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Theriomorphic Forms: Analyzing Terrestrial Animal-Human Hybrids in Ancient Greek Culture and Religion

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Theriomorphic Forms: Analyzing Terrestrial Animal-Human Hybrids in Ancient Greek Culture and Religion THERIOMORPHIC FORMS: ANALYZING TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL-HUMAN HYBRIDS IN ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE AND RELIGION by Caroline Carter ____________________________ Copyright © Caroline Carter 2019 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND CLASSICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 THE UNIYERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Master's Committee, we certi$ that we have read the thesis prepared by Caroline Carter titled Theriomorphic Forms: Analyzing Terrestrial Animal-Humøn Hybrids in Ancíent Greek Culture and Religion and reç¡¡ü¡sr6 that it be accepted as firlfilling the disse¡tation requirement for the Master's Degree. G Date: + 26 Z¿f T MaryV o 1.011 ,AtÌ.r.ln Date: \l 41 , Dr. David Gilman Romano - 4*--l -r Date; { zé l2 Dr. David Soren r) øate:4'2 6 - l\ Dr. Kyle Mahoney Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the thesis to the Graduate College. I hereby certiff that I have read this thesis prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as firlfilling tlre Master's requirement. ,r-- É.v *,3*^ Date zß ?Ã ,? ndøuty Voya@iÀ A -),^*-Master's Thesis Committee Chair Professor, School of Anthropology and Deparünent of Religious Studies and Classics 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the faculty at the University of Arizona for their continued support during my M.A. coursework, especially Dr. David Gilman Romano and Dr. David Soren. I extend special acknowledgment to Dr. Mary Voyatzis who encouraged me to explore this topic and introduced me to the wonders of ancient Arcadia. I also thank Dr. Kyle Mahoney (Swarthmore College) for his guidance and many fruitful discussions during the process of writing this thesis. I am also eternally grateful to my friends and family who have always supported my ambitions. My friends include those I made at UNC Chapel Hill, my cohort at UA, and my long-time friends from Murphy, NC. I thank my father, Norman Carter, for teaching me to never give up; my aunt, Gwen Holmes, who encouraged my love of history; my cousins (Buck, Marin, and Ian Holmes) for their continued support; and especially my mother, Genia Carter, for everything. Finally, I must thank all of my many childhood pets for showing me how much animals can give to the world. I am especially grateful for my cat, Sophie. 3 DEDICATION For my Mother 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 5 LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS ................................................................................. 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 7 ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... 12 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 14 1.1 REVIEW OF SCHOLARSHIP ......................................................................................... 14 1.1.a Previous Scholarship ......................................................................................... 15 1.1.b Modern Scholarship .......................................................................................... 16 1.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH .............................................................................. 18 1.2.a Scope ................................................................................................................. 18 1.2.b Terminology ...................................................................................................... 21 1.2.c Categorization of Hybrids ................................................................................. 22 1.2.d Criteria and Evidence ........................................................................................ 23 1.2.e Significance ....................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 2: EVIDENCE............................................................................................. 27 2.1 HORSE ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.1.a Centaurs ............................................................................................................. 27 2.1.b Cheiron .............................................................................................................. 31 2.1.c Demeter Melaina ............................................................................................... 33 2.1.d Satyrs ................................................................................................................. 36 2.2 GOAT AND RAM ........................................................................................................ 38 2.2.a Pan ..................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.b Apollo Kereatas ................................................................................................. 47 2.2.c Apollo Karneios ................................................................................................. 48 2.2.d Zeus Ammon ..................................................................................................... 51 2.3 BULL ......................................................................................................................... 53 2.3.a Acheloos ............................................................................................................ 53 2.3.b Minotaur ............................................................................................................ 55 2.4 SNAKE ...................................................................................................................... 56 2.4.a Kekrops.............................................................................................................. 56 2.5 OTHER THERIOMORPHIC ICONOGRAPHY ................................................................... 59 2.5.a Iconography from Lykosoura ............................................................................ 59 2.5.b Figurine(s) from Tegea ...................................................................................... 60 2.5.c Figurine from Petrovouni/Methydrion .............................................................. 62 CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS .......................................................... 64 3.1 TERRESTRIAL THERIOMORPHISM AND TIME ............................................................. 64 3.1.a Bronze Age Connections ................................................................................... 64 Theriomorphic Iconography .............................................................................. 65 Minoan Genius .................................................................................................. 70 5 3.1.b Origins of Terrestrial Hybrids in Greece ........................................................... 71 3.2 TERRESTRIAL THERIOMORPHISM AND LOCATION ..................................................... 76 3.2.a Concentrations ................................................................................................... 76 Arcadia .............................................................................................................. 78 Identity ............................................................................................................... 82 3.2.b Connections ....................................................................................................... 83 Landscapes: Caves ............................................................................................ 83 Outside Cultural Influences .............................................................................. 85 3.3 TERRESTRIAL THERIOMORPHISM AND REPRESENTATION ......................................... 91 3.3.a Theriomorphism and Anthropomorphism ......................................................... 92 3.3.b Significance of Terrestrial Animal Attributes ................................................... 93 Horse ............................................................................................................... 94 Goat and Sheep ................................................................................................ 96 Bull ................................................................................................................... 97 Snake ................................................................................................................ 98 Overall Significance ....................................................................................... 100 3.4 THEMES .................................................................................................................. 101 3.4.a Transformations: Masks .................................................................................. 101 3.4.b Liminality ........................................................................................................ 106 3.4.c Plurality and Parings .......................................................................................
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