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Making Religion Acceptable in Communist Romania and the Soviet Union, 1943-1989

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Making Religion Acceptable in Communist Romania and the Soviet Union, 1943-1989 University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2017 MAKING RELIGION ACCEPTABLE IN COMMUNIST ROMANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION, 1943-1989 Ryan J. Voogt University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2017.238 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Voogt, Ryan J., "MAKING RELIGION ACCEPTABLE IN COMMUNIST ROMANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION, 1943-1989" (2017). Theses and Dissertations--History. 46. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/46 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Ryan J. Voogt, Student Dr. Karen Petrone, Major Professor Dr. Scott Taylor, Director of Graduate Studies MAKING RELIGION ACCEPTABLE IN COMMUNIST ROMANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION, 1943-1989 DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Ryan J. Voogt The University of Kentucky Director: Dr. Karen Petrone, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2017 Copyright © Ryan J. Voogt 2017 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION MAKING RELIGION ACCEPTABLE IN COMMUNIST This dissertationROMANIA focuses onAND religious THE SOVIETgatherings UNION, in communist 1943-1989 Romania and the Soviet Union, 1943-1989. Church was one of the few opportunities for voluntary associational life and is invaluable for the study of power, ideology, and belonging in an everyday social setting. This project is based on archival documents and memoirs, uncovering how state officials and religious representatives struggled to establish religious practice that would be acceptable to all. Although ideologically atheist, state officials regarded some religious gatherings as acceptable and others unacceptable, but not due to utterances of beliefs or performance of traditional sacraments, but because of social aspects: how people related to one another, what kinds of people came, the settings of the gatherings, and affective characteristics like enthusiasm, engagement, and authenticity. Even though believers participated in religious gatherings for their own reasons, state officials policed them as contests for mobilization. This project compares the cases of the Romanian Orthodox Church and Reformed Church of the Transylvanian region of Romania and the Russian Orthodox Church and the Baptist Church in the Moscow region of the Soviet Union. Based on comparisons, the role of a Church's culture in shaping church-state relations becomes clear. Officials largely considered traditional Orthodox hierarchy and rituals as religiously unproblematic, but they underestimated the power of such features of Orthodoxy to endure and mobilize successive generations. The hierarchical nature of the Orthodox Churches did not preclude spirited negotiations over acceptable Orthodox religiosity, but non-conforming or innovating priests were marginalized relatively easily. Protestant Churches have had a more entrenched custom of decentralization in governance and Scriptural interpretation, factors which presented officials with difficulty in centralizing the management of such churches and which at times led to protracted interpersonal battles and inner-church divisions. One such case sparked the Romanian Revolution in 1989. Officials in Romania and the Soviet Union handled the problem of religion very similarly in defining the acceptable limits of religious activity in practice, but virulent attacks on religion in the Soviet Union prior to WWII made for a stronger lingering religious antagonism there after the War than in Romania, where Orthodoxy was at times incorporated into the state’s nationalist discourse. KEYWORDS: Romania, Soviet Union, Communism, Religion, Orthodox Church Ryan J. Voogt June 15, 2017 MAKING RELIGION ACCEPTABLE IN COMMUNIST ROMANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION, 1943-1989 By Ryan J. Voogt Karen Petrone Director of Dissertation Scott Taylor Director of Graduate Studies June 14, 2017 Date This dissertation was completedACKNOWLEDGMENTS with an abundance of assistance spanning nearly a decade. My dissertation chair, Karen Petrone, deserves more than this humble recognition. I cannot express how grateful I am for her patient guidance and careful reading throughout the dissertation process. She is a model adviser and an ideal colleague. James Albisetti also kindly read the dissertation along the way, providing helpful criticisms. I wish to thank the complete Dissertation Committee, and outside reader, respectively, all of whom offered insightful comments and made for a truly enjoyable dissertation defense: Philip Harling, Scott Kenworthy, Mark Whitaker, and Jeanmarie Rouhier-Willoughby. My dissertation experience was rich in thanks to insightful and engaging professors like you. I would like to thank the Fulbright program in the U.S. and Romania, which not only made the dissertation research possible, but truly enjoyable. I would also like to thank the Keston Institute for the research grant to study its archives. Ioan-Marius Bucur, Cristian Vasile, Mihai Moroiu, Carmen Țâgșorean, and Larisa Seago deserve particular recognition for their assistance. I would like to thank the many people that helped me learn Hungarian, Romanian, and Russian, especially those people who spoke these languages with me despite the fact that they spoke English better than I did their language. I am also thankful for all of those people who have kindly hosted us in their homes during our travels, teaching me more than vocabulary. I am also thankful to my wife, Shannon Voogt, who originally encouraged me to leave my cubicle behind and find something I enjoyed. She might not have done so had she known it would have taken us and our children across Eastern Europe, but I’m glad that we agree it is better this way. I’m thankful that we have done this journey together, and let’s hope this is not the end of our adventures. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... iii Notes on Translation and Transliteration ........................................................................................ v I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 II. The Return of Public Religion to the Soviet Union, 1943-1958 ............................................. 22 III. New Romanian Government and Renegotiated Religion, 1945 – 1956 ................................ 70 IV. Soviet-sponsored Anti-Religious Campaign and Church Divisions, 1956-1964 ................... 103 V. Romania and the Establishment of Religious Reliability, 1956 – 1964 ................................ 149 VI. Muscovite Intelligentsia, Late Socialism, and the Limits to Orthodox Innovations: 1964-1987 ....................................................................................................... 205 VII. Maintaining Unity in the Romanian Orthodox Church, 1964 – 1989 .................................. 252 VIII. Legal Limits and Youth Religiosity: Soviet Baptists and Religious Normalization, 1964-1989 ................................................................................................... 302 IX. Pastors, Their Congregations, and Revolutionary Potential: The Hungarian Reformed Church, 1964 – 1989 ......................................................................... 364 X. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 401 Appendices: A. List of Abbreviations .....................................................................................................
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