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Dynamics of Woody Vegetation Patches in Semiarid Ecosystems in the Southeast of Iberian Peninsula

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Dynamics of Woody Vegetation Patches in Semiarid Ecosystems in the Southeast of Iberian Peninsula Dynamics of woody vegetation patches in semiarid ecosystems in the southeast of Iberian Peninsula Beatriz Amat Martínez Dynamics of woody vegetation patches in semiarid ecosystems in the southeast of Iberian Peninsula Memoria presentada por Beatriz Amat Martínez para optar al grado de Doctor con Mención Internacional por la Universidad de Alicante Director Dr. Jordi Cortina Segarra Alicante, 8 Mayo 2015 Jordi Cortina Segarra, Catedrático y Profesor Titular de la Universidad de Alicante e Investigador del Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramón Margalef" HACE CONSTAR: Que el trabajo descrito en la presente memoria, titulado: “Dynamics of woody vegetation patches in semiarid ecosystems in the southeast of Iberian Peninsula” ha sido realizado bajo su dirección por Beatriz Amat Martínez en la Universidad de Alicante, y reúne todos los requisitos necesarios para su aprobación como Tesis Doctoral con Mención Internacional. Alicante, 8 de Mayo de 2015 Dr. Jordi Cortina Segarra DIRECTOR DE LA TESIS AGRADECIMIENTOS Esta tesis ha sido realizada gracias al apoyo financiero de distintas instituciones a las cuales quiero agradecer. Al Ministerio de Educación, por haberme otorgado una beca FPU, al proyecto UNCROACH (CGL2011-30581-C02- 01) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), al proyecto RECUVES (077/RN08/04.1) y ESTRES (063/SGTB/2007/7.1) financiados por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Areas Marinas y Rurales, al proyecto GRACCIE (CSD2007-00067), financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), a la Generalitat Valenciana por financiación de personal (Programa G. Forteza; FPA/2009/029) y provision de plantones para mis experimentos y al personal de VAERSA por su ayuda en las plantaciones de uno de mis experimentos. Finaliza mi tesis y una etapa de mi vida. Durante esta etapa no sólo mi tesis, sino yo misma he evolucionado, y ninguna era la misma al inicio que ahora. Durante la realización de esta tesis y muchas veces a causa de ella, han entrado personas en mi vida que me han marcado de una u otra forma. Y a todas estas personas quiero agradecerles la ayuda que me han dado en este tiempo. En primer lugar quiero agradecer a mi director de tesis, Jordi, por toda su confianza en mi. Gracias por haberme animado desde el primer momento a adentrarme en el mundo de la ciencia, y por creer en mí y en que yo era capaz de aportar algo en este mundillo. Muchas gracias por toda la paciencia que has tenido conmigo, por atender a mis exigencias y prisas en muchos momentos, por todas las ideas aportadas que sin ellas nunca me habría planteado el estudio de los dichosos “parches” y que he terminado cogiéndoles el gustillo, por enseñarme trabajar de forma científica y por siempre tener un momento para sentarnos a hablar. Gracias también por seguir mostrándome tu apoyo, a pesar de los más y los menos durante todo este tiempo. A Karen que ha sido como mi “madrina” guiándome desde el principio cuando más perdida me encontraba y hasta el final, dándome siempre algún consejo que me ha sido muy útil. Muchas gracias por todos esos ratos compartidos y por acercarte siempre para preguntarme cómo estaba y cómo iba mi tesis. A mis otros compañeros de despacho, a Román quien observaba mis inicios cuando él ya estaba finalizando, pero con quien he compartido ratos de despacho amenos. A Jorge, aunque ahora muy lejos, pero empezamos juntos este doctorado y compartimos quebraderos de cabeza mientras intentábamos escribir nuestro primer intento de paper o entender la estadística en R, e incluso te viniste conmigo a buscar parches alla por mis inicios. A Mchich, siempre tan cordial y con quien no solo compartimos despacho sino unos días por Marruecos conociendo otro interesante trabajo de campo. A Jaume, que además de también compartir Marruecos y hacer divertido el viaje, me ha hecho pasar muy buenos ratos durante dos años con todos esos cafés aderezados con charlas sobre gemelas, viajes, curriculum o, de nuevo, R, y por supuesto gracias por la ayuda en campo. Y a todos los que han pasado por ese despacho de forma más breve, a Victor, mi amigo fantasma, por compartir tanto conocimientos como alguna copita de vino. A David y Cristian, ahora cada uno en un lugar distinto del planeta pero que fueron unos compis de despacho muy majos. Gracias a Lucia por los ratos compartidos buscándole anillos a los arbustos, por su hospitalidad en Coimbra las veces que he estado por allí y por seguir haciéndome favores que le pido de vez en cuando. Gracias a toda esa gente que a pasado fugazmente por aquí y se ha venido al campo conmigo o me ha echado una mano en el laboratorio, Lorena, Nuria, Adela, Alejandro, Patricia, María, Elisa, y muy especialmente a María Joao, quien fue la primera en acompañarme al campo a muestrear parches hiciera frío o calor y en quien he encontrado una bonita amistad a pesar de la distancia que ahora nos separa. Gracias también por acogerme en tu casa en Porto. Sabes que te tengo mucho cariño. Gracias también al sector CEAM con quien además de colaborar de vez en cuando, he pasado buenos ratos. Especialmente a David y Alejandro, con quienes empecé a colaborar en mis inicios, mucho antes de comenzar esta tesis y siempre me han hecho sentir muy a gusto. A Jaime, Joan, Alberto, y los que pasaron por aquí Marina, Vanesa, Thanos, Esteban y que han tenido una palabra amable o un buen gesto hacia mí. Muy especialmente gracias a mi compi Cristian, o ricotí como hemos terminado bautizándolo, por esos cafés con cocacola casi a la hora de comer que sólo él entendía y gustosamente me acompañaba, por ayudarme a hacer mapitas y en la revisión de parte de esta tesis y por todos esos buenos ratos que hemos pasado más allá de la universidad, en playas, chat, Vallanca, un peñón en medio del mar o en la cima de una montaña, y que estoy segura que continuarán. Por supuesto también gracias a Nieves por esa transparencia y confianza que hace que parezca que nos conocemos de toda la vida. Gracias a los doctorandos, contratados, becarios y amantes del arte del departamento de Ecología que alguna vez en todos estos años me dieron una palabra de afecto, aunque a penas hayamos llegado a conocernos. A Rosario, Samantha, Bea, Soraya, Estrella, Encarni, Lorena, Azucena, Anna, Luna, Diana, Fran, Hassane y todos cuantos han pasado por estos despachos y me dedicaron una sonrisa. También gracias a los botánicos con quienes he compartido campo, risas y comidas, especialmente al principio de esta tesis. Gracias a mis dos paisanas Alma y Dinorah, que aunque ya están de vuelta al otro lado del charco, cuando estaban por aquí siempre fueron muy amables y dulces conmigo, y siempre hasta la fecha se han preocupado por saber cómo estaba. Ojalá nos veamos pronto! Gracias a Germán López, Andreu Bonet, Susana Bautista y Juan Bellot por atender más de una y dos veces mis peticiones por una cosa u otra y responderme siempre atentamente y con una sonrisa. Gracias a Paco por introducirme en R y atender mis constantes preguntas y visitas para descifrar los árboles de regresión. Especialmente también gracias a Jose Zubcoff por mostrarse tan abierto para ayudarme con la compleja revisión estadística de un paper que terminó dando buen fruto. Gracias también a los revisores externos de esta tesis y al tribunal por dedicar parte de su tiempo a mi trabajo. Santi, gracias especialmente por mostrarte tan colaborativo y dispuesto en estos años, y por los buenos ratos compartidos en Escocia. Gracias a Emma y María del Servicio de Lengua y Cultura por sus correcciones en las últimas versiones de esta tesis. A Fernando Maestre, gracias por sus consejos sobre mi trabajo, y por haber comenzado a describir la importancia de los parches, que de alguna manera fueron los trabajos predecesores de esta tesis. Gracias también a los técnicos de laboratorio, Fran y Jose, por ayudarme y pacientemente aguantar mis muestras y experimentos raros durante estos años. A los administrativos del departamento de Ecología e IMEM a quienes he mareado muchas veces con tickets, dietas y gestiones varias pero siempre me han atendido amablemente a Fina (E.P.D.), Emilio, Juanfra, Gema, Rosa y Ramón. Esta tesis afortunadamente me ha permitido viajar mucho y conocer el mundo de los congresos científicos, las reuniones relámpago y las estancias en países extranjeros que tanto ayudan a crecer. Y agradezco a las personas que han participado en esas estancias, desde su organización aquí en Alicante hasta aquellas personas que me he ido encontrando por allí, en Inglaterra y en Estados Unidos. Gracias a Scott Collins, quien ha sido atento y ha escuchado con interés mi trabajo desde el principio, y por supuesto, gracias por la revisión de esta tesis. Gracias a mis amigas Silvia y Ana, que son como mis hermanas y que aunque yo viviera en Alicante y ellas en Elda, se han venido muchas veces a desayunar conmigo a la Universidad con tal de verme un ratillo. Gracias a Cristina, por acogerme con los brazos abiertos más de una vez y por tus consejos como amiga y como colega sobre mi tesis. Y tampoco podía olvidarme de agradecer a quien debe ser mi amiga de más tiempo, que me ha demostrado que una amistad verdadera se sostiene a pesar de tiempos y distancias, gracias Ana Elena, y mucha suerte en tu tesis que acabas de comenzar. Gracias a todos los amigos que me han acompañado durante esta etapa aunque no supieran de que iba mi tesis pero que brindaban conmigo para sacarla adelante.
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