Official Newsletter of the International Society for the Prevention

In this issue...

Policy Investigation in Europe on Child Endangerment and Support (PIECES)...... P.1

A Message from Leadership...... P.2 of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) School Bullying in ...... P.3 Between the Lines: An Analysis of Media Reportage on Child Sexual Abuse...... P.6 Meeting of 1000 Children under Children’s Rights - 2014 held in Orkhon Province, Mongolia...... P.8 Practice Page: Using Child Death Review (CDR) to Iden- tify and Prevent Maltreatment Fatality...... P.9 The LINK Meet Your Councilor: Myriam Caranzano-Maitre....P.10

Volume: 23; Issue: 2 July 2014

Policy Investigation in Europe on Child Endangerment and Support (PIECES)

IECES is a 2-year initiative led and coordinated by the This investigation led by Lorraine Radford from the School of So- European Child Safety Alliance in partnership with cial Work at the University of Central Lancashire in the United experts in , , Lithuania, Romania, Spain Kingdom will take an in-depth look at existing national plans/ and the United Kingdom. The purpose of the project strategies addressing violence against children to assess what is is to conduct in-depth investigations in the Europe- and is not covered by existing documents. The investigation will Pan Union Member Countries (EU28) of six policy areas related use the children’s rights framework and examine key areas of to violence against children, in order children’s rights as they relate to violence against children. to provide a better understanding of 2. Data sources for violence against children the policies in place and how they are being implemented, monitored and This investigation led by Marc Nectoux from Psytel in France will evaluated. It is hoped that the project, undertake an exploration of existing routinely collected adminis- which is co-funded by the DAPHNE trative data and periodic surveys in the area of violence against programme of the European Commis- children, including suicide as a potential outcome of abuse. sion, will assist in further defining good 3. Reporting and follow-up of violence against children practice, facilitate effective transfer of good practices to those Member States that do not yet have these policies in place and This investigation led by Maria Roth from the Department of So- provide guidance for those whose policies could still be strength- cial Work at Babes Bolyai University in Romania will examine re- ened. porting mechanisms for violence against children and the follow- up processes in place for reported cases. The six policy areas for in-depth investigation were selected in conjunction with the Directorate-General for Justice after con- 4. Prevention efforts related to positive parenting and building sulting with several key European and international organisa- resilience in children tions including Council of Europe, EuroChild, International Soci- This investigation led by Katharina Purtscher-Penz from the ety for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN), Save Mental Health Hospital Sigmund Freud in Austria will examine the Children, UNICEF and WHO. Information will be gathered two evidence-based strategies implemented at the national or through on-line surveys conducted with national expert infor- regional level: home visitation programmes and parenting pro- mants in each of the 28 Member States in the . grammes. The six policy areas are: 5. National child death review committees 1. Content analysis of existing national strategies This investigation led by Josep M Suelves from the Catalonia De- continued on page 3 Page 1 | ispcan.org Executive Council 2012-2014

President A Message from the Leadership Jenny Gray, OBE, Bsc, DipSW, Dip Family Therapy, Dip Higher Education and Training Given the recent heightened international concern about the plight of children living in war United Kingdom zones or who are victims of acts of terrorism, we, together with colleagues from ANPPCAN, President Elect are working on how we can make a contribution to improving the lives of these children and Joan van Niekerk, BSocSc Hons, MMedSc the societies within which they are growing up. We are therefore hoping to hold a conference Childline South Africa in Africa next year which addresses the impact of these terrible events on children, not only Past President those from Africa but also from all areas that are experiencing conflict. If you wish to con- Irene Intebi, MD tribute your thoughts and suggestions during the planning process, please contact Joan van Familias del Nuevo Siglo, Argentina Niekerk, President Elect (Email: [email protected]). Secretary We are also in the process of organizing our 2015 regional conferences in Bucharest (Septem- Victoria Lidchi, BSc, MSc, MPhil, DClinPsych, ber 27-30) and Kuala Lumpur (October 25-28), as well as Latin America. These events will pro- IntMasters United Kingdom vide us with opportunities to debate and develop contributions to WHO’s global plan of action following the World Health Assembly (WHA) recent landmark resolution on strengthening the Treasurer role of the health system in addressing interpersonal violence, in particular against women Martin A. Finkel, DO, FAAP University of Medicine and Dentistry of New and girls, and against children. As those of you involved in the implementation of programmes Jersey, USA will appreciate, detailed planning is a critical component of the achievement of successful COUNCILORS outcomes and we need to be proactive in helping the WHO prepare its plan of action prior to the WHA meeting in May 2016. Randell Alexander, MD, PhD, FAAP University of Florida - Jacksonville, USA This edition, we are fortunate to have contributions from Europe, India, the Kingdom of Saudi Maha Almuneef, MD, FAAP Arabia, Mongolia and USA. These set out innovative developments in different parts of the National Family Safety Program, Kingdom of world and we look forward to receiving future articles keeping us up to date with progress in Saudi Arabia your organisations, countries and regions. Sue Bennett, MB, ChB, FRCP Last but not least, we are extremely pleased to inform you that following Council elections, University of Ottawa, Canada ISPCAN’s next President Elect will be Bernard Gerbaka from Lebanon (a first for the Arab Re- Myriam Caranzano-Maitre, MD gion and breaking a run of female presidents), and that Vicky Lidchi (UK/Brazil) and Martin ASPI Fondazione della Svizzera Italiana, Switzer- Finkel (USA) will be continuing as Secretary and Treasurer, respectively. We would also like to land thank Irene Intebi, current LINK Editor and Past President (2009 – 2012), for her sterling work Jon R. Conte, MSW, PhD Social Welfare before she steps down from Council at our next meeting in September following the Congress. University of Washington, USA Isabel Cuadros Nagoya promises to be another bumper Congress with an exciting and very full programme AFECTO, Colombia that has something for everyone. We hope to meet you there! Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS, FAAP University of Maryland, USA Sue Foley, BSocStud, MA, MSW, MEd The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Australia Bernard Gerbaka, MD Hotel-Dieu University Hospital, Lebanon Fuyong Jiao, MD Xi’an Philanthropic Child Abuse Prevention and Aid Center, China Yanghee Lee, PhD Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea Jenny Gray ISPCAN President Tufail Muhammad, MD, MCPS (Paeds), DCH, DCPath Child Rights and Abuse Committee, Pakistan Desmond Runyan, MD, DrPH, FAAP Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment Sherrie L. Bowen of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of ISPCAN Executive Director Colorado, USA Sherrie Bowen Jenny Gray Rajeev Seth, MD, DNBE, FIAP, DABP, FAAP Indian Child Abuse, Neglect & Child Labour Group, India Julie Todd, BSocSc, LLB PMB Child & Family Welfare, South Africa Adam Tomison, BSc(Hons), PhD Australian Institute of Criminology, Australia Toshihiko Yanagawa, MD, PhD School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakaya- ma Medical University, Japan Legal Advisor/Parliamentarian Henry J. Plum, JD Page 2 | ispcan.org partment of Public Health in Spain will look at national child death The target audience for the results are national and European gov- review committees with a focus on identifying the benefits of- re ernment departments and agencies who assess, set policy and views for improving policy and practice related to violence against invest in the prevention of violence against children, as well as children. researchers in the field of child maltreatment. The six working pa- 6. Child focused awareness activities on violence against children pers and overall summary report should also assist the Directorate- General for Justice in its efforts to coordinate the protection and This investigation led by Robertas Povilaitis from Child Line Lithu- promotion of the rights of the child, one of the objectives of the Eu- ania in Lithuania will examine national awareness raising activities ropean Union (based on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the related to violence against children, particularly those with a child European Union, 2009). The surveys are currently underway and focus. the project will run until April 2015. For more information go to the In addition, each of the six investigations also includes questions to project webpage at www.childsafetyeurope.org/pieces or contact assess whether the issues of child participation and child poverty/ the project coordinator Morag MacKay at m.mackay@childsafety- inequalities are being addressed. europe.org

http://www.ispcan.org/?page=elearning

New Members

Australia Ibrahim Ali Norway Irem Akduman Batkhishig Adilbish Guatamala Annika Melinder Nahide Dogrucan Justin Barker Jose Campang Pakistan Nurdan Irmak Leah Bromfield India Abdul Waheed Ahmad Meltem Koc Susan Heward-Belle Fahim Dar Dil Muhammad Ayse Ferda Ocakci Jenny Howard Geeta Khanna Samina Sardar Ozge Sahin Nami Kurimoto Lephen Kumar Zeeshan Shah United Kingdom Belgium Yumnam Sarat Peru Karen Devries Julien Lagneaux Israel Karina Lopez Roslinya A Latip Canada Emmanuel Grupper Qatar United States Philip Cook Shlomo Romi Nehal Eldeeb Carla Aguilar David Sandor Japan Mona Korayem Andrea Ali-Panzarella Chile Lu Chunlu Saudi Arabia Mark Canavera Rodrigo Moya Kayoko Ichikawa Rana Ahmad Jennifer Causey China Akiko Kadoma Norah Alissa Cherie Craft Caroline Balacuit Masako Katsumaru Nora Alsamhan April Dirks-Bihun Colombia Chie Kawahara Sulieman Alshehri Kelley Harmon Sara Guzman-Suarez Naoko Konno South Korea Bianca Harper Denmark Toshiaki Sekiguchi Jaejin Ahn Patricia Hunter Peter Fallesen Kenya BuKyung Kim Amal Madani Egypt Gordon Nyabade Florence Martin Ehab Elmeshnib The Karin Lunden Pamela McCloskey Ethiopia Pinar Okur Switzerland Ferol Mennen Anannia Admassu New Zealand Gabriella Halom Taku Mineshita Georgia Rhema Vaithianathan Thailand Daniel Webster Eka Kandelaki Nigeria Samuel Patrick Joanna Wylomanska Ghana Chinedu Obiora Zambia Nana Kwame Akosa Nnenna Oyeoku Ceren Acarturk Simate Simate Page 3 | ispcan.org School Bullying in Saudi Arabia Noha T. Basrawi CH-Tool (available through ISPCAN) that was used on a sample of National Family Safety Program (NFSP) 15,233. This study found that 47.3% of students had been exposed to forms of bullying during the year preceding the study (Al-Eissa ullying amongst children is a major phenomenon that et al., 2013). In addition, a study by AlMuneef et al. (2013) “Ad- has been increasing worldwide. Bullying is defined as any repeated negative physical or psychological aggres- sion with the intention to harm someone and involves an imbalance of power between the bully and the vic- Btim (Glew et al, 2008). Bullying can take various forms: physical, such as hitting; verbal, such as teasing; material, such as breaking the other person’s belongings; sexual, such as harassment; or so- cial, such as exclusion. Studies have shown that bullying has major negative effects, which include feeling depressed, socially isolat- ed, low self-esteem, low academic achievement, dropping out of school, and becoming a bully in later years (UNESCO, 2011). Statistics on bullying have shown that the issue is spread around the world. A study conducted in the US by Nansel et al. (2001) found that 29.9% of the sample was involved in bullying. Another study in Jordan by Al-Bitar et al. (2013) found that the percentage Research team in Saudi Arabia of bullying in the study sample was 47%. verse Childhood Experiences, Chronic Diseases, and Risky Health In Saudi Arabia, the magnitude of the problem has been recent- Behaviors in Saudi Arabian Adults (ACE)” on a sample of 10,927, ly recognized to be higher than expected. A national adolescent for which bullying was one of the categories tested, found that survey called “The National Assessment of the Health Needs of 36.5% of the sample have been exposed to bullying during the first Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: Screening for health risk behaviors 18 years of his/her life. and chronic illness (Jeeluna)” was conducted in 2013 on a sample of 12,757 young people from all of Saudi Arabia and found that Due to the significance of this issue, the National Family Safety Pro- 50.9% of the study have been bullied at school. Interestingly, the gram (NFSP) in collaboration with UNICEF and the National Child- participants were bullied during the 30 days prior to the study (Al- hood Council—under the Ministry of Education—have proposed Buhiran et al., 2014). Another national study that looked at the a new project plan to prevent school bullying in Saudi Arabia. The incidence of child maltreatment in Saudi Arabia was the ICAST goals of this project are to improve current laws on bullying, to train all school counselors on implementing awareness programs continued on page 5

Country Partners

Argentina Neglect (CISMAI) Asociación Argentina de Prevención del Maltrato Infanto-Juvenil – Japan (ASAPMI) Japanese Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Australia (JaSPCAN) National Association for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (NAPCAN) National Family Safety Program (NFSP) Belarus The Netherlands INGO “Ponimanie” (“Understanding”) Associatie Stop Kindermishandeling Netherlands Society for the Colombia Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ASK NeSPCAN) Αsociación Contra El Maltrato Infantil (AFECTO) Romania Denmark Romanian Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (SENECAN) Danish Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Singapore (DASPCAN) Singapore Children’s Society Spain German Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Federation of Associations for Prevention of Child Mistreatment (GESPCAN) (FAPMI) Hong Kong Turkey Against Child Abuse (ACA) Turkish Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (TSPCAN) Iceland United Kingdom Nordic Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect – British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and (NASPCAN) Neglect (BASPCAN) Italy United States Italian Network of Services for the Prevention of Child Abuse and American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC)

Page 4 | ispcan.org Donor Recognition on bullying prevention in all schools around the try of Education to implement the Bullying Preven- Recognizing contributions of Kingdom and provide them with a prepared mate- tion Program in the schools of Saudi Arabia. time and resources rial to use, and to raise awareness among the com- References January to June 2014 munity about the issue of bullying and its conse- Al-Bitar, Z., Al-Omari, I., Sonbol, H., Al-Ahmad, H., & Cun- quences. ningham, S. (2013). Bullying among Jordanian school- ISPCAN Honorary Ambassador The first phase of this project was to organize a children, its effects on school performance, and the con- tribution of general physical and dentofacial features. contributions of US $50,000 or “National Bullying Prevention Symposium” in order more to introduce the issue, and to share some exam- American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial- Or thopedics, 144(6), 872-878. Oak Foundation ples of successful international bullying prevention Henry J. Plum, JD programs. The symposium targeted professionals Al-Buhairan, F., Al Dubayee, M., Tamim, H., Al Shehri, S., from the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia to Tamimi, W., Ahmed, N., Magzoub, M., and Al Alwan, I. (2014). National Assessment of the Health Needs of Ado- contribute to the improvement of the current anti Distinguished Benefactor lescents in Saudi Arabia: Screening for health risk behav- -bullying law and the development of the bullying contributions of US $15,000 - iors and chronic illness - Jeeluna Study Report. $49,999 prevention programs in Saudi Arabia. Experts were Al Eissa, M., Almadani, S., Al Anazi S., Qayad, M., AlBu- Australian Institute of invited from the United States, Australia, and Fin- hairan, and F., Almuneef, M. (2013). Incidence of Child Criminology land to participate in this event. From the United Maltreatment in Saudi Arabia Using ICAST-CH Tool. States, Dr. Marline Snyder, from Clemson Univer- ICAST-CH Survey Report. ISPCAN Donors sity, was invited to present the effectiveness of Almuneef, M., Al Eissa, M., AlBuhairan, F., Almadani, S. contributions of US $2,500 - “The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program” as it is and Qayad, M. (2013). Adverse Childhood Experiences, $14,999 known for its success around the world; from Aus- Chronic Diseases, and Risky Health Behaviors in Saudi Child Aid, USA tralia, Dr. Kenneth Rigby, from University of South Arabian Adults: ACE. ACE Study Report. Elsevier, Ltd (UK) Australia, was invited to share his long experience Glew, G., Fan, M-Y., Katon, W., and Rivara, F. (2008). Bul- Jenner & Block LLP and publications in bullying prevention programs, lying and school safety. The Journal of Pediatrics, 152(1), and as a national consultant in the field; and from 123-128. Finland, Dr. Christina Salmivalli was invited from ISPCAN Individual & Corporate Nansel, T., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R., Ruan, W.J., Simons- Donors the University of Turku representing the KIVA pro- Morton, B., and Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors contributions of US $50 - $2,499 gram, in recognition for the achievements of this among US youth: Prevalence and association with psy- chosocial adjustment. JAMA, 285(16), 2094-2100. American Express Charitable program during the last decade. Fund UNESCO. (2011). Stopping violence in Schools: A Guide Currently, NFSP along with the UNICEF and the Carol Berkowitz For Teachers, UNESCO, n.d. Ministry of Education are working on preparing the Sherrie Bowen Procedural Manual that will be used by the Minis- Jaap Doek Howard Dubowitz Martin A. Finkel ASK NeSPCAN Joins ISPCAN as Associate Bernard Gerbaka Mami Iraha Country Partner Jenny Gray Peter van der Linden, MSc. ASK NeSPCAN and ISPCAN together facilitated a Martin J. and Susan B. Kozak Fund at the Chicago ASK NeSPCAN European meeting in which 45 members from sev- Community Trust eral European countries and also a delegation from Esmah Lahlah n May 22 at the EUCCAN2 confer- Kenya joined in. They shared their ambitions and John Leventhal ence in , the Nether- plans for, with and by NeSPCAN and ISPCAN in a lands, Jenny Gray, President of ISP- European context for future years. We look for- Victoria Lidchi CAN, and emeritus Prof. Dr. Francien ward to informing you about the progress of this Claudio Longobardi Lamers-Winkelman launched the next year. Michele Lorand Netherlands Society for the Prevention of Child Kristen MacLeod O On November 19, 2014, the international day for Abuse and Neglect (NeSPCAN). Marcellina Mian Article 19 of the UN Rights of the Child, ASK Ne- Jenny Gray also announced the results of NeSP- SPCAN will organize a national conference in the Partners for a Better World CAN’s application for Associate Country Partner. Netherlands. National policies and recent -devel Lila T. Strubin We proudly can say that NeSPCAN has unanimous- opments in science and practice will be addressed Linda Vogtlander ly been accepted by the ISPCAN council. NeSPCAN and carried out by NeSPCAN’s ambassadors in the Rae Ann Wentworth – dedicated will be Associate Country Partner for the next two to Kelly Taylor and Josiah Netherlands. Erikson years and will apply for Country Partner status as soon as this 2 year term is over. We look forward to In 2015, NeSPCAN will continue cooperation within Debra Whelan living up to the responsibilities and ambitions this Europe. We encourage you to connect with us if brings and to the joy of working together. you wish to contribute to our plans for a European Volunteers exchange of knowledge and practice. Nuno Antunes Francien Lamers-Winkelman announced in her speech that the Dutch organization’s name of Ne- Our website is: http://www.nespcan.nl/. An English SPCAN will now be ASK: Associatie Stop Kindermis- version is coming soon. handeling. Page 5 | ispcan.org Between the Lines: An Analysis of Media Reportage on Child Sexual Abuse

Pooja Taparia understanding of the characteristics of CSA. The characteristics Founder & Chief Executive of Arpan-Towards Freedom from of CSA that emerge through media reported cases, though, at Child Sexual Abuse times correspond to the existing studies; but, at other times, they project a complete contrary picture. ost people are not keen to talk about child sexual abuse, yet millions of children are sex- The summary of finding/s pertaining to general format of re- ually abused each year in India itself. Child porting and nature of reported cases: sexual abuse (CSA) is a startling every day • In the review period of five years, 1711 newspaper articles reality for as many as half of the country’s have generally touched upon the issue of CSA. Of these, Mchildren (Child Sexual Abuse Report 2007). It is a long-hidden 1255 articles particularly pertain to cases that have oc- issue that India is finally beginning to wrestle with. It becomes curred. On average, every year 242.2 articles were report- an important issue to deal with, as CSA is not only a violation ed on the basis of a case that took place. of the child’s body but also of the trust implicit in a caregiving • The newspaper coverage of CSA is concentrated on report- relationship. This nuanced multifaceted issue, thus, has to be ing cases from Mumbai (the place of publication; Capital brought to the forefront as it operates via a complex matrix of of Maharashtra) with an average of 51.1% cases from behavioral, emotional, social and cognitive factors. Mumbai being reported. The coverage for the rest of Ma- In this endeavour, the media has a major role to play since it harashtra (India) has been minuscule accounting for only has huge potential in placing the problem of CSA in the minds 4.62% of all news coverage. In contrast, the news from the of the public and on the political agenda “through ongoing other major cities in the country has been quite well rep- news and features reporting on specific cases, research and in- resented, accounting for 44.26% cases. tervention initiatives” (Gough, 1996). The media, at large, have • Only 26.6% of all articles featuring CSA address generic is- always played a major role in defining what is “normal” and sues and do not respond to the dynamics of a particular what is “deviant” in society. As such, media representations case. This clearly points out that reporting on CSA is more become the primary source of information on social problems episodic in nature rather than thematic and hence often for many people, including policy makers. does not address the broader social context and dynamics This article proposes to understand the trend of media report- of the issue. This episodic nature of reporting based on ing on child sexual abuse and whether the media report can isolated cases of CSA might hinder the process of creating be taken as an indicator of the actual prevalence of CSA. It will a public opinion around the issue. Even among those ar- also make an attempt to gauge what kind of public opinion is ticles which address CSA as a thematic issue, a significant created around CSA and to understand the topic coverage, the proportion (59.02%) addresses verdicts of court cases and article bases itself on the articles on CSA reported for the pe- legislative developments and analysis. riod of 2007 to 2011 in the four leading newspapers in Mumbai • In 10.5 % of all the cases, either the victim, the abuser or (India): Times of India, Mumbai Mirror, Hindustan Times and both is identified through the reporting of the newspapers DNA. as the newspapers tend to report minute details like the The analysis on news coverage of CSA for five years revealed name of the school, grade the child is in, address of the certain clear indicators of how it was featured in the newspa- victim, location of crime and photographs. pers. Firstly, it can be said that newspaper reporting has mostly The newspaper reporting shapes up a distinctive narrative of been triggered by a CSA incident. While this reporting pattern the phenomenon, which often is distant from the ground real- speaks about the visibility of CSA on a consistent basis, these ity. reports focus on isolated episodes rather than on the issue of The following is the summary of findings pertaining to emerg- CSA per se and as such provide a fragmented view on the is- ing characteristic of CSA as informed by the media: sue. A majority of the cases are featured in the newspapers through the lens of the criminal justice system, e.g., when the • In this emerging narrative, male children were rarely the First Information Report (FIR) has been filed, some milestone victim-survivors, accounting for only 8.04% of all cases re- has been achieved with the court system (trial and verdict of ported; in only 0.46% of cases were the perpetrators fe- the accused), etc. As CSA stories are represented in the me- male; 1.16% of all cases reported were non-contact abuse. dia primarily as crime stories, the reporting also followed the This is considerably lower than the actual number of boys standard formula for this genre: discovery of crime, arrest and being sexually abused. charge, trial, conviction and sentencing. Having said that, it is • Newspaper reported cases consistently project that the clear such reporting will demonstrate a clear preference for children aged between 13-18 years are more vulnerable cases of CSA with grave manifestations rather than the chronic with more than 40% of children being in this age group, forms of it happening daily in less high-profile settings. Even among which the data exceeds 47% for three years. in case of reporting on CSA the information provided is not al- • 72.86% of all reported cases of contact sexual abuse are ways precise and complete. While in limited cases the focus is cases involving penetrative abuse. 21.22% of cases were on information, which can reveal identity of the children, there molestation. The high percentage of penetrative sexual is a dearth of essential information in most cases hindering an abuse is shocking; however, there is high probability that Page 6 | ispcan.org continued on page 7 penetrative CSA constitutes a significant proportion of -news However, given the potential of media in creating awareness and paper coverage on contact CSA because there is less chance public opinion on the issue, inclusive reporting becomes a prereq- of keeping it hidden. Penetrative sexual assaults are also uisite. Some suggestions for inclusive reporting based on these more newsworthy since the social constructs around virginity findings are: add to the sensationalism of the case. • Address CSA in a thematic way by focusing on prevention • An initial glimpse into the data reinforce the myth of ‘stranger and intervention aspects rather than on episodic reporting of danger’ as the report maps that in 27.4% of CSA cases have isolated cases. Provide visibility to the issue through debates occurred in the public place. However, a concentrated look and discussion in editorials and opinion writings. into the data challenges this prescription as 36.4% of cases • Use unambiguous language and provide necessary informa- of sexual abuse have happened in places familiar to the child. tion so as to minimize misinterpretation while ensuring the Among these, 18.9% of abuse cases have taken place in the privacy of the victim. abuser’s home/office and 9.3% in victim’s house. • Initiate reporting beyond a criminal justice lens and focus on • People with whom the child is familiar with, account for al- the backdrop in which CSA occurs. most 60% of all abusers mentioned in the newspaper report- ing. The children in the 0-6 years of age are most vulnerable to References people in neighbourhood and locality (44.14%), followed by Bass, E. and Davis, L. (1988). The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women people in the school setting (11.87%) and relatives including Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Harper & Row. New York. fathers and stepfather (6.68%). School age children are most Child Exploitation and Online Protection Center. (2011). Out of Mind, Out vulnerable to non-family members in the neighbourhood of Sight. Rep. London, Print. (29.87%), almost equally to relatives including fathers/step- DNA Correspondent. (2012). “DNA India’s Sixth Most Read English Daily.” fathers (12.10%) and people in the school setting (12.09%) DNA India. Web, Accessed 28 Nov, 2013. and marginally from partners (0.9%). Adolescent children are Ericson, R., Baranek, P. and Chan, J. (1987). Visualizing deviance: A study most at risk from neighbours and locals (24.12%), followed of a news organization. University of Toronto Press. Toronto by relatives including fathers/stepfathers (17.08%), people in Finkelhor, D. (1994). “Current Information on the Scope and Nature of school setting (11%) and lastly from partners (9.81%). Strang- Child Sexual Abuse”, The Future of Children. SEXUAL ABUSE OF CHILDREN ers, on the other hand, account for 22.1% of all sexual abuse Vol. 4, No. 2. cases mentioned and reported in the media. Goddard, C. (1994), “The organised abuse of children in rural England: • Over a five-year period, the reporting on incest has been The response of Social Services: Part one and two, Children Australia, insignificant - the maximum being 12.2% in 2009 andthe Vol.19. No. 3 and 4 minimum has been 6.5% in 2011, with an average of 9.56%. Gough, D. (1996). “Defining the problem.” Child Abuse & Neglect. Vol. 20, However, this data cannot be said to be reflective of the prev- No11. pp.993-1002. alence of incest in India; rather it draws attention to the social Grabosky, P. and Wilson, P. (1989). Journalism and Justice: how crime is context which hinders reporting on incest cases. The father reported. Pluto Press, Sydney. – child incest accounts for the overwhelming majority of all Grubin, D. (1998). Sex Offending against Children: Understanding the reported cases of incest, with a staggering 56.63%. Risk. Rep. London: Policing and Reducing Crime Unit. Print. Police Re- search Ser. • The report brings out that in 25.32% of reported cases of CSA in newspapers, force was used to subdue the child; in 60.4% Kids in the Know and Canadian Centre for Child Protection. (2011). Child Sexual Abuse: It’s Your Business. Rep. Protectchildren.ca. Web. Accessed of cases, the abuser groomed the child. Exploitation of trust 25 Nov, 2013. as a modality to groom the child was considerably high for all the 5 years ranging from 33.1% to 41.8% in comparison Maley, B. (2000). “The elite gatekeepers — How the media captures pub- lic policy”, Policy, Winter, pp 33-38. with other modalities namely economic and material benefit, social benefits and academic benefits. Exploitation of trust McGregor, J. (1993). Crime News as Prime News in New Zealand’s Metro- politan Press. Legal Research Foundation, Auckland. is highest for the older children (64%) and it is almost the same (57% and 58% respectively) in both the younger age Ministry of Women and Child Development. (2007). Study on Child groups of children 0-6 years and 7-12 years. In contrast, ma- Abuse: INDIA. Government of India. terial benefit as a conduit for grooming is more visible in case Patrick, A. (2001). Child Protection and the Media: Lessons from the Last of both the younger groups of children of 0-6 years and 7-12 Three Decades. British Journal of Social Work Volume 31, Issue 6,Pp. years of age with 38% and 26% respectively. Providing the 887-901. children with economic and social benefits (job opportunities and marriage proposals) as a mechanism to groom has been used most with older children aged 13-18 (19%). • The report highlights that abusers significantly fall in the age range of 32 and above and account for 22.2% of all abus- ers. This is followed by the abusers in the age range of 18- 24, which is 18% on an average for the five years. These two groups account for almost 73.2% of all abusers whose age has been reported in the newspaper articles. This analysis identi- fies two peaks of sexual abusing – one around age 18 and one around age 30 and thus categorizes two distinct populations, rather than one single group of abusers. Page 7 | ispcan.org Meeting of 1000 Children under “Children’s Right - 2014” held in Orkhon Province, Mongolia

Baigalmaa Sunren in a flash mob, toured the Sports Complex and Children’s Palace, Head of the Family and Child Protection Department and played in the Children’s Park. Municipal Authority for Child and Family Development June 1st started with a visit to the photo gallery under “Child, y the initiative of the Governor of Orkhon province and Family” at Khangarid Palace. The Meeting was opened by Mr. under the auspices of the Speaker of the Mongolian Sumiyasukh.V, Head of the Governor’s Office, Orkhon province, Parliament, a meeting of almost 1000 children titled and led by children. After information on children’s rights in local “Children’s Right - 2014” was held in Orkhon province, places was presented by children from the provinces Dornogovi, Mongolia, between 31 May and 1 June 2014. It was Bulgan, Bayangol and Nalaikh, children exchanged their opinions Borganized by the Legal Department jointly with the Department and views, expressing important ideas, requests, or criticisms. for Children and Family Development of the Governor’s Office, Examples of views and opinions expressed are set out below. with the support of the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Popula- Children addressed to their peers: tion Development and Social Security. • Children can help children. Objectives: • Children are not socially responsible; they should properly 1. To attract more consideration and enhance the involvement dispose of trash; of children, parents, guardians, adults and decision makers to identify issues in relation to the violation of children’s rights • Children are subject to violence; children can be attacked by and ways in which to address those issues; and other children near school; • 2:2 messengers should work at each school, they should 2. To take the voices of children to the relevant bodies and or- work for the children; ganizations, decision makers, citizens, parents and families in order to reduce or even stop the violations of protected fun- • We have react to children behaving badly. damental rights of children. Children addressed to the adults: The meeting was attended by 960 children from Mongolian prov- • 2:2 messengers should work at each school, they should inces; 212 managers, directors, heads and experts from the chil- work for the children; • Parents consume too much alcohol, it violates children rights. Because of this children can’t study, and it badly affects their future; • Parents don’t pay proper attention to their children or listen to them; • In foreign countries, there’s a day when children spend this day together with children. In Mongolia there should be such a day in a month; • Governors and parliament speakers should have at least 2 meetings with children in a year to listen to their issues. The Meeting closed successfully with events which included a video presentation of a newly initiated program “Manager of Chil- dren’s Formation”, developed for the enhancement of children’s development and formation in the educational sector and a per- formance by the National Song and Dance Ensemble of Children, Orkhon province. Each child from a province was awarded with Participants in the meeting. the Gold Medal “Best Student” by the Department of Children and Family Development of Orkhon province. One thousand chil- dren and family and legal departments from the capital, districts dren were presented with the gifts by the Non-Governmental and provinces; police inspectors for children from police sections; Organization “Children of Zavkhan province.” The meeting was social clerks at schools; and parents. The children included those mentioned in media reports. who tend to stay in the background and those who are willing to participate but are not able to. One or two handicapped children from each province and ten from Orkhon province participated. On the first day of the meeting, there was a tour in Orkhon prov- ince and outdoor activities dedicated to Children’s Day including a visit to Erdenet Mining Corporation to tour on heavy trucks and machineries. They also visited Viewpoint “Nairamdal” and the Live Figure of Buddha Maidar, watched the performance of 1000 Orkhon province 6th grade students playing pipes, participated

Page 8 | ispcan.org Practice Page: Using Child Death Review (CDR) to Identify and Prevent Maltreatment Fatality

Vincent J. Palusci, MD, MS tems may have occurred. The goal is not to assign blame to a New York University School of Medicine particular agency or individual, but rather to determine how to Theresa M. Covington, MPH prevent future deaths. Many teams partner with organizations The MCH National Center For Child Death Review, Policy & that have safety as their mission and will use these organizations Practice to implement prevention strategies. While investigation of child abuse fatalities was an early goal historically, reviews often now he death of a child should be a sentinel event for a encompass all deaths from all causes, including accidental, natu- community, prompting it to explore ways to prevent ral and other deaths, both inside and outside of the child welfare future deaths. An estimated 1,640 children died in the system. Child death reviews have expanded to other countries U.S. in 2012 due to maltreatment, at a rate of 2.20 and to other specialized reviews of unintentional deaths, near- per 100,000 children (US Department of Health and deaths, perinatal deaths, and reviews specifically for children THuman Services, 2013). Seventy percent of child deaths were within the child welfare system. children under 3 years of age, and for children under 1 year the rate was 9 times greater. Internationally, at least 3,500 children Most CDR teams now focus on prevention continue to die from abuse and neglect every year in the indus- trialized world (UNICEF, 2003). There are a number of risk fac- There are many reasons why children die—premature birth, in- tors associated with maltreatment fatalities, such as residing in fant safe sleep issues, child abuse, child passenger issues, drown- homes with unrelated adults, young age of the child, and prior ing, suicide, teen driving, and all-terrain vehicle crashes—and involvement with child protective services, and communities can many of these deaths are preventable. CDR teams have been in- use this information for developing initiatives to prevent further stituted to provide a multidisciplinary, multi-agency review of all deaths. or most child fatalities (Durfee, Durfee, & West, 2002), and some Unfortunately, it is widely accepted that the number for officially believe that these reviews can make significant contributions to recorded child maltreatment is underestimated because of incon- the protection of children and the prevention of child deaths and sistencies in investigation, reporting, legal standards and defini- serious injury (Hochstadt, 2006). One study identified 11 catego- tions, medical diagnosis, and death certificate coding (Schnitzer, ries of over 300 recommendations resulting from CDR teams in Covington, Wirtz, Verhoeck-Oftedahl, & Palusci, 2008). Fatalities the U.S. (Douglas & Cunningham, 2008). Another study of deaths from neglect remain particularly difficult to identify and prevent known to the child welfare system found a 35% decrease in sys- (Palusci, Wirtz & Covington, 2010). Recently, the U.S. Protect Our tems issues after review and a 9% decrease in deaths associated Kids Act of 2012 (2013) established a national commission ap- with those issues (Palusci, Yager & Covington, 2010). An analysis pointed by Congress and President Obama to develop a national of the data in the U.S. Child Death Review Case Reporting System strategy and recommendations for better identifying and reduc- found that aggregating information from child death reviews -of ing fatalities resulting from child abuse and neglect, including the fers important insights and showed that CDR teams implemented use of child death review. 109 actions or strategies after their review of 2,285 maltreatment fatalities (Palusci & Covington, 2014). CDR appears to be a prom- How does CDR work? ising tool which communities can use to enhance their ability to identify and prevent maltreatment deaths. The purpose of child death review (CDR) is to conduct a com- prehensive, multidisciplinary review of child deaths to better un- More information on Child Death Review is available at www. derstand how and why children die and to use these findings to keepingkidsalive.org. If you have questions, please email Dr. take action that can prevent other deaths and improve the health Palusci: [email protected] or Ms. Covington: tcovingt@ and safety of children. The first CDR teams were developed in mphi.org. the late 1970s in the U.S with an emphasis on child abuse deaths (Durfee, Durfee, & West, 2002). Basic assumptions of the child References death review process are that the death of a child is a community Douglas, E. M., & Cunningham, J. M. (2008). Recommendations responsibility, a child’s death is a sentinel event that should urge from child fatality review teams: Results of a US nationwide ex- communities to identify other children at risk for illness or injury, ploratory study concerning maltreatment fatalities and social ser- review requires multidisciplinary participation from the com- vice delivery. Child Abuse Review, 17, 331–351. munity with case information that is comprehensive and broad, and the review should lead to effective recommendations and Durfee, M., Durfee, D. T., & West, M. P. (2002). Child fatality re- actions to prevent deaths and to keep children healthy, safe and view: An international movement. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, protected. 619–636. Hochstadt, N. J. (2006). Child death review teams: A vital compo- CDR teams now exist in all 50 U.S. states and most territories, nent of child protection. Child Welfare, 85(4), 653–670. and a substantial proportion of all U.S. child deaths are now be- ing reviewed. When a team assembles to review a case, indi- Palusci, V. J. & Covington, T. M. (2014). Child maltreatment deaths viduals bring records of how their agency had interacted with the in the U.S. National Child Death Review Case Reporting System. child. A story unfolds as to the circumstances surrounding the Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(1), 25-36. death. Questions are used to probe where breakdowns in sys- Palusci, V. J., Wirtz, S. J., & Covington, T.M. (2010). Using capture- Page 9 | ispcan.org Continued on page 10 recapture methods to better ascertain the incidence of fatal UNICEF. (2003). A league table of child maltreatment deaths in child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(6), 396-402. rich nations (Innocenti Report Card No.5). Florence, Italy: UNI- Palusci, V. J., Yager, S., & Covington, T. M. (2010). Effects of a CEF Innocenti Research Center. citizens review panel in preventing child maltreatment fatalities. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). Child Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(5), 324-331. maltreatment 2012: Reports from the states to the national Schnitzer, P. G., Covington, T. M., Wirtz, S. J., Verhoeck-Oftedahl, child abuse and neglect data system. Washington, DC: US Gov- W., & Palusci, V. J. (2008). Public health surveillance of fatal child ernment Printing Office. maltreatment: Analysis of 3 State Programs. American Journal of U.S. Protect Our Kids Act of 2012, 42 USC 1305 (2013). Public Health, 98, 296–303.

Meet Your Councilor: Myriam Caranzano-Maitre

am a paedia- for Child Protection (www.kinderschutz.ch) since its institution trician and in 1982, and I’m still today a member of its national board. In the executive 1994, I developed the Foundation in the Italian part of Switzer- director for land (ASPI, www.aspi.ch), which now includes about 25 collabo- ASPI (Foun- rators who have developed an interdisciplinary experience with Idation for Aid, Sup- awareness, training and teaching about child abuse and neglect port, Protection (CAN) and with multidisciplinary management of victims. ASPI of the Children) in also promotes children’s rights and prevention programs of CAN the Italian part of in schools. Since 2003, ASPI has worked with more than 25,000 Switzerland. students in the school of Canton Ticino, together with their par- My interest in ents and hundreds of teachers in prevention programs of child “child protection” sexual abuse. goes back to my ISPCAN has been a point of reference throughout my profes- childhood. I grew sional life, through the Journal and the many congresses and up as the oldest conferences. My contact and friendship with Marcellina Mian, of five children, a former ISPCAN Councillor, was significant and convinced me three brothers and to be part of the Council. I feel very privileged to have had the one sister. In school, I wondered why some of my companions opportunity to meet and share experiences with terrific people, seemed unhappy in their family, and I suspected that some of first the Councillors of ISPCAN as well as many members of ISP- them were abused by their fathers. I was a little girl and didn’t CAN. I appreciate very much the collaborative and constructive know what to do, but I knew it was very wrong! My parents, who climate between all the ISPCAN members, and I am proud to be were handworkers, confirmed my suspicions but were able to able to contribute. do nothing: using physical violence against children was consid- For 30 years, I have been married to Fiorenzo Caranzano, an or- ered normal for some families. I promised myself that I would try thopaedic surgeon, and we are the parents to four wonderful to change this belief. When I was 13 years old, my parents wel- children: Tiziano (1986), an anthropologist like his wife Sabrina; comed a 9 year-old boy into foster care, and it was then I realised Bhavana (1988) who was born in India and became our adoptive it was possible to do something tangible. daughter at 14 months old and who now works in the cafeteria I graduated in Medicine at the University of Lausanne in 1982 in a little hospital; Leonardo (1990) who will become a medical and specialized in paediatrics in numerous clinics in Switzerland doctor next year; and Rinaldo (1992) who is studying mathemat- and Algeria. I have become increasingly focused on the issue ics and physics. And “I have a dream”… I hope they will let me of child protection and become more qualified in this specific become a grandmother some day… in the future! field. I have been an active member of the Swiss Foundation

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