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The Role of Nutrients for Improving Seedling Quality in Drylands

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The Role of Nutrients for Improving Seedling Quality in Drylands The Role of Nutrients for Improving Seedling Quality in Drylands JORDI CORTINA University of Alicante Spain [email protected] DESERTIFICATION: 10-20% = 6 · 106 KM2 Overgrazed alfa grass steppes in Central Tunisia … and S Spain SOILS ARE OFTEN SHALLOW AND NUTRIENT-DEPLEATED Valdecantos et al. (2006). Annals For. Sci. 63: 249-256 ...AND SEEDLINGS ARE NUTRIENT-LIMITED 1,5 Pinus halepensis Quercus ilex 1,3 1,1 0,9 0,10 Pinus halepensis Quercus ilex 0,7 0,5 0,08 Concentración de N (%) 0,3 0,06 0,1 Calizas Margas Calizas Margas 0,04 0,5 Pinus halepensis Quercus ilex Concentración de P (%) 0,02 0,4 0,00 Calizas Margas Calizas Margas 0,3 0,2 Concentración de K (%) 0,1 0,0 Calizas Margas Calizas Margas Valdecantos et al. (2006). Annals For. Sci. 63: 249-256 FOREST PLANTATIONS SPAIN 1940-2005 4.6 Mha 0.7 Mha YEAR MMA (2005). Anuario de Estadística Forestal. Algeria Green Belt (1970-2000) – 122.680 ha (Bensaid, 2003) Forest and pastoral plantations PNDAR Algeria (2000-2007) – 390.900 ha (Terramed, 2009) Tunisia PN Reboisement (1990-2000) + PN Investissement dans le Secteur Forestier (2000-2011) – 885.000 ha (Larbi Chakroune, 2003) Morocco 20th century – 508.000 ha (Sabir, 2003) Total afforested/reforested Magreb – 2,000.000 ha (Le Houérou, 2000) 1927 Ricote Valley (Murcia) DGB-INIA 1994 Ricote Valley (Murcia) ...WHAT HAVE WE LEARNT IN +100 YEARS? Agost Site Indicators of Success PARTICIPATIVE INTEGRATED EVALUATION 1. Aquifer recharge 2. Biodiversity 3. Soil conservation 4. Soil quality 5. Employment 6. Plant cover 7. C sequestration 8. Fire risk 9. Productivity value 10. Touristic value 11. Landscape aesthetic 12. Cultural value 13. Flood prevention ... SEEDLING QUALITY IS IMPORTANT 120 Same site P. pinaster 100 Q. ilex Same year P. halepensis 80 but... 60 40 20 Nursery 1 – 20% MORTALITY - NURSERY 1 0 Nursery 2 – 80% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 MORTALITY - NURSERY 2 Cortina et al. (2006). MMA BIGGER SEEDLINGS PERFORM BETTER, BUT NOT ALWAYS Quercus ilex ballota Quercus coccifera 100 100 90 80 80 70 60 60 50 40 40 30 20 20 SUPERVIVENCIA (%) SUPERVIVENCIA 10 0 0 <4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 >20 <16 16-21 21-26 >26 CLASES DE ALTURA (cm) CLASES DE ALTURA (cm) Cortina et al. (2000). EC Report EUR 19303. SEEDLINGS FREQUENTLY ADJUST IN THE FIELD STRONG MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO NUTRIENT REGIMES Pistacia lentiscus Tetraclinis articulata SRF (0’8 g L-1) 160 ppm N 80 ppm N Micro def Harden P def N def STRONG MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO NUTRIENT REGIMES 25 25 18 30Rhamnus alaternus Rhamnus lycioides 16 Tetraclinis articulata 20 20 14 Pistacia lentiscus 12 15 15 25 10 8 10 10 Alturacm Altura cm Altura cm FLL:6 Slow Release Fertilizer 4 5 20 5 OPT:2 Optimum 0 0 0 FLL15 OPT MDP SOP END PNP NDP FLL OPT MDP SOP END PNP NDP MDP: MicronutrientFLL OPT MDP SOP ENDdeficiencyPNP NDP Tratamientos Tratamientos Tratamientos SOP: Suboptimum 10 FLL: Fertilizante Liberación lenta 30 END:25 Nutrient hardening StemHeight (cm) Pistacia lentiscus OPT: Optimo Quercus coccifera 25 PNP:20 Phosphorus deficiency 5 MDP: Deficiencia micronutrientes 20 SOP: Suboptimo NDP:15 Nitrogen deficiency 15 0 END: Endurecimiento 10 Altura cm 10 Altura cm FLL OPT MDP SOPPNP: DeficienciaEND FósforoPNP NDP 5 5 TreatmentsNDP: Deficiencia Nitrógeno 0 0 FLL OPT MDP SOP END PNP NDP FLL OPT MDP SOP END PNP NDP Tratamientos Tratamientos Trubat et al. (2011). Ecol. Eng. 37: 1164–1173 Albatera (Alicante, SE SPain). Semiarid 1000 plants ha-1 - 40 x 40 x 40 cm planting holes – backhoe spider SMALLER SEEDLINGS PERFORMED BETTER 120 120 120 Pistacia lentiscus June 2003 Rhamnus alaternus Tetraclinis articulata October 2003 100 January 2004 100 * 100 October 2005 * * * * 80 80 * 80 * * * 60 60 60 * Survival rate (%) rate Survival 40 (%) rate Survival 40 Survival rate (%) rate Survival 40 20 20 20 0 0 0 CON DEF SRF PFD NDF CON DEF SRF PFD NDF CON DEF SRF PFD NDF 120 120 Quercus coccifera Rhamnus lycioides 100 100 * 80 80 60 60 * * Survival rate (%) rate Survival Survival rate (%) rate Survival 40 40 20 20 0 0 CON DEF SRF PFD NDF CON DEF SRF PFD NDF Trubat et al. (2011). Ecol. Eng. 37: 1164–1173 SMALLER SEEDLINGS PERFORMED BETTER Rhamnus lycioides Tetraclinis articulata Pistacia lentiscus 1,0 1,0 1,0 Odds Ratio = 0.842 Odds Ratio = 0.804 Odds Ratio = 0.845 p = 0.008 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 0,8 IC 95%: 0.74 - 0.95 IC 95%: 0.78 - 0.91 0,8 IC 95 %: 0.72 - 0.89 2 0,8 2 R = 0.09 R2 = 0.208 R = 0.24 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,2 Probability of seedling survival 0,2 Probability ofseedling survival 0,2 Probability of seedlingsurvival 0,0 0,0 0,0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Height (cm) Height (cm) Height (cm) Quercus coccifera Rhamnus alaternus 1,0 1,0 Odds Ratio = 0.739 Odds Ratio = 0.76 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 0,8 IC 95%: 0.56 - 0.84 2 0,8 IC 95%: 0.69 - 0.84 R = 0.3 R2 = 0.38 0,6 0,6 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,2 Probability ofseedling survival Probability of seedling survival seedling of Probability 0,0 0,0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Height (cm) Height (cm) Trubat et al. (2011). Ecol. Eng. 37: 1164–1173 HYDRAULIC ARCHITECTURE DOES NOT SEEM TO BE THE CAUSE ) 0,18 -1 0,16 a 0,14 MPa -1 0,12 0,10 b 0,08 root s root b -2 0,06 0,04 (Kg m (Kg 0,02 R K 0,00 -1 Control N- P- 0,25 MPa a -1 0,20 a a 0,15 foliar s -2 0,10 0,05 (Kmg m (Kmg 0,00 RA K Control N- P- NUTRIENT HARDENED SEEDLINGS PERFORMED BETTER TOO STANDARD FERTILIZATION NO AUTUMN N Trubat et al. (2007). J. Arid Environ. 72: 879-890 CONFOUNDING FACTORS: SIZE VS. NUTRITIONAL STATUS 20 r = 0.726 18 p < 0.001 n = 30 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Pistacia lentiscus 2 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 -1 Foliar N concentration (mg g ) THE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRIENT STATUS: LATE SEASON FERTILIZATION Quercus ilex – Nursery, 1-year-old seedlings Control Late-season NF fertilisation LF 100 mg L-1 N : 44 mg L-1 P : 83 mg L-1 K NF LF F1.18 p Stem height (cm) 7.8±0.6 7.3±0.4 0.40 0.533 Root collar diameter (mm) 3.2±0.1 3.3±0.2 0.40 0.536 Number of active root tips (RGP) 45.3±4.8 34.3±9.3 1.10 0.307 SPAD (rel. units) 34.9±2.2 41.3±1.4 5.88 0.026 Leaf N (mg g-1) 9.4±0.5 15.7±0.8 44.7 <0.001 Leaf P (mg g-1) 0.37±0.03 1.46±0.20 30.4 <0.001* Leaf K (mg g-1) 2.3±0.3 2.4±0.3 0.04 0.853 Leaf soluble carbohydrates (mg g-1) 76.3±3.1 75.8±3.6 0.01 0.926 Leaf starch (mg g-1) 62.1±8.24 34.9±5.8 7.46 0.013 Stem N (mg g-1) 3.5±0.3 8.5±0.7 46.6 <0.001 Stem P (mg g-1) 0.23±0.01 1.19±0.15 38.8 <0.001* Stem K (mg g-1) 2.9±0.4 2.9±0.2 0.01 0.949 Root N (mg g-1) 5.3±0.3 8.0±1.0 23.8 <0.001 Root P (mg g-1) 0.29±0.01 1.07±0.17 20.3 <0.001* Root K (mg g-1) 2.2±0.2 3.8±0.5 9.4 0.007 Root soluble carbohydrates (mg g-1) 46.8±2.6 45.42±5.3 0.05 0.826 Root starch (mg g-1) 284.2±9.0 318.6±19.8 2.49 0.132 Planted on 16 plots Mediterranean dry sub-humid conditions Gallinera, Alcalà, Ebo Valleys c. 2,000 ha N Alicante, SE Spain 521-990 mm, 17ºC NUTRIENT STATUS HAD NO EFFECT ON SURVIVAL 100 80 60 Survival (%) 40 NF LF 20 Quercus ilex 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Time since 01/01/2008 (julian date) NUTRIENT STATUS HAD A STRONG EFFECT ON EARLY GROWTH 0.350 ) 0.300 Quercus ilex LF -1 NF 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 RGR height (month in stem 0.050 0.000 Mar08-Jun08 Jun08-Sept08 Sept08-Sept09 Mar08-Sept09 EFFFECT OF SEEDLING QUALITY EXTENDED +10 YEARS J.A. Alloza CEAM Foundation 1992-1994 (unpubl.) ROOTS GROW SOON AFTER PLANTING 70 C+Cal 60 C+Mar 50 C+Rod 40 30 Fine Root LengthFine (cm) 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Time (julian date) ROOTING DEPTH >30-40 CM BEFORE SUMMER DROUGHT rooting depth seedling survival Padilla & Pugnaire (2007). Functional Ecology 21: 489–495 HIGHER ARIDITY – HIGHER VARIABILITY Machado et al. (2011). J. Arid Environ. 75: 1244-1253 HIGH SPATIAL VARIIABILITY IN SEEDLING PERFORMANCE Abril 1998 (Ia = 1.35) Diciembre 2000 (Ia = 2.69) ) 25 25 ) m m ( 20 20 ( e e t 15 15 t r r o 10 10 o N 5 5 N 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Este (m) Este (m) Low survival High survival Maestre et al.
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