Chapter 14 Slides 2017
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The Metabolism of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in the Immediate Postnatal Period of Human Newborns
Pediat. Res. 6: 211-218 (1972) Adipose tissue glucose metabolism /3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase neonates fatty acid catabolism phosphofructokinase The Metabolism of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in the Immediate Postnatal Period of Human Newborns. 2. Developmental Changes in the Metabolism of 14C-(U)-D-Glucose and in Enzyme Activities of Phosphofructo- kinase (PFK; EC. 2.7.1.11) and /3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydro- genase (HAD; EC. 1.1.1.35) M. NOVAK1351, E. MONKUS, H. WOLF, AND U. STAVE Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA, Staedtische Kinderklinik, Kassel, West Germany, and Fels Research Institute, Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA Extract Changes in the in vitro metabolism of subcutaneous adipose tissue have been compared in normal human newborns from 2 hr to 2 weeks of age. A group of healthy adult volunteers was also included. Samples were obtained by using a needle biopsy tech- nique. More of the isotope from uC-(U)-D-glucose was incorporated into triglyc- erides (P < 0.05) and also oxidized by suspensions of adipose cells from infants 2-3 hr of age than in older infants (P < 0.01). The ratio of radioactivity in carbon dioxide to radioactivity in triglyceride was also significantly greater in 2- to 3-hr-old infants than in older neonates (P < 0.05). Thin layer chromatography of the total lipid ex- tract showed the greatest amount of radioactivity in the triglycerides, a small amount in 1,3-digiycerides and 1,2-diglycerides, and a trace in fatty acids and monogiyc- erides. These findings were compared with the developmental changes in two key enzymes: phosphofructokinase (PFK), which represents the glycolytic pathway, and (3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (GoA) dehydrogenase (HAD), which is involved in the P oxidation of fatty acids. -
Chapter 12 Slides
11/15/17 CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function OUTLINE • 12.1 Role of Carbohydrates • 12.2 Monosaccharides • 12.3 Complex Carbohydrates • 12.4 Carbohydrate Catabolism • 12.5 Oligosaccharides as Cell Markers CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES? • Glucose and its derivatives are carbohydrates: Ø Carbohydrates are simple organic molecules that have a shared basic chemical Formula: Cn(H2O)n Ø The name “carbo + hydrate” represents that Fact that they are made from CO2 and H2O by photosynthesis • About halF oF all earth’s solid carbon is Found in two polymers of glucose found in plants: Ø Starch = major energy storage molecule Ø Cellulose = major structural component oF the plant cell wall (aka. “fiber”) CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function THE SIMPLEST CARBOHYDRATES • Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyZed into simpler carbohydrates: Ø These are the Fundamental building blocks For all other carbohydrates (oFten called “simple sugars”) Ø All have Formulas of based on the basic pattern: Cn(H2O)n • Monosaccharides have speciFic Functional groups: 1. An aldehyde OR a ketone (not both!) 2. Several (two or more) alcohol (-OH) groups 1 11/15/17 CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function STRUCTURE & NOMENCLATURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES • Monosaccharides are classiFied by two features: 1. Length of their main carbon chain (utilize standard IUPAC naming For # oF carbons) 2. Whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone group • Names always end with –ose • Two common hexoses: -
Bioenergetics and Metabolism Mitochondria Chloroplasts
Bioenergetics and metabolism Mitochondria Chloroplasts Peroxisomes B. Balen Chemiosmosis common pathway of mitochondria, chloroplasts and prokaryotes to harness energy for biological purposes → chemiosmotic coupling – ATP synthesis (chemi) + membrane transport (osmosis) Prokaryotes – plasma membrane → ATP production Eukaryotes – plasma membrane → transport processes – membranes of cell compartments – energy-converting organelles → production of ATP • Mitochondria – fungi, animals, plants • Plastids (chloroplasts) – plants The essential requirements for chemiosmosis source of high-energy e- membrane with embedded proton pump and ATP synthase energy from sunlight or the pump harnesses the energy of e- transfer to pump H+→ oxidation of foodstuffs is proton gradient across the membrane used to create H+ gradient + across a membrane H gradient serves as an energy store that can be used to drive ATP synthesis Figures 14-1; 14-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Electron transport processes (A) mitochondrion converts energy from chemical fuels (B) chloroplast converts energy from sunlight → electron-motive force generated by the 2 photosystems enables the chloroplast to drive electron transfer from H2O to carbohydrate → chloroplast electron transfer is opposite of electron transfer in a mitochondrion Figure 14-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Carbohydrate molecules and O2 are products of the chloroplast and inputs for the mitochondrion Figure 2-41; 2-76 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland -
Identification of Alternative Mitochondrial Electron Transport
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Identification of Alternative Mitochondrial Electron Transport Pathway Components in Chickpea Indicates a Differential Response to Salinity Stress between Cultivars Crystal Sweetman * , Troy K. Miller, Nicholas J. Booth, Yuri Shavrukov , Colin L.D. Jenkins, Kathleen L. Soole and David A. Day College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 5100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia; troy.miller@flinders.edu.au (T.K.M.); nick.booth@flinders.edu.au (N.J.B.); yuri.shavrukov@flinders.edu.au (Y.S.); colin.jenkins@flinders.edu.au (C.L.D.J.); kathleen.soole@flinders.edu.au (K.L.S.); david.day@flinders.edu.au (D.A.D.) * Correspondence: crystal.sweetman@flinders.edu.au; Tel.: +61-8-82012790 Received: 25 April 2020; Accepted: 27 May 2020; Published: 28 May 2020 Abstract: All plants contain an alternative electron transport pathway (AP) in their mitochondria, consisting of the alternative oxidase (AOX) and type 2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (ND) families, that are thought to play a role in controlling oxidative stress responses at the cellular level. These alternative electron transport components have been extensively studied in plants like Arabidopsis and stress inducible isoforms identified, but we know very little about them in the important crop plant chickpea. Here we identify AP components in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and explore their response to stress at the transcript level. Based on sequence similarity with the functionally characterized proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, five putative internal (matrix)-facing NAD(P)H dehydrogenases (CaNDA1-4 and CaNDC1) and four putative external (inter-membrane space)-facing NAD(P)H dehydrogenases (CaNDB1-4) were identified in chickpea. -
1 [ Reading for Lecture 7] (1) 2Nd Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
[ Reading for lecture 7] (1) 2nd law of thermodynamics: Entropy Increases Life Decreases it’s own entropy – at the expense of the rest of the universe Most globally – takes photons (low entropy – straight line !) and converts them ultimately into heat (high entropy), with all of life in- between. To do this, life needs to gather, store and manipulate sources of Free-Energy Free energy can be thought of as the “currency” of life. Any reaction that requires free energy input (eg. making DNA from nucleic acids, doing mechanical work, building a protonmotive force) must be “paid for” by coupling to a reaction that releases free energy. This lecture: Types of biological free-energy, ways and mechanisms in which they are interconverted. These processes are essentially what life is. 1 Types of biological free-energy 2 Protonmotive force (pmf) [Protonmotive Force] (3) Electrical potential plus concentration gradient, H+ or “protons”. (see lecture 6) nb. Nernst potential is the voltage when pmf is zero, at equilibrium. Pmf is a measure of how far from equilibrium the membrane is –the “driving force” for proton transport across the membrane. Generated by active transport of protons across the membrane Free-energy sources: absorption of photons, break-down of food. pH gradient (chemical potential) is necessary if the pmf is to do significant work Very few protons need to be pumped to establish the membrane voltage, BUT… Just like charging a battery, you need to provide current as well as voltage. pH gradient also increases the free energy per proton –diffusion as well as voltage drives protons. -
Bioenergetics, ATP & Enzymes
Bioenergetics, ATP & Enzymes Some Important Compounds Involved in Energy Transfer and Metabolism Bioenergetics can be defined as all the energy transfer mechanisms occurring within living organisms. Energy transfer is necessary because energy cannot be created and it cannot be destroyed (1st law of thermodynamics). Organisms can acquire energy from chemicals (chemotrophs) or they can acquire it from light (phototrophs), but they cannot make it. Thermal energy (heat) from the environment can influence the rate of chemical reactions, but is not generally considered an energy source organisms can “capture” and put to specific uses. Metabolism, all the chemical reactions occurring within living organisms, is linked to bioenergetics because catabolic reactions release energy (are exergonic) and anabolic reactions require energy (are endergonic). Various types of high-energy compounds can “donate” the energy required to drive endergonic reactions, but the most commonly used energy source within cells is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a type of coenzyme. When this molecule is catabolized (broken down), the energy released can be used to drive a wide variety of synthesis reactions. Endergonic reactions required for the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are exceptions because all the nucleotides incorporated into these molecules are initially high-energy molecules as described below. The nitrogenous base here is adenine, the sugar is the pentose monosaccharide ribose and there are three phosphate groups attached. The sugar and the base form a molecule called a nucleoside, and the number of phosphate groups bound to the nucleoside is variable; thus alternative forms of this molecule occur as adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). -
Coupling of Energy to Active Transport of Amino Acids in Escherichia Coli (Mutants/Membrane Vesicles/Ca,Mg-Atpase/Electron Transport/D-Lactate Dehydrogenase) ROBERT D
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 69, No. 9, pp. 2663-2667, September 1972 Coupling of Energy to Active Transport of Amino Acids in Escherichia coli (mutants/membrane vesicles/Ca,Mg-ATPase/electron transport/D-lactate dehydrogenase) ROBERT D. SIMONI AND MARY K. SHALLENBERGER Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Communicated by Charles Yanofsky, July 6, 1972 ABSTRACT Active transport of amino acids in isolated *to the lack of oxygen (3). Streptococcus faecalis, an anaerobe membrane vesicles of E. coli ML 308-225 is stimulated by that contains no electron-transport system, can carry out oxidation of D-lactate, and this stimulation is dependent the on electron transport [Kaback, H. R. & Milner, L. S. active membrane transport, presumably using energy- (1970) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 66, 1008]. In attempting to yielding reactions of glycolysis (7). It has become essential to relate these results to amino-acid transport in intact relate the observations obtained with isolated vesicles to cells, we isolated mutants of E. coli ML 308-225 that physiological realities of intact cells. We have isolated cells contain defects in D-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.2.4) in various components involved in and electron transport. Intact cells of these mutants are that contain mutations normal for transport of proline and alanine. We also aerobic metabolism and have tested the effects of these muta- isolated mutants defective in Ca,Mg-stimulated ATPase tions on the ability to perform active transport of amino acids. (EC 3.6.1.3), which is responsible for coupling electron transport to the synthesis of ATP. -
Aerobic and Nitrate Respiration Routes of Carbohydrate Catabolism in Pseudomonas S Tut Zeri
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF WILLIAM JAN SPANGLER for the Ph. D. in MICROBIOLOGY (Name) (Degree) (Major) thesis is presented Date 7 / `> /q6! Title AEROBIC AND NITRATE RESPIRATION ROUTES OF CAR- BOHYDRATE CATABOLISM IN PSEUDOMONAS STUTZERI Abstract approved ( Major professor) Pseudomonas stutzeri and other denitrifying bacteria are able to grow under anaerobic conditions, using nitrate -oxygen as the terminal hydrogen acceptor, in a manner analagous to classical aerobic respiration with free -molecular oxygen. This rather unique phenomenon is known as nitrate respiration. Nitrate respiration has been studied with respect to the nitrate reducing enzymes and carrier systems involved in the reduction sequence, but very little emphasis has been placed on the metabolic pathways which are associated with nitrate respiration. This study was carried out in an attempt to establish the metabolic pathways operative, both under aerobic con- ditions and during nitrate respiration, in order to determine whether there was any shift of pathways under conditions of nitrate respira- tion. Primary pathways were determined by the radiorespirometric method using specifically labelled glucose and gluconate. The results, based primarily on the rate of decarboxylation of the C -1 and C -4 positions of glucose, indicated the operation of the Entner- Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways under both aerobic condi- tions and conditions of nitrate respiration. Evolution of 14CO2 from the other labels of glucose, as well as incorporation of these labels into the cell, indicated that terminal pathways such as the tricar- boxylic acid cycle or glyoxalate cycle might also be operative under both conditions of oxygen relationship. The secondary pathways were studied using specifically labelled acetate. -
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Calvin Cycle Light
Stage 3: RuBP regeneration Glycolysis Ribulose 5- Light-Dependent Reaction (Cytosol) phosphate 3 ATP + C6H12O6 + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 3 ADP + 3 Pi + + 1 GA3P 6 NADP + H Pi NADPH + ADP + Pi ATP 2 C3H4O3 + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 ATP + 2 H2O 3 CO2 Stage 1: ATP investment ½ glucose + + Glucose 2 H2O 4H + O2 2H Ferredoxin ATP Glyceraldehyde 3- Ribulose 1,5- Light Light Fx iron-sulfur Sakai-Kawada, F Hexokinase phosphate bisphosphate - 4e + center 2016 ADP Calvin Cycle 2H Stroma Mn-Ca cluster + 6 NADP + Light-Independent Reaction Phylloquinone Glucose 6-phosphate + 6 H + 6 Pi Thylakoid Tyr (Stroma) z Fe-S Cyt f Stage 1: carbon membrane Phosphoglucose 6 NADPH P680 P680* PQH fixation 2 Plastocyanin P700 P700* D-(+)-Glucose isomerase Cyt b6 1,3- Pheophytin PQA PQB Fructose 6-phosphate Bisphosphoglycerate ATP Lumen Phosphofructokinase-1 3-Phosphoglycerate ADP Photosystem II P680 2H+ Photosystem I P700 Stage 2: 3-PGA Photosynthesis Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate reduction 2H+ 6 ADP 6 ATP 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 H+ + 6 Pi Cytochrome b6f Aldolase Plastoquinol-plastocyanin ATP synthase NADH reductase Triose phosphate + + + CO2 + H NAD + CoA-SH isomerase α-Ketoglutarate + Stage 2: 6-carbonTwo 3- NAD+ NADH + H + CO2 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate carbons Isocitrate α-Ketoglutarate dehydogenase dehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde + Pi + NAD Isocitrate complex 3-phosphate Succinyl CoA Oxidative Phosphorylation dehydrogenase NADH + H+ Electron Transport Chain GDP + Pi 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate H+ Succinyl CoA GTP + CoA-SH Aconitase synthetase -
Specific Catabolic Pathways
Chemistry 1506 Dr. Hunter’s Class Section 12 Notes - Page 1 Chemistry 1506: Allied Health Chemistry 2 Section 12: Specific Catabolic Pathways Molecular Destruction Outline SECTION 12.1 GENERAL FLOW OF CATABOLIC PATHWAYS..............................................................2 SECTION 12.2 GLYCOLYSIS ............................................................................................................................6 SECTION 12.3 TRIGLYCERIDE METABOLISM ..........................................................................................7 2000-2002, Dr. Allen D. Hunter, Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University Chemistry 1506 Dr. Hunter’s Class Section 12 Notes - Page 2 Section 12.1 General Flow of Catabolic Pathways Overall Process Start with complex mixtures of food molecules Used to generate energy (as “fuel” molecules) ATP NADH and FADH2 Acetyl CoA Ultimate products are CO2, H2O, Urea (C(O)(NH2)2), etc. Intermediate Breakdown products may be used in Anabolic pathways 2000-2002, Dr. Allen D. Hunter, Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University Chemistry 1506 Dr. Hunter’s Class Section 12 Notes - Page 3 Carbohydrate Catabolism 1st stages can start in the digestive tract Final stage is called glycolysis and finishes within the mitochondrion Polysaccharides ⇓ Oligosaccharides ⇓ Disaccharides ⇓ Monosaccharides ⇓ CO2 + “fuel” molecules 2000-2002, Dr. Allen D. Hunter, Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University Chemistry 1506 Dr. Hunter’s Class Section 12 Notes - Page 4 Lipid Catabolism Starts in digestive system and ends inside mitochondria Lipases break the ester linkages in the triglycerides Triglycerides ⇓ Glycerol + Fatty Acids ⇓ ⇓ CO2 + “fuel” molecules 2000-2002, Dr. Allen D. Hunter, Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University Chemistry 1506 Dr. Hunter’s Class Section 12 Notes - Page 5 Protein Catabolism Starts in digestive system and ends inside mitochondria Proteins ⇓ Peptides ⇓ Amino Acids ⇓ CO2 + “fuel” molecules + Urea 2000-2002, Dr. -
Cellular Respiration Liberation of Energy by Oxidation of Food
Cellular Respiration Liberation of Energy by Oxidation of Food Respiration and Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis uses CO2 and H2O molecules to form C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2. Respiration is just the opposite of photosynthesis; it uses O2 to breakdown glucose into CO2 and H2O. It results in chemical cycling in biosphere. Respiration and Breathing: Respiration takes place in cells and needs O2 to breakdown food and releases the waste matter CO2. Breathing exchanges these gases between lungs and air. Overall equation for cellular respiration is: C6H1206 + O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water Energy Redox reactions: reduction-oxidation reactions. The gain of electrons during a chemical reaction is called Reduction. The loss of electrons during a chemical reaction is called Oxidation. Glucose is oxidized to 6CO2 and O2 is reduced to 6H2O during cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, glucose loses electrons and H, and O2 gains them. Energy and Food All living things need energy. Some living things can make their food from CO2 and H2O – Producers (plants, algae) Animals feeding on plants – herbivores (chipmunk) Animals feeding on animals – Carnivores (lion) Producers change solar energy to chemical energy of organic molecules – glucose, amino acids Animals and also plants break chemical bonds of sugar molecules and make ATP. Use ATP for all cellular functions 4 Main Step of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis: Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2 ATP Preparatory Step: Pyruvate + NAD Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH Krebs Cycle: Acetyl-CoA + NAD + FAD + ADP CO2 + NADH + FADH + ATP Electron Transport Chain: electrons of NADH + O2 ATP + H2O Cellular Respiration Aerobic Harvest of energy: is the main source of energy for most organisms. -
Nutritional Determinants of Metabolic Diseases in Humans
Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch Year : 2019 NUTRITIONAL DETERMINANTS OF METABOLIC DISEASES IN HUMANS Surowska Anna Surowska Anna, 2019, NUTRITIONAL DETERMINANTS OF METABOLIC DISEASES IN HUMANS Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_635D730749F67 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law.