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Download This PDF File JURNAL RUPARUPA PROGRAM STUDI DESAIN KOMUNIKASI VISUAL UNIVERSITAS BUNDA MULIA Volume 3 Nomor 1, Juni 2014 ANALISA VISUAL TOKOH -TOKOH DALAM ANIMASI STUDIO GHIBLI Henny Hidajat1 1Dosen Program Studi Desain Komunikasi Visual Universitas Bunda Mulia, [email protected] Abstract Studio Ghibli is a famous animation studio based in Japan established in 1985. It is led by Hayao Miyazaki, Isao Takahata and Toshio Suzuki. Their works such as ‘Nausicaa of The Valley of The Wind’, ‘Princess Mononoke’, ‘My Neighbor Tottoro’, ‘Howl’s Moving Castle’, ‘Spirited Away’ consist of interesting characters, not only the main characters but also the supporting ones. Although those stories have different themes, some of the characters had similarity. This article explains about how the animation studio visualizes some key characters with some influences of personal inspiration and expression of the pioneers although for general characteristics the visualization mainly similar to classical anime. Some characters that will be covered in this article can be classified as the leading characters and supporting characters both protagonist and antagonist. Keywords: animation film/ anime, characters, protagonist, antagonist, Ghibli Studio PENDAHULUAN sifatnya, cara bergeraknya serta cara Dalam sebuah film cerita tokoh-tokoh pelaku berekspresinya, belum lagi mengisi suaranya, memegang peranan amat penting. Mereka sehingga karakter tersebut dapat menjalani lakon cerita, baik berupa narasi, mendukung penyampaian cerita maupun dialog maupun aksi tindakan serta ekspresi keseluruhan atmosfer film, dan tentunya yang kesemuanya itu pada intinya menyusun menarik bagi penonton. Bahkan bila film jalan cerita. Demikian pula dengan film berhasil, ataupun untuk kepentingan cerita animasi. Tokoh-tokoh pelaku promosi seringkali tokoh-tokoh animasi merangkai alur cerita. Bila dalam film hal ini tersebut dapat dibuat tiga dimensinya bergantung pada keahlian sutradara sebagai berupa figurine ataupun action figure pengarah serta para pemeran, yaitu aktor maupun merchandise-nya yang dapat dan aktris baik pemeran utama maupun menambah keuntungan bagi pemasaran film. pendukung dalam membawakan perannya Beberapa film animasi mereguk keuntungan masing-masing, maka film animasi yang jauh lebih besar pada penjualan bergantung pada keahlian para animator merchandise daripada pada peredaran yang menciptakan dan menggambarkan filmnya sendiri. karakter-karakter tersebut. Dalam industri Karena animasi diciptakan dengan digambar, animasi suatu karakter dapat dikerjakan oleh maka gaya menggambar dapat satu tim yang terdiri dari beberapa orang. mempengaruhi keseluruhan cerita dan film Tantangannya adalah kemampuan untuk dengan penggambaran atmosfer tertentu. menciptakan setiap karakter baik sifat- Cara penggambaran tokoh cerita dapat 1 JURNAL RUPARUPA PROGRAM STUDI DESAIN KOMUNIKASI VISUAL UNIVERSITAS BUNDA MULIA Volume 3 Nomor 1, Juni 2014 mempertegas atmosfer film, apakah misteri, Dalam perkembangannya, film yang komedi, drama, horor, dan sebagainya. Hal mempertontonkan konsep diskriminasi baik ini juga tampak jelas terutama pada ras maupun gender dan lain-lainnya, penggambaran para tokoh cerita, dengan kekerasan verbal, aksi merokok, dan lain-lain demikian dapat dirasakan tokoh-tokoh yang juga patut diwaspadai. Padahal dengan antagonis maupun protagonis. Kejelasan semakin banyak beredarnya film, dan juga sangat perlu terutama bagi film dengan jenis-jenis hiburan lain anak-anak masa kini target pemirsa anak-anak, dengan asumsi semakin kritis dalam memilih tontonan. bahwa logika mereka masih sederhana sehingga menonton film bagi mereka adalah PEMBAHASAN mengidentikkan diri dengan para tokohnya Studio Ghibli dan meniru tindakan para tokoh yang Studio Ghibli merupakan sebuah studio yang dominan. Oleh karena itu para tokoh memproduksi anime di Jepang. Perusahaan protagonis perlu ditampilkan secara ini dimulai pada tahun 1985 oleh beberapa dominan dan di’menangkan’ pada akhir orang pelopornya, antara lain Miyazaki cerita agar anak-anak dapat menangkap Hayao, Takahata Isao dan Suzuki Toshio1. pesan cerita dengan jelas, bahwa kebaikan Pada masa itu mereka membuat studio akan menang melawan kejahatan sehingga sendiri setelah bersama-sama bekerja pada mereka mengidentifikasi diri sebagai tokoh studio film lain. Oleh karena itu film animasi yang melakukan kebaikan dan melawan mereka sebenarnya telah dibuat sejak studio kejahatan. Pada intinya mereka dapat Ghibli belum terbentuk, misalnya ‘Nausicaa belajar memahami hidup melalui hal-hal of The Valley of The Wind’(1984). yang dialami maupun dilakukan oleh para Kebanyakan film yang mereka produksi tokoh cerita. merupakan film anak-anak, dengan rating Memang kebanyakan film animasi pada mulai dari G, PG hingga PG-13. awalnya lebih diperuntukkan bagi anak-anak, Takahata Isao memiliki latar belakang walaupun di masa kini semakin banyak film kepercayaan Shintō yang kuat karena lahir dibuat bukan untuk anak-anak saja, bahkan dan besar di kota Ise, yang memiliki banyak juga bermunculan yang khusus untuk kuil. Dalam masyarakat Shintō penghargaan dewasa. Banyak pula film yang sejak lama terhadap alam adalah bagian dari hidup. telah diproduksi bagi anak-anak ternyata Prinsip berdamai dengan alam adalah salah setelah diteliti lebih lanjut sebenarnya satu sumber rasa estetika yang dijunjung terlalu ’dewasa’ baik secara konten maupun tinggi oleh mereka. Latar belakang visualisasi untuk pemirsa anak-anak. Dengan kedekatan dengan alam dan perjuangan demikian dalam membuat film yang dapat para tokoh dalam membela kelestarian alam dikatakan ’aman’ ditonton oleh anak-anak banyak muncul secara jelas dalam film-film memang bukan perkara mudah. Secara Ghibli. Sementara Miyazaki Hayao lahir dan konvensional yang dikatakan aman adalah dibesarkan di ibukota Jepang, Tōkyō yang bila film tersebut dapat dimengerti anak- sangat sibuk. Latar belakang usaha anak dan tidak memvisualisasikan kekerasan maupun pornografi. 1 Penamaan ditulis menurut cara penulisan bahasa Jepang, yaitu nama keluarga (family name) di depan baru nama depan (given name) 2 JURNAL RUPARUPA PROGRAM STUDI DESAIN KOMUNIKASI VISUAL UNIVERSITAS BUNDA MULIA Volume 3 Nomor 1, Juni 2014 keluarganya di bidang penerbangan - Hewan: ikan, mamalia, serangga, menginspirasinya untuk memasukan burung beraneka ragam mesin terutama mesin - Mahluk jadi-jadian: antropomorfis, terbang dalam anime-anime produksi Ghibli. zoomorfis, metamorfosis, hantu dan Beberapa film yang telah mereka produksi monster, arwah atau roh antara lain‘ Horosu: Prince of The Sun/ The - Benda-benda yang dihidupkan Little Norse Prince’ (1968), ‘Panda Kopanda’ (1972), Lupin III : The Castle of Cagliostro’ Dominasi Karakter Anak (1979), ‘Downtown Story’ (1981), ‘Gōshu Dalam anime produksi Studio Ghibli tokoh The Cellist’ (1982), ‘Nausicaa The Valley of yang paling sering menjadi pelaku utama The Wind’ (1984), (film-film ini masih adalah anak-anak ataupun remaja. diproduksi saat belum menggunakan nama Penggambaran anak-anak yang menonjol Studio Ghibli). Setelah menggunakan nama pada anime Studio Ghibli adalah ceria, Studio Ghibli diproduksilah ‘Laputa: Castle in berani mengambil resiko, penuh rasa ingin The Sky’ (1986), ‘The Story of The Yanagawa tahu, penuh fantasi, lincah, kadang mampu Canals’ (19 87), ‘Grave of The Fireflies’ melihat yang tidak dapat dilihat orang (1988), ‘My Neighbor Totoro’ (1988), ‘Kiki’s dewasa, namun dalam menghadapi Delivery Service’ (1989), ‘Only Yesterday’ kesukaran penuh kegigihan dan kedewasaan. (1991), ‘Porco Rosso’ (1992), ‘Ocean Waves’ Dapat dikatakan semua tokoh anak (1993), ‘Pom Poko’ (1994), ‘Wishper of The digambarkan sebagai karakter protagonis. Heart’ (1995), ‘Princess Mononoke’ (1997), Kebanyakan anak-anak ataupun remaja yang ‘My Neighbors The Yamadas’ 1999), ‘Spirited ditampilkan adalah putri. Dengan Away’ (2001), ‘Cat Returns’ (2002), ‘Howl’s penggambaran yang juga cenderung indah Moving Castle’ (2004), ‘Tales from Earthsea’ sehingga muncul pula anggapan bahwa (2006), ‘Ponyo on The Cliff by The Sea’ anime mereka cenderung dapat digolongkan (2008), ‘Arietty The Borrower’ (2010)2. sebagai Shōjo. Istilah tersebut biasanya dipakai pada komik Jepang, atau yang sering Ragam Karakter pada Anime Studio Ghibli disebut sebagai manga, untuk penggolongan Keistimewaan penokohan pada anime Studio pembacanya, yaitu remaja putri. Namun Ghibli adalah variasi usia tokohnya yang demikian karakteristik kuat para tokoh putri bervariasi. Umumnya film melibatkan anak- maupun jalan cerita yang digambarkan anak, remaja, dewasa hingga lansia. Dengan Studio Ghibli sebenarnya agak kurang demikian anime-anime produksi Studio sejalan dengan pakem Shōjo pada umumnya Ghibli dapat dinikmati oleh seluruh keluarga. (Napier, 2001). Selain itu penokohan anime Studio Ghibli Penggambaran anak-anak juga ditampilkan dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian, untuk mewakili fantasi, pembebasan diri, seperti: keterbukaan menerima berbagai hal dan - Manusia: anak-anak, remaja, dewasa, semangat muda. Gambaran seperti ini dapat lansia ditemui pada tokoh-tokoh: Mei dan Satsuki dalam ‘My Neighbor Totoro’ (1988), Ponyo dan Sōsuke dalam ‘Ponyo on The Cliff by The 2 Judul bahasa Inggris merupakan judul terjemahan yang diberikan dari Studio Ghibli, baik yang terjemahan Sea’ (2008), Kiki dalam ‘Kiki’s Delivery langsung dari judulnya maupun yang tidak 3 JURNAL RUPARUPA PROGRAM STUDI DESAIN KOMUNIKASI VISUAL UNIVERSITAS BUNDA MULIA Volume 3 Nomor 1, Juni 2014 Service’ (1989), Setsuko dan Seita dalam menjadi lebih bertanggung jawab setelah ‘Grave of The Fireflies’
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