DOCSLIB.ORG

A China Chronology (1893-1976)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A China Chronology (1893-1976) A China Chronology (1893-1976) 1893 Mao born to a farming family in Hunan province. 1895 China defeated by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War. 1900 Boxer Rebellion and counterattack by foreign powers. 1905 Qing dynasty ends the civil service exams. 1911 Republican revolution; fall of the Qing dynasty. 1912 General Yuan Shikai replaces Sun Yat-sen as president of the republic. 1913 Sun Yat-sen founds the Guomindang (GMD), or Nationalist party. 1915- 1925 New Culture Movement. 1919 May Fourth Movement in Beijing opposes the Versailles treaty. 1921 Official founding of the Chinese Communist party (CCP) in Shanghai; Mao Zedong is one of the founding members. 1923 CCP and GMD cooperate in the first united front; Mao then works in the GMD Propaganda Department and the Peasant Training Institute. 1925 Sun Yat-sen dies; Chiang Kai-shek eventually takes over the GMD. 1926 Northern Expedition under GMD leadership starts out from Guangzhou in southern China to reunify the country. Mao returns to Hunan to work in the countryside. 1927 Mao writes his "Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan." Chiang Kai-shek turns against the CCP and in April massacres CCP activists. GMD forms a new national government and moves the capital of the Republic of China to Nanjing. 1930 Changsha uprising, led by Mao, fails; Mao moves to develop rural soviets. 1931 Japanese begin to occupy northeast China and will declare Manchukuo a separate country the next year. Formal establishment of the Jiangxi soviet; Mao elected chairman of the soviet. 232 CHRONOLOGY 233 1931- 1934 GMD national government launches five "encirclement cam­ paigns" to destroy the Communist party and Jiangxi soviet; CCP survives the first four. 1934 Communists flee the Jiangxi soviet and set off on the Long March. 1935 Mao gains a central leadership position in the CCP at the Zunyi Conference during the Long March. 1936 Communists make their new capital at Yan'an, in the northwest province of Shaanxi. 1936- 1947 Yan'an period, during which Mao consolidates his supreme posi- tion and develops policies that lead to CCP victory in 1949. 1937 Japan invades China, beginning World War II in Asia. 1942- 1944 Yan'an Rectification Movement promotes Mao's ideas and leader­ ship. 1945 Japan formally surrenders to the Allies on September 9, ending World War II. 1945- 1949 Chinese civil war between the CCP and GMD. 1949 CCP declares a new national government, the People's Republic of China (PRC), with Mao as its head. 1950 February China and the Soviet Union sign the Treaty of Friend­ ship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance. October Chinese forces enter Korea, joining the Korean War. 1952 Land reform completed in most areas of China. 1955 First Five-Year Plan (1953-57) formally adopted to organize China's planned economy. Nationwide mass campaign to criticize two intellectuals, Hu Shi and Hu Feng. 1956 Khrushchev denounces Stalin in the USSR. Mao calls for public criticism of the CCP in the Hundred Flowers Campaign, but the response is muted. CCP holds its Eighth Party Congress in Beijing; celebrates suc­ cesses of the PRC. 1957 February Mao delivers his speech "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People" to boost the Hundred Flowers Campaign. 234 CHRONOLOGY May Hundred Flowers Campaign blooms, but with biting criti- cism of the CCP. June Anti-Rightist Campaign attacks those who spoke up in the Hundred Flowers Campaign; Mao's "Contradictions" speech is published in a highly edited form. 1958 CCP adopts Mao's Great Leap Forward plan. August Mao's talks at Beidaihe popularize collectivization of agriculture in the people's communes. 1959 Uprising in Tibet against Chinese rule is suppressed by the People's Liberation Army (PIA). April Liu Shaoqi succeeds Mao as state chairman (Mao remains as party chairman). August Peng Dehuai criticizes the Great Leap Forward and is purged, showing that Mao can no longer be criticized even by his senior colleagues. 1960 Soviet Union withdraws all experts from China. Famine deepens in China. 1961 CCP begins economic and political reforms to undo the damage of the Great Leap Forward. 1964 China explodes its atomic bomb. 1966 Cultural Revolution begins as an attack on Beijing party intellectu­ als but quickly spreads to the purge of senior party leaders, including, by 1967, Liu Shaoqi. Mao writes a big-character poster, "Bombard the Headquarters," to encourage Red Guards to attack "the four olds" and "to rebel is justified"; Red Guard terror begins. 1969 Mao declares the ''victory" (that is, end) of the Cultural Revolu­ tion and supports General Lin Biao as his new successor; radical policies continue. 1971 July U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger secretly visits Beijing. September Lin Biao dies in a plane crash while trying to escape Mao's secret police; he is formally denounced. October China joins the United Nations, leading to the expul­ sion of Taiwan. 1972 U.S. president Richard Nixon visits China. 1976 January Zhou Enlai, the highest ranking moderate in the CCP, dies. September Mao Zedong dies. Questions for Consideration 1. How would you sum up Mao Zedong's life? Try making a list of dichotomies: Mao as hero vs. Mao as demon, Mao as state founder vs. Mao as voice of the people, Mao as thinker vs. Mao as actor, or Mao as historical figure vs. Mao as living icon. What other contrasts can you find? 2. Consider the different objects of Mao's attention in the three peri­ ods covered in our selections: social movements in the 1920s, state power and nationalism in the 1940s, and problems of admin­ istration and development in the 1950s and 1960s. Why did Mao's focus shift? What continuities do you find in Mao's writings over these years? 3. In what ways do the concrete policy suggestions and ways of look­ ing at the world suggested in Mao's major writings before 1949 address the issues of imperialism and how to deal with the West­ issues that confronted China so forcefully by 1900? 4. What experiences informed Mao's approach to rural revolution? Compare the picture Mao gave Snow (see Document 11) with other accounts of Mao's early life. 5. Why did Mao take the oppression of women and youths seriously? How did their liberation fit into his model of revolution? What became of Mao's "feminism"? Did the CCP follow his lead on women's and youth liberation over the years? Did Mao himself return to this theme in his later writings? 6. Why were the ideals for China outlined by Mao in "On New Democracy" (see Document 2) attractive to China's students and urban middle class in the 1940s? 7. Who were Mao's competitors for top leadership in the CCP in the 1940s, and how did his Yan'an writings (see Documents 2-4) answer their challenge? How did these writings function in the 1942-44 Rectification Movement? 235 236 QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION 8. How does Mao's view on revolutionary leadership (see Document 4) relate to his philosophical method, as explained in Document 13? 9. What issues confronted the ruling CCP in 1956? How did Mao try to address them in "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People" (Document 7)? Why was Mao out of synch with his senior colleagues in the CCP? 10. How do Mao's Beidaihe talks of 1958 (see Document 8) compare with his Yan'an talks (see Documents 2-4)? Look at the contextual readings, such as Li Zhisui in Document 14 and Stuart Schram in Document 12, as you consider what contributed to these differ­ ences. 11. Why is it so difficult to separate Mao from the CCP today? Con­ sider, for example, the party resolution of 1981 in Document 16 and popular views in the 1990s in Document 18. 12. How does the Mao cult, especially in the Cultural Revolution (see Documents 10 and 15) compare and contrast with other notable leadership cults of the twentieth century, such as Stalin's, Hitler's, or Mussolini's? 13. Land reform, or "land to the tiller," was a key issue for develop­ mental states in the twentieth century. How did CCP policy and practice change from the 1940s to the 1960s to the 1980s? 14. Developmental states need to find a way to link an elite that can function in an international environment defined by Western sci­ ence, legal norms, and commercial practices with a majority agrar­ ian population that often holds radically different attitudes, values, and practices that are contrary to those international norms. How did Mao and the CCP try to bridge this gap? 15. Developmental states must find a way to achieve security-both international respect and domestic order. What were Mao's answers to these fundamental state questions? Selected Bibliography This bibliography gives a taste of the scholarship on Mao and his context. MOVIES AND DRAMA The images of films (many now available on video) and modern plays are an effective way to present the history of Mao's times and to give a sense of how various Chinese experienced Mao's revolutions. The movie Huozhe (To live) by Zhang Yimo is a vivid account of a commoner's life through these years. It is readily available on video (with subtitles). Chen Kaige's Farewell My Concubine provides a parallel history from the perspective of the Chinese intellectual and artistic elite. Small Well Lane, a play written by Ii Longyun and translated by Hong Jiang and Timothy Cheek (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), is the compelling story of how people in a small Beijing neighborhood experienced Mao's revolu­ tions from the 1940s to the 1980s.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wider Reading Subject HISTORY Topic Mao's China: Establishing
    Subject HISTORY Topic Mao’s China: Establishing Year 12 (page 1) Term 1 Communist Rule, 1949-1957 Learning Sequence Wider Reading Key People Tao Zhu (1908-69) A rising star who rose to become the Rao Shushi (1903-75) Party leader in Shanghai 1. Overview: It’s all Chinese to me Communist States in the 20th fourth in the party hierarchy, before being purged in the C – Pearson Textbook Ben Cultural Revolution. Gregory, Nigel Bushnell, Rob 2. How did Mao declare the PRC? Luo Ruiqing (1906-78) Served first as minister for public Bo Yibo (1908-2007) A former guerrilla fighter who had Owen. security and then, from 1959-65, as chief of general staff joined the committee in 1945 and went on to become a in the PLA. He became a victim of infighting in the Cultural leading economic planner in the 1950s. He was purged 3. How successful were the communists in establishing My Revision Notes: Edexcel Revolution and spent 12 years of his life as a cripple and during the Cultural Revolution because of his moderate a political system? AS/A-level History: Mao's committed suicide. views. China, 1949-76 - Andrew Flint 4. How effectively did the Communist Party deal with Key Terms Definitions opposition? Revise Edexcel GCSE (9-1) 5. Korean War. History Mao's China Revision Rightist A person who supports the political views or policies of Guide and Workbook: with the right. free online edition (Revise 6. Assessment Edexcel GCSE History 16) Politburo A politburo or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Xin Huang Dissertation April 12
    THE LEGACY OF THE MAOIST GENDER PROJECT IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA by Xin Huang M.A., Institute of Social Studies, 2002 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Women’s and Gender Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2010 ©Xin Huang, 2010 ABSTRACT This study examines various ways in which the Maoist gender project manifests itself in Chinese women’s lives today, as conveyed by a range of women currently living in Beijing. Oral histories were collected from fifteen women, four of whom were selected for in-depth analysis using a method informed by narrative studies and feminist approaches to women’s auto/bio/graphy. Judith Butler’s ideas on gender as performative serve as a framework to examine these individual negotiations with changing models of femininity, and the first chapter presents a critical account of the limits and applicability of her theory in this specific transnational context. The four following chapters provide detailed, contextualized analysis of these particular performances of gender in relation to the Maoist model woman (fun!, or socialist labourer), whose presence remains in the shadow of the currently preferred n!xing (feminine, consumer-oriented woman), while the even older pre-revolutionary devoted wife and mother remains in the background. Their gender performances bring out the intersections of physical embodiment and the construction of subjectivity through discourse. Analysis of the content of each story is complemented by a discussion of the structure and language of their narratives, including an innovative interviewing method of “telling and retelling”.
    [Show full text]
  • And the C a U S E S of War
    Human Nature and the C a u s e s of War JOHN DAVID ORME Human Nature and the Causes of War John David Orme Human Nature and the Causes of War John David Orme Oglethorpe University Brookhaven, GA, USA ISBN 978-3-319-77166-3 ISBN 978-3-319-77167-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77167-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018936599 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of Mass Killings During the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Song Yongyi Thursday 25 August 2011
    Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Song Yongyi Thursday 25 August 2011 Stable URL: http://www.massviolence.org/Article?id_article=551 PDF version: http://www.massviolence.org/PdfVersion?id_article=551 http://www.massviolence.org - ISSN 1961-9898 Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Song Yongyi The Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) was a historical tragedy launched by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It claimed the lives of several million people and inflicted cruel and inhuman treatments on hundreds of million people. However, 40 years after it ended, the total number of victims of the Cultural Revolution and especially the death toll of mass killings still remain a mystery both in China and overseas. For the Chinese communist government, it is a highly classified state secret, although they do maintain statistics for the so-called abnormal death numbers all over China. Nevertheless, the government, realizing that the totalitarian regime and the endless power struggles in the CCP Central Committee (CCP CC) were the root cause of the Cultural Revolution, has consistently discounted the significance of looking back and reflecting on this important period of Chinese history. They even forbid Chinese scholars from studying it independently and discourage overseas scholars from undertaking research on this subject in China. Owing to difficulties that scholars in and outside China encounter in accessing state secrets, the exact figure of the abnormal death has become a recurring debate in the field of China studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Flynn,John T.- While You Slept (PDF)
    While You Slept Other Books by John T. Flynn THE ROOSEVELT MYTH THE ROAD AHEAD: AMERICA'S CREEPING REVOLUTION While You Slept OUR TRAGEDY IN ASIA AND WHO MADE IT by JOHN T. FLYNN THE DEVIN-ADAIR COMPANY New York · 1951 Copyright 1951 by John T. Flynn. All rights reserved. Permission to reprint material from this book must be obtained in writing from the publisher. For information write: The Devin-Adair Company, 23 East 26th St., New York 10, N. Y. First Printing, November 1951 Second Printing, November 1951 Third Printing, December 1951 Fourth Printing, January 1952 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents I While You Slept 9 II The Red Deluge 13 III China's Two Wars 14 IV Two Great Designs 25 V Architects of Disaster 30 VI The Road to Korea Opens 44 VII The Great Whitewash 54 VIII The Pool of Poison 59 IX The Hatchet Men 71 X Left Thunder on the Right 82 XI The Press and Pink Propaganda 88 XII Red Propaganda in the Movies 98 XIII Poison in the Air 108 XIV The Institute of Pacific Relations 116 XV The Amerasîa Case 134 XVI The Great Swap 145 XVII The China War 151 XVIII The Blunders That Lost a Continent 157 XIX America s Two Wars 178 References 187 While You Slept I While You Slept As June 1950 drew near, America was giving little attention to a place called Korea. Secretary General Trygve Lie of the United Nations was urging that Chiang Kai-shek's govern- ment be expelled from the United Nations to make room for the Chinese Communist government of Mao Tse-tung.
    [Show full text]
  • Beijing, a Garden of Violence
    Inter-Asia Cultural Studies ISSN: 1464-9373 (Print) 1469-8447 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/riac20 Beijing, a garden of violence Geremie R. Barmé To cite this article: Geremie R. Barmé (2008) Beijing, a garden of violence, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 9:4, 612-639, DOI: 10.1080/14649370802386552 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649370802386552 Published online: 15 Nov 2008. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 153 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=riac20 Download by: [Australian National University] Date: 08 April 2016, At: 20:00 Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Volume 9, Number 4, 2008 Beijing, a garden of violence Geremie R. BARMÉ TaylorRIAC_A_338822.sgm10.1080/14649370802386552Inter-Asia1464-9373Original200894000000DecemberGeremieBarmé[email protected] and& Article Francis Cultural (print)/1469-8447Francis 2008 Studies (online) ABSTRACT This paper examines the history of Beijing in relation to gardens—imperial, princely, public and private—and the impetus of the ‘gardener’, in particular in the twentieth-century. Engag- ing with the theme of ‘violence in the garden’ as articulated by such scholars as Zygmunt Bauman and Martin Jay, I reflect on Beijing as a ‘garden of violence’, both before the rise of the socialist state in 1949, and during the years leading up to the 2008 Olympics. KEYWORDS: gardens, violence, party culture, Chinese history, Chinese politics, cultivation, revolution The gardening impulse This paper offers a brief examination of the history of Beijing in relation to gardens— imperial, princely, socialist, public and private—and the impetus of the ‘gardener’, in particular during the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Darkest Red Corner Matthew James Brazil
    The Darkest Red Corner Chinese Communist Intelligence and Its Place in the Party, 1926-1945 Matthew James Brazil A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy Department of Government and International Relations Business School University of Sydney 17 December 2012 Statement of Originality This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted previously, either in its entirety or substantially, for a higher degree or qualifications at any other university or institute of higher learning. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. Matthew James Brazil i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before and during this project I met a number of people who, directly or otherwise, encouraged my belief that Chinese Communist intelligence was not too difficult a subject for academic study. Michael Dutton and Scot Tanner provided invaluable direction at the very beginning. James Mulvenon requires special thanks for regular encouragement over the years and generosity with his time, guidance, and library. Richard Corsa, Monte Bullard, Tom Andrukonis, Robert W. Rice, Bill Weinstein, Roderick MacFarquhar, the late Frank Holober, Dave Small, Moray Taylor Smith, David Shambaugh, Steven Wadley, Roger Faligot, Jean Hung and the staff at the Universities Service Centre in Hong Kong, and the kind personnel at the KMT Archives in Taipei are the others who can be named. Three former US diplomats cannot, though their generosity helped my understanding of links between modern PRC intelligence operations and those before 1949.
    [Show full text]
  • And Mao Zedong's Yan'an
    Is the Post- in Posthuman the Post- in Postmodern? Or, What Can the Human Be? The Historical Dialectic Between “Zhao Shuli Direction” and Mao Zedong’s Yan’an “Talks” Li Yang Abstract The term“ Zhao Shuli Direction” was penned by Zhou Yang and oth- er critics who regarded Zhao Shuli’s works as putting into practice the principles of Mao Zedong’s“ Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Lit- erature and Art,” but both Zhao Shuli and Zhou Yang’s understand- ing of the“ Talks” was too simple. Due to the lack of in-depth under- standing of the historical dialectic between“ economy” and“ power” in the“ Talks,” Zhao encountered insurmountable difficulties in dealing with the relationships between“ politics” and“ policies,” “popularization” and“ improvement,” and“ serving workers, peas- ants, and soldiers” and“ serving peasants.”“ Zhao Shuli Direction” was a short-lived slogan, and Zhao himself became a tragic figure in the Chinese left-wing literary world. The mutual observation between Zhao and the“ Talks” can not only help us solve the mystery of Zhao Shuli in Chinese literary history, but also enable us to rethink and un- derstand the cultural and political significance of the modern project of the“ Talks.” Keywords Talks, Zhao Shuli Direction, Cultural Politics DOI: 10.47297/wspctWSP2515-470205.20210501 ·65· Critical Theory Vol.5 No.1 n American journalist Jack Belden’s 1949 nonfiction book China Shakes the IWorld, Belden dedicated an entire section to a 1947 interview he conducted with the famous writer Zhao Shuli while traveling through the“ liberated area” of Shanxi. Of special significance is his description of his first encounter with the “border region celebrity Zhao Shuli”: “It had been snowing since dawn that day.
    [Show full text]
  • Threading on Thin Ice: Resistance and Conciliation in the Jade Marshal’S Nationalism, 1919-1939
    THREADING ON THIN ICE: RESISTANCE AND CONCILIATION IN THE JADE MARSHAL’S NATIONALISM, 1919-1939 Mengchuan Lin A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History (Modern China). Chapel Hill 2013 Approved by: Michael Tsin Miles Fletcher Klaus Larres ©2013 Mengchuan Lin ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Mengchuan Lin: Threading On Thin Ice: Resistance and Conciliation in the Jade Marshal’s Nationalism, 1919-1939 (Under the direction of Michael Tsin) The 1920s marked a decade in the history of modern China which is typically referred to as the period of warlords. This period was characterised by political chaos, internal division and internecine warfare between various cliques of military strongmen who controlled China’s numerous provinces. These de facto military dictators of China, known as warlords in historical literature, were customarily construed to be avaricious and self-serving despots who ruled their large territories with little regard for the welfare of their subjects or that of the Chinese nation. My thesis aims to revise these previously held assumptions concerning the historical agency of Chinese warlords by investigating the unusual conduct of a particularly influential warlord: Wu Peifu. Wu’s display of deeply seated nationalistic tendencies throughout his political career, I argue, complicates our understanding of the impact that Chinese warlords exerted on the rise of Chinese national
    [Show full text]
  • China's Role in the Chemical and Biological Disarmament Regimes
    ERIC CRODDY China’s Role in the Chemical and Biological Disarmament Regimes ERIC CRODDY Eric Croddy is a Senior Research Associate at the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies. He is the author of Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001). odern China has been linked with the prolif- least—and with considerable diplomatic effort—China eration of nuclear, chemical, and missile weap- broadcasts its commitment to both the CWC and the Mons technology to states of proliferation con- BWC. cern, and its compliance with arms control and disarma- Few unclassified publications analyze the role that CBW ment is seen as key to the effectiveness of weapons of have played in Chinese military strategy, nor is much in- 1 mass destruction (WMD) nonproliferation efforts. In this formation available on Beijing’s approach to negotiating context, the answer to Gerald Segal’s question, “Does CBW disarmament treaties. This is not surprising: China 2 China really matter?” is most definitely, “Yes.” In the is an extremely difficult subject for study where sensitive realm of chemical and biological weapons (CBW), military matters are concerned. A 1998 report by Dr. Bates Beijing’s role is closely linked to its view of the multilat- Gill, Case Study 6: People’s Republic of China, published eral disarmament regimes for CBW, namely the Chemi- by the Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, cal Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological and was the first to seriously address the issue of China and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC), and of related mul- CBW proliferation.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Agreement
    Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Haipeng Zhou Date “Expressions of the Life that is within Us” Epistolary Practice of American Women in Republican China By Haipeng Zhou Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts _________________________________________ [Advisor’s signature] Catherine Ross Nickerson Advisor _________________________________________ [Advisor’s signature] Kimberly Wallace-Sanders Advisor _________________________________________ [Member’s signature] Rong Cai Committee Member Accepted: _________________________________________ Lisa A. Tedesco, Ph.D. Dean of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies ___________________ Date “Expressions of the Life that is within Us” Epistolary Practice of American Women in Republican China By Haipeng Zhou M.A., Beijing Foreign Studies
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article: Mao's Soviet Policies John W. Garver
    Review Article: Mao’s Soviet Policies John W. Garver Shi nian lunzhan, 1956–1966, Zhong Su guanxi huiyilu (Ten-Year War of Words, 1956–1966, a Memoir of Sino-Soviet Relations). By WU LENGXI. [Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1999. Two vol- umes. 940 pp.] This is the most detailed account to date of Chinese decision-making during the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations from 1956 to 1966. Wu Lengxi was head of Xinhua news agency from 1952 to 1966 and general editor of Renmin ribao from 1957 to the start of the Cultural Revolution. Wu joined the Party in 1938 at the age of 19, and attended Yennan’s anti-Japan resistance university before being assigned to propaganda and then news work.1 He was also the CCP’s designated record-keeper on Sino-Soviet relations during the crucial decade between the 20th Con- gress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1956 and the final collapse of Sino-Soviet relations in 1965. In his capacity as record-keeper, Wu personally attended most of the international and CCP Politburo meetings involved in Sino-Soviet relations during this crucial period. He was one of only a few people (and perhaps the only person) authorized to take notes at these meetings. When meetings were con- vened which he did not attend, or delegations of which he had not been a part returned from abroad, he was allowed to debrief the CCP leaders who had participated in those delegations or read reports of the proceed- ings. Wu thus offers a virtually meeting-by-meeting account of Chinese decision-making, often listing the participants of those meetings and reprising decisions reached.
    [Show full text]