th , t

rs n s or 16th d nas has con ﬁ t ki g , y ty,

nned w the 18th d nas om n ti ith y ty, itti g altogether the 17th dynasty of Shep

e n s N r is he s n u r in h rd Ki g . o i g la this ; for in the catalogue of Ramesses i en M r. ur on a n IL , giv by B t , th t k g

aces onl enes and one o er n pl y M th ki g,

w ose name is read as M en M ofte h p , previous to the 18th dynasty The

d nas of em es fo ow n the y ty M phit , ll i g

lst em e d nas is the four of M phit y ty, th

ane o sa d to be em es of a dif M th , i M phit

ra h ft n en n ferent ce . It as o e be poi ted

out a e are the same n s w , th t th y ki g ith ’ ratos enes d nas but in a mis E th y ty , pl aced order ; and I have arranged these

em es e ow not accord n to e r M phit b l , i g th i

or na os on but accord n t o the igi l p iti , i g names of the n s and a aren ki g , it pp tly bm commences with Thot os III .

The en of the 18th d nas ac l gth y ty ,

rd n to the Old ron c e is 34 8 co i g Ch i l , e years in 14 descents . Th y are thus

u r given by different a tho s . ’ C HR ON OLOGICA L I N QUI RY .

’ Manetho . J os .

‘

. thm s . 4 1 masis . l Te b is 25 . A

‘

2 . C eh n heh on h ro 2 . C r

3 . Amen meno h s ophis 3 . A p i ' mosses 4 s 4 . A . Ame se

' ‘ M e hres 5 . M e hres 12 5 . p p

s mm h os rs 6 . M e h r m h si 6 M eth ra ut 20 p a ut o . M iSphragmutbosis ’ ' Tuthmoses 9 7 0 Thm0 8i8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 7 .

1 8 am h enO his ' 8 . . D p p

9. O rus

. dau hter 10 . k n h res 10 . The r A e c 12 . l i g

ll . R athotis 9.

12 . Ach ench eres 12 . 5 . 1 12 Chen h eres 30 3 . Ach en cheres II . 12 . 3 . c

14 Armai s

“ mm 1 ho ia u . ss 3. S et s M 15 . R ame es l . 4 6

16 . R amesses II . 15 . Sethos

‘ 17 . meno s 19. 6 16 . h s l A phi Amenop i .

A ' 1 1 ' lb 1 58 nt . Pi . 186 , 16 , 1 7 . 1 . .

2 H R N 8 C O O LOGICA L I N QUI R Y .

In these lists there is evidently the same enera ou ne owe er d ffer n g l tli , h v i i g in u f their details . The mon ments o course exhibit the correct number of the

n s and from e r s e s n wor s ki g , th i till xi ti g k some approximation to the length of each re n ma The e ig y be obtained . 79 y ars of the n aramachus of Eratosthenes com r ses the 4 rs re ns of ane o p i ﬁ t ig M th ,

. 3 n s and a ueen w c on the viz , ki g q , hi h monuments appear but as 2 kings and a

ueen in her o wn r the w fe of q ight, i Th thm o os . ose us has in 3 dis I J ph , “ tinct passages) expressed the sum o f the 18 nas as 393 ears but w en th dy ty y , h hi u s n m ers are cas u e e , but b t p, th y giv

m n 333 . From the monu e ts it appears that the 7th and 1 1th kings each reigned

i we e em above 30 years . And f giv th

39 a ece w c num ers are ac ua pi , hi h b t lly found among the various readings o f

S e 137 a no f An te M . e in c . ra . . o r F g , p , d f ll r h m in or he . s r Cu imo e, to w o I am debte t o b e vat on in e t i the t x . C RO N LOG I A I. I N UI RY 29 H O C Q .

Euse us and S nce us the sum w ex bi y ll , ill

But actly amount to the 393 required . t ou we us o a n w a ane o h gh th bt i h t M th , accor n to ose us wro e oes not di g J ph , t , it d follow that he wrote correctly and that he not is e ent from the monu did , vid men s for he has nser ed as n s not t , i t ki g , on the n s emse es but the re ly ki g th lv ,

ents a so who e s wa ur n art of g l , h ld y d i g p

e r res ec e re n and who a e no th i p tiv ig s, h v

ace in the monumen a s s of n s pl t l li t ki g ,

ou t a ear as re en s de th gh hey pp g t . By

uc n en from the 393 ears a o e d ti g, th , y b v , the 38 ears of ehron Ak enchres and y Ch , ,

hencheres we o a n the en of the Ac , bt i l gth

n as as 355 ears iffer n but 7 dy ty y , d i g from the 348 given by the Old Chro

nd s ane ho n n icle . A a M t disti ctly states th at the Shepherds did not capitulate till a fter the commencement of the reign of Amos or Tethmosis resume e , I p th y c a i u a e in the 7th ear of his re n p t l t d y ig , th u s leaving the 348 years given by the O ld Chronicle as the exact length of the 3 H 0 C R ONOLOGI CA L I N QUI RY .

nast to be s ri u ed e act amon dy y, di t b t x ly g

14 re ns as s a e b the ron c e ig , t t d y Ch i l , and evident u n th po e monuments.

Before we proceed with the coinci dences . of the 18th . d nas is necas y ty, it sary to speak of the persons who are recorded to have introd uced amon g the

tia s et ers and the ar s the re Egyp n , l t t , formation of their religion, and the re

ulation of e r calendar and a so of g th i , l the Iman nertin which they reg ulated their time .

It was common among allthe he athen nations to regard the founders of their res ect ve nat ons and n ee ever er p i i , i d d y v y extraordinary person who appeared among

em as Avatars o r ncarn ons of som th , I ati e de Now it is re ate severa his ity . l d by l torians t at two er remar a le er , h v y k b p sona es a eared in o t of h g pp Egypt, b h hig an u but at a cons e ra e n er a tiq ity, id bl i t v l from one a o er nown h ' t e nam ' n th , k y h e of

R 32 CH ON OLOGI CA L I N QUI R Y .

’ the reformation o f the Egyptian year.

‘ He was regarded also as the Hermes

dis uus nd c ue r m n st r e e a of a o e . p q , ki l q y i i

‘ Cedrenus ’ who w man o er em By , l , ith y th bellishments refers to the same erson , p ,

is fur er s aed a he was en e it th t t , th t vi d

his re ren who were 70 in n um er by b th , b , and ﬁnding that they were continually consu n how to es ro him he wen lti g d t y , t

n o to the r e of Ham where i t Egypt, t ib , he was rece ed w rea onour and iv ith g t h ,

e in s en our and was afterwards liv d pl d , worshipped by them under the name of

ermes e ress ecause he was a H , xp ly b

ro e and su ed em w r c es p ph t, ppli th ith i h wh erefore they denominated him th e

er of r c es and oo ed u on him as Giv i h , l k p the god of wealthi It is further as

' serted t a he was ca ed Tr isme zstus h t ll g , because he communicated to the Egyp

S t — ra . x vn . ut. Is et Os . b Pl .

H s t. 17 1 . 8 . 1 i pp ,

Ge r . . 23 C and ri . cit. Ge r . lb I d p , y l d . H R N I N I R Y 33 C O OLOGI CAL QU . t ans a ere were ree d ne owers i , th t th th ivi p * in the un o the e C edrenus ity f d ity . moreover places him in the reign of that

Sesostris from w ose mmed a e suc ,T h i i t cessor he sa s the ne of the arao s , y , li Ph h descended .

is conc u e r an and a m os It l d d by B y t , l t e er ant uar an a s secon o v y iq i , th t thi d Th th or Hermes was Joseph and of this I thin k there can scarcely exist a reason a e t bl doub . Joseph was also connected with the r u a on of h a e r eg l ti t e c l nda . The manner in which the Egyptians regulated their

me w as s re n ti thi . By ckoni g the year at on 365 a s and omi t n the uar ly d y , t i g q ter d a e os a da in e er f ur y , th y l t y v y o years and consequently the ﬁrst day of t e r ear wou in the course of four h i y ld , t mes 365 or 1460 rue ears rece e i t y , d t ro u e er da of the ear and re h gh v y y y , turn to the point from whence it had set

s er o f 1460 ru ears r ou t. o e o Thi p i d t y ,

S so Jil n . H . x u . dr . ee a a st . c 4 . Ge . lb f l li i d 34 CH R ON OLOGI CA L I N QUIRY .

1 6 1 of t e r a ue ears was the rea 4 h i v g y , g t

Th r Sothic cycle of the Egyptians . e ﬁ st mon as we as the rs da of was th , ll ﬁ t y it, h called by the name of T oth or Hermes . The Thoth originally started from the

e acal r s n of the Do - s ar w c H li i i g g t , hi h occurred in Egypt about the ﬁrst day of

u us and af er the re o u on of h e A g t, t v l ti t c c e re urns to the same o n a a n y l , it t p i t g i , * w en n w mme c th h a e cycle co n es . At e commencement of each cycle the Pri m

N I X is sa to re urn and en the old id t , th

oen is s a e to e re and a oun Ph ix t t d xpi , y g

u i s Th one to spring o t of t ashes . e t e

urn of the Pbmnix and the re urn o t , t f the o or ermes are erms s n on Th th H , t y y m us And the names of oen x a d o . Ph i n

ot of w c ermes is b ut the Gr k Th h , hi h H ee

I can ﬁnd nothing to l ead to the s uppos itio n th at they took in to account the precess ion o f th e

s The recess on wou en Equinoxe . p i ld l gthen th e W o e to 1504 ears . e ﬁ nd wever no cycl y , h , men

of such a c c e but constant of th tion y l , ly at o f

146 1 years .

36 C HR ON OLOGI CA L I N QUI R Y . his re n mus a e a ened e ween ig , t h v h pp b t the ears 1706 the ear of the escent y , y d of srae n o and 167 1 w c I l i t Egypt, , hi h were both w ithin the administration of

o e t is a ser e ut J s ph . I s t d by Pl arch} that Hermes added the ﬁ ve additional

h an r days to t e Egypti calenda . By Censorinus T this is said to have been effec ed Arminus w c is in fact t by , hi h

ermes and S ncellus from some nu H y ,j:

or s ews a the re u a on occurred th , h th t g l ti abou the same me asser n t a t ti , by ti g h t the addition of the ﬁ ve days took place in the re n of Aseth the 7th of the ig ,

e er n s But tra o sa s a Sh ph d ki g . S b § y , th t the improvement by Hermes was the ad dition of the quarter of a day : at all events it is manifest that the regulation took place in the administration of Jo se h and a as he was cons ered as a p , th t, id

ermes he m us a e een the erm es H , t h v b H who effected it .

Is . et Os . 1 C . 19.

S Anc . ra . 14 1 . Lib . x vn I ee F g 5 . H R N L I L I N UI RY 37 C O O OG CA Q .

The name given to Joseph by the king of Egypt was according to the Masoretic points Z aphnath Paaneah : but without the o n s w c a e on s u se p i t , hi h h v ly di g i d it ,

it was Z PhNTh and the lat

ter w ord is in all the Greek translations

h r m all e rendered Phanec os . F o th se circumstances I have no hesitation in

en f n ose w a ermes id ti yi g J ph ith th t H , who started that cycle which expired in

e the reign of Ptolemy Eu rgetes . Thoth and t nich I conceive to be the ori

inal an names and ermes is g Egypti , H but a G reek translation ; Thoth is con stantly occurring upon the monuments but Phoenich seems to be more especially applicable to this particular incarnation of o as ose for t nicb is the Th th J ph , very name which was ﬁrst applied to

a him by Ph raoh . I would now draw attention to a very

mm mm: The Septuagint gives it as ‘l' ‘ ‘I’ ovﬂo ri o or l' ovﬁov ( ri o and ose h n (p mx c p mx c, J p as 38 CH R ON OLOGI CAL I N QUI R Y . l M . singu ar hieroglyphical discovery . r

ur on to w ose ndefa a e researc es B t , h i tig bl h

in we are so ee nde ed has Egypt d ply i bt , collected and published in the 37th plate ofhis E x cerpta hieroglyphica a variety of records relatIn to a er remar a e , g v y k bl

ure of one of the an em ods ﬁg Egypti d ig ,

with a beak and verypeculiar square ears . f M r. Burton was the original discoverer o

s and w t his erm ss on ave co thi , i h p i i I h

la The d pied it in the p tes annexed . hea seems to be equally applied to a beas t

d to in ﬁ . an rd in . as a as ﬁ . g A , bi g B The personage represented by this hie

ro l hic as in ﬁ s . L and con g yp , g D , M , I ceive for the following reasons to be an Avatar or incarnation of Thoth or Her

The ermes who corr th e . ec m s H , ted e

ca endar is ca e the Do u arc l , ll d g by Pl t h

er a s ﬁ is a re n and of this p h p g . A prese tation : but the more ordinary ﬁgure of

H rmes was e er a aw - eaded or e ith H k h ,

s et 0 I . 5 .

40 CH R ON O LOG I CA L IN QUI R Y . whom Manetho has designated as Ar mais and Josephus as Herma-Ius and though we have long known this to be th e same n we a e ne er et een ki g, h v v y b

e i abl to identify h s name in sound . This ho wever I take to be nothing more than a Gree ers on of the name of a n k v i th t ki g, and of this some more curious conﬁ rma T n tion will presently appear . he ame of this ﬁgure itself is commonly erased

h m umen cur o w r upon t e on ts . It oc s h eve D in ﬁ . ust a o e the a m ranc g j b v p l b h , and appears to me to read as Thoth twice

reat or some n to a effec t ou g , thi g th t t , h gh the ﬁrst character of the name is not yet

Th r and w h a cer a ne . e u es c s t i d ﬁg B C , hi

’ ur I have also copied from M r . B ton s

ate a ear to me to con a n the er pl , pp t i v y sirname of Joseph I would not however la muc s ress u on s c rcumstance y h t p thi i ,

ur on has not een a e t i as M r. B t b bl o n form me w ence e were o a ne but h th y bt i d , he believes from the tombs of Biban c l

T r o u . h s ar M l k e ﬁ t p t of ﬁg . C I should 1 C H RON O LOGI CA L I N QU I R Y . 4

read PbeNaH ZAP hNA and in ﬁ . , g B , assum n the rd as the Phcenix I s ou d i g bi , h l

read Phoenich Z aThNHS .

" In the 9th year of his admininistra

on ose b the sa e of corn to the ti J p , by l s ar n o u a on co ec ed n o the t vi g p p l ti , ll t i t r a reasur all the o and s er oy l t y g ld , ilv , and a ua es of all the an of t v l bl , l d Egyp

nd anaan and the surroun n coun a C , di g tries and in the 10th he obtained allthe

at e In the 1 1th ear he ac u red all c tl . y q i the and and af er the e rat on of the l , t xpi i fam ne rante it out a a n to he inhabi i , g d g i t

an s reser n for the ro a re enue one t t , vi g y l v

ft of the en re ro uce of the so e ce ﬁ h ti p d il , x pt the portion of the priests ; thus rendering the n not on the ru er but the an ki g ly l , l d lord of the whole realm ; producing a re enue com ara e e cee n a v , p tiv ly x di g th t enj oyed by any sovereign prince from

" that time to the presents" He then re

Gen . lv x ii . t In speak ing of some of the Egy ptian monu men ts n has remark e t at t e w r , Pli y d h h y e e erected

k n s who must ave h ad more w by i g , h ealth than the k n w how to s s f y e di po e o . 42 C H RONOLOGI CA L I N QUIRY . moved all the people from the country

n o c es from one end of th or er i t iti , e b d ‘ of e en h Egypt v to t e other end thereof. The consolidation of the kingdom thus effected— the immense wealth and power thus acquired — and the removal of the people universally into cities — and their continued subsistence out of the royal

mun iﬁcence for three or four ears more y , during which their labour must have been rendered available for the construe

on of ese c es o n out the re n ti th iti , p i t ig in which these things occurred as the

commencemen of an rea ness t Egypti g t , and particularly of architectural magni ﬁcence ; and that reign must have been in the beginning of the 18th dynasty :

and u on a ne of n s w e th e p th t li ki g , hil children of Israel grew into a people

under he r ro ec on the ess n of t i p t ti , bl i g God seems to have been poured abun

dau tly .

s xlvu . 21 Genesi ,

44 H R N L I L I N UI R Y C O O OG CA Q . sec w c is a nearer a ro ma on to t, hi h pp xi ti the truth than the Vaishnava doctrine and they also distinguished the persons of it by Hebrew names T I am couse quently inclined to lay some stress upon the tradition preserved by Cyril and

Cedrenus a ermes ns ruc ed th e , th t H i t t Egyptians in the knowledge that in the Unity of the Godhead were three divine Powers ; especially as those authors have no conception that that H ermes might be f ose . s ou conce e t ere ore J ph I h ld iv , h ,

a his reforma on was dur n his ad th t ti , i g m n s ra on an en re a o t on of ido i i t ti , ti b li i latry ; and though idols may be found upon the monuments of the Pharaohs con em orar w t him a w ou d t p y i h , th t l scarce nva a e the nference as t e ly i lid t i , h y may have been introduced subsequently to his decease w en he mse f ecame , h hi l b regarded as an Avatar of Thoth ; and that this constantly occurred in an cient

See M tho . In u r 55 . 1h 8 y l q i y , 1 . 0 . H R L I I R C ONO OG CA L N QUI Y . 45

as we as mo ern mes is man fes from ll d ti , i t the circumstance that upon the great

o e s at am a the ures of mun b li k K k, ﬁg A

Ra are e en the wor of an a e at vid tly k g ,

ent f r r n least a c ury a te its e ectio . It is manifest from the many sculp

ures at e es of w c the ures in t Th b , hi h ﬁg

h re Th t e a es a some a othmos . pl t , th t III came to the t rone er oun and was h v y y g, brought up under the instructions of th e

ersona e re resented in the ure p g p ﬁg , w om ake to be ose or ermes h I t J ph , H D In ﬁ . i t aix . g this Hermes s stand in s m w t his ef an e ten e g i ply i h l t h d x d d , and o n in his r t the a m ranc h ldi g igh p l b h ,

h omm n s m of rm t e c o o e es . In ﬁ y b l H g .

L h e is s an n e n Thothmos t di g b hi d III . , (whose name and signet appear above him w t his eft han u on the arm ) i h l d p , and his ri rest n u on the s ou r ght i g p h lde . of a n a arent ns ruct n him th t ki g, pp ly i t i g w I th . b to shoot ith e bow n ﬁg. M e is standing h and in h and with the same k n our n w his eft an some i g , p i g ith l h d I R Y 46 C H R ON OLOGI CA L I N QU . thing into a cup which the king is bold ‘ in in hi r He is foun in con g s ight . d

s ant conne on w Thothmos II . and t xi ith I , was ev en at one me at eas in id tly, ti l t, high honor with him ; but wherever this

ure occurs is common deface ﬁg , it ly d by some at em to o era e or its name t pt blit t it , w c wou n ca e t a in succee n hi h ld i di t , h t di g times he was not held in the same repute as he was originally ; and this wou ld na ura a e ace w en the ene s t lly t k pl , h b ﬁt , which that patriarch had heaped upon the na on were for o en amon th e ti , g tt g troubles that attended th e Exodus of his kinsmen .

on the w o e conc u e a Jo Up h l , I l d th t seph began his administration not very long after the expulsion of the Shepherd

n s and en ed it a few ears af er the ki g , d y t

nf M r . urton orms m B i e that the ﬁgs . L and .

M are from arnak and the ﬁ . D from M ed n K , g i et

Haboo . es des th e ﬁ W l B i gure given by M r . i k inson there is a s m ar one u on a ta et , i il p bl be

H a es . longing to M r . y

H R N L I L I R 48 C O O OG CA N QUI Y . posed him to be the same with Thoth

mos . s is s roved ecause he is I Thi di p , b foun to a e sur e M r d h v viv d that king. . Wilkinson supposes him to be posterio r

to Thothmos I. and an ece en at eas , t d t, l t ,

T h and r t to hot mos . o a o be a III , p b bly

ueen and ca s him mun Neit ori q , ll A g . The grounds on which he supposes him to be a ueen a ear to me nsufﬁc ent q , pp i i , nor were e ac u esce in M th y q i d by .

am o on who ca s him Amenenthe Ch p lli , ll , and considers him to be the h usban d of

the dau er of hothmos I . and re en ght T , g t

ur n the m nor t of Thothmos d i g i i y III . , and that he was high in ha r with d Thothmos . and . an at rs w I II , ﬁ t ith

I ut a Thothmos l I . ; b th t as soon as

r e ed the so Thothmos III . ec iv le govern men he oo e u on s ersona e t, l k d p thi p g as

' a usur er and e er w ere cﬁ aced his p , v y h n me and su s u ed his own ns ead a b tit t i t .

llim re in the a e efore m M r . Cu o en , pl t b tioned aces him as a monarch re n n , pl ig i g

nt m orar w t Thothmos . co e p y i h I II . and CH R ONOLOGI CA L I N QUI RY . 49

n th na nes f h ea III . I e origi l li o t e gr t obelisk at Kam ak are the signets both

of s ersona e and Thothm l and thi p g os . ; several temples appear to have been erec him o n w Thothmos ted by j i tly ith I .

H f e a n and II . e alls x ctly i to the posi

on occu ed ose o in res ec ti pi by J ph , b th p t to me and in the c rcums ance of his ti , i t

being as . it were a joint ruler during so long a period as the reigns of 3 or 4

s e n s And a e him to be succes iv ki g . I t k the Chebron or Chebros en M a , , giv by netho as the 2nd name of the 18th dy na : and in a name w c is om sty th t , hi h it

u n the monumen s as a re en ted po t g t, I ’ fanc we ma s n u s The H ebra v y y di ti g i h , as Joseph is expressly called no less than four times in the relation of the story of

‘ r his rise to powe .

l e t r i the He is u tu The initia l t e n brew g t ral .

s have not th et er but use for it The Greek e l t , d

times the and sometimes the As irate. some X , p

’ h us thus wr tes Xe é v for the cit Hebron Josep i ﬁp y , “ f r H b and Eﬁcpog o a er. 50 ca RoNOLOG ICAL INQUI RY .

Joseph wee m ada by Ph araoh ruler

o e allthe land o f and accordin v r Egypt, g

h . to is word were all the people ruled, and in the throne only did Pharaoh te ’ er e c on to hims lf h arao s v distin ti e . P h q r si et from his lik ewise took his ring o . gn

' '

d ut it n J e h and . and an . u o os s h , p h p ‘ p

The monumental personage . in . question

use ro a ne w ch is in fact s .a s y l ig t, hi , ,

n suc a a o f .th t f Ame o ly h . vari ti n o a o m ph

' and ot s 1. as ucceed n -thi s I . Th hmo , s i g ng ado e fro e r redecessors and pt d . m th i p

the ne w ch o e sed was sig t hi J s ph u , , I

a e no dou the r s n h h v bt, oyal ig et, w ich

haraoh a e him an au rized him P g v , d tho

to use.

Th e great difﬁculty hasbeen- to deter m ne w t e s e en is a male or i he h r thi R g t .

m In the a era nes of h r fe ale. l t l li t e g eat

at am a he is re resen ed al obelisk K k , p t

wa s ia male a re common as earde y tti , ly b d , and with the crown of Lower Eg ypt

T n w r r er on . o his ame o e e o a s ly , h v , p h p , t i we m ra er sa o h s ins n a . r ight th y , ig i o

52 CH R ONO LOG ICA I . IN Q UI R Y . another ; and I presume that in process of time the S has been s ubstituted “ in the

e rew for the .M . T s ad c osen H b hi l y , h

arao for the w fe of J ose h was by Ph h i p , the dau er of Po - ra the r es of ght ti Ph , p i t

On at t a me the ro a c . And , h t ti y l ity from the near connexion in those ea rly times of the kingly and priestly offices from the names of her fa er a com ound th , p of two roy al titles Peté and Ph ra~ from the honors designed to Joseph— and from the c ircumstance of Amenoph I . leaving no sons to succeed him conc u e t , I l d tha the lady was not only closely . connected w the ro a fam l but was actua ith y l i y, lly or eventually one of the c o- heiresses pre s um tive of the rone er a s p th , p h p a sister or a cousin of the lady in whose right n And T o a e . hothmos I . bt i d it this ma e a n the c rcums ance wh the y xpl i i t , y dau er of a r est ro a an idolat ght p i , p b bly er fl . was c osen as a n w fe for ose h fitti g i J ph . And this hypothesis seems to me ' to de rive some con firmation from the substitu s. IN UIRY . 53 c IIRONOLooc r. Q

tion in one of the signets of the obelisk of ‘ Kam k mu e een a of the name ofA n H rm , the name o f Joseph as 00 d of the

s uare- cared ero c for the usual q hi glyphi ,

n d w the name of Amnntb . C on ecte ith h er des nies of his na on ose igh ti ti , J ph would o f course decline the sovereignty

for his d cen an s but the crown of es d t ,

o wer w c h s re en wears L Egypt, hi h t i g t ,

seems to n ma e t a his w fe re a ned i ti t , h t i t i ,

at eas the icero a of a ar of l t, v y lty th t p t the kingdom during her life : and there

are some s a ues e an b ear n the t t xt t, i g

name and s ne of s re en re ig t thi g t, presenting a personage with a beardless face and fem ne a earance w ch ini pp , hi savour strongly of idolatry . But these seem to me rather to be dedications made to her by her kinsmen in Upper

E han re resen a ons of her gypt, t p t ti ,

rec ed or au or e erse f or e t th iz d by h l , by

Her o am o It is not Amun Me m s a , the n e f

h of am es l Armais the fat er R ess l. 5 4 cnao o LooI s . N c r. INQUIRY her us and wh w in the la ter h b , ose po er, t

art of .h s adm nis rat on d oes not s eem p i i t i , “ to have extended over Upper Egypt)

‘

One of these s tatues e on . to . , b l ging M Athanasi is a ver ﬁne and alua e , y , v bl an ue of ac ran e i a earance tiq , bl k g it , n pp

a female but i th s ttin o ture w ich , n e i g p s , h

I am not aware that any traces of idolatry are

' really to be found upon the containporarymonuments fro the middle of th rei n of Ameno h l. to e . m . g p tha t of W es 111. exce such as ma pt y. have een ns cr d that monarc who took , b i ibe by h , such liberties with the monuments of his pres decessors : thus i n the instance of the great obelisk

at arn k d b T . the 1ateral i e a erecte thm0 s l . n s K , y ho l have manifestly been inscribed by Thothmos IlL ; and it might have been th e policy of a k ing attem n v i o atr to re resent his pti g to revi e d l y, p predecessors engaged in those very acts in which he re r s nt d f I can re ard none of p e e e himsel . g

these as conclus ve fdr if in the ruins of modern i , ,

o should be hereafter found the alto relievo R me, of Al ardi re se t n 0 Leo the Great with g , pre n i g P pe

th o r d . aul ar restin th e e ap stles St. Pete an St P g ro ress of Att la some future anti uarian mi ht p g i , q g

be d in h o on that t at cos tl eceived to t e pini , h y

work h d n erected Leo and that he h ad a bee by ,

au en n th nd nt a ced e lege .

56 cunoxvonoerca r. I N QUIR Y .

’ M e r He otu so M oeris is . rod s al places above Sesostris ; but in another place he states that Mmris lived about 900 year s before his own time : but in this he seems to have confounded together two fferen ersons as w resen di t p , ill p tly a ear Mm w in f a mm n pp . ris as act co o name and seems to ha e een more ar , v b p ticularl a e to t ose n s from y ppli d h ki g , w If w hom the cycles started. e turn

o the ca a o ue of ra os enes we t t l g E t th , ﬁ nd several kings under the name of

ares or oer s : and the rs of hese M M i ﬁ t t , the 9th n is er near in the same ki g, v y ly position above SaOphis (whom I shall

resen l show to be Sesostr s as M ris p t y i ) , y

e n a ar u n what uth It do s ot ppe po a ority M . Cha mpollion always calls Thothmos Ill Thoth s r W lk inson mosis Mmri ; and M . i mak es th e er rests u same complaint. P haps it pon the fol l n assa e of Herodotus who states t at th e owi g p g , , h m e of Mem his was ui t b M anes Mo rris te pl p b l y , ,

Sesostr s whereas the monuments it would and i , by

a ear that M enes Thothm0s III. and amesses II pp , R . were the chief builders . CH R ONOLOGI CA L IN QU IR Y .

is placed by Diodorus above the same

n ki g.

I e ie e ha the M ceris of the Gree s b l v t t k ,

erodo us ra os enes and Diodorus H t , E t th , ,

Th th os l ma be den ed o w o m . y i tiﬁ b th ith , whose name according to Man etho is

M e hres or M es hres the Stmchus res p p , A

of r tost enes and wi Tho thmos IIl. E a h , th , the Mares of Eratosthenes and the

ree s a e a en the name notfrom the G k h v t k , nomen but from the scara aeus w c , b hi h appears in the prmnomens of both those

in s . The res of the ree s or k g A G k ,

ars o f the omans was a form of the M R , Egyptian Horus or Phthah ; and from the constant occurrence of the word Ares and Cheres in all the Greek versions of the t an d n as es ere is ood Egyp i y ti , th g reason to suppose that theGreeks have commonly substituted it for some form o f the Egy ptian Phthah and from the fo ow n co n c ences w be c ear ll i g i id it ill l , th at the word A res or Cheres was a s u s i u e for hthah ore who is c m b t t t P Th , o 58 cam eram an . mas ter .

“ ' mouly represented .with a scarabmns on “ his head ; for wherever the Greeks met

with this name Thore they seem to : have 0 substituted for it Ares or Ch eresT: thus the name of the Assyrian king Thom-us

or T om as the randson of nus is h , g Ni , said by Cedrenus and the PaschalChro nicle to have been changed by his father into Ares or Arias,but Suidas says into

aa w ic in he r an ua e is A res B l , h h t i l g g and again in Homer we have constantly

' 90 5 nnecte for ars and 90 ; co d M , in Suidae Theusaresgt This name of

- Ares is in fact but a substitute . for the

l f Phthah h m em o or . scarabmus, t e e b Th e

In uir . 43. 101 Mythological q y .

’ ' ' 5th d nast viz . o f Ele an 1 Manetho s y y, ph tine kin s I onceive to be a version of the 18th ta g , c , k en from the signets : almos t all the names are com u f Cheres and a most all the s n po nds o , l ig ets

have the scarabaeus . I There seems also to be s ome connexion be n Thoor th Ale ndrina tween the Thore a d , e xa n ame of Thoth ; indeed Thoth was considered an Avatar h See v r ant 204 an of Phthah T ore. j B y , , d San

ho Anc . ra . 9 10 ll. choniat , F g , ,

H R N L I L N U C O O OG CA I Q IRY . would suggest that his successor Amen o ph I . must have been the king whom “ Cedrenus m entions as the Sesostris in w ose re n ermes rea eare andfr m h ig H pp d , o whose successor the line of Pharaohs s run f r nd d Th thm o ee o . d the p g, i o s I hel

rone on in r of his w fe and th ly ight i , comm n e f e c d that line o Pharaohs .

rom a cur ous a e wh c is ven F i pl t , i h gi

Rosellini from monumen s at e es by , t Th b h f T hm of out t e a e o hot os . it ab g III , might almost be concluded that though

I n wn h thm . II had m f o J T o os . hi sel k o se and de ed him af er his deat ph, iﬁ t h,

et a efore the e ra on of his y , th t b xpi ti re n his s nt men s had so far c an ed ig , e i t h g , that he had not o nly eras ed his name from the' monumen s re ard n him a t , g i g s

t e etter tha a usur er but at h li tl b n p , th e

mse f e an at the conc u on of hi hi l b g , l si s re n to trea the srae es w seve ig , t I lit ith

Dicmarchus places a Sesostris as the ﬁrst

mo ta kin of t Anc . a . IOl. r l g Egyp . Fr g H R N IRY 6 1° C ONOLOG ICA L I QU . r Th llni is at of ity . e plate of Rose i th a people of a Jewish appearance making

ric s and u d n under .the su r a b k , b il i g pe i

endance of ian tas masters The t Egypt k . plate is not from one o f the royal mos numents but from a om of some su , t b perintendant of the architectural works, who ou he m a e been u , th gh ight h v p pointed to his ofﬁ ce . under Thothmos

. m a e cont nued in his ofﬁce III , ight h v i during the whole of the succeeding

re n . The srae es owe er were ig I lit , h v , always occupied in Lo wer Egypt ; and as they were so conﬁned to a single s ot the an of Gos en a ur n p , l d h , th t d i g the plagues they were completely se~

ara e and de ar ed o et er in a p t , p t t g h

d e cou d ar a e een bo y , th y l h dly h v b employed in Thebes or Upper Egypt :

s ou d herefore concei e t at th I h l t v , h e people here repres ented must have been ca t es the remnan of the she erds p iv , t ph , whose main body had c apitulated and d e ar ed or erha s some ca ves p t , p p pti 62 c nn s o n o a UI R Y . o o lc r. I N Q

from . Is mael Emu Moa or o er h , , b, th

ou n na ons the descendan s neighb ri g ti , t of Abraha m

v r erson at all a c ua n ed with E e y p , q i t the mo ments of E is aware of nu gypt, th m n en s ruc ures as we l as t he e ag iﬁc t t t , l

r c ous d s osit on of Tho thmos III. cap i i i p i , which appears so manifestly upon his w r He e den c ame to the rone o ks . vi tly th

oun and ose a aren l re a ned y g, J ph pp t y t i the government some few years aﬁ er' his access on but ed on efore the cons i , di l g b

: T hm III hot os . elusion of his reign. turned his chief attention to architec ture and the arts, a nd appears very freely to have disbursed upon his favo rite art the treasures acquired under th a s rat on of ose In th e dmini t i J ph . e course of things also he must have com

leted and er a s nscr ed w his o w p , p h p i ib ith n name an s ne severa of the ui n d ig t, l b ldi gs

w c Tho thmos and . had e n hi h I . II b gu ;

' s h n cr on u on eter a t e i s ipti p St. P s gi ves

o n er VI t r t Alexa d I. he glo y of having

I L I N I R Y 6 4 CH R ON OLOG CA QU .

almos t all that are to be found upon his

m n B t he nt a tri monu e ts . u evide ly t

u ed d v ne onors to ose as the b t i i h J ph , second Hermes : and it is only the rapid descent of such a capricious king as this that can account for divine ho nors having been paid to him at all;

’ because within ﬁfty years after Joseph s

deat his k nsmen were o resse and h , i pp d reduced to slavery and after that event no king of Egypt would have cared to rank a patriarch of the degraded race

among the gods be worshipped .

r f Thothm was The successo o os III .

Ameno h . the Anou his of Era p II , p

tosthenes.

Thothmos the rus of anet o IV O M h ,

is the S r us of E ra os enes a name i i t th ,

eas su st u e ra os enes a ily b it t d by E t th ,

ree as ronomer for o . H is G k t , Th th e

the or s o f the em tes If S i M phi . I am right in placing the death of Joseph early in th e reign of Thothmos III the direct servitude and persecution o f HR N L I C O OLOGI CA IN QU R Y . 65 the sraeltes and the r of Moses I i , bi th , must have occurred about the com mencement of s re n or in th thi ig , e pre ceding ; and in the court of this king

oses mus a e een rou u M t h v b b ght p .

The nex so ere n accordin t v ig , g to

ra ost enes is Chnubus Gneurus or E t h , ,

Kne h en- res as wou reso e p Ch A I ld lv it, who a ears to be the en- heres pp Ch C , the queen mother and regent during the minority of the two brothers that suc

Thothmos in w ch h ceeded IV . ; hi c a

e er she a ears but not in the s ru t pp , li t

of kings . The next king is given by Erasto i h thenes as R auos s, t e Rhatmses of the

es and the R athotis or Am Memphit , e

no h . of an e o w ose s net p III M th , h ig

R thek His ro er is ca reads as a . b th lled

M r. l nson mun Toohn w c by Wi ki A , hi h

i the e t ma e rea n of his s net ﬁ s . l gi i t di g ig , g

and is s reser ed as a oca name K , till p v l l

u n the s o w ere is found w c po p t h it , hi h

is to s da ca ed Geh oona or thi y ll el T , f 66 cunorronoc rca r. I N U R Q I Y .

h moun i o Toohn M r. t e ta n f . Wilkin ’ son suspects that he is the Danaus of the Greeks ; and it appears to me that

at n ure is rfectl c th co j ect pe y orrect. Several buildings were commenced in

Egypt by the two brothers . Acc ord

in to s or anaus was e el g hi t y, D xp led

M r nson su oses him to . Wilki pp have

ed at all even s he cease to r ei n di ; t d g , and his brother Amenoph attempted to obliterate every recollection of him

by erasing his name from the mo no .

ments and as M r . i nson o serve , , W lki b s , by his inﬂuence w ith the priests pre vented his name from being enro lled n among the ki gs.

As the re n of Thothmos ig IV . ex

en e to near 37 ear oses t d d ly y s, M must have been nearly 40 years of age at the

e nn n of the re n of Ameno h III b gi i g ig p .

There is no distinction yet as certained in th e

y etween the and T hierogl phics b D . Indeed

h Gree A w as a wa s ronounced not t e k l y p , as a D but as a soft Th and is to t s da t , , hi y by h e modern Greek s .

6 H R N L I L I N UI R Y 8 C O O OG CA Q .

arentl w out muc founda on as one p y ith h ti , of ese ofﬁcers who had cons red to th , pi

wa a him he ﬂed n o M d an w ere yl y ,) i t i i , h

he n nu ear 0 e l n r co ti ed n ly 4 y ars o ge . And it came to pass in process of

me or tera af er man d a s ti , li lly , t y y , “ ha h n of d ed M o t t t e ki g Egypt i .

ses is nformed of s c rcumstance and i thi i ,

a so a all ose men were d ead l , th t th ” w ou hi fe “ And th hich s ght s li . 1 ese

fac s w n am con rm th e t ill , I thi k , ply ﬁ

os on a the rs 80 ears of the p iti , th t ﬁ t y life of Moses were nearly divided by

the re ns of the two n s who r ule ig ki g , d in Egypt during nearly the whole of

n er that lo g p iod .

We now come to a problem as in tri

ca e as a of the S e erd n s an t th t h ph ki g , d

‘ w ch wou d res n the same wa hi I l t t i y , by ﬁrst stating the difﬁculties and such other circumstances as throw light upon

E o 2 ‘ x . II . Ib. v 1 d , 8 t i . 9. H R N C O OLOG I CA L I NQUI RY . 69 the su ect and en draw n m con bj , th i g y

lus ons e i .

ccor n to Mane o the n who A di g th , ki g, brought upon his country the calamities of the odus was an meno s wh o Ex , A phi , had a desire to be a beholder of the ‘ An m Gods . d to acco plish this he is per suaded by a priest to free the country of the e ers who are man fe t the l p , i s ly

srae es on s he co ec e e I lit . Up thi ll t d th m together and sent them to work in the

uarr es but af erwards erm ed em q i , t p itt th to take up their habitation in Avaris ; but when the Israelites under the conduct of O sarsi h who was afterwar s ca ed p , d ll

M o ses had aken ossess on of y , t p i this

ac e the re o ed and ca e in the pl , y v lt ll d

S e erds who after e r e u s on h d h ph , th i xp l i a

If the passage could imply (which perhaps the i ina did t ou h the Greek will not t at h or g l , h g ) h e was desirous of giving visible representations to the ods or of furt er n t at do atr wh ch h ad g , h i g h i l y , i ' ained a foot n it wou d aﬁord some satisfactor g i g, l y groun d for the preliminary expulsion of the Israel t w h them ites and those who though it . 70 C H RON OLOGI CA L I N QU IR Y .

n u d take p their abode in J u ea . At this com na on meno s was so a armed bi ti A phi l , t at he co ecte the sacred anima s h ll d l ,

uried the ido s and ‘ ﬂ ed nto t o a b l , i E hi pi .

The S e erds and srae es com ne h ph I lit bi d , are then stated to have c ommitted the

reatest enorm t es ar cu arl rec g i i , p ti l y di t ing their efforts to th e destruction of the idols and the sacred animals . After thirteen years Amenophis and his s on R ampses returned and drov e out the ” a llies . Chmremon differs from this accoun t only by stating that the king Ameno phis was incited to the act by a vision from s s who re uk ed him on acc un I i , b o t of the desolation of her temple ; an d he furt er nforms us hat the e ers h i , t l p departed under the command of two l a ers oses w ose an name e d , M , h Egypti was Ti ithen and ose w ose s , J ph , h Egypt But w ian name was Peteseph . hen e y arrived at Pelusium they met a

f men lc there Arne y o , ﬂ by

72 CH RON OLOG ICA L q ura v .

Eusebius either Acherres or Chencherres ; and Eusebius moreover states that Moses

nt ut f n e we o o Egypt in his reign . O th monuments his name reads Amun me

n He ma e ome ad ons t A emek . d s diti o

the u ld n s of but M r. n b i i g Egypt, Wilki son says his reign was short ; by E ra tosthenes it is given as 10 years ; by

as 12 : o ers 16 18 and Manetho by th , , 26 are also allotted From his work s I should be inclined to allot him 12 during ’ remen in o a and his father s reti t Ethi pi ,

h re urn of oses ma n 1 after t e t M , ki g

m nt ned M altogether the thir teen e io by a n of the rou e netho as the duratio t bl s . There is no indication wh atever th at

eno h w ho rou all ese the Am p , b ght th

his coun r was the in troubles upon t y , k g who was actually drowned in the R ed

Sea ; but the king who perished must

is on Bocchoris w om all have been h s , h accounts represent as having driven o ut the Israelites . Not long after the passage of the R ed H R v 73 C ON OLOGI CA L m oon .

Sea M oses sen awa the mired multi , t y tude ecause he tended to seduce the , b t y

e u l Israelites . These peopl co ld have eft

in com an w the ews and Egypt p y ith J , t rou the dan ers of the Red S a h gh g e , upon no ordinary motive ; and if we recur to the hieroglyphics we shall ﬁnd some cur ous c rcums ances w c con i i t , hi h nec t the representations of the monu

m n s w the rar fra m s e t ith lite y g ent . ’ The cause of the dissentions between the two brothers Amenoph and Amun

I am inclined to fancy that some connexion exists between these events in the Egyptian Thebes and the ar of the Greek m t o o i I Theban w y h l g sts . n both

nts we ave the two ro a rothers t ee e ac cou h y l b , pe

v l at the ead of the Th e an and Ar ve art ti e y h b gi p y,

war in whic the Ar ve rother is wors ted in at , h gi b m t to recover his s are of the k n dom his atte p h i g . n also wh c w as erected b their The Sphi x , i h y

r Thothmos IV . is introduced in the Greek fathe , , and consu ted La us as oracu ar : in ﬁction , l by i l each there is the exposure and rescue of an infant destined to subvert the empire ; w hilst the double

nc of Creon ot efore and after the re n rege y , b h b ig cles seems to be ara e ed t at of of Eteo , p ll l by h n h Achencheres both before and after Ame op . 74 H R N L I m . . C O O OG CA L m au v

Toohn or Danaus appears to have been a

li u A a re gio s difference . menoph was

ross do ater w c a ears not on g i l , hi h pp ly from his monumen s but from the fore t ,

o n terar fra men s in w ch h e is g i g li y g t , hi represented as acting on religious mo tives and in ' his i ro n for the , ﬂ ght p vidi g safety of the idols an d sacred animals but his brother was evidently the re

erse for at a as ron and Ge e v ; Al b t , b l

oona and w erever s n is met T , h thi ki g w he is aced under t ese s n u ar ith , pl h i g l c rcums ances a he a ears to be a i t , th t pp p y in his adorat on to the Sun a one and g i l , n r t n h eve o a y of t e idols of Egypt. The conclusions from the whole that

I draw are,

- That the dissentions between the

ro ers was a re ous d fference Ame» b th ligi i , no h e n a ross do a er and anaus p b i g g i l t , D

— That in th e str uggle Amenoph p re

a ed and anaus was com e ed t v il , D p ll o

ﬂ ee but ma n a ned mse f at elu , i t i hi l P

76 R N I L IN UI R Y CH O OLOG CA Q .

osed a m xed mu ude w c se a p th t i ltit , hi h p rated in the desert and made their way

to Greece.

- That if they were not actually true

e e ers et a e eft w t a b li v , y th t th y l Egypt i h

urer fa and w an a orrence of the p ith , ith bh idolatry which then prevailed in Egypt that they were in fact the remnant of the na e and fore n e e ers who had tiv ig b li v ,

’ accepted the religion of Josephﬂ N or was the connexion between the Jews and Greeks forgotten in after ages ; for the Lacedemon ians in the embassy to J udas M accabteus claimed kindred with that

an hi w r people . D aus and s follo e s ap pear to have taken from Horeb that m x ure of osa c r es and wors i t M i it hip , which was afterwards combined w ith the do a r n o w ch e fe and i l t y i t hi th y ll ,

That there wer uc in E t is evident e s h gyp ,

from E od . ix . where in th e a ue of the x , pl g

” b ail He t at feared the word of the Lo rd amo n , h g the servants of arao mad his servants Ph h , e and ” h s catt e ﬂe n h s s i l e i to t e hou e . C H R N L G I L N UI RY 7 O O O CA I Q . 7

which combination was so remarkable am n t * o g he Greeks. In further conﬁrmation of this we ﬁnd

in ra osthenes af er Biuris a c an e E t , t , h g

from e an an to T e an n s Th b Egypti h b ki g , c learly denoting a change of dynasty

and the os on ere ass ned for the p iti h ig , emigration of Danaus agrees exactly with the date given by the Parian

r n e Ch o icl . C onnected with this supposition is a very s ingular passage in the catalogue of

S n e us a n co ec ed so man y c ll . H vi g ll t y c urious chronological passages from an c e wr ers t a fa er has wor ed i nt it , h t th k th em into a chronological system of his o wn and has ven a canon as his own , gi

r approximation to the t uth . But he has unfortunately' adopted the most length ened s s em of c rono o and a y t h l gy, pl ced the creat on 5500 us render n it i , th i g imperative upon himself to ﬁ nd the names

See M th . n . . 02 106 . y I q p l , 78 CH RON O LOG ICA L I N QU I R Y . of kings of Egypt during a period of

h r above years beyond t e t uth . And to accomplish this he has plac ed

efore the S e erds 25 n s the ast b h ph ki g , l of w om he ca s Koncharis and es h ll , giv hi he m 5 ears and t en .sa s t y ; h y , Tha in the 5th ear of Koncharis the 25th y , k n of in the 16th d as o i g Egypt, yn ty f the c c e wh ch is ca d anet o y l , i lle by M h the n c c c e was com eted a er o Cy i y l , pl p i d of 700 ears em rac n 25 re ns from y , b i g ig ” M estraim the rs na e n f , ﬁ t tiv ki g o Egypt.

Now be e e a s is at o om a , I li v , th t thi b tt

uo a on from so me anc en documen q t ti i t t, and th at this Koncharis is the Chen c eres G e res c eras or Bocch ris h , h b , Bi h , o , who was os in the Red Sea and w ose l t , h re n was c ose not the rs n as on ig l d , by ﬁ t i v i of the S e erds as S nce lus aces him h ph y l pl , b ut by the second invasion and the E x odus w c ane o mse f conn , hi h M th hi l ects together ; and that the passage was ori ginally to the eﬁect That in the l ast year of the reign of this Koncharis or

80 H R N L L UIRY C O O OGICA I N Q . the Exodus 25 n s had re ned wh c , ki g ig ; i h is a full conﬁrmation that the tablet of Abydos contained almost a complete ca talogue of kings who reigned from the commencement of the kingdom ; and that this Koncharis was the Pharaoh who was los in the R ed Sea t ,

h h res Boccho i was u C enc e , or r s, s c

d amesses I th f under f e ed . e o o ce by R ,

His r ut another line. eign was b one year ; and was followed by that of Ar

ma s w ose om was d sco ered i , h t b i v by

Be on under the d rec ons of M r . Sa lz i , i ti lt . Armais reigned 5 years according to the

l erar fra men s but accord n to the it y g t ; , i g monumen s 8 r 10 m be a owed t , o ight ll

him He w as succeeded amesses . by R

. or the rea the m con ueror II , G t, ighty q ,

h Se os r s of the ree s h s is t e s t i G k . T i

the n who accord n to ane o ki g, , i g M th , left the kingdom in the early part of

his re n and ursued a career of fo ig , p

re n con ues and a o n ed as V cero ig q t, pp i t i y R N I L I N UI R Y 8 1 CH O OLOG CA Q . dur n his a sence his ro er rmais i g b , b th A , who bore the same name with his

fa er . rma s usur e the rone but th A i p d th , was driven out by the return of his

ro er when the n is sa d to a e b th , ki g i h v ta en the name of tus and his k n yp ,

ro er a f an aus And the same b th th t o D .

or is re a e of Ses r s ero o us st y l t d ost i by H d t . The mon uments agree with the history in ro n a s monarc o er- ran a p vi g, th t thi h v considerable tract of country with a large and ctor ous arm and his name a vi i y , p pears upon the tablet on the Nahar el

e b in r a and accor n to He K l , Sy i , di g rod otus was in his me u on a s m ar , ti p i il

e near e u His re n w tabl t Eph s s . ig as

r on and ros erous H e wa a ve y l g p p . s

r a atron of the ar s and co ere g e t p t , v d both Upper and Lower Egypt with the most magniﬁcent buildings x Obj ections might perhaps be tak en to the position

r a n he e ssig ed to Ramesses II . within 20

For t s I am ndebted to M r. onomi who hi i B ,

n has tak e a cast of the tablet. g 82 CH R ON OLOGICA L IN Q UIR Y . years after the catastrophe of the E xo dus on ac ount of his ower and ros e , c p p p r and from no no ce av n een a en ity, ti h i g b t k in the hi n u s The l Bible of s co q est . ast objection is obviated by the recollec tion

a his con ues s or ra er we s ou d th t q t , th , h l sa his e e t on for was not n y, xp di i , it hi g more ook ace w ls srae lwas in Ho , t pl hi t I reb ; and from many passages in Scrip ture it is e vident tha t the calamities of the Exodus were conﬁned more espec ially

r r he to ower E t o ra e to t el a . L gy p , th D t

us in the 89th s m is e ressed Th , P al , it xp , Thou has t subdued (not Egypt but)

a a t a is the e a and es ro e R h b , ( h t , D lt ,) d t y d

And in a a arm of h . s t it I i h , Oh e

ord art ou not at a cut a a L , th it, th h th R h b , ? and wounded the dragon Art thou not

w c a dr ed the sea the waters it hi h h th i , ? of the great deep that hath made the depths of the sea a way for the ransomed l” to opass over The strength of Upper

Ch . . 9. S ee Bocchart t at aha art en li , h R b p i larl s n ﬁes the De ta the R ib of th r y ig i l , e p es ent da y .

84 H R N L I L I N U C O O OG CA Q IRY .

amesses . or amesses w ha R I R II . as t t

n wh wa c d E o s a e tus . In th e ki g, ll gyp

s of eo us o am e li t Th phil , b th R sses I .

. and . ear the name of Sethos In II b .

ra ost enes we a e Sao his and Sen E t h h v p ,

a hi r h i s Op s o Saop is II . n the corres

ond n aces who in the em t p i g pl , , M phi e

nas a ear as Su his and SU his dy ty , pp p p , and are said to be the builders of th e

ram s a tr u ed to eo s and py id , t ib t Ch p “ r o us Chephren by He od t . Both E ra tosthenes and the Memphite list omit

rmais the n ermed ate n but the A , i t i ki g, monuments decidedly prove that this ‘ rma s was th e son of amesses I. and A i R , the fa ere i ther of Ramesses II . Th s a manuscript fragment of Africanus in ex

Both Herodotus and Diodorus have eviden tly m s aced the foun ers of the ramids Cheo s i pl d py p ,

C e ren and M cerinus . It is ossi e t at h ph , y p bl h Ramesses the Great might h ave repaired and

s d There are no ns cr tions on ea e th e pyramids . i ip

- - La e h re a hr in t em now . But Abd e te tes t at h p l , h before the casing was stripped to b uild the walls of Ca ro he saw t em imse f covered with h ero i , h h l i l hi g yp cs . 8 C H R ON OLOG ICA L IN QUI R Y . 5

" is tence c te rc er from the a , i d by Ki h V ti c an ia w c s Su his of the M em , hi h thi p

h ite d nas is ca ed Southis and in p y ty ll , ' wh ich he is said to have erected many

ram ds w c Abne hius in the Ara py i , hi h p ,

b ic rans a es as o e s s . Plin a so , t l t b li k yT l

t r c se ra o k s ays hat Sothis e e ted ve l belis s .

m i e dent he m R a esses II . s also vi ly t sa e w ith the Osymandyas or Ismendes of

Diodorus as a au or under the name th t th ,

of the se u c re of Os mand as escr es p l h y y , d ib

the R amesseion . amesses and Sethos R , by the freq uency with which they are

s u s u ed for eac o er seem to be b tit t h th ,

nterc an ea e and er a s s non i h g bl , p h p y y mous ; and with the latter the name of

Ismen des is ew se connec e as ot lik i t d , b h Seth and Mendes are names of the god Khemgl: And this appears to me to give the sol ution why the G reeks stated that this king c hanged his name to

e sk P am . r em . Ob li . ph P o

Lib . x v c . 8. See M ho In . . 44 1 x x i . I yt l. q p , 86 m o s o nomm I S Q C IR Y .

E t n t u tr gyp m , a d tha the c o n y tha wefm h calld E t ﬁ nm his name gyp , b ea m e he appeu s to have ass umed the

' nam e of the go d Seth or Khem ; and Egypt (whic h in the ancient H ebnew and appellation of M izraim or M izor) in the hieroglyphics and in the Co pti c is known ly by the m me o t emL or the land of H am The sa me remark may per ha s tend to solve the uestion whet er p q , h th e n m i n t f R am a es and s g e s o esses II . belon to one or to two kin s show g g , by ing that the difﬁc ulty aris es simply from his havin an t er n m g adopted o h a e.

anc ient history of the world better es tab

lished t an t a the emi rat on of the , h h t g i colony of Danaus from Egypt took place at the same time with the Exodus of th e The co on of admus f l Israelites . l y C o lowed at an interval of but a very few

v aa' s as is e ress asser ed Dio e , xp ly t by

H R I L 88 C ON OLOG CA IN QUI RY .

Of these Danaus is said to have led the rs colon and oen x and admus ﬁ t y, Ph i C

the second . ccor n to o ers howe er A di g th , v , the sons of Belus were not E gyptus and

n ut e u and neu A a aus b e s s . nd D , C ph Phi this Phineus is stated variously to be the

f u r f n son of e une o e s o o e or . N pt , B l , Ag

n h s Ph n He was origi ally t e ame with ae ix . The corresponding Egyptian pedigree

Thothmos IV .

T Ameno h llI. Amun oc u I . p h Danaus "I II Amun me Anamek

Chench erres Bocchoris

r nt e o Bi i .

s I . llI. Ramesse

V Arma s I . i Phoenich

y (“

amesses II. Armais V . R E gyptus t nich

A amesses rma s and ame s R I A i , R s

ses . the ran fa er fa er and son II , g d th , th , , all succeeded t0 ' the throne within a pe R L CH ON OLOGI CA I N QUI R Y . 89 riod of ix ears is e en a R a s y , it vid t th t messes mus a e een far a an d I . t h v b dv ce in ears at his access on and ouse y i , c

uen l a man of a ou the same a e q t y, b t g as m w m n A enoph III . ( ho was a i or when he came to the rone us ec h th ) . I s p t e ‘ w a r f him n as brothe o and of Da aus . And hence Amun Toohn or Danaus m er we be re n n in reece ight v y ll ig i g G , when the second colony left Egypt nu der the re e ro er of ames b l b th R ses II .

mu t a Ramesses II . s lso have been a c on em orar w Bocchoris as he was t p y ith , not a minor when he succeeded to the throne six years afterwards and from this pos ition follows another singular

nc n e Th c t es u t th coi ide c . e i i b il by e persecuted Israelites were named R a

m N w th c messes and Pitho . o is ould hardly have occurred before the names

s and t m came n o u of Rames es Pi ho i t se.

This may have given rise to the supposition

at Danaus was rother of E tus as it is not th b gyp ,

r w et er amess or am s always very clea h h R es I . R e

was ntended E tus . ses II . i by gyp L I N UI RY 90 cuImN o Lo c IC A Q .

But at the time these c ities were bu ilt b Ameno h and Bocchoris the name y p , of Ra messes was borne by two of their near nsmen who were afterwar s R a ki , d

and and hom is to be messes I . IL ; Pit found in the name of the intermediate

n Ptha me Hermeen or rma s ki g, , A i , w c oin ed as the e rew is would hi h , p t H b ,

- me n read as Pithom Her e .

If ho weve r we o a tt e dee er , , g li l p

n o the ma ter n we s a ﬁnd i t t , I thi k h ll

a a mus the eader of the second th t C d , l

co on is the same as oen x or Phi l y, Ph i

The leader of the co on wh ch neus . l y i went out during the reign of Ramesses

was his ro er na med Arm a s IL , b th , i ; and he is said to have changed his name

to anaus w c a e to be a mis D , hi h I t k

a e confoun in one co on w h ano t k , d g l y it The name Armais I have shown

The confusion between the n ames of Danaus ,

Arma s Phce nix and Ca mus s ows how nt i , , d , h i i

mately they m ust have been connected . Apollo dorus further states th at the ship of Danaus

was cal e Arma s . Or heus also we t o l d i p , n ut ith M oses ; and I have no doubt but that a fur

92 CH R ON OLOGI CAL I N QU IR Y . the tru But t n h e has ard th . I hi k h ly

one to the o om of it in conc u n g b tt , l di g t a the a r arc ose h was n en ed h t p t i h J p i t d , and that the introduction of the n ame o f Joseph is a groundless mistake of au hors who a e confounde o e er in t , h v d t g th one event the two great leaders of Israel in ose ore the name of oe Egypt. J ph b Ph n c and was cons ere the second i h , id d

ot h The t e ermes of the ree s . Th h , H G k re e ro er of JE tus who ﬂ ed to b l b th gyp ,

reece also ore a name w c M a G , b , hi h netho in his Greek translation has ren d ere rma s and the ewis s or an d A i , J h hi t i H ermze us ; and which on the monuments appears with the square- eared hierogly

hic of ose and reads as a e p J ph , , I h v s own t nicheen o r H ermeen w h , , , ith th r es mun me or Pthah m e e e . p ﬁx A , The Greek leader of the second colony was this Armais or Phoenix and as the name of Z aphnath t nich was substi tuted for the name of Joseph upon his

rs n er ew w arao conc ude ﬁ t i t vi ith Ph h , I l H R L C ON O OGI CAL IN QUIR Y . 93 that here the name of Joseph has been substituted or read for the name Phin n ich (the square- cared hieroglyph being the symbol of both those names) ; and that the Osar- siph of Manetho is simply " a various reading for Osir or Amun me t nich and the Petese h of arre , p Ch mon is simply the Ptha me Phaanich of the monuments ; and that Joseph Peteseph and Osarsiph are here but various readings of the names of this

nix wh led the secon co on t o . , d l y It is possible that some members of the

fam of amesses . or JE tus ma ily R II , gyp , y

a e accom an ed him and ﬂ ed to Da h v p i , naus who re ned in Greece on af er , ig l g t h is from and ma a e ﬂight Egypt, y h v given rise to the story of the marriage

By most of the Egyptian discoverers the

s r T ere ma name of Armais is read O i es . h y be i some co nei ion etween it and Os r s for there n b i i , is a passage relating to the ﬁrs t Phoenix in Sancho niatho who states — t at Isiris the nventor of the , h , i t ree etters or k inds of wr t n was the rot e h l , i i g , b h r — of Cbna th t who was ca e hoeni . An . , e ﬁrs ll d P x c

ra . 16 F g . 94 C H R ON OLOG I CA L m omma

of the sons of [Egyptus with the daugh

t rs f anau th ref re c n u e h t e o D s . I e o o cl d t a

the rs co on w c eft for ﬁ t l y , hi h l Egypt

reece was at of nac us at the rst G , th I h , ﬁ expulsion of the Shepherds ; and the second that of Danaus with Moses ; and

the t r a few ears afterwards a hi d , y , th t

of hoen x rma s or admus who P i , A i , C ,

ﬂ ed from his bro er E tus or R a th gyp ,

messes lI to Danaus who was s l . , , til

r nin in r eig g A gos . The contrast of these pedigrees opens w If th to us another curious vie . e

rea ree co on wen out w t oses g t G k l y t i h M , it would have been singular if no tradition had been handed down among

e r escen an s of the crue t es and th i d d t l i ,

m racu ous es ruc on of the rant i l d t ti , ty ,

from w m t ﬂ ed ccord n ho hey . A i gly we ﬁ nd among the Greeks a tradition

res ec n a n us r s who ed p ti g ki g B i i , liv

t m Hi e en men on a ou s e . s s b t hi ti l g d ti , that in his reign a grievous famine occurred ; that he was remarkable for his crue t es es ec a to s ran ers of a l i , p i lly t g

I L I N I R 96 CH R ON OLOG CA QU Y . dertook accor n to ese h s or ans , di g th i t i , to ra se ano er ram b ut ed be i th py id , di

e on He is the M en for its completi . c eres of the em e d nast and h M phit y y , the M enophis or Amenophis of Mane tho accor n to the nas es and ver , di g dy ti

on of ose us but his name u on si J ph , p the monu ments is not yet agreed on .

m n M r . nson as an a ro a o Wilki , pp xi ti ,

am constan tly uses Pthahmen ; M . Ch

ollion M ene htha and M r . u p , p ; C lli m e Pthahm nO hth In the ffer or e . , p di ent Greek versions of his nam e we have a a n th su st u on of eres or g i e b it ti Ch ,

res for Phthah as M encheres is a A , , ,

rec trans a on of M ene htha or di t l ti p ,

h n c the 18t Ptha men . This ki g loses h

n dy asty .

The 19th dynasty will add further conﬁrmation to the positions which have

n en Th ne d n f bee tak . e xt y as ty o kings

in m is the 6th of an ruling Me phis M etho. The different corresponding dynasties are as follow 97 CH RONO LOGI CAL I N QUI R Y .

° M usthis . S thos 1 . thah m n se 1 oth oe 1 8 . 33 1 . e 5 Ph e s 30 Phthah .

1 9. Pammes . R a saoes 6 1 . C sm men 2 . Phil s 5 2 p ‘ 3.

Archondes 35 . Phthah

3. Ammene O 30 M CM Q

hth . his p es 20 p 7 . us II I 20 . A a 4 . Rames ses 60 . R amesses 4 . Pluo s 1 p pp p 00 .

M ammus 100 .

c m ess IV M e 2 1 . Eches o 5 . Ammene Ram es . 5 . nthesu

so caras 1 . nes 5 . lus 1 p . m m - NRoo s Thuoris hus Ra es s . t 2 . 6 . se . Ni ocn 1 2 V 6 s 2 . f Q ueen 6 . band of Al V I k andra 7 . Ra messes .

In the monumental S e Phthah we may

rha rec n se the name o f Sethos pe ps og i ,

nd of M this w c w reso e itself a us , hi h ill lv

nto M e- Sethos and er a s a so 0 tho s i , p h p l e ,

h c i us en as Thoes w i h s by E usebi giv . He appears to ha ve reigned in right of

his w fe and is om e in the e an i , itt d Th b

lis n Os r me Phth t. Phias a d i i n ah again

a ar to aff r some s simi ar ppe o d light l ity . The reign of Osiri ta Remere r co inc ides

w t at of M ethus u his it A a ith h p . W h p p us aximus Phjo s or as ot er cata p M , p , , h

lo ues e the name A hiO s a rees g giv , p p , g both in sound and in the singularity of h I N Y 98 CH R ON OL OGI CAL QUI R . a re n of 100 ears fo owed ano er ig y , ll by th of on one and at succee e a ly , th d d by

i A a u n queen Nitocris . Th s p pp s I thi k may be iden tiﬁed with Ramesses III .

The as is a ueen Nitoc is a word the l t q r , ,

n er reta on of w c Era os enes i t p ti hi h by t th , is ' Athena or Neith the Victorious ; in the M em e d nas accor n to Eu phit y ty , di g sebius it is ren ered viraram or tissima , d f , which is equi valent to the Alkandra

o ane o . In her re n or in t a o f f M th ig , h t her us and Thuoris a amesses accord h b , R in to the monumen s ro was a en g t , T y t k , and with this Pliny so far coinc ides as to state that it was taken in the reign o f

R mess ro o us and Diod a a es . He d t orus both state that Proteus was king o f

at the t me and s is er a s Egypt i , thi p h p a ar at on of ra Thuoris as the da e v i i Ph , t here assigned corresponds exactly w ith that given by the Parian Chronicle as

B C . 1209. os au ors ace a ut . M t th pl it bo

1 183 but ur s Sam us and the ; D i i , a ut or of the fe of m r m o e uc er . h li H , h high

100 CHRON OLOGI CA L I N QUIR Y . and he appears to have been ambitions of rivalling in every respect Sesostris o r h amesses . and a e h s to be t e R II , I t k t i Ma ris whom Herodotus mentions as

n a ou 900 ears efore his me livi g b t y b ti , and the Mendes (that is Sethos) who m Diodorus states to be the same with the

M arrhus wh o cons ruc e the la r n h , t t d by i t .

s remar of Diodorus c ear dis Thi k . l ly ’ tinguishes the two Me ris ; the ﬁrst of w om he ca s ris and den ﬁes w th h ll My , i ti i

Thothmos . ac n him 7 enera III , by pl i g g

ons a o e esos r s and a r u n ti b v S t i , by tt ib ti g to him the celebrated lake M aeris ;and the

as M arrhus he den e w t R a l t, , i tiﬁ s i h

esses 111 as th founder of the a m . e l by rinth and as an a mos mmed a e rede , l t i i t p cessor of ro eus in w ose re n the P t , h ig

ro an war o urr T j cc ed .

The stran e and ud crous m s ake in g l i i t , which the learned found themselves in volved in the discussion upon the zodiac of B endera w en e demonstrated , h th y as tronomicall t a a monumen y , h t th t t must I I Y lOl C H RON OLOG CA L N QUIR . have been actually erected some ages before the d elu e fter r s g , and a wa d upon the nter re a n of the e o cs i p t tio hi r glyphi ,

isco eredit to - be a wor of oman ime d v k R t s, is a lesson which should render us caur tio ns in the conclusions to be drawn from s imilar astronomical data . There are n ew under d iscuss ion three astronomical

a ets of dfou t of the o t bl , that E , tha t mb of Ar a s and the mos m ort nt t m i , t i p a he zodiac of the R amesseion . This zodiac is taken to be of the age of Ramesses II b ecause his name is every w here ia

r ed u on and a e no dou t sc ib p it, I h v b

ut t a is so . Now the ro em is b h t it p bl , by the pos ition of the Egyptian months

nscr ed as in conne on w t the cow i ib , xi i h stellations to de ermine the e och of , t p

ham o on - M o ere on . . . t its cti M C p lli , Bi , m a d man k n n M r. Ga ore n M r . so Wil i , lli , y others have turned their attention a te this s ubject - they have all drawn con

fr m w c the ave c lusions o it, by hi h y h

f its erec on - are all ﬁxed the date o ti , 102 ~ CH R ON OLOGI CA L I N QUI R Y .

ua on den of the resu - and t e eq lly c ﬁ t lt, h y A almost all differ from one another . s

e ffer the reater art of em mu st th y di , g p th be wron and w the u mos defer g, , ith t t

n e mus nfess a am una e to e c I t co , th t I bl follow any of them to the conclusion s

deduced no t fo r which they have , ( want o f a competent knowledge of as tronom u on m art b ut ecaus e y p y p , ) b they all seem to me to gather data and inferences from the monument be fore us w c in some ns ances , hi h , i t , I canno ﬁnd and in o ers canno a m t t , , th , t d i

t m ere is on m ort to be legi i ate . Th e i p an t circumstance which is . not suﬂiciently

at en ed to . a t ere were se era l t d , viz th t h v c c es commence in and con y l d Egypt, sequently it is far from clear to whic h cycle the months upon any given monu ’ n The Gree and o me t belong . k R man so ere ns w en e ecame ac ua n ed v ig , h th y b q i t with the true principles of reckon ing time were ambitions of a n the c , h vi g ycles c ommence from their own reigns ; th us

I 104 C H RON O LOG CA L I N QU IRY . the cur ous and I o e for una e man i , h p , t t ner in w i h nce us has con r ed h c . Sy ll t iv to

en en out his d nas es He a ars l gth y ti . ppe to have compiled them not altogeth er w t ou au or t but to a e had se i h t th i y , h v

era n n ocumen s fore h v l a cie t d t be im. He has for the ﬁrst 7 kings inserted th e names of 5 and has en two an on m , giv y ousl and ese su ose ans w er y ; th , I pp ,

H e h v to the ﬁrst dynasty . as then gi en

Sheshonk for the 8th n and for th e ki g, ,

25th Koncharis to w om a e efo r , , h I h v b e had occasion to advert ; and he ap pears to have ﬁlled up the interval be

ween .the 8 and 25th nsert n t th , by i i g some names of the 18th dynasty wi th some s of the n erme a e n s be li t i t di t ki g , tween that dynasty and Sheshonk ; and

a e e dou but a amon es I h v littl bt, th t g th e names w c are for the mos ar a i , hi h t p t v r a

ons of the name of messes we s a l ti Ra , h l

ﬁnd the lost names of the 2oth dynasty; whose monumental names and: signets

f r u are already be o e s . I t is quite clear H N L I N U IR Y 105 C RO O LOGI CA Q .

a be has use some anc en s th t d i t li t, by the man ner in which he has completed the rest of his catalogue ; for after She s on h e es the 17 and en the h k giv th , th

18th n as en Thuoris of the 19th dy ty , th , n ex ar of the 26th a e and some t, p t S it , o ers en a a n Thuoris fo owed th , th g i , ll by

ar of the rs Thinite d nas and p t ﬁ t y ty ,

en h t th t e 2 ls . The corresponding list of Eratosthenes lies between the 23rd and 29th of the

n s of hi canon of w om at resen ki g s , h p t I can only identify the O usimaris or

Th simares the 2oth of S nce us who y , y ll , is a n theTh osimares or Ouosi ares pl i ly y m , the 24 th of Eratosthenes . There was also a ce e ra ed n of the name of us l b t ki g Nil , or Nileus who e a enera on af er , liv d g ti t the ro an war who is men oned T j , ti by

Diodorus and o ers as a n of th ki g Egypt . He consequently falls within the 2oth

nas and wou d erefore be one of dy ty , l th

Th 25th n of Er the Ramesses . e ki g a

sthen s is Thinillus w c in one of to e , hi h 106 H R N L G I L I N U IRY C O O O CA Q . M the SS . is en as Sethinilus and as giv ,

he occu es e ac the os on stated pi x tly p iti , I have no hesita tion in identifying h im

under h n ilu t e ame of Sethos N s , or R a

messes us w t the Nileus of Di Nil , i h o

dorus and o ers and w t the R am s i th , i h p

n itus of ero o us who are the nex t H d t , important kings mentioned by those a u

t or s uld a e the oth n h s . I ho t k 2 dy as ty

as s a ed in the d fferen s s to be t t i t li t ,

n lu r n s M o umen ts . S ncel E a tosthe e . y s

r 2 V Rha sses My tmus Am 2 Ramesses II. me mono dotus

O uosimares 12 R amesses V III. Rhamessomenes 15

hin l 8 s 1X O us imares 1 Set i us Rame ses . 3 m m R hamesseseos 2 3 Se phrucrates 18 Ra esses X . X Rh amessameno Chuther Taurus 7 Ramess es I. 19 M eures Philo Amun mai Rhamesse Ju scorus 12 Pouee bass e Chomaeph tha ll Amunmeses Rhamesse V a phris

Of the 2 1st dynasty we have again

the names of 7 an e n s and allth e T it ki g , lists agree in allowing them 130 years ;

G I N UI R Y 108 C HRON O LO I CAL Q .

r ze t he esu . ec n to meet p i d a t r lt Exp ti g ,

t e er s e ose d f cu es w ch a v y t p , th i ﬁ lti , hi have ind uced almost all chronologers either to extend or shorten the common s s em have een aston s ed to ﬁnd y t , I b i h , that not only the history of the Jews

ccord n to the e ew n ers but a i g H br umb , the t an d nas es of ane o and Egyp i y ti M th , a mos e er scra of an s or l t v y p Egypti hi t y ,

o erar and monumen a as we l b th lit y t l , l as all the au thenticated traditions o f the

ree s na ura w ou an o ence G k , t lly , ith t y vi l , fa in w t t s s s em of c rono o ll i h hi y t h l gy, that the recorded traditions of these na

ons all s ar from the same e oc em ti t t p h ,

race the same er od and unite a a n b p i , g i at the same me in the e en s w h ti v t , it which the acknowledged and authenti cated history of the classic age com mences — a in the de ai in all the , th t t l , remarkable events in which these nations ‘ came in con ac w one ano er e t t ith th , th y accura e corres on in da e as— in the t ly p d t , different traditions of the deluge— of the 109 C H R ON O LOGI CA L I N QUI RY . planting of the nations— of I nachus and the Shepherds - of Joseph and the rise

L- and ros er of E ta- of the xodus p p ity gyp E , ’ anaus I E tus and Phce n ix allcon D , gyp , , use e and w t n a few ears of one t d , i hi y another— while the armies of Ramesses

r u II . seem to have passed th o gh Canaan during the residence of I srael in Horeb

and the con u f am ess o q ests o R es III . t have been effected durin g the troubles and depression of Israel under the

ud es So a so we ﬁnd the era of the J g . l

ro an war and Nitocris and handra T j , , Al co nc in wi h one ano er and w i id g t th , ith

r n rad on f th the Assy ia t iti o e same event . So again the eras of Shishak and Rehe

oam corres on and ose of Ne u b p d , th b

hadnezzar and ara N o Nor c Ph oh ech . does s occur on in the rea ou nes thi ly g t tli ,

‘ b ut . at every step a variety of coin

’ h n cidences as ee ointed out. And b p , as all these have been obtained by a s imple enumeration of the n umb ers handed down to us with scarcely a cor 110 HR I L I R Y C ON OLOG CA N QUI .

rec on and not one w ou some ood ti , ith t g

aut or the con rma on a ears to h ity , ﬁ ti pp

be so s ron a am u er at a oss t g, th t I tt ly l

to conce e wh c rono o ers a e so iv , y h l g h v

us em o ed emse es i the rst b ily pl y th lv , n ﬁ

ns ance in w s n the e en s recorded i t , t i ti g v t

in the eat en wor d and the h h l Egypti .

d nas es out of e r aces and en y ti , th i pl , th falsifying the Hebrew numbers to bring them into an agreement with their own

d tor d s s em wou d n t be nu - x is te y t s . I l o derstood to assert that no difﬁ culties and inconsistencies occur in the accounts of ancient authors ; but I would partien larly advert to the circumstance that

w ere e do occur we ﬁ nd a undant h th y , b

ma er a s and s or ca fra men s s t i l hi t i l g t , till

e an w c e a correc ed s a e xt t, hi h giv t t t

m n f the e us o h e t o cas . Th th ugh t e

len ene c rono o es de ered b gth d h l gi , liv y the priests of Egypt to Herodotus and

Diodorus a ear to coun enance the , pp t

I su os on t a all the 30 d na " f pp iti , h t y

were deemed success e et th Egypt iv , y e

1 12 HR N L I L I N U I RY C O O OG CA Q . as reced n wou d ex end emse es p i g it, l t th lv above the ﬂood ; and this diffi culty can not ia any manner he removed by raising the date of the ﬂood upon the autho r ity of the numbers given in the Septuagint and Samar an vers ons ecause t ou it i ; b , h gh

ose ers ons e a ona ears e th v i giv dditi l y , th y

e no ad ona enerations and fo r giv diti l g , the introduction of additional generation s ‘ ere is not the s i es au or th l ght t th ity .

The great argumen t for extending the Scrip

ura chrono o and of ado t n h n t l l gy , p i g t e le gthened chronology of the S amaritan or Septuagint v er

ions ha ever been the su osed im sibilit s , s pp pos y of the world being sufﬁc iently peopled in so short a B 2 192 a t me as at the era . C . or out 150 ears aft i , b y er the ﬂood as to ren er the d s ers on re u s te , d i p i q i i . The argument is completely annihilated ‘by th e

ser vations of M r . Ga imore in his re l to M ob ll p y r .

M r W C unnin hame in th e o n n atc viz . t g , i g h, , hat the Hebrew numbers place upon an average each ‘' - eneration i . s . th e rt of each ﬁ rs t orn at g , bi h b , I nter vale of 30 ears w ereas the Samar tan a nd S y , h i ep m rs e tend t e r chronolo tuagint nu be x h i g y 700 or

800 ears on ac n u on ar . avera y , ly , by pl i g p ge each

enerat on or the rt of eac ﬁ rs t- orn g i , bi h h b , at in tervala of 130 or 80 ears ns ert n y , i i g before each L I N I R Y 1 1 CH R ON OLOGI CA QU . 3

a n if we ower the 18th d nas the Ag i , l y ty , diﬂicu lties appear to me to increase ; for this can on ly be obtained atthe expense of

an s or s r n out e ow Egypti hi t y , by t iki g , b l , recorded dynasties of kings who clearly

re ned and w ose monumen s and om s ig , h t t b

are s ex s n se er n at the same till i ti g, v i g time all the connexion between the He

rew ree and an s or b , G k , Egypti hi t y, by separating the Ex odus from the times of

anaus and tus and in a ow n D n yp , ll i g

he co n uests o f amesses to a t q R III . h ve swept over Judea during the reign of

D avid .

escent 100 or 50 ears w c in o n d y ; by hi h , p i t of

ula tion not n can be a ne for it is m p op , hi g g i d , ani fest that as the casualties in 30 years must be l ess t an in 130 where the ves are h , li of the s ame en t so accord n to the short H l g h , , i g ebrew num ers the a u at on in the same num r b , p p l i be of genera tions must much more rapidly increase than acco rding to the more extended period ; and th e population upon the H ebrew computa

t on must in the a otted 150 ears av i , ll y , h e been

almost one- half as much again as in the most t d of th co i s ex ende ese mputat on . L I 1 14 CH R ONO OGI CA L N QUI R Y .

Nor can I see what is to be gained by lowering the position of this illustrious

n M en rose not s o w de r s dy asty . by l g ee from savage to civilized life ; but the wor d e an in a s a e of c a on l b g t t iviliz ti , and after ages degenerated into savage lfe rom the accoun of a e is i . F t B b l, it evident that stupendous architectural

n buildings commenced i very early times . And the relation of the destruction of the c t es of So om and the a n and i i d pl i ,

’ of Jacob s transaction with the c ity of

ec em as we as the con ues s Sh h , ll q t by

os ua of er c o and s ow a the J h J i h Ai, h th t cities of those times were protected by wa s and a es an d mus conse uen ll g t , t q tly

a e een aces of c ons dera on so h v b pl i ti , th at the architecture of the 18th dynas ty was by no means beyond the power or contemplation of the age here assigned

as em rac n the n er a from it, b i g i t v l

ose t e a the ar s were J ph o Mos s . Th t t also at the same time highly cultivated is manifest from the works of Moses in

I Y 1 16 CH R ONOLOG ICAL IN QU R .

" ra en w an ron en and ead in g v ith i p , l

the roc for e er and a a n a k v g i , Oh th t mine adversary had w ritten a book

If t en all the ar s and sc ences h ad , h , t i ,

in the a e of ose and oses arr ed g J ph M , iv

at suc a de i' ee of e ce lence and if the h g x l , Egy ptian monarchs of that age had revenues far greater than any other s ove

re ns in the wor d and n ee t an an ig l , i d d h y of e r successors can see n o reason th i , I , why we should no t expect to ﬁnd exist in in t monumen s of e r wea th g Egyp , t th i l and ower or wh so man c rono o ers p , y y h l g s ou d a our a a ns all is or c evi h l l b , g i t h t i dence to r n down the monumen s of , b i g t her s en our to an a e w en had pl d g , h Egypt

asse the mer d an of her rea ness and p d i i g t , h er resources must have been on the decline.

allthe rece n deduc ons and With p di g ti ,

uer a leaden ma et such as our c v Q y , ll , ar ers

us at th r s n and some sculptors e e p e e t day . R o Sellini h as given several pictures of Egyptians sculpturing with a mallet and s tele ; but the mallet is so sma t at it cou d har ave een of w ll h l dly h b ood . 1 CH R ON OLOGI CAL IN QU I R Y . 17 w h the resu of s n u r mus it lt thi i q i y , I t confess am not erfec sa s e : et I p tly ti ﬁ d y , in the present state of monumental dis cov er fee con nced a a far y, I l vi th t greater number of coincidences present themselves from assuming the correct ness of the e rew n um ers and ta in H b b , k g the records of Eratosthenes and the Greek

s or ans as we ﬁnd t em an from hi t i h , th an o er s s ems or a era ons a ave y th y t lt ti , th t h been yet proposed . CH R ON OLO G ICAL TAB LE .

r a n . 4004 . C e tio

e u . 2348 . D l ge

un t he m 2 192 . Fo da ion of t kingdo of Egyp t A m } v DY N STY 190 ears . 0 0 . E . a x r. . y 62 1 E N I . . . M A

M enes . E D M T H . . .

i r S M so .

M izraim SS .

N aracho M a l.

Necheroches M M .

In this table the following abbreviations are

i dorus icul D. D o S us .

ra s s E to thene .

H ero otus d .

M anet o h .

M anetho according to Josephus .

n M emphite list of M a etho .

hinit n T e list of M a etho . T heban list of M anetho . Old Chronicle .

Sanchoniatho .

e Bibl . l M anetho according to Theophi us .

A I N U I RY 120 C HR ON OLOG I C L Q .

elled accord n to ane ho p , i g M t ,

1 1 rs till 5 yea .

I DY N STY . XVI . A

Shep herd Kings .

SA S 19. 2002 . 1 . L ATI 2 3 E O N 44 . 198 . B

1939. 3 . AP A CH N A S 36 .

. E R E S . 16 . 1936 . 6 K

. OS IR TE SE N I . 3 . 1920 . 7 4

Tosertasis M M .

M isartesen P lin . He has left several obelisks and

monuments in Egypt .

m s 6 1 1903 . 4 . Ar or .

The w er f h e er 1 9. o o t e s 8 9 p Sh ph d , broken after 103 years in the fourth year of the reign of Apo

s Osirtesen 1. ears t phi . app o have rescued the greater part of Egypt from the domin ion of th e

r Shepherds . According to Af i

canns the na e n s and , tiv ki g the Shepherds held joint pos session d u ring the next 15 ‘L H R N L I L I Y 12 1 C O O OG CA N QUI R .

rs It s ms n yea . ee to have bee a period of trouble and alternate success ; but from their works it is manifest that the native

r nces or at eas Osirtesen I . p i , l t

mun u b I II had and a . A M th , d uring their reigns almost com

let om n on p e d i i .

8 M UN M UT H A H I . . A 16 .

M A I . 9 . AM UN UTH H I 16 .

1 0 . OSI R TE SE N I I . 16 .

N I S 3 . JA A

N 6 1 1 . OSIR TE SE I I I . 1 .

N I . AM U MUTH AB II 4 1 .

e ned 4 1 ears and has eft R ig y , l

m n several monu e ts .

' 6 . K aR ros ? 1 3 . HA K OR 17 .

h s M M Ac e .

Uchoreus D Alisphragmuthosrs M J

Name uncertain .

1768 . 7 . ASE TH 20.

In s 17th d nas a e thi y ty , I h v

a owe Osirtesen I . 4 3 ears ll d y , 1 R 22 CH ON OLOG ICAL I N QUI R Y .

m un M b I I 1 and u a I . 4 ears A th y ,

ac r n the monu m n co di g to e ts . For the res t I have averaged th e

n i terval at 16 years each .

1755 . 1 4 . Amos .

Siege of the Shepherdsin A varis . h 1748 . Expiration of the 15 1 years of t e joint rule of the n ative princes

Ex ul and Shepherd kings . p

s on of the e er s and ea h i Sh ph d , d t

r of Aseth . From this yea com

mences the 18th nas in th e dy ty ,

7th ear of the re n of mos y ig A ,

and acc r n to the Chro , o di g Old

n c e con nues 348 ears . i l , ti y

DYN STY 34 8 I. A XVII . .

A s a one. 18 1 8 . 1 M o 74 4 . l

Amosis

Tethmosis Toegaramach us

M omchiri the 79 Memphite .

h bron C e .

1 A E N OPH I . 20 1730 . 5 . M

s h so d n o . 1729. Jo ep l i t Egypt

124 R C H ON OLOGI CAL I N QUIRY .

ar s and od of wea in the t , g lth ,

re n of a n from w ose ig th t ki g, h successor sprung the line of the Pharaohs (the family of the

Ced .

1 1 . 1 . T A 7 0 II TII M . nd M E S 2 6 O os I a SE . 2

M e h ra Thot mosi p h s . M ephres M J

M mris H .

Misaphris

Stoechus Ares E .

of E t and was a S e her from the an of the gyp , h p d l d

L ST IN ES who at t at t me ra ed his ﬂo k PH I I , h i g z c s

in E t. The s net of Amos a cord n to gyp ig , c i g ’

M r . urton s co of th e ta et of A os re s B py bl byd , ad P H AR AO H K B and Herodotus I believe uses the wor C eo s on in its inﬂex ions v n d h p ly , gi i g

hea for the E tian name . T s othes s C p, gyp hi hyp i would account for no hieroglyphics being found u on the ram s as mos t ro a for d en p py id , p b bly bi d and would be further sustained by these k ings

av n een succee e M cer nus or C erians h i g b d d by y i h , w c resolves tse f to M eCherres or MAres hi h i l in ,

Tho hmos I t would owever en t en th e t . I , h , l g h re n of Amos to the t me of ose wh ch m t ig i J ph , i igh be one at the ex ence of Ameses and for w c d p , hi h

E ratost enes is an aut or And to t s o h h ity . hi hyp t es s I fee a r h i l g eat inclination to assent. I L I N UI RY 125 CH R O NOLOG CA Q .

6 escen of srae n o . 170 . D t I l i t Egypt

Regulation of the Calendar .

Appearance of the t nix .

ommencemen of the c c e C t y l , which expired in the reign of

o em uer e es Pt l y E g t .

ne 2 . TH OTH M OS I . alo 1

' 1 7 . T r o I . H o H M s I . 27

Me hr m thos p a u is M I . M h mm h et ra ut osis T.

r i s Goso m e E tesipantus E . 1 T 1649. 8 . H OTH M OS I II . 39.

Thothmos M oeris Cham p .

Thmosis M I .

Tutbmosls M T.

Tham this M p M . M e ris H .

M rie D y . M ares E It is highly probable that Joseph may have retired some few years

efore his dea and as soon as b th ,

Thothmo I I c m I . a f s e o age .

1635 ea f . D th o Joseph in the 2 lst year

of Thothmos I I I — essa on of . C ti the regency o f Amnnthh or 126 I L CH R ONOLOG CA I N QUI R Y .

n N en Amu eitgori . Magniﬁc t architectural works of Thoth m os I II .

6 1 1 9 . A EN OP . 31 . 1 0 . M H I I

Amenophis Anou E phis . Persecution of the I sraelites

begins .

TH OTH S I v 36 . 1579. M O .

O rus M J .

Soris M .

Sirius Abascan tus E .

rt f a n in 1571 . Bi h o Moses and educ tio

‘ the court of this king .

1543 e en ur n the m nor of the . R g t d i g i ity

' ' two next princes . A CH E N CH E R R E S .

Chn ubus G neurus

K neph - Chen - Ares

A E N 15 3 M O P H I I I . N T 4 . 8: M U A OO H N .

R athek H ier . ana r D us G . Rhatoes s M e M .

R athotis M J R auosis E .

Athoris M . 5 1 3 1 . f Flight o M oses .

12 R 8 C H R ON OLOGI CAL I N QUI Y .

with the remn ant of the Shep

erds ree s and m ed mu t h , G k , ix l i

ude es ruc on of the n t . D t ti ki g Bocchoris and his army in the R ed

Sea . s occurre accord n Thi d , i g

to nce us 700 ears af er th e Sy ll , y t foundation of the kingdom by

n in 1 nd af er e es . 2 92 a M (viz , ) t

25 reigns .

14 1 M E SSE S I . l. 9 . RA

Sethos T. hi M S up s M .

Sa0 phis E .

14 90 2 4 . AM UN PR mN I CR E RN

or or 4 .

TH A H R M N PH A E E .

Armais M :

H ermmus M " .

M E SSE S I I 66 . RA . Sethos

Sothis

Sonthia

Souphis M M .

Sa0 phis E .

Sesoosis D.

Sesostris Greeks .

Osymandyas Ismendes D. CH R ON OLOG ICA L IN QUI R Y .

Expedition of Sesostris over Syria

and s a nor w s srae is A i Mi , hil t I l

r n hi a nce in Horeb . Du i g s bse his brother Armais or t n ich

re e s but his rebe on is su b l , lli p

' n m p ressed by the ki g s t etu . Departure of the last colony

n n x and dmus u der t i C a .

rat on of the 518 ears the Expi i y , time stated by Africanus to be the period of the residence of

e k Sh r in t Gr e eph e ds Egyp .

1 18 . 2 . AM E N O PH Iv 19 4 6 . .

Phthahmen Wilk .

M n e ephth a Champ . M h enc eres M M .

M osch r e es E . DYNASTY “ X X . . 1 I 90 .

P 'r H H A H M E N SE PH TH A H 33 . .

S ho . et s M 19th .

M us hi t s . E . M e Sathoe

Otho or Th s es oe M M .

The 12th dynasty of M anetho is evidently the

s ame as t s and as it commences w t Seeon hi ; , i h

' chos is it aﬂords a further conﬁ rmat on that amon , i , g the successors of the S esonchosis of Syncellus are

ames of the k f the n ings o the 2otb dynas ty . k 130 H R N L I L I N U I RY C O O OG CA Q .

M r. nson sa s a he was Wilki y , th t probably not admitted into the Theban lists from having been

a em e n or from a n M phit ki g, h vi g only succeeded to the throne by right of marriage with the prin

Ta - r cess Osi i .

1366 2 8 . SI R I M E N PH TH A H . 35 . O .

R a saces M 1 p 9th .

Phius M M .

P m Ar a mes ch ondes E .

3 1 2 9 . SI R I R E M E R 1 . R E R 8 . 3 O TA .

Ammenemes . M 12th .

M ethusuphis M M .

. M E SSE I I I 0 . . 3 0 6 1323 RA S .

A hi s M M p op . A a us M a imus E p pp x . is S soos . D e II . 1 Sesos tris M 2th .

Pheron H .

is n was a rea warr or Th ki g g t i ,

n m t t amesses I a d i i a or o f R I . Eratosthenes and the Memphite

d nas a ow 100 ears to him y ty ll y ,

and but one to his s ucce or ss .

I have no doubt that it is this king to whom Herodotus

132 CH RON OLOGI CA L I N QUI RY

' 122 . 3 3 . I roc nI s 8c M E SS S 1 2 N RA E V I . 3. Ni i d tocr s an Thuoris M M .

Ni ri toc s E .

Alk andra and olbus M 19th P y . Sk emiophris &AmmenemesM 12 th roteus D P .

The 12th d nas n ima es at y ty i t t , th Skemiophris w as a sister of R a

me ses I r m h m s V . F o t e on u

men s is e ent t at R a t it vid , h

mess I I was suc es I . ceeded bv

ree of his sons w t w c the th , i h hi h

12 th d nas w eas a r y ty ill ily g ee . And this queen Nitocris seems to have been their sister and a

ueen re n n in her own r h q ig i g ig t, as Thuoris (perhaps Ramesses

1 r men n V II . ) 3 exp essly tio ed as

er h sban d And t s is a s con h u . hi l o

rme ero o us who s a es ﬁ d by H d t , t t

a r eus was a em te th t P ot M phi . Proteus is mentioned by Dio

orus and erodotus in s d H , thi

ace as the n in w ose re n pl , ki g h ig Troy was taken

9 r k en n t 3 . T oy ta accordi g o the C H R ON OLOGI CA L IN QU IR Y . 133

Parian Chronicle and all the

er f ane v sions o M tho . YN . D T XX AS Y .

12 2 . A M E SS 09. 3 E S V I I 1 5 . R .

Rhamesses S yn . Rhem hi p s D. M rt us Am n y ae mo odotus E .

1 194 . 3 5 . M E SSE S VII I 1 RA 5 .

O usiomares

1 1 . R - 79. 3 6 A S M E S E S I x . 15 .

Rhamessomenes

N ileus

Sethos Nilus Ramesses Nilus R ampsinitus

1 164 3 7 . . M E SSE S x 15 RA . .

R hamesseseos Semphucrates

3 8 . M E SSE S 1 149. x 1 5 1 RA . .

Rhamessomeno

Chuther Taurus

N M A I I ’ 1 4 . 3 9 . M U UB E 5 . 13 A PO .

Rhamesse ubasse J Syn .

M ures Philoscorus E e .

I ere fo ow E us e ius and ave al owed h ll b , h l 108 years to the 7 k ings of the 2oth dynasty r h m 1 ave aging t e at 5 . 134 CH RONOLOGI CA L I N QUI R Y .

AM U M E . 1 . 1 1 19. 4 0 . N SE S 8

Rh amesse Vaph ris Sy n . Chomaephtha The tombs of this dynasty ar e

e f er s the sce re at Theb s . A t thi pt passed to the kings of Lo w er

Egypt .

. Y DY NA T . XXI S 130.

H E B N . N I E . 1 10 1 . T A TA T

Smcuniosoch us 60 . Smendes 26 .

r Psusenes 4 6 . Penteathy is 16 . h l Nep e cheres 4 .

Stammenemes AmenOphthis 9.

Sistosichermes O sochor 6 .

M aris P sinaches 9. 1 Siphoas Psusennes 4 .

Phruron Ni us . l Amyrtmus 63‘ Ama H orte YN T D AS Y . XXII.

SH E SH N K . 2 1 97 1 . O .

Shishak .

n as on of udea S s a I v i J by hi h k ,

in the re n of e o oam ig R h b .

' P R INT ED BY 0 . WB I IT INU H AI , TOO K" CO URT .