*SOLVED C.B.S.E. PAPER POLITICAL With CBSE 2019 Marking Class–XII SCIENCE Scheme Delhi/Outside Delhi
Note* : This paper is solely for reference purpose only. The format has now been modified by CBSE for March 2020 examination Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 100
General Instructions : (i) All questions are compulsory. This questions paper has 27 questions in all. There are five sections in question paper. (ii) Section A contains Questions number 1 – 5 of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 20 words each. (iii) Section B contains Questions number 6 – 10 of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 40 words each (iv) Section C contains Questions number 11 – 16 of four marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words each. (v) Section D contains Questions number 17 – 21 of five marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each. (vi) In Section D Question number 21 is a map-based question. Write its answer in your answer-book. (vii) Section E contains Questions number 22 – 27 of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not exceed 150 words each.
DELHI SET 1 Code No. 59/1/1 SECTION-A
1. Explain the term 'Capitalism'. 1 OR What is meant by 'Eastern Alliance' formed during the Cold War period ? 2. Which one of the following statements related to the Iraq invasion by the US is incorrect ? 1 (a) More than forty other countries were involved in this invasion. (b) The UN had given consent to invade Iraq. (c) The invasion was to prevent Iraq from developing weapons of mass destruction. (d) The US lost over 3000 military personnel in this war. 3. Highlight any one benefit of having an International Organization. 1 OR Explain the importance of 'Arms Control' as a measure of traditional security. 4. Justify the reorganization of states in India on language basis by giving one suitable argument. 1 5. Explain the meaning of 'Coalition Government'. 1 SECTION-B
6. Describe any two features of the Soviet System. 2 × 1=2 OR Mention any two effects on the East European countries that the Soviet army had liberated from the fascist forces after the Second World War. 7. Suggest any two measures to improve relations between India and Pakistan. 2 × 1=2 OR How did the Sino – Indian conflict of 1962 affect the Communist Party of India ? 8. Evaluate the impact of national emergency declared in June, 1975. 2 × 1=2 OR Assess the role played by 'defections' on Indian politics. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 2 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
9. Analyse the main reason for limiting the Dravidian Movement from the whole of South India to Tamil Nadu only. 2 × 1=2 10. Match the following in 'Column A' with those in 'Column B' in a meaningful way. 4 × ½=2 Column 'A' Column 'B' (I) Chipko Movement (a) Maharashtra (II) Narmada Bachao Aandolan (b) Uttarakhand (III) Dalit Panthers Movement (c) Andhra Pradesh (IV) Anti-Arrack Movement (d) Gujarat
SECTION-C
11. Explain any two constraints on the American hegemony. 2 × 2=4 OR Explain any two factors that have contributed to Pakistan's failure in building a stable democracy. 12. Describe any four criteria that have been proposed in recent years for new permanent and non-permanent members of the U.N. Security Council. 4 × 1=4 OR Describe any four new sources of threats to non-traditional security. 13. Explain any two major causes of globalization. 2 × 2=4 14. Describe any four features of the ideology of the Bhartiya Jana Sangh formed in 1951. 4 × 1=4 15. Analyse the Nuclear policy of India. 2 × 2=4 OR Analyse any two causes of conflict between India and China. 16. Examine any four factors that, you think, led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi Government in the early 1970s. 4 × 1=4 SECTION-D
17. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: 1+2+2=5 It is important to remember that India chose to involve other members of the non-aligned group in this mission of reducing tension. During the Cold War, India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international organizations, which were not a part of alliances led by the US and the USSR. Nehru reposed great faith in 'a genuine commonwealth of free and co-operating nations' that would play a positive role in softening, if not ending, the Cold War'. (i) Explain the meaning of Cold War. (ii) Explain India's response to then ongoing Cold War. (iii) Highlight any two features of India's policy of Non-alignment. OR Read the following passage and answer the following questions : India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries. But the strongest relations are still those between Russia and India. India's relations with Russia are an important aspect of India's foreign policy. Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions. Indian heroes from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachchan are household names in Russia and many post- Soviet countries. One can here Hindi film songs all over the region, and India is part of the popular memory. (i) What is meant by the post-communist countries ? (ii) Explain any two factors responsible for strong relations between India and Russia. (iii) How are India's relations with Russia and important aspect of India's foreign policy ? 18. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: 1+2+2=5 All proponents of human security agree that its primary goal is the protection of individuals. However, there are differences about precisely what threats individuals should be protected from. Proponents of the 'narrow' concept of human security focus on violent threats to individuals. (i) Which type of security is the main concern of 'human security' ? (ii) What would you like to include under the 'broad' concept of human security ? (iii) Identify any four threats from which individuals should be protected. 19. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow: 1+2+2=5 India did not follow any of the two known paths to development …… Elements from both these models were taken and mixed together in India. That is why Indian economy was described as 'mixed economy'. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 3
(i) Name the two models/paths to development. (ii) Why was either of the two models not fully accepted by India ? Give at least one major reason for each. (iii) Highlight any two features of India's mixed economy based on the above said two models. OR Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: India is not the only country to have experienced the dominance of one party. If we look around the world, we find many other examples of one-party dominance. But there is a crucial difference between these and the Indian experience. In the rest of the cases the dominance of one party was ensured by compromising democracy. In some countries like China, Cuba and Syria the constitution permits only a single party to rule the country. (i) Which political party dominated the political scene of India after independence and how long? (ii) How did the one-party dominance in India differ from that of China ? (iii) Highlight any two drawbacks of a single party rule. 20. Study the cartoon given above carefully and answer the following questions: 1+2+2=5
(i) Which part of this cartoon is related to China ? (ii) Assess the strength of China on the basis of the cartoon. (iii) “China may be the next superpower in the world.” Justify the statement with two arguments. Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 20 : 20.1 In your opinion, where does China stand as an economic power ? 20.2 Assess any two conditions which make the United States of America, a super-power. 20.3 “China may be the next superpower in the world.” Justify the statement with two arguments.
(B)
(D)
(A) (C)
(E)
Map not to scale
In the political outline map of India given above, five states have been marked as (A), (B), (c), (D) and (E). Identify these states on the basis of information given below and write their correct names in your answer book along with the respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabet in the map as per the following format 5 × 1=5
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Sr. No. of the informa- Concerned alphabet Name of the tion used in the Map State
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (i) The state where a violent incident took place at Godhara in 2002. (ii) The state which was earlier known as Madras. (iii) The state which has the maximum number of seats in India in its Legislative Assembly. (iv) The state to which Laldenga belonged. (v) The state which integrated with India in 1975 as 22nd State of India. Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 21. 21.1 Name the state where a violent incident took place in 2002 at Godhara. 21.2 Which state was earlier known as Madras ? 21.3 Which state integrated with India in 1975 as the 22nd state ? 21.4 To which state did Laldenga belong ? 21.5 Name the state which has maximum number of seats in India in its Legislative Assembly. SECTION-E
22. Describe any four consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. 4 × 1½=6 OR Describe any four reforms purposed by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) for the development of least developed countries. 23. Explain the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka and any two consequences of it. 2+4=6 OR Explain any three major events that affected the relations between India and China. 24. Analyse India's stand on environmental issues discussed at the international level. 3 × 2=6 OR Evaluate the cultural consequences of globalization. 25. Explain any six consequences of the partition of India in 1947. 6 × 1=6 OR Highlight any three major reasons for the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections after independence. 26. Describe any three important events that led to the split in the Congress Party in 1969. 3 × 2=6 OR Describe any three events that led to the imposition of emergency in 1975. 27. Assess any three benefits of the coalition governments in India since 1989. 3 × 2=6 OR Analyse any three main causes of unrest in Jammu and Kashmir. DELHI SET 2 Code No. 59/1/2 SECTION-A
1. Highlight any one democratic value which the bureaucratic and authoritarian Soviet System lacked. 1 OR What is meant by ‘Western Alliance’ formed during the Cold War period ? 5. Identify any one similarity between the United Front Government of 1996 and the National Front Government of 1989. 1 SECTION-B
6. Mention any two reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. 2 × 1=2
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SECTION-C
13. Explain any two arguments given by the advocates of economic globalization. 2 × 2=4 14. Describe any four features of the ideology followed by Swatantra Party founded in 1959. 4 × 1=4 SECTION-E
22. Describe any six features of the erstwhile Soviet System. 6 × 1=6 OR Describe briefly the Cuban Missile Crisis. DELHI SET 3 Code No. 59/1/3 SECTION-A
5. Explain the main recommendation of the Mandal Commission. 1 OUTSIDE DELHI SET 1 Code No. 59/2/1 SECTION-A
1. Explain the term ‘Hegemony’. 1 OR Explain the main objective of the ‘Marshall Plan’. 2. Which one of the following statements is ‘not correct’ about the ‘Non-aligned Movement’ ? 1 (a) It suggested to the newly independent countries ways to stay out of alliances. (b) India’s policy of non-alignment was neither negative nor passive. (c) The non-aligned posture of India served its interests. (d) India was praised for signing the treaty of friendship with USSR to strengthen NAM. 3. Name any one international organisation that campaigns for the protection of human rights. 1 OR Highlight any one security challenge faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa. 4. Evaluate the role played by Sardar Patel towards the integration of the Princely States with India. 1 5. Explain the concept of ‘‘Non-Party Movements’’. 1 SECTION-B
6. Mention one characteristic each of the ideologies of the USSR and the USA. 2 × 1=2 OR Mention any two reforms of the global trading system proposed by UNCTAD. 7. What would have happened to the world politics if India had not propagated the policy of non-alignment ? 2 × 1=2 OR Why did India refuse to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 ? 8. ‘‘Anti-arrack movement is also considered as a women’s movement’’. Support the statement with two arguments. 2 × 1=2 9. Highlight any two reasons that you think are responsible for the split in the Congress Party in 1969. 2 × 1=2 OR Highlight any two lessons learnt by the people of India from the Emergency imposed in 1975. 10. Match the facts given in Column ‘A’ with those in Column ‘B’ in a meaningful manner. 4 × ½=2 Column 'A' Column 'B' (a) Chipko Movement (i) Right to Information (b) Dalit Panthers (ii) Andhra Pradesh (c) Anti-Arrack Movement (iii) Fight against discrimination on the basis of caste (d) Movement of Mazdoor Kisan (iv) Right of Local Communities Shakti Sangathan on natural resources
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SECTION-C
11. Explain any four strengths of the European Union that make it an influential regional organisation. 1 × 4=4 OR Explain the circumstances responsible for the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. 12. Assess the role of the United Nations as the most important international organisation. 4 13. Explain any four environmental concerns that have become issues of Global Politics. 1 × 4=4 14. Describe any four features of the ideology of ‘‘Swatantra Party’’ founded in 1959. 1 × 4=4 OR Describe the changes that took place in the ideology of the Communist Party of India from 1920 to the first general elections in India in 1952. 15. Analyse the circumstances that you think were responsible for the declaration of Emergency in 1975. 4 16. Describe the role of the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, in formulating and implementing the foreign policy of India. 4 OR Describe any four factors that influenced the foreign policy of India after independence. SECTION-D
17. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: 1+2+2=5 The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty. The middle classes were pushed to the periphery of society..... Besides, privatization led to more disparities. (i) What is meant by government subsidy ? (ii) How did the withdrawal of government subsidy lead the people into poverty ? (iii) Do you support or oppose the policy of privatisation ? Support your answer with any two suitable arguments. OR Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions : The non-aligned countries were more than merely mediators during the Cold War. The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries — a majority of them were categorised as the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) — was to be more developed economically and to lift their people out of poverty. Economic development was also vital for the independence of the new countries. Without sustained development, a country could not be truly free. (i) Name any two founder countries of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) during the Cold War period. (ii) Suggest any two methods to lift the people of the Least Developed Countries out of poverty. (iii) Explain the concept of ‘sustained development’. 18. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions : 1+2+2=5 Most of the time, when we read and hear about security we are talking about traditional, national security conceptions of security related to dangers from military threats. The source of this type of danger to security is another country which, by threatening military action endangers the core values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. (i) What is meant by national security ? (ii) Explain the traditional notion of security. (iii) Suggest any two methods to respond to the threat of war from another country. OR Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions : One of India’s major concerns has been the composition of the Security Council, which has remained largely static while the UN General Assembly membership has expanded considerably. India considers that this has harmed the representative character of the Security Council. It also argues that an expanded Council, with more representation, will enjoy greater support in the world community. (i) Why has the composition of the Security Council been said to have remained ‘static’ ? (ii) How has the static composition of the Security Council harmed its representative character ? (iii) Explain India’s view about the role of the developing countries in the Security Council. 19. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions : 1+2+2=5 Thus began an era of multi-party system ... . Our Parliament always had representatives from several political parties. But after 1989, no single party secured a clear majority of seats in Lok Sabha till 2014. This development initiated an era of coalition governments at the Centre. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 7
(i) Which political party won a clear majority in the Lok Sabha elections in 2014 ? (ii) In your opinion, what are the two main problems of coalition governments ? (iii) Analyse any two merits of the multi-party system in India. 20. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions: 1+2+2=5
Rajapakse
(i) Write the full name of the organisation represented by the tiger in this cartoon. (ii) Explain the dilemma of Sri Lankan leadership in trying to resolve this ethnic conflict. (iii) How did this ethnic problem affect the economic growth of Sri Lanka ? 21. In the given political outline map of India (on page 16), five States have been marked as (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E). Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer-book with the respective serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabet as per the following format: 5 × 1=5
Sr. No. of the informa- Concerned Name of tion used alphabet the State
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(i) The State that resisted its merger with the Union of India. (ii) The State which was carved out of Assam in 1972. (iii) The State where the Communist Party of India formed its Government in 1957. (iv) The State formed in 1966. (v) The State related to Dairy Cooperative Movement under the name ‘Amul’.
(C)
(E) (D) (B)
(A)
Map not to scale
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SECTION-E
22. Describe any four consequences of Shock Therapy. 4 × 1½=6 OR Describe any two features of India’s policy of non-alignment. How did this policy help India to serve its own interests ? 4 + 2=6 23. Explain any four features of the U.S. hegemony as hard power. 4 × 1½=6 OR Explain the process of establishing democracy in Nepal. 24. Analyse the concept of ‘Common but differentiated responsibilities’ of States towards the protection of environment. 6 OR Assess the political, economic and cultural effects of globalisation on India. 25. Describe any three features of the Congress Party that kept it as a social and ideological coalition during the freedom struggle. 2 × 3=6 OR Describe any two positive and two negative consequences of the Green Revolution 26. Analyse any four factors that led the Congress Party to a spectacular win in 1971 elections. 4 × 1½=6 OR Analyse the justification given by the Government of India for declaring National Emergency on the night of 25th June, 1975. How far do you agree with this justification ? 4 + 2=6 27. Suggest any three methods of agitation, to highlight your problems and demands, which do not disturb the routine life of the people. 3 × 2=6 OR Suggest any three methods to accommodate the regional aspirations and maintain national integration.
OUTSIDE DELHI SET 2 Code No. 59/2/2
SECTION-A
4. ‘‘The process of nation-building did not come to an end with the partition of India and integration of Princely States.’’ Give any one example to support the statement. 1 5. How did the activities of Dalit Panthers influence the Dalit writers ? Give any one example. 1
SECTION-B
6. Mention any two points of agreement between the member states of NATO. 2 × 1=2 OR When and where was the Eastern Alliance created ? What was its principal function. 1 + 1=2 8. Give any two arguments against the demand to stop construction of dams. 2 × 1=2
SECTION-C
12. Assess the role of the World Bank in helping the developing countries. 4 15. Analyse any four issues that led to conflict between the judiciary and the government before the declaration of Emergency in 1975. 4 × 1=4
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DELHI SET 1 Code No. 59/1/1
SECTION-A
1. Capitalism is a system where: (i) economy is not controlled by the Government. (ii) it is based on privatisation. (iii) it is based on free market forces Or any other relevant point (Any one point) 1 OR • Eastern Alliance was the alliance headed by the former USSR. • The eastern European countries were its members and it was called the Warsaw Pact. • The Eastern Alliance was committed to the ideology of Socialism and Communism. Or any other relevant answer [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] 1 Detailed Answer Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned. Operations are funded by profits, and not controlled by a state government. OR The Eastern Alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was an alliance of countries and was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism. 2. (b) The UN had given consent to invade Iraq. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
3. The benefits of having an International Organisation : (i) It gives a common platform to discuss issues of International concern. Eg. : Environment, Epidemics, International wars & Peace and other International issues. (ii) For maintaining International peace & security. (iii) Laying down common norms, rules and procedures for global cooperation. (iv) It serves as a platform to promote dialogue and discussion with the US. (Any one ) 1 OR Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. Eg. : ABM (Anti- Ballistic Missile Treaty), NPT(Nuclear Non - Proliferation Treaty), etc. Or any other relevant treaty. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] Detailed Answer International organisations like the UN are required as they help in matters of war and peace. They also help countries to cooperate and make better living conditions for all. OR Arms Control is the policy to regulate acquisition of weapons. This provides external security. 4. (i) Reorganisation of states on the basis of language gave the uniform basis to the drawing of state boundaries. (ii) It underlined the acceptance of the principle of diversity. (iii) It reduces the threat of division and separatism. (iv) The path to politics and power was now open to people other than the small English speaking elite. (v) It was seen as democratic. (Any one point) 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] Detailed Answer It ensures that people of a state are united in terms of language and hence a state’s identity can evolve. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 10 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
5. When no single party has won a majority of seats in the House – then different like minded parties come together to form a majority in the House and to be able to form a government. Such a government formed by an alliance of parties is known as Coalition Government. Eg. : NDA, UPA, National Front, United Front. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] Detailed Answer Coalition Government is a system in which many political parties co-operate to form a united stand. In this stand, no party is said to have dominance over the other party. SECTION-B
6. Features of the Soviet System : (i) Primacy to the state and Institution of the Party. (ii) Communist Party was the only party allowed to exist. (iii) Land & Productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet State. (iv) There was no unemployment. (v) Government subsidized the basic necessities for all citizens. (vi) Soviet System ensured a minimum standard of living to all citizens. (vii) Based on the ideals of Socialism and egalitarian society. (viii) It abolished Private Property. (ix) The economy was planned and controlled by the state. (Any Two points) 2×1=2 OR Impact that the Soviet Union had on the East European countries was: (i) They came under the control of USSR. (ii) The political and economic systems of all these countries were modelled after that of the USSR. This was known as the ‘Socialist bloc’. (iii) The Warsaw Pact, a military alliance, held them together under the leadership of USSR. (Any two points) 2×1=2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] Detailed Answer Two features of Soviet system are: (a) The Soviet system ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens and the government subsidized basic necessities including health, education, childcare and other welfare schemes. (b) There was no unemployment. State ownership was the dominant form of ownership, land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet state. OR The two effects are: (a) In the countries that the Soviet Army liberated, communist-dominated governments took power. The Communists made sure that they controlled the army, set up a secret police force, and began to arrest their opponents. Non-Communists were gradually beaten, murdered, executed and terrified out of power. (b) By 1949, all the governments of Eastern Europe, except Yugoslavia, were hard line Stalinist regimes.
7. Measures to improve relations with Pakistan : (i) People to people contact can be encouraged. (ii) Trade should be encouraged. (iii) Negotiations to be held to resolve various issues of conflict. (iv) Visas to be given more freely. (v) Confidence building measures should be undertaken to reduce the risk of war. (vi) Social activists and prominent personalities must collaborate to create an atmosphere of friendship. (vii) More bus and rail routes be opened between the two countries to develop a better transport and communication. (Or any other relevant point) (Any Two) 2×1=2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 11
OR • It created irreconcilable differences between the Communist Party of India(CPI) • Pro – USSR faction remained within the CPI. The other faction wanted closer ties with China and was against any ties with Congress. • The party split in 1964 and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) was created. • Many leaders of CPI (M) were arrested for being Pro – China. 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
8. Impact of National Emergency (i) Fundamental Rights of the citizens were suspended. (ii) It led to the censorship of Press. (iii) It restricted the freedom of speech and expressions. (iv) It led to misuse of Preventive Detention and arrest of leaders of the opposition. (v) Misuse of power by bureaucracy and police officials. (vi) It also led to controversial amendments to the Constitutional provisions. (vii) Misuse of power by people not in authority. (viii) Brought out the weakness & strengths of India’s democracy. (ix) It highlighted the ambiguities regarding the emergency provisions within the constitution. Or any other relevant point (Any two points) 2×1=2 OR (i) This leads to political instability and fall of government. (ii) Larger Ministries to appease leaders for support. (iii) lack of support to party ideology for personal benefits. (iv) ‘Aya Ram Gaya Ram’ may be given as an example. (Or any other relevant point) (Any two points ) 2×1=2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer The legacy of Emergency is felt as: (i) From 1977 to 1980, Congress ideology was changed to be as the only socialist and pro-poor party of the country. (ii) The opposition got the idea and concept of non-Congressism. (iii) The Constitutional crisis rose whereby process of amendment of Constitution was modified. (iv) The Political Crisis arose as the party in dominance was forced to impose Emergency against public interest. (v) The political party system was changed due to tension on the concept that Indian Democracy is Institution Based Democracy. OR Defection is a situation where an elected representative leaving the party on whose ticket she/he has been elected. Defection makes and breaks the government. The scenario of “Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram” developed with many persons switching the parties very frequently.
9. (a) The lack of support from other states limited the movement to Tamil Nadu. (b) Focused mainly on Tamil culture. (Any one point) 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] Detailed Answer Ritually and socially superior to the non-Brahmin masses, a Brahmin commanded a dominant political and economic position in Tamil Nadu. With the rise of Dravidar Kazhagam and birth of DMK, along with the ascent of Kamaraj in the Congress, the Brahmin dominance was already in the process of being displaced in the Madras State.
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10. (c) Match column A with Column B Column A Column B 1. Chipko Movement (b) Uttrakhand 2. Narmada Bachao Aandolan (d) Gujarat 3. Dalit Panthers Movement (a) Maharashtra 4. Anti – Arrack Movement (c) Andhra Pradesh 4×½=2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
SECTION-C
11. Constraints on the American hegemony : (i) Institutional architecture of the American state itself. (ii) Open nature of the American society and free press and mass media. (iii) Organisation of NATO. (Any two points to be explained) 2×2=4 OR Factors that contributed to Pakistan's failure in building a stable democracy – (i) The social dominance of the military, clergy and land- owning aristocracy has led to the frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishment of military government. (ii) Pakistan conflict with India has made the pro- military groups more powerful and has justified the army’s stay in power. (iii) The United States and other Western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule due to fear of ‘ Global Islamic Terrorism’ and fear that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal might fall into the hands of the terrorist groups. 2×2=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer The biggest constraints to the American hegemony lie within the heart of hegemony itself. These constraints can be identified on American power as: (a) The first constraint is the institutional architecture of the American state itself. A system of division of powers between the three branches of government places significant brakes upon the unrestrained and immoderate exercise of America’s military power by the executive branch. (b) The second constraint on the American power is domestic in nature and originates from the open nature of American society. Although the American mass media keep on imposing or promoting a particular perspective on domestic public opinion in the US from time to time. There is nevertheless a deep skepticism regarding the purposes and methods of government in American political culture. This factor, in the long run, may be a huge constraint on US military action overseas. (c) The third constraint on the US may come from an international system. Perhaps it is the most important constraint. NATO (NATO) is the only organisation in the international system that could possibly moderate the exercise of American power today. The US obviously has an enormous interest in keeping the alliance of democracies that follow the market economies alive and therefore it is possible that its allies in the NATO will be able to moderate the exercise of US hegemony. (any two) OR Following are the two factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. (a) The social dominance of the military, clergy, and landowning aristocracy has led to the frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishment of military government. (b) Pakistan’s conflict with India has made the pro-military groups more powerful. These groups have often said that political parties and democracy in Pakistan are flawed and that the army’s stay in power is, therefore, justified.
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12. Criteria proposed for new permanent and non-permanent members of the UN Security Council. (i) A major Economic Power. (ii) A major Military Power. (iii) A substantial contributor to the UN budget. (iv) A big nation in terms of its population. (v) A nation that respects democracy and human rights. (vi) A country that would make the Council more representative of the World’s diversity in terms of geography, economic systems and culture. (Any Four points) 4×1=4 OR New Sources of threat to Non – traditional security – (i) Terrorism (ii) Human Rights violation (iii) Global Poverty (iv) Migration (v) Health Epidemics Or any other relevant point (Any four points to be explained) 4×1=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] Detailed Answer 12. Some of the following criteria have been proposed for new permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council. A new member, it has been suggested, should be: (a) A major economic power (b) A major military power (c) A substantial contributor to the UN budget (d) A big nation in terms of its population (e) A nation that respects democracy and human rights (f) A country that would make the Council more representative of the world’s diversity in terms of geography, economic systems and culture. OR Following are the four new sources of threat to non-traditional security: (a) Terrorism – Terrorism and migration are the two new sources of threats of non-traditional notions. Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Terrorist groups seek to change a political context or condition that they do not like by force or threat of force. (b) Migration – Migration is condition in which people shift from their place to another one to seek a better life, especially better economic opportunities in the North. (c) Human Rights – These are in the form of political, economic, social rights and the rights of colonized people or ethnic and indigenous minorities. Example-Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, Indonesian military’s killing of people in East Timor. (d) Health Epidemics – Health epidemics such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu, and severe acute respiratory syndrome have rapidly spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and military operations. Other new and poorly understood diseases such as ebola virus, hanta virus and hepatitis C have emerged, while old diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, dengue fever and cholera have mutated into drug resistant forms that are difficult to treat. All these health epidemics are threats to human security
13. Major Causes of Globalisation (i) Technology – Improved and faster means of communication and transportation (ii) Interconnectedness with the rest of the world due to availability of improved communication. (iii) Disintegration of USSR and promotion of Western Liberal capitalist ideology in a unipolar world. (iv) Role of International institutions like the IMF, World Bank and WTO in integrating their economics with the market oriented world economy. (v) Ability of people,ideas, capital and commodities to move easily from one point of the world to other. (Any two points to be explained) 2×2=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 14 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
Detailed Answer 13. Two major causes of globalisation are: (a) Technology – Technology remains a critical element. The invention of telegraph, telephone, and microchip has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world. The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances. (b) Interconnections – The people in different parts of the world have recognised the interconnections with the rest of the world. We are aware of the fact that events taking place in one part of the world could have an impact on another part of the world. The Bird flu or tsunami is not confined to any particular nation. 14. Ideology of Jana Sangh (i) Emphasised on the idea of ‘one country one culture and one nation’. (ii) Called for a reunion of India and Pakistan (Akhand Bharat). (iii) Was opposed to granting concessions to religious and cultural minorities. (iv) Wanted to replace English with Hindi as the official language. (v) Advocated the development of Nuclear weapons by India. (vi) Opposed to granting concession to religious and cultural minorities. (Any four points) 1×4=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer 14. The ideology of Bhartiya Jana Sangh were based on the principles as follows: (a) It replaced the secular concept by the ideology of one party, one culture and one nation. (b) No cultural and education rights as this party opposed the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities. (c) It focused on the unity of India and Pakistan under the concept of “Akhand Bharat”. (d) The leadership strongly supported a stringent policy against Pakistan and China, and were averse to the USSR and communism. (e) Many leaders of the party inaugurated the drive to ban cow slaughter nationwide in the early 1960s. 15. The Nuclear Policy of India (i) India was in favour of using atomic energy for peaceful purposes. (ii) India refused to sign CTBT & NPT as it considers NPT as discriminatory. (iii) India’s nuclear policy was to protect its boundaries and there was consensus among political parties on it. (iv) India would like complete elimination of Nuclear weapons. (v) India has declared a unilateral no first use of Nuclear weapons. (vi) India conducted the first Nuclear Test at Pokhran and declared it for peaceful purposes. (vii) While the second Pokhran Test was for increasing India’s military capabilities. (Any Two) 2×2=4 OR Any two causes of conflict between India and China: (i) Border issue especially in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin. (ii) Tension over India providing asylum to Dalai Lama. (iii) China’s close relations with Pakistan and helping them with their Nuclear programme. (iv) China’s support to Pakistan in the UN. (Any Two) 2×2=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer The important features of India’s nuclear policy are: (a) Not to initiate the use of nuclear weapons in a war. (b) Pleaded nuclear disarmament with the world super powers. (c) Opposed Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). (d) Conducted a peaceful explosion test in 1974 to demonstrate self-sufficiency in nuclear technology. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 15
OR Two causes of conflict between India and China are: (a) Invasion of Tibet - Tibet was invaded by China in 1950. With Tibetan population claiming independence and India at that time being on friendly terms with China tried to convince Chinese leaders to recognise independence of Tibet. Chinese premiere Zhou Enlai visited India with Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama. Dalai Lama informed Nehru about the pathetic conditions of Tibetan at the hands of China. Tibet started armed protest against China in 1958 and suppressing steps were taken by China to curb this. Seeing the grieving situation, Dalai Lama crossed over to India and seeked political asylum in India which was granted to him. China took this as support of Tibet uprising supported by India and the relationships between the two countries started becoming sour. (b) Border area dispute - After seizing Tibet, China claimed Aksai Chin (part of Ladakh region) and NEFA (region of Arunachal Pradesh) to be a part of Chinese territory. China captured the Aksai Chin region and built road network over there.
16. Factors that led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi: (i) Indira Gandhi was able to overcome the challenge put forward by the Syndicate. (ii) The positive programme introduced by Indira Gandhi such as nationalisation of banks, ceiling on land and other socialist measures. (iii) Her slogans, which struck a chord with the poor and down-trodden, like ‘Garibi Hatao’. (iv) She was able to successfully convert a power struggle into an ideological war. (v) She was able to create a support base for herself among the disadvantage groups. (vi) After victory in 1971 Indo – Pak war, she was seen as a strong Nationalist Leader. (vii) The Congress Party under her leadership won both the General elections and the Assembly elections. Or any other relevant point (Any four) 1×4=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer 16. The factors that led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi government in the early 1970s were: (a) She launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a Left orientation. She got the Congress Working Committee to adopt a Ten Point Programme in May 1967. This programme included social control of banks, nationalisation of General Insurance, ceiling on urban property and income, public distribution of food grains, land reforms and provision of house sites to the rural poor. (b) At the time of independence, the integration of the princely states was preceded by an assurance that after the dissolution of princely rule, the then rulers’ families would be allowed to retain certain private property, and given a grant in heredity or government allowance, measured on the basis of the extent, revenue and potential of the merging state. This grant was called the privy purse. The hereditary privileges were not consonant with the principles of equality and social and economic justice laid down in the Constitution of India. Indira Gandhi made this into a major election issue in 1971 and got a lot of public support. Following its massive victory in the 1971 election, the Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for abolition of ‘privy purse’. (c) All the major non-communist, non-Congress opposition parties formed an electoral alliance known as the Grand Alliance. The SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal came together under this umbrella. The Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political programme. Indira Gandhi said that the opposition alliance had only one common programme: Indira Hatao (Remove Indira). In contrast to this, she put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan: Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty). She focused on the growth of the public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban property and removal of disparities in income and opportunity. (d) The 1971 elections were followed by the crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo- Pak war leading to the establishment of Bangladesh. These events added to the popularity of Indira Gandhi. Even the opposition leaders admired her statesmanship.
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SECTION-D
17. (i) Cold War referred to the competition, tension and a series of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union backed by their respective allies. It never escalated into a ‘hot war’ i.e a full scale war between these two super powers. (ii) India’s response to the ongoing Cold war was two fold: (a) At one level, it took care in staying away from the two alliances. (b) On the other, it raised its voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming part of these alliances. (c) India adopted the policy of non-alignment which means it did not join any military alliance and spoke on the basis of merit of the issue. (Any two) (iii) Features of India’s policy of non-alignment : (a) India chose to stay away from the two military alliances led by the USA and the USSR. (b) India chose to involve other members of the non- aligned group in this mission of reducing tensions. (c) India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international organization which were not a part of alliances led by the USA and the USSR. (d) Nehru reposed great faith in’ a genuine commonwealth of free and cooperating nations’ that would play a positive role in softening Cold War tensions. (e) India’s policy was neither negative nor passive. It was not a policy of ‘fleeing away’ but actively participating in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries. Eg. : India mediated between the Cold War rivals such as in Korea War in the early 1950’s. (f) India pursued as independent foreign policy and tried to serve its own national interest. (Any two points) 1+2+2=5 OR (i) The Post Communist countries were the former Soviet republics which gave up communism after undergoing the shock therapy. (ii) Factors responsible for strong relations between India and Russia. (a) Russia and India share a vision of a multipolar World. (b) Bi-lateral agreements have been signed between Russia and India as a part of the Indo–Russian Strategic Agreement of 2001. (c) Russia supports India on issues like Kashmir, terrorism. (d) India is the second largest arms market for Russia. (e) Russia has come to India’s help during its oil crisis. (f) Russia is important for India’s nuclear energy plans and assisted India’s space Industry. (g) Russia and India have collaborated on various Scientific projects. (Any two points) (iii) India’s relations with Russia are an important aspect of India’s foreign policy because: (a) Indo – Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust, culture and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions. (b) India is part of popular memory of the region. Or any other relevant point (Any two points) 1+2+2=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer 17. (a) The Cold War was an outcome of the emergence of the US and the USSR as two super powers rival to each other. In fact, it was not a war, but the preparedness of war. In this, both the sides prepared for war and collected huge piles of arms and ammunitions. (b) India’s response during the Cold War: i. India took particular care in staying away from the two alliances. ii. India raised its voice against the newly decolonized countries from becoming part of these alliances. iii. India was in favour of actively intervening in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 17
iv. Indian leaders and diplomats were often used to communicate and meditate. v. India chose to involve other members of the NAM in this mission. vi. India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international organisations which were not a part of the alliances led by the US and USSR. (c) The Non-Aligned Movement aimed at establishing a new and equitable international economic, social and political order by: i. Stabilisation of World Peace: The non-aligned countries always kept themselves away from the power blocs so that they could reduce the tension in the world and if at all there is any war they can bring peace in the particular era by meditating between the enemy countries. ii. To Put an End to Imperialism and Colonisation: The non-aligned countries wanted to put an end to imperialism as they did not support exploitation. The members of the NAM supported the freedom struggle movements in Asia and Africa. iii. Oppositions of Alliances: The world had already witnessed two crucial and dreadful wars because of the alliances of the military powers. So, the non-aligned countries decided not to join any power bloc which might create tension in the world and ultimately, its result in the world war. OR (a) Post-communist countries are the countries that were formed after the splitting of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). (b) The factors responsible for strong relations between India and Russia are: i. In the United Nations Security Council, Russia came to India’s rescue on the Kashmir issue and used Veto Power many times. ii. Supply of arms and hardware to Indian army, assistance in space industry and nuclear energy plans have strengthened India’s position and enabled India to have balanced relationship with China. iii. Russia helped space industry of India by giving cryogenic rocket. (c) India’s relations with Russia are an important aspect of India’s foreign policy. Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions. Russia and India share a vision of a multipolar world order. For them, this order is co-existence of several powers in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism, negotiated settlements of international conflicts, an independent foreign policy for all countries and decision making through bodies like the UN that should be strengthened, democratised and empowered. 18. (i) Protection of Individuals (ii) Protection of the life of individual from hunger, disease and natural disasters. (iii) Threats from which individuals should be protected− Global warming International Terrorism Aids Health Epidemics Human Right Violations Poverty and Hunger (Any four to be mentioned) 1+2+2=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer (a) Non-traditional security is the main concern of ‘human security’. (b) The proponents of the ‘broad’ concept of human security argue that the threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disasters because these kill far more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined. (c) Four threats from individuals should be protected are: i. Terrorism ii. Health epidemics iii. Violation of human rights iv. Global poverty To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 18 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
19. (i) The two models/ paths of development were : the liberal capitalist model used in much of Europe and the Socialist model as used in the USSR. (ii) (a) Many in India were against the US system as there was a consensus that development could not be left to private sectors. (b) The government had to develop a design or plan for development and alleviation of Poverty. (c) The socialist model was also not fully acceptable as India was a developing nation, industrialist would have resisted. (d) Foreign aid was required for development (e) Non Aligned India wanted to balanced USA and USSR. (iii) Two features of India’s mixed economy were : (a) Big industries were under government control. (b) Small industries were allowed in the Private Sector. (c) There was a public, private and joint sector. (d) Railways, airlines , steel and other heavy industries were under public sector Agriculture trade and industrialist ware in the Private Sector. (Any Two) 1+2+2=5 OR (i) The Congress Party from 1947 till 1977 (ii) The one party dominance in India happened under democratic conditions and elections that were held were free and fair where as in China the Constitution only permits the presence of a single party. (iii) One party rule can lead to (a) violation of rights. (b) corruption and nepotism. (c) lack of freedom of expression and political choice. (d) Cabinet dictatorship. Or any other relevant Point (Any Two) 1+2+2=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer 19. (a) The two models / paths to development were capitalism (or capitalist economy) and socialism (or socialist economy). (b) Reason why capitalist model was not accepted in India – At the time of independence, there was large scale poverty and wide economic disparities. To narrow this gap, the country needed to work on the mandate of welfare state and redistribution of wealth. Reason why socialist model was not accepted in India – As the economy was shattered at the time of independence; there were strong arguments in favour of rapid industrialisation for reviving the Indian economy. (c) India's model of mixed economy led to: i. Licensing in critical areas of public welfare. ii. Curb on widening gap between the rich and the poor. iii. Creation of a new class which had high salaries with less accountability. (any two) OR (a) Congress dominated the political scene of India after independence for nearly three decades. (b) There was a huge difference between one-party dominance in India and that in China. In China, it was a one- party system and not a one-party dominance system because: i. In India, Congress party dominated by democratic voting system whereas in China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) dominated by dictatorship. ii. The elections in India were free and fair whereas the elections in China were full of malpractices by CPC. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 19
(c) The drawbacks of a single party rule are: i. There is no respect for opposition. ii. Voters are not interested in casting votes. iii. Does not accommodate social, cultural and linguistic diversities of the country. iv. It is more of a dictatorial set-up. 20.
(i) The Great Wall of China and the Dragon. (ii) (a) China has been the fastest growing economy since reforms started. (b) It is projected to overtake the US as the world's largest economy by 2040. (c) The strength of its economy, its population, land mass, political resources, regional location and political influence adds to its power significantly. (Any two) (iii) Arguments (a) China is becoming a great economic power projected to overtake the US in 2040. (b) It is engine of East Asian growth thereby giving it enormous influence in regional affairs (c) China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment FDI (d) It has the largest Foreign Exchange Reserves that allows it to make big investments in other countries and develop an outward looking role. (e) Its entry in the WTO further helps to shape the future economic order. Or any other relevant point (Any two) 1+2+2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer 20. (a) The Great Wall and the Dragon relate to China. (b) The cartoon depicts China’s economic rise which made it a big power. It is projected to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by 2040. (c) The two arguments are: i. The integration of China’s economy and the inter-dependencies that this has created has enabled China to have considerable influence with its trade partners. Hence, its outstanding issues with Japan, the US, ASEAN, and Russia have been tempered by economic considerations. ii. China’s more outward looking investment and aid policies in Latin America and Africa are increasingly projecting it as a global player on the side of developing economies.
21. Sr. No. of the information used Concerned alphabet in the map Name of the state (i) C Gujarat (ii) E Tamil Nadu (iii) D Uttar Pradesh (iv) A Mizoram (v) B Sikkim 1 ×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 20 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
SECTION-E
22. Consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union (i) Cold war confrontations between the two blocs ended. (ii) Rise of unipolar world (US dominance) and spread of capitalism and liberal democracy. (iii) Power relations in the world politics changed. (iv) Many new countries emerged. Or any other relevant point (To be explained) OR Reforms proposed by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (i) Proposed to give the LDCs control over their natural resources. (ii) Obtain access to Western markets so that LDCs could sell their products. (iii) Reduce the cost of technology from the western countries. (iv) Provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic Institutions (To be explained) 4×1½=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer Following were some consequences of the disintegration of the USSR: (a) The disintegration of the USSR meant the end of the Cold War. The ideological dispute over whether the socialist system would beat the capitalist system was not an issue any more. (b) The Cold War had engaged the military of the two blocs and had triggered a massive arms race and accumulation of nuclear weapons. The end of the Cold War brought an end to this arm race and a possible new peace. (c) Power relations in world politics changed and as a result the relative influence of ideas and institutions also changed. (d) The end of the Cold War left only two possibilities. It was either the remaining superpower would dominate and create a unipolar system or different countries or groups of countries could become important players in the international system, thereby bringing in a multipolar system where no power could dominate and in due course the US became the sole power. (e) The capitalist economy became the dominant economic system internationally which was backed by the power of the US. (f) Institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund became powerful advisors to all countries which adopted capitalism as they gave them loans for their transitions to capitalism. (g) The notion of liberal democracy emerged as the best way to organize political life. (h) Then end of the Soviet bloc meant the emergence of many new countries. (i) The international system saw many new players emerge, each with its own identity, interests and economic and political difficulties. OR The non-aligned countries were more than merely mediators during the Cold War. The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries was to be more developed economically and to lift their people out of poverty. A majority of them were categorized as the Least Developed Countries. Economic development was also vital for the independence of the new countries. Without sustained development, a country could not be truly free. It would remain dependent on the richer countries including the colonial powers from which political freedom had been achieved. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for Development. The report proposed a reform of the global trading system so as to:
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(a) Give the LDCs control over their natural resources exploited by the developed western countries. For the development of a country it is must that the natural resources should be under its control. It can use these resources as per its requirement. (b) Obtain access to western markets so that the LDCs could sell their products and therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries. Only production of goods and services are not going to help. For goods and services markets are also required so that they could be sold. But for the developing countries searching markets is not an easy work. So, they had been allowed easy access to western markets. (c) Reduce the cost of technology from the western countries. It was also aimed to reduce the cost of technology imported from the western countries. For developing countries, it was not possible to bear the cost of the technology. (d) Provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions. (e) The report also proposed that the Least Developed Countries should be given greater role in international economic institutions. It will help them in obtaining financial assistance also. 23. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka Even being a democratic country, Sri Lanka thought that it should not give concessions to Tamils because Sri Lanka belong to Sinhalese only. This discrimination led to militant Tamil nationalism and a violent confrontation. CONSEQUENCES (i) violent clashes between Army and LTTE. (ii) India tried to negotiate with Sri Lanka to resolve the issue . (iii) India sent IPKF force which could not attain any success and earned the enmity of Tamil people. ( Any Two ) 2+4=6 OR Major events affecting the relations between India and China (i) Attack of China in 1962. (ii) Claim by China on the territories of Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin leading to a military conflict over border. (iii) Chinese take over of Tibet and India’s support to Dalai Lama. (iv) Visits of dignitaries led to improvement of relations. (v) Improved economic ties and better trade relations due to signing of treaties. (vi) China’s support to Pakistan's nuclear programme and other economic investments in Pakistan are viewed as hostile to Indian Interest. (vii) China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar act as a deterrent. Or any other relevant Point. (Any three points) 3×2=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer After its independence in 1948, politics in Sri Lanka was dominated by forces that represented the interest of the majority Sinhala community. Sinhala were hostile to a large number of Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there. The neglect of Tamil Concerns led to militant Tamil nationalism. From 1983 onwards, the militant organization, the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam(LTTE) has been fighting an armed struggle with the army of Sri Lanka and demanding ‘Tamil Eelam’ or a separate country for the Tamils of Sri Lanka. In 1987, the Indian government got directly involved in the Sri Lankan Tamil question. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka without attaining its objective. The principal players involved in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka are Sinhala and Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there. This migration continued even after independence. The Sinhala nationalists thought the Sri Lanka should not give ‘concessions’ to the Tamils because Sri Lanka belongs to the Sinhala people only. The Sri Lankan crisis continues to be violent. But there is always a ray of hope. Both the communities should be regarded as the citizens of the country. Both the communities should work for the development of the country. The prospect of the resolution of this conflict is bright. The consequences of the ethnic conflict in the country are: (a) In spite of the ongoing conflict, Sri Lanka has registered considerable economic growth and recorded high levels of human development. (b) Sri Lanka was one of the first developing countries to successfully control the rate of population. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 22 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
OR The three major events are: (a) Political asylum to Dalai Lama - The presence of more than 1,00,000 Tibetans refugees in India and India’s continued willingness to provide shelter to the Dalai Lama is a continued source of irritation in China-India relations. China alleges that the Dalai Lama and his associates are provoking the suicides by publicizing a “self-immolation guide” on the internet and “openly encouraging Tibetans within Chinese border to carry out self-immolations” against the China. China accused the Dalai Lama of being behind a self-immolation protest by a Tibetan exile in India during the visit of Chinese president in March 2012 (b) Water issues between China and India - In case of China and India, water issues are becoming major area of concern between two states. China’s plan of constructing big dams and diverting the water of rivers to its own advantage has discontented in India. China’s strategic advantage over these rivers makes it possible for her to counter-balance India on many other issues. (c) Border issue - The main problem between the two countries is the Border question. The Border issue is rooted in the disputed status of the McMahon Line, which defines the border between India and Tibet. India recognizes this agreement as the basis for its territorial claim while China objected the validity of McMahon Line which was drawn in 1914 Simla convention because China believes that it was not a party to Simla Convention so it is not bound to accept the boundary demarcated by Simla convention. India claims 43,180 squares Kilometers of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by China including 5180 square kilometers cede to China by Pakistan under a 1963 China-Pakistan boundary Agreement. On the other hand, China claims 90,000 square kilometers of territory held by India in Arunachal Pradesh 24. India’s stand on environmental issues (i) Developed countries are responsible for Greenhouse gas emissions. (ii) India accepts the Principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibility’. (iii) India emphasizes that economic and social development are the first and overriding priorities of the developing countries. Thus it relies on the principle of Historical responsibility. (iv) Review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth summit in Rio (v) India has signed the Kyoto Protocol. (vi) Developed countries must provide financial resources and clean technologies to enable developing countries to meet their existing commitments under UNFCCC. (vii) India supports environment conservation project for SAARC Nations. (viii) Initiatives taken by the Indian government Eg. : National Auto- fuel Policy, Energy Conservation Act, Electricity Act , Use of Renewable energy and Bio diesels etc. Or any other relevant point (Any six) 1×6=6 OR Cultural consequences of globalization (i) Rise of cultural homogenization. (ii) Imposition of western culture on the rest of the world. (iii) The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves its imprints on a less powerful society. (iv) Cultural homogenization leads to shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the world. (v) Globalization also leads to cultural hetrogenisation. (vi) External influence adds to our choices. (vii) Sometimes outcomes off outside influence is a new combination eg. : Khadi Kurta worn with blue jeans or any other examples. (viii) Consequently each culture is becoming more different and distinctive. Or any other relevant point. (Any six) 1×6=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer India plays a dominating role on the environmental issues as it signed and ratified Kyoto Protocol, 1997 in August 2002 to follow common but differentiated responsibilities. India is a wary of its discussions with UNFCCC about introducing binding commitments. It participated in global efforts by introducing National Auto Fuel Policy, electricity act and National Mission on Biodiesel. India supports to adopt a common position by the SAARC countries on major environmental issues to have a greater say region-wise. Environmental movements are the To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 23
movements of groups which are environmentally conscious to challenge environmental degradation at national or international level. These movements are categorized as forest movements, movements against mining and mineral industry for creating water pollution and anti-dam movement. The forest movements of the South in Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, continental Africa and India have faced enormous pressures. Another group of movements are those involved in struggles against mega-dams. In every country, where a mega-dam is being built, one is likely to find an environmental movement opposing it. The early 1980s witnessed the first anti- dam movement launched in the North, by the name of campaign to save the Franklin River and its surrounding forests in Australia. India has had some of the leading anti-dam, pro-river movements. Narmada Bachao Aandolan is one of the best known of these movements. OR Cultural consequences refer to impact of globalisation in what we eat, wear, drink, watch and think. The cultural effect of globalisation poses a threat to different cultures in the world other than western culture. There is a cultural homogenization which means rise of uniform culture, as we notice the popularity of American things like McDonalds, Pizza, KFC, Google, Blue jeans and Hollywood movies has spread across the globe. This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity because it leads to the shrinking or extinction of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe. But cultural consequences of globalisation are not always negative as sometimes external culture influences simply enlarge our choices, and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional. The Maggi is no substitute for noodles and, therefore, does not pose any real challenge. Globalisation leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation. 25. Consequences of the Partition of India (i) Killings and atrocities on both sides. (ii) Hatred spread in the name of religion , formation of communal zones. (iii) Political and administrative division led to financial strain and administrative problems. (iv) Some Princely States resisted their merger with Union of India. (v) Partition was almost abrupt and unplanned – families separated, children orphaned. (vi) Minorities on both sides of the border fled their home and often secured temporary shelter in Refugee camps. (vii) Women dishonored, leading to abduction, honour killings. (viii) Issue of Minority Community- Ideals of Secular nation. (ix) Trauma of Partition is described as a ‘division of hearts’. Or any other relevant point (Any six) 1×6=6 OR Major reasons for the dominance of Congress party (i) Congress party inherited the Legacy of the National Movement. (ii) Off the bloc advantage – a well organized party. (iii) The party had the most popular and charismatic leader in Indian politics. (iv) Token representation of opposition parties. (v) Social and ideological coalition of the Congress party. (vi) Tolerance of factions Or any other relevant point (Any three) 3×2=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer Though the partition of British India was foreseen, yet it resulted in the largest, most tragic and highly unplanned partition of a nation. It resulted in the following: (a) Communal riots between Hindus and Muslims broke out in various parts of the country especially in Lahore, Calcutta, Amritsar and Dhaka. (b) Torture and mass killing of people to prevent honour of family, separation from loved ones and torture of imprisonment/capture. (c) Increase in number of refugees on both sides of the border as a result of migration to and from India.
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(d) The minorities feared from going to the areas where the other community was in majority. That means the Muslims were afraid to go in regions where Hindus and Sikhs were in majority and vice-versa. (e) The partition of India was also a partition of heart as it left unforgettable sentimental setback in some hearts and a permanent division between Hindus and Muslims in other hearts. (f) The partition also resulted in large scale unemployment of government and railway workers. It also pushed both the new nation states into economic recession which was recovered in many years afterwards. OR Factors that contributed to the dominance of the Congress Party during the early years of independence: (a) Congress as social and ideological coalition : It brought together diverse groups, whose interests were often contradictory. Peasants and industrialists, urban dwellers and villagers, workers and owners, middle, lower and upper classes and castes, all found space in the Congress. The Congress was transformed into a rainbow- like social coalition broadly representing India’s diversity in terms of classes and castes, religions and languages and various interests. (b) Tolerance and management of factions : This coalition-like character of the Congress gave it an unusual strength. Firstly, a coalition accommodates all those who join it. Therefore, it has to avoid any extreme position and strike a balance on almost all issues. Secondly, in a party that has the nature of a coalition, there is a greater tolerance of internal differences and ambitions of various groups and leaders are accommodated. (c) Legacy of national movement : The Congress party, as it was popularly known, had inherited the legacy of the national movement. It was the only party then to have an organisation spread all over the country. In Jawaharlal Nehru, the party had the most popular and charismatic leader in Indian politics. He led the Congress campaign and toured through the country. 26. The three events were: (i) Indira Gandhi v/s the Syndicate : Indira Gandhi attempts to assert her position within the government and the party. She chose her advisors from outside the party and slowly sidelined the Syndicate. Her left wing programme (ten point programme) not appreciated by the Syndicates. (ii) Her policy measures like the nationalization of banks, abolition of ‘privy purse’ and led to serious differences between her and Morarji Desai. (iii) The main reason was the Presidential election of 1969 when Ms. Gandhi supported V. V. Giri, and independent candidate as opposed to N. Sanjeeva Reddy, the official Congress candidate. The defeat of the official Congress candidate formalized the split in the party. The Congress group led by the Syndicate came to be called as Congress (organization) and the group led by Indira Gandhi came to be called Congress (Requisitionists). Indira Gandhi projected the split as an ideological divide between socialist and conservatives between the Pro-poor and pro – rich. OR The various reasons that led to the imposition of emergency in 1975 were : (i) The various public agitations and students’ unrest (Gujarat and Bihar). (ii) The railway strike. (iii) The conflict with the Judiciary. (iv) Jai Prakash Narayan’s call to disobey the illegal and unconstitutional orders of the government at the Ramlila Ground rally. (v) The decision of the Allahabad High Court. (vi) Ill-advise by some people to Indira Gandhi – not to resign. (vii) Economic problems facing the country and general unrest. (Any three of the above) 3×2=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer The important events that led to the split in the Congress Party were: (a) With the rise of Syndicate in Congress, there was a wall between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate. Some of the eminent members of the Congress Syndicate were N. Sanjeeva Reddy, S. K. Patil, K. Kamraj and A. Ghosh. The syndicate wanted Indira to work as their puppet. (b) Challenge faced by Indira was to restore the popularity of Congress as well as suppress the syndicate within. Indira introduces reforms like (i) Ten point programme. (ii) Nationalization of general insurance. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 25
(iii) Nationalization of banks. (iv) Ceiling on land holdings. (v) Ceiling on urban property. (vi) Land reforms. (vii) Public Distribution System for food grains. (c) The syndicate proposed the name of N. Sanjeeva Reddy for presidential elections in 1969. In contrast, Indira proposed the name of V. V.Giri for the same position. As a result, the differences within Congress became public. With the defeat of Reddy in presidential elections, the Congress party was formally split into: i. Congress (O) / Congress (Organisation) / Old Congress led by the Syndicate. ii. Congress (R) / Congress (Requisitionists) / New Congress led by Indira Gandhi. OR The events that led to imposition of emergency in 1975 were: (a) Judiciary and the Government – The relationship between the judiciary and government were tensed. Many initiatives of Central Government were declared as violation of The Constitution by the Supreme Court. (b) Economic Situation – Even after the slogan of ‘Garibi Hatao’ adopted by the Congress, the economic situation of the country worsened during 1972-1973. Post Indo-Pak war of 1971, USA government put an end to all the foreign aid being extended to India by USA. With global increase in prices of crude oil, there was an unexpected inflation in the country. The situation further worsened due to increase in price of food grains due to failure of monsoons for two consecutive years. There was unprecedented fall in industrial productivity and increase in employment during the period. (c) Student movements – The students led protest movement against the increasing prices of food grains in the then Congress ruled states of Gujarat and Bihar. The movements started in January 1974 in Gujarat and in March 1974 in Bihar. Jay Prakash Narayan was later invited to join the movements who united such student movements across the country. (d) The immediate cause of declaring emergency was the verdict passed by Allahabad High Court. In a petition filed by Raj Narain, who was a rival to Indira Gandhi in Lok Sabha elections in 1671, the Court had declared the victory of Indira Gandhi as invalid. Jay Prakash Narain organised a national Satyagraha forcing Indira Gandhi to resign on the basis of verdict of the Allahabad High Court. On June 24, 1975, a situation of National Emergency was declared and imposed on the country upon recommendation of Indira Gandhi under Article 352 of the Constitution. 27. The benefits of coalition governments were : (i) To provide an alternative in case no party won clear majority. (ii) Representation of diverse views. (iii) Regional parties and leaders got the opportunity to be in the Union Government . (iv) Regional Expectations and aspirations were taken care of and accommodated. (v) There was an emergence of consensus on some issues Eg. : upliftment of the underprivileged and the new economic reforms. (vi) This also shows the emergence of pragmatic politics. (vii) It eliminates the possibility of party dictatorship / Cabinet dictatorship. Or any other relevant point (Any three points to be explained) 3×2=6 OR Three causes of unrest in Jammu & Kashmir (i) External factors – Claims by Pakistan. (ii) Internal factors. (a) Article 370 – Plebiscite, autonomy, democracy (b) Military due to inefficient Administration. (c) Dismissal of Government by the Union Government. (d) Support to separatists from Pakistan. (e) Violence by militants and army ; led to loss of faith in democracy, institutions. (Or any other relevant point.) (Any three points) 3×2=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 26 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
Detailed Answer Benefits of coalition governments in India are: (a) Coalition government is more democratic, and hence fairer, because it represents a much broader spectrum of public opinion than government by one party alone. In almost all coalitions, a majority of citizens voted for the parties which form the government and so their views and interests are represented in political decision-making. (b) Coalition government creates a more honest and dynamic political system, allowing voters a clearer choice at election time. (c) Coalitions provide good government because their decisions are made in the interests of a majority of the people. Because a wide consensus of opinion is involved, any policy will be debated thoroughly within the government before it is implemented. Single-party government is much more likely to impose badly thought- out policies upon parliament and people, perhaps for narrowly ideological reasons. When difficult or historic decisions have to be taken, the consent of politicians representing a wide range of interests and opinion is important in committing the country and its people to difficult but necessary courses of action. (d) Coalition government provides more continuity in administration. In countries without a tradition of coalition governments, parties can remain in government or opposition for long periods, and an adversarial political culture develops. When a change does occur, the members of the new administration seldom have any experience of government to draw upon, and often embark upon a wholesale reversal of the previous regime’s policies; neither of these things is in the public interest. In states with coalition politics, however, there are usually at least some ministers with considerable experience under the previous government. A more consensual style of politics also allows for a more gradual and constructive shift of policy between administrations. OR Causes of unrest in Jammu and Kashmir: (a) Original sins-Dithering by the Maharaja in Aug 1947 and the Pak-sponsored tribal invasion to annex Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947 by force. Thereafter, Prime Minister Nehru's idealism-inspired choice to refer the case to United Nations. (b) Pakistani surrogate-invasion by infiltrators in 1965. It, primarily, failed due to non-support or uprising of Kashmiri Muslims, as expected. Post 1971 defeat, Pakistan’s new proxy-war strategy of trans-border terrorism and subversion of Kashmiris through 'radical Islamisation' and cultivation of Jihadi mindset amongst the youth. Consequent SF counter-measures exploited by inimical forces to reinforce perception of Indian Army as a brutal Hindu 'Occupation Force'! Militancy & Kashmiri Youth – (i) ISI's indoctrination campaign, rise of Jihadi Islam as Al Qaeda and ISIS in the Islamic world and its spin-off effect in J&K. (ii) Trans-border terrorist attacks so as to invite reprisals and reinforce 'Occupation Army' perception. (iii) Adverse impact of growing communal polarisation in Indian polity and consequent political rhetoric/posturing resulting in insecurity and incentivisation of militancy. (iv) Use of technology to mobilise 'resistance groups' and militant response on neutralisation of 'youth icons'.
DELHI SET 2 Code No. 59/1/2 SECTION-A
1. (i) The Soviet system became very bureaucratic and authoritarian making life very difficult for its citizens. (ii) There was lack of freedom of speech and expression. (iii) Communist party of Soviet Union held tight control over the had tight Institutions and was unaccountable to the people. (iv) Russia also dominated over the people from other regions who felt neglected and suppressed Or any other relevant point (Any one) 1 OR (i) Countries of Western Europe sided with the US and were known as the Western Alliance. (ii) They adopted capitalism and liberal democracy. (iii) They formalized into NATO. (Any one) 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 27
Detailed Answer The one party system represented by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people. OR Most countries of Western Europe sided with the US which got formalized into an organization – the North Treaty Organisation (NATO) or the Western Alliance. The Western Alliance, headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism. 5. Similarity between the United Front Government of 1996 and the National Front Government of 1989. (i) Both were coalition governments. (ii) In 1989 both the left and the BJP supported the National Front Government as they wanted to keep the Congress out of power. In 1996 left continued to support the Non- Congress Government but this time the Congress, supported it, both the Congress and the left wanted to keep the BJP out of power. Or any other relevant point. (Any One) 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer Both the governments were formed as coalition governments. 6. Two reasons for the disintegration of the USSR were : (i) Internal weaknesses of the Soviet political and economic Institutions. (ii) Economic stagnation leading to consumer shortages. (iii) Rampant corruption and inability of the system to correct mistakes. (iv) Communist party has become very authoritarian and bureaucratic. (v) Rise of nationalism and desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic republics Gorbachev's role in producing reforms. (Any two points) 1×2=2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer Causes of disintegration of the Soviet Union: (a) The Soviet system became very bureaucratic resulting lack of democracy. (b) Although Russia was only one of the fifteen republics that together constituted the USSR but Russia dominated everything and people from other regions felt neglected and suppressed. (c) It lagged behind the west in technology and infrastructure and also in fulfilling the political or economic aspiration of citizens. 13. Advocates of economic globalisation argue : (i) Globalisation involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world. (ii) This flow or exchange can take various forms: flow of commodities, Capital ,people and ideas. (iii) It generates greater economic growth and well-being. (iv) Greater trade allows each economy to do what it does best. (v) They also say that economic globalisation is inevitable and it is not wise to reset the march of history. (vi) Society benefits when there is de-regulations. Or any other relevant points. (Any two) 2×2+4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer Advocates of economic globalization try to describe it as an inevitable process, the logical outgrowth of economic and technological forces that evolved over centuries to their present form, nearly as if they were forces of nature, like gravity. But while global trade activity and concepts of free trade have existed since the distant past, they do not nearly begin to resemble the volume, speed, form or impact of today’s activities, nor were they as deliberately plotted and structured. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 28 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
14. Features of the ideology of Swatantra Party : (i) It wanted less government control in the economy. (ii) Prosperity would come only from individual freedom. (iii) It was critical of centralised planning and Nationalisation of public sector. (iv) They wanted a free private sector. (v) They were against land ceiling, Cooperative farming and States trading. (vi) They were against license regime. (vii) They were against NAM and wanted close ties with the US. (Any Four Points) 4×1=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer Features of ideology followed by Swatantra Party include: (a) It emphasised on the free economy and less involvement of government in controlling the economy. (b) It was critical to the policy of non-alignment and favoured to have closer relations with the USA. (c) The party criticised centralized planning and nationalization. (d) The party was critical about the existence of public sector. 22. Features of Soviet system: (i) It was based on socialism and opposed capitalism. (ii) It abolished private property and the society was based on the principles of equality. (iii) It give primacy to the state and the institutions of the party. (iv) Soviet political system centred around the Communist Party and no other political party or opposition was allowed. (v) The economy was planned and controlled by the state. (vi) There was no unemployment. (vii) Land and productive assets were owned and controlled by Soviet state. (viii) The Soviet state ensured a minimum standard of living to all citizens. (ix) Government subsidized the basic necessities for all citizens (Any six points) 1×6=6 OR Cuban Missile Crisis (i) The USSR was worried that the USA would invade communist ruled Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro, President of Cuba. (ii) Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base by placing nuclear missiles. (iii) After three weeks, the US became aware of the placement of missiles. This was a security threat for the USA. (iv) The US President John F. Kennedy and his advisors were reluctant to do anything that might lead to a full scale nuclear war with the USSR but wanted the removal of missiles and nuclear weapons from Cuba. (v) The US President ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba. (vi) A Clash seemed imminent and is known as the Cuban missile crisis. (vii) Eventually both sides decided to avoid war the Soviet ships slowed down and turned back. To be assessed as a whole 1×6=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer 22. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics came into being after the socialist revolution in Russia in the year 1917. The revolution was inspired by the ideals of socialism as opposed to the capitalism and the need for an egalitarian society. This was perhaps the biggest attempt in human history to abolish the institution of private property and consciously design a society based on principles of equality and this came to be known as the Soviet system. Following are three positive points of the Soviet System (a) The Soviet Union became a great power after the Second World War. The Soviet economy was then more developed than the rest of the world except for the US. It had a complex communications s network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel, machinery production and a transport sector that connected its remotest areas with efficiency. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 29
(b) The Soviet system ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens and the government subsidized basic necessities including health, education, childcare and other welfare schemes. (c) There was no unemployment. State ownership was the dominant form of ownership, land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet state. Following are the negative points of the Soviet System (a) The Soviet System became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for the citizens. (b) Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled people who often expressed their dissent in jokes and cartoons. (c) The one party system represented by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people. OR The Cuban Missile Crisis known as the October Crisis Scare in Cuba was a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other side. The crisis is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closed to turning into a nuclear conflict. Since Cuba was an ally of Soviet Union and received both diplomatic and financial aid from it. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of Soviet Union, decided to convert Cuba into Russian base. In 1962, he placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The installation of these weapons put the US, for the first time, under fire from close range. Three weeks later, the Soviet Union had placed the nuclear weapons in Cuba. The American became aware of it. The US President John F. Kennedy and his advisers were reluctant to do anything that would lead to a full-fledged war but he soon determined to get Khrushchev to remove the missiles from Cuba. Kennedy ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba as a way of warning the USSR of his seriousness. A clash seemed imminent in what came to be known as Cuban Missile Crisis. In April 1961, the Soviet Union was worried that the United States of America would invade Cuba and overthrow the Cuban President Fidel Castro Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union, decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base. He placed nuclear missiles. Three weeks after the Soviet Union had placed 68 nuclear weapons in Cuba, the Americans became aware of it. They became reluctant to do anything that might lead to full scale war between the two countries. A clash seemed imminent in what came to be known as ‘Cuban Missile Crisis.’ The prospects of this clash made the whole world nervous.
DELHI SET 3 Code No. 59/1/3 SECTION-A
5. Mandal commission recommended reserving 27 percent of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for OBCs. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer The Mandal Commission had recommended reservation for OBCs in jobs of Central Government. OUTSIDE DELHI SET 1 Code No. 59/2/1 SECTION-A
1. Hegemony is the military domination Economic power, Political clout/influence and cultural Superiority 1 OR Objective of Marshal Plan was to provide financial aid to West European states to revive Europe’s economy, post Second World War. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer : The term hegemony stands for an international system which is dominated by a sole superpower. The collapse of the Soviet Union left the world with only one single superpower, the United States of America. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 30 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
OR The Marshall Plan was an American initiative passed in 1948 to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.
2. India was praised for signing the treaty of Friendship with the USSR to strengthen NAM 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
3. (i) Amnesty International (ii) Human Rights watch (iii) United Nations commission for human Rights (Any one) 1 OR (i) Military conflict with neighboring countries (ii) Internal conflicts (iii) Security of borders or Any other relevant answer (Any one) 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer : Amnesty International OR Human Rights Watch (Any one)
4. (i) Sardar Patel played a strong role by persuasion and military action to get the instrument of accession signed by the princely states,to ensure their merger with the Indian state. (ii) The present form of Unity and Integrity of the country is due to far sightedness of Sardar Patel. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer : Sardar Patel played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of princely states firmly but diplomatically and bringing most of them into Indian Union. He also used skilful persuasion.
5. Any movement led by Social organizations or students or any other group of activists is called a non-party movement if political parties are not allowed to lead the movement. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] 1
Detailed Answer : Non-party movements are the movements in which there are huge numbers of people who lose faith in the policies of the democratic setup and are not supported by any political party.
SECTION-B
6. USA followed the ideology of capitalism and liberal democracy,whereas USSR followed the ideology of socialism and one party rule i.e communism. 2 OR Reforms proposed by UNCTAD (i) Give least developed countries(LDCs)control over their natural resources. (ii) To obtain access to western markets. (iii) Reduce cost of technology from the western countries. (iv) Greater role of LDC’s in the international economic institutions. (Any two) 1×2 = 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
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Detailed Answer : The Western Alliance, headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism while the Eastern Alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was committed to the ideology of socialism and communism. 7. (i) It could have aligned with any Super Power along with other newly independent countries. (ii) India would not have emerged as leader of newly independent countries. (iii) It could not have an independent Foreign policy. (iv) Cold war could have become more intense. (Any two) 1×2=2 OR (i) India refused to sign NPT as it considered the treaty discriminatory. (ii) India needed to counter the nuclear threat of the neighboring countries (Any other relevant point) 1×2 = 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
8. (i) Through this movement women raised the issues of domestic violence, customs of dowry, sexual violence and gender inequalities. (ii) They demanded justice and removal of these practices; hence it is also called movement of women’s empowerment. 1×2=2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
9. (i) Rigid attitude of the Syndicate. (ii) Presidential candidate was announced by the Syndicate without consulting the Prime minister, Indira Gandhi. (iii) Syndicate assumed PM Indira Gandhi as puppet in their hand which provoked her to revolt. (Any other reason) (Any two) 1×2=2 OR Lessons of 1975 Emergency (i) Denial of fundamental rights and curtailment of freedom is not acceptable to the people of India. (ii) People value freedom of press. (iii) People disapprove the excesses committed by state authorities. (Any other relevant point) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
10. (a) (iv) Right of local communities on natural resources. (b) (iii) Fight against discrimination on the basis of caste. (c) (ii) Andhra Pradesh (d) (i) Right to Information [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] 2
SECTION-C
11. (i) EU is the world’s biggest economy. (ii) Its share of World trade is three times larger than that of USA. (iii) It also functions as an important block in WTO (iv) Two of its members are permanent members of UN Security Council. (v) It has its own flag, anthem and currency. (Any four) 1×4=4 OR (i) Sheikh Mujib won all the seats in East Pakistan and secured majority but government dominated by West Pakistan did not convene the assembly.
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(ii) Arrest of Sheikh mujib provoked violent protests. (iii) Thousands of people were killed by Pakistan Army which led to migration of millions of Bengalis to India. (iv) India supported the demand of people of East Pakistan Any other relevant point (Any two) 2×2=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
12. (i) UN provides platform for discussing contentious issues and finding solutions. (ii) It helps member states to resolve their problems peacefully. (iii) There are certain issues which can not be dealt with individually by any one state. So states can come together to solve the issue. (iv) Helps to produce information and ideas about how to cooperate. (v) Works for preventing the international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among members states( Assess as a whole) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] 4
Detailed Answer :
The United Nations provides platform for discussing contentious issues and finding solutions. It helps member states to resolve their problems peacefully. There are certain issues which cannot be dealt with individually by any one state. So, states can come together to solve the issue. It helps to produce information and ideas about how to cooperate. It works for preventing the international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among members states.
13. (i) Cultivatable area is not expanding. (ii) Scarcity of safe drinking water (iii) Deforestation (iv) Depletion of ozone layer, decline in the total amount of ozone. (v) Global warming 1×4=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer :
Some environmental concerns that have become issues of global politics are:
(i) Natural resources are being depleted, i.e., cultivable area has not been sustained any more, agricultural land lost fertility and grasslands have been overgrazed.
(ii) Water bodies have suffered both depletion and pollution.
(iii) A steady decline in ozone layer also poses a threat to ecosystem and human health.
(iv) Natural forests stabilise the climate, moderate water supply and habitat various species also which are also being lost causing destruction to biodiversity through industrial pollution, etc.
(v) Due to land based activities, coastal pollution is also increasing which affects fisheries.
14. Features of Ideology (i) Government should be less involved in controlling the economy. (ii) Prosperity comes only through individual freedom. (iii) It was against the centralized planning nationalization and public sector. (iv) It was against the policy of NAM. (v) It was in favour of having good relations with US. (Any four) 1×4=4
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OR Changes in the ideology of the communist party 1920 to 1952 : In 1920, the communist party drew inspiration from Bolshevik revolution in Russia. During second World war Communist party supported British whereas earlier they worked from within the fold of Indian National Congress. After Independence , initially Communist Party encouraged violent uprisings but later abandoned the path of violence. The single united communist party faced major spilt in 1964 due to ideological rift between leaders following soviet and Chinese ideology. Any other point ( Assess as a whole) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
15. Public unrest and agitation in Bihar and Gujarat due to rise in prices, unemployment and corruption. Judgement of the Allahabad High Court against Mrs Indira Gandhi. Fear of loosing the Prime Ministership in the wake up of Allahabad, High Court judgement. Anti Government call by JP at Ramlila Maidan. Non democratic advice to Indira Gandhi. 1×4=4 Analysis of the given facts is expected (Any other Point) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer :
‘The Bangladesh crisis had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. This was followed by war with Pakistan. After the war the U.S government stopped all aid to India. Industrial growth was low and unemployment was very high. Monsoons failed in 1972-1973. This resulted in a sharp decline in agricultural productivity and increase in the activities of Marxist groups. Students in Gujarat started an agitation against rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities, and against corruption in high places. Leader Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the dismissal of the Congress government in Bihar and gave a call for total revolution in the social, economic and political spheres in order to establish what he considered to be true democracy. A series of bandhs, gehraos, and strikes were organised in protest against the Bihar government.
There was constitutional hindrance regarding the change in the basic structure. The Supreme Court said it cannot. Secondly, can the Parliament curtail the right to property by making an amendment? Again, the Court said that Parliament cannot amend the constitution in such a manner that rights are curtailed. Thirdly, the Parliament amended the Constitution saying that it can abridge Fundamental Rights for giving effect to Directive Principles.
The immediate cause of declaring Emergency was the verdict passed by Allahabad High Court. In a petition filed by Raj Narain, who was a rival to Indira Gandhi in Lok Sabha elections in 1971, the Court had declared the victory of Indira Gandhi as invalid. Jay Prakash Narayan organised a national Satyagraha forcing Indira Gandhi to resign on the basis of verdict of the Allahabad High Court. On June 24, 1975, a situation of National Emergency was declared and imposed on the country upon recommendation of Indira Gandhi under Article 352 of The Constitution. 16. Pt. Nehru was an influential leader He advocated and followed the policy of Non alignment. He was for preserving the sovereignty of India. He was for the economic development hence required help from both the blocs. Was against to join any alliance. Evaluate as a whole 4
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OR (i) Policy of Non alignment ( to be explained) (ii) Afro Asian unity (iii) Conflict with Pakistan and China (iv) India is support to the UN initiatives (v) Constitutional commitment to maintain and promote international peace (vi) Panchsheel Any other point (Any four) 1×4=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer :
The first Prime Minister of India. Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru was an influential leader. His role in formulating and implementing the foreign policy of India encompasses:
(i) He advocated and followed the policy of Non alignment.
(ii) He was for preserving the sovereignty of India.
(iii) He was for the economic development hence required help from both the blocs.
(iv) Was against to join any alliance.
OR
The various factors are:
(i) The first PM, Jawaharlal Nehru, played a crucial role in setting the national agenda. He was his own foreign minister. He exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964. The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy was to preserve the hard earned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity and promote rapid economic development Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of non – alignment.
(ii) Lal Bahadur Shastri equally emphasized the need to follow genuine non alignment. He gave a slogan of Jai Jawan – Jai Kisan during 1965 war with Pakistan and the problem of severe food shortage in India.
(iii) With the changing national interest, India Gandhi brought a revolutionary change in Indian foreign policy. She signed a treaty of peace & friendship in 1971 with Soviet Union. It was signed in the backdrop of crisis in East Pakistan and the threat that India faced from the then emerging nexus between US China – Pakistan. Since then, the tilt towards Soviet Union in Indian foreign policy was quite evident. In spite of this, India technically remained non-aligned throughout the cold war period.
(iv) The Janta party government that came to power in 1977 announced that it would follow genuine non alignment. Since then, all governments (congress and non-congress) have taken initiatives for restoring better relations with China and entering into close lies with US.
(v) In the period after 1990, Russia, though it continues to be an important friend of India, has lost its global preeminence. Therefore, India’s foreign policy has shifted to a more pro-US strategy. At the same time, Indo- Pakistan relations have witnessed many more developments during this period. While Kashmir continues to be the main issue between the countries, there have been many efforts to restore normal relations.
(vi) Presently, under the leadership of Sh. Narendra Modi, India has initiated various steps to improve and strengthen India’s national ties with other countries. India is trying to balance its relations with both Russia and US. India has become more assertive with China. India has now followed “Act East Policy” in case of Southeast Asian nation than “Look East Policy” pursued by UPA government.
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SECTION-D
17. (i) Economic help provided to a particular group of consumer in the form of reduced rate of the commodity or reduced rate of interest or rent as compared to prevailing market rate. (ii) (a) People have to pay more for goods and services which reduces their affordability. (b) Cost of tools, implements machines, fertilizers increase consequently. The people are not able to purchase the required items for their livelihood. (iii) candidate may support or oppose policy of privatization. Their answer sheet should be supported by two suitable arguments (1+2+2=5) OR (i) India ,Egypt ,Yugoslavia (Any two) 1 (ii) (a) Cheap cost effective Technology should be provided to LOCs. (b) Rapid industrialization of LOC be supported by developed countries. (c) Spreading education and providing employment opportunities. (any two) 1×2=2 (iii) Sustained Development ® is a long lasting environment friendly development which doesn't harm the interest of the future generations. 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
18. (i) Security is absence of threats. (ii) Under traditional security, the greatest threat to a country is from military war, attack on sovereignty and threat to lives of the citizens. (iii) (a) To have a strong army equipped with weapons (b) To raise the cost of the war so that the rival party may not dare. (c) Negotiations for peaceful solution Any other method 1+2+2=5 OR (i) Composition of Security Council has been static due to rigid attitude of the five permanent members( Big powers) (ii) (a) It doesn't represent Africa, South America and even doesn't adequately represent Asia . (b) a large population of the world is not represented. It makes security council non-democratic in character Any other relevant point (any two) (iii) (a) India wants their representation in the security council as permanent member (b) favours its expansion to adequately represent present realities of the world ie more developing countries Any other relevant point (any two) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
19. (i) BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)
(ii) Main problem was to satisfy the different factions and parties in the coalition- which made the government weak and always ready to compromise.
(iii) Regional parties gets an opportunity to be in power.
Regional aspirations get fulfilled.
Get an experience of the government at the union level (any two) 1×2=2
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
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20. (i) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam. (ii) It was a difficult task to balance Sinhale and Tamil group both. Sri Lanka followed the policy of majoritarianism and Tamil felt neglected. It was just a skill to keep the balance. (Evaluate as a whole) (iii) In spite of ethnic conflict Sri Lanka successfully controlled the rate of growth of population. Had the highest per capita Gross Domestic Product GDP. Could liberalise the economy. Maintained the democratic system. 1+2+2=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
21. (i) D – Manipur (ii) E – Meghalaya (iii) A - Kerala (iv) C – Haryana (v) B – Gujarat 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] Detailed Answer : S.No. of the information used Concerned Alphabet Name of the state D Manipur E Meghalaya A Kerala C Haryana B Gujarat
(C)
(E) (D) (B)
(A)
Map not to scale
SECTION-E
22. Consequences of Shock Therapy (i) large state controlled industrial complexes collapsed (ii) Valuable industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices
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(iii) large scale value of ruble declined (iv) old system of social welfare was destroyed Any other consequence 4×1.5=6 OR Enabling new recognised countries to frame their independent foreign policy. Not to join any military block NATO and Warsaw pact. Be able to express independent viewpoint on international issues. Non alignment policy allowed India to take international decisions and stances that served the national interest. It proved to be an act of balancing of power. India could approach both the superpowers for National interference interest Any two [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer : Shock therapy refers to the sudden release of price and currency controls, withdrawal of state subsidies, and immediate trade liberalisation within a country, usually also including large-scale privatisation of previously public-owned assets. This situation occurred in USSR during the cold war in 1992 when Russia made a sudden switch in their ideology. The consequences of shock therapy were: (i) A large number of state-owned industries were put up for sale at throwaway prices, and this was known as the ‘largest garage sale’. (ii) The value of the Ruble (Russian currency) declined. (iii) The collective farm was removed with no food security. (iv) The old trading structure was broken without any alternative. (v) The old system of social welfare was destroyed, and the government stopped all subsidies. (vi) The middle section, people in society, suffered those who were educated either migrated to different countries or disintegrated. (vii) A new Mafia emerged which tried to control economic activities by forces. (viii) Privatisations widen the gap between rich and poor. (ix) Domestic industries that were installed were not reliable and were not even accountable. OR During the Cold War, India took particular care in staying away from the two alliances. But it did not mean isolation or neutrality. India played an active role in meditating between the two rival alliances for in the cause of peace and stability. India raised its voice against the newly decolonised countries from becoming part of these alliances. The Cold War threatened to divide the world into two alliances. Under these circumstances, many of the newly independent countries, after gaining their independence from colonial powers, were worried that they would lose their freedom as soon as they gained formal independence. The Non-Aligned Movement gave the newly independent countries a way of staying out of the alliance. India was in favour of actively intervening in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries. India played an active role in mediating between the two rival alliances for the cause of peace and stability. India’s strength was based on its resolve to remain non-aligned despite the attempt by the two super powers to bring them into their alliances. It is important to remember that India chose to involve other members of the non-aligned group in the mission. During the Cold War, India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international organisations, which were not a part of the alliances led by the US and the USSR. Nehru reposed great faith in ‘a genuine commonwealth nations’ that would play a positive role in softening, if not ending, the Cold War.
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23. (i) US spends more on its military capability then the next 12 powers combined. (ii) Military dominance of US is based not just on higher spending but on qualitative gap. (iii) No power can match the US capability. (iv) Iraq invasion shows its capacity to conquer 4×1.5=6 Any other relevant point OR Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom and then a constitutional monarchy. In 1990 King accepted the demand for a new democratic constitution but democratic government could not survive longer and was in trouble. There was a violent conflict between the maoist and armed forces of king. In 2002 the king abolished the Parliament dismissed the government and limited the democracy in Nepal. In 2006 there was a massive pro democracy protest led by SPA. King was forced to restore the house of representatives dissolve in 2002. Transition to democracy is still under progress. (Any four) 4×1.5=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer : The US Hegemony as a Hard Power— (a) The most important factor for the over whelming superiority of US power is superiority of its military power. (b) American military dominance is both absolute and relative. In absolute terms, the US has military capabilities that can reach any point on the planet accurately, lethally and in real time. While its own forces are sheltered to the maximum extent possible from the danger of war. (c) No other power can remotely match US military might. It spends more on its military capability than the next 12 powers combined. (d) The military dominance of the US is not just based on higher military spending, but on the adequate gap that no power can match. OR Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom and then a constitutional monarchy. In 1990, King accepted the demand for a new democratic constitution but democratic government could not survive longer and was in trouble. There was a violent conflict between the maoist and armed forces of king. In 2002, the king abolished the Parliament dismissed the government and limited the democracy in Nepal. In 2006, there was a massive pro-democracy protest led by SPA. King was forced to restore the house of representatives dissolve in 2002. Transition to democracy is still under progress.
24. Developed countries are of the opinion that every country is equally responsible for the conservation of ecology but developing countries state that economical degradation has been caused by the developed country so they must take more responsibility Developing countries are in the process of industrialisation and should not be made to bear the restrictions. Needs of the developing countries should be taken into account. Rio summit in 1992 gave the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities . On analysis it seems that this principle is justified and acceptable to one and all( Evaluate as a whole) 6 OR Most of the IT professionals got jobs in the Silicon Valley of US and other Nations. Quality of life and health enhanced in India. Traditional culture was affected. Local Markets and small shopkeepers were also affected. More FDI came to India. GDP growth rate has increased. (Any four) 4×1.5=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
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Detailed Answer : Developed countries are of the opinion that every country is equally responsible for the conservation of ecology but developing countries state that economical degradation has been caused by the developed country so they must take more responsibility (i) Developing countries are in the process of industrialisation and should not be made to bear the restrictions. (ii) Needs of the developing countries should be taken into account. (iii) Rio summit in 1992 gave the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities . On analysis it seems that this principle is justified and acceptable to one and all. OR Consequence of globalisation: The various consequences of globalisation can be categorised as : (a) Political consequences: (i) Globalisation results in an erosion of powers of the state, that is, the ability of the government to do what they do. (ii) Globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be unchallenged on the basis of political community. (b) Economic consequences : (i) Usually, economic globalisation involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world. Economic flows in various forms, like commodity, capital, people and ideas, prompts rich countries to invest their money in countries other than their own. It also draws attention towards the role of IMF and WTO in determining economic policies across the world. (ii) Advocates of economic globalisation argue that it generates greater economic growth and well-being for larger sections of the population when there is deregulation. Greater trade among countries allows each economy to do what it does best. This would benefit the whole world. (c) Cultural consequence : Cultural globalisation emerges and enlarges our choices and modifies our culture without overwhelming the traditional norms. Those who make this argument often draw attention to the McDonaldisation of the world, with cultures seeking to buy into the dominant American dream. The burger is no substitute for a masala dosa, and therefore, does not pose any challenge. 25. (i) Congress was a party of diverse groups such as peasants and industrialists, urban dwellers and villagers. (ii) Leadership of The Congress had expanded from upper class professionals so agriculture based leaders. (iii) Congress provided for internal opposition. (iv) It accommodated revolutionary pacifists, right ,left and all shades of centre. (v) Parties are having their own constitution were also allowed to exit within Congress . Any other relevant point Any three 3×2=6 OR MERITS Growth in the food grain production Rich and large landlords were benefited and increased their income DEMERITS Gap between poor peasantry and rich peasantry was visible . It raised the middle class peasants. Regional imbalance also came into forefront. Rich peasants emerged political influential. 3+3 = 6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer : Congress was a party of diverse groups such as peasants and industrialists, urban dwellers and villagers. Leadership of The Congress had expanded from upper class professionals so agriculture based leaders. Congress provided for internal opposition. It accommodated revolutionary pacifists, right ,left and all shades of centre. Parties are having their own constitution were also allowed to exit within Congress. To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 40 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
OR Positive impacts of Green Revolution: (i) It increased significantly the production, to almost 2.5 times in wheat between 1960 and 2010. (ii) It has been able to save the lives of millions of people and exponentially increase the yield of food crops. (iii) It improved the economic lot of farmers, and their standard of living greatly improved. (iv) It reduced the import of food grains. Negative impacts of Green Revolution: (i) The revolution increased the use of fertilizers. It diminishes soil quality due to increased reliance on synthetic fertilizers rather than natural fertilizer, which allow replenishing of nutrients. (ii) The increase in mono cropping has decreased soil quality. Nutrients could not be replaced in the soil due to mono cropping. (iii) The use of heavy machine causes soil compaction. (iv) The pesticides travel through the food chain and are accumulated in higher organisms. Some of them persist in soil, air surface water and ground water and continue to poison them for a long time. The long term exposure to pesticide causes cancer. (v) The environmental degradation makes it an overall inefficient, short-term solution to the problem of food insecurity. (vi) It decreases the “biodiversity” of crops in the world today.
26. (i) Image of Indira Gandhi. (ii) Nationalisation of banks. (iii) Abolitiontion of privy purses. (iv) ‘Garibi hatao’ programmes/ slogan (v) Early elections led to sympathy quotes for injustice done to Indira Gandhi. (vi) Defeat of official candidate for the post of President. (Any four) 4×1.5=6 Any other relevant point OR (i) Frequently recourse to agitations. Protests and collective actions were adversely affecting the life of common people. (ii) Extra parliamentary politics was targeting the government for selfish motives. (iii) Movement launched by the opposition was distracting the government from routine and administrative work (iv) It was affecting the development of the country (Any four) 4×1.5=6 Any other relevant point [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
Detailed Answer : Indira Gandhi won 1971 elections decisively. Soon after 1971 elections, a major crisis broke out in East Pakistan resulting in the formation of Bangladesh. This crisis was followed by Indo- Pak War of 1971. India had a decisive victory in that War and Pakistani forces were forced to surrender in front of Indian forces. These events added to the popularity of Indira Gandhi. Even the opposition parties admired her statesmanship. ii. Her party swept through all State assembly elections held in 1972. iii. Due to the socialist orientation, she was seen as a protectorate of the poor and the underprivileged. OR The justification given by the government for the national emergency was: (i) Frequently recourse to agitations. Protests and collective actions were adversely affecting the life of common people. (ii) Extra parliamentary politics was targeting the government for selfish motives. (iii) Movement launched by the opposition was distracting the government from routine and administrative work. (iv) It was affecting the development of the country To know about more useful books for class-12 click here Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII 41
27. Candidates are expected to suggest some measures based on the real life experience mark should be given for original thinking for example. (i) Procession can be held on holidays. (ii) Silent Dharnas and protests can be held at the designated places. (iii) Government should also provide all the facilities to the protesters and also the place to have sit in dharnas. (iv) Banners /Hoardings /play cards should be used instead of slogan mongering. (v) different types of protest can be used as ringing Bell for a fixed period on the house tops or whistle blowing at a fixed time for a fixed duration. (vi) Dharnas in small groups all over the state/ country can be at the other method. (vii) Any other innovative method that doesn't disturb the daily life of the citizens. (Any six) 1×6=6 OR (i) Use of media to raise the demands and plead for the regional aspirations debates/ video talks /articles in the magazines /new items/literature can be used. (ii) Regional parties and leaders can advocate the aspirations and seek the cooperation of other leaders. (iii) Union government should not neglect the regional aspirations and participate in all the debates and talks and put forward the government and thinking. (iv) All demands and aspiration should be constitutional an unconstitutional demands should be avoided. Any other innovative method. (Any three) 3×2=6 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
OUTSIDE DELHI SET 2 Code No. 59/2/2
SECTION-A
4. Nation building is continuous process which does not come to an end at any particular point of time for example After independence framing of constitution, reorganisation of states and need to address social economic challenges. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
5. (i) Dalit Panthers movement provided a platform for Dalit educated youth to use their creativity as a protest activity. (ii) Dalit writers protected against the brutalities of the caste system in their numerous autobiographies and other literary works. (Any one) 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
6. (i) Attack on any one of the members will be taken attack on all of them. (ii) Each of the members state was obliged to help the other. 1×2=2 Any other relevant point OR (i) Eastern Alliance was created by Erstwhile Soviet Union in 1955 comprising Eastern European countries . (ii) It was forced by Warsaw Pact. (iii) Its main objective was to counter NATO forces in Europe. ½×2+1=2 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
8. (i) Demand to stop construction of dams is criticized by many as obstructing the process of development. (ii) Dams provide water for irrigation generate electricity, provide drinking water control floods, importance of dams was upheld by the supreme courts. 1×2=2 Any other relevant point [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] To know about more useful books for class-12 click here 42 Oswaal CBSE Solved Paper - 2019, political science, Class-XII
12. (i) It works for human development, promotes education, basic health facilities irrigation, etc . (ii) It provides loan and grants to the member countries. (iii) It helps developing countries to develop the infrastructure i e roads, electricity urban regeneration. (iv) Its role is very important for developing countries to carry out their development projects but it is sometimes criticized to force developing countries /poor Nations to adopt free market reforms. 1×4=4 Any other relevant point [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
15. (i) Conflict regarding power of Parliament to abridge the fundamental rights. (ii) Regarding the curtailment of right to property. (iii) Supreme Court rejected the amendment abridgement of fundamental rights for the sake of Directive Principles of State Policy. (iv) Tension between executive and Judiciary appointment of A.N. Ray as the Chief Justice by superseding the three senior most judges. (v) Allahabad High Court judgement declaring Indira Gandhi's election to Lok Sabha as null and void. Any other relevant point. (Any four) 1×4=4 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019]
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