Subject HISTORY Topic Mao’s : Establishing Year 12 (page 1) Term 1 Communist Rule, 1949-1957

Learning Sequence Wider Reading Key People (1908-69) A rising star who rose to become the Rao Shushi (1903-75) Party leader in Shanghai 1. Overview: It’s all Chinese to me Communist States in the 20th fourth in the party hierarchy, before being purged in the C – Pearson Textbook Ben . Gregory, Nigel Bushnell, Rob 2. How did Mao declare the PRC? Luo Ruiqing (1906-78) Served first as minister for public Bo Yibo (1908-2007) A former guerrilla fighter who had Owen. security and then, from 1959-65, as chief of general staff joined the committee in 1945 and went on to become a in the PLA. He became a victim of infighting in the Cultural leading economic planner in the 1950s. He was purged 3. How successful were the communists in establishing My Revision Notes: Edexcel Revolution and spent 12 years of his life as a cripple and during the Cultural Revolution because of his moderate a political system? AS/A-level History: Mao's committed suicide. views. China, 1949-76 - Andrew Flint 4. How effectively did the Communist Party deal with Key Terms Definitions opposition? Revise Edexcel GCSE (9-1) 5. Korean War. History Mao's China Revision Rightist A person who supports the political views or policies of Guide and Workbook: with the right. free online edition (Revise 6. Assessment Edexcel GCSE History 16) Politburo A politburo or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties. It is present in most former and existing communist states. Under Key Terms Definitions Trotskyism, the Politburo is a bureau of the Central Committee Red Guard were a mass student-led paramilitary social movement mobilized and guided by Chairman in 1966 and 1967, during the first phase of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, which he had instituted. Political In the military, a political commissar or political officer, Commissar is a supervisory officer responsible for the political Scorched Earth A scorched-earth policy is a military strategy that aims to destroy anything that might be useful to the enemy when education and organization of the unit they are retreating from a position. Any assets that could be used by the enemy may be targeted. This usually includes obvious assigned to, and intended to ensure civilian control of weapons, transport vehicles, communication sites, and industrial resources. However, anything useful to the advancing the military. enemy can be targeted including food stores and agricultural areas, water sources, and even the local people themselves, although this has been banned under the 1977 Geneva Conventions. The practice can be carried out by the Cadres In political contexts a cadre consists of a small group of military in enemy territory, or in its own home territory while being invaded. It may overlap with, but it is not the same people. The word may also refer to a single member of as, punitive destruction of the enemy's resources, which is usually done as part of political strategy, rather than such a group operational strategy.

Hyperinflation In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation. It quickly erodes the real value of the local Domino The domino theory was a theory prominent from the currency, as the prices of all goods increase. This causes people to minimize their holdings in that currency as they Theory 1950s to the 1980s that posited that if one country in a usually switch to more stable foreign currencies, often the US Dollar. Prices typically remain stable in terms of other region came under the influence of communism, then relatively stable currencies. the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. The domino theory was used by successive CPPCC The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, also known as the People's PCC or simply the PCC, is a political United States administrations during the Cold War to legislative advisory body in the People's Republic of China. The organisation consists of delegates from a range of justify the need for American intervention around the political parties and organisations, as well as independent members. The proportion of representation of the various world parties is determined by established convention, negotiated between the parties. Subject HISTORY Topic Mao’s China: Agriculture and Year 12 (page 2) Term 1 industry, 1948-1957 Learning Sequence Wider Reading Key People

th Communist States in the 20 – A long march veteran with a reputation for Chen Yun (1905-95): A long-time politburo member with C – Pearson Textbook Ben straight talking and falling out with Mao. Led the PLA in great significant influence over economic planning. He How and why did the system of land-ownership Gregory, Nigel Bushnell, Rob Korean War. Saw the suffering of . had been trained in Russia. He liked centralised control change? Owen. over the economy and drew up the Third Five-Year Pan, My Revision Notes: Edexcel restoring central control. AS/A-level History: Mao's China, 1949-76 - Andrew Flint Dr Li Zhisui (1919-95) Mao’s personal physician and Li Fuchun (1899-75): Li Fuchun was a Chinese Communist How successful were the first 5 years? Revise Edexcel GCSE (9-1) confidant. Moved to USA after Mao’s death and wrote his revolutionary and politician. He served as a Vice Premier History Mao's China Revision memoirs. Was warmly received by the USA but regarded of the People's Republic of China. Guide and Workbook: with as propaganda and banned in PRC. free online edition (Revise Edexcel GCSE History 16)

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Agrarian Reform Agrarian Reform Law China. Agrarian reform law China was implemented Sino-Soviet Split The Sino-Soviet split was the breaking of political relations between the People's Republic Law keeping in mind the factor of class struggle among the agrarian population of of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, caused by doctrinal divergences that China. arose from their different interpretations and practical applications of Marxism–Leninism, as influenced by their respective geopolitics during the Cold War. In the late 1950s and early Collectivisation Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural 1960s, Sino–Soviet debates about the interpretation of orthodox Marxism became specific production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". disputes about the USSR's policies of national de-Stalinization and international peaceful That type of collective is often an agricultural cooperative in which member- coexistence with the Western world, which Mao decried as Marxist revisionism. Against that owners jointly engage in farming activities. The process by which farmland is ideological background, China took a belligerent stance towards the West, and publicly aggregated is called collectivization. In some countries, there have been state- run and cooperative-run variants. For example, the Soviet Union ha… rejected the USSR's policy of peaceful coexistence between the Eastern bloc and the The collectivization of agriculture (nongye jitihua 农业集体化) had a much Western bloc. In addition, China resented the closer Soviet ties with India, and Moscow more severe impact on the life of Chinese, as 80 per cent of the population feared Mao was too nonchalant about the horrors of nuclear war. were still peasants. It was also a critical issue because most party cadres hailed from the countryside.

Revisionism A term of criticism used by Communists to describe any course of action that they felt betrayed communist principles. Mao frequently used it against his Utopian Socialism socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of enemies, notably Krushchev. production peacefully to the people. It was advocated by Johann Fichte and Robert Owen among others. Sputnik any of a series of man-made satellites put into orbit by the U.S.S. R. beginning in October, 1957 European Concessions in China were a group of concessions within late imperial China and during the Concessions ... Concessions in China · Concession territories · European colonisation in Asia · Former enclaves · Qing dynasty · History of the Republic of China ... Subject HISTORY Topic Mao’s China: The Cultural Year 12 (page 3) Term 2 Revolution and its aftermath

Learning Sequence Wider Reading Key People Communist States in the 20th (1907-1971): Brilliant military commander (1904-89): Headed the Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution 1966-76 C – Pearson Textbook Ben qandentered politics in 1959 replacing Peng Duhai as Group (CCRG) , which directed the Cultural Revolution Gregory, Nigel Bushnell, Rob defence minister following . He was from inside the Politburo and collaborated with Lin Biao Owen. responsible for developing Mao’s personality cult in the in putting together the Little Red Book. He had How effective were the Red Guards in carrying out the 1960s particularly through promoting The Little Red Book previously edited the party journal, The Red Flag. My Revision Notes: Edexcel Cultural Revolution? in the army. He brought the PLA closer under Mao’s AS/A-level History: Mao's control and enabled him to fend off rivals. Red Guards Purging of the Leadership China, 1949-76 - Andrew Flint (1914-91): Mao’s chief of secret police. He Revise Edexcel GCSE (9-1) was ruthless, effective and corrupt , having orchestrated History Mao's China Revision the rectification campaigns in the Yanan years and also The PLA and the winding down of the Cultural Guide and Workbook: with built up an impressive collection of antiques confiscated Revolution free online edition (Revise from his victims. He worked closely with . Edexcel GCSE History 16)

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Personality Excessive public admiration for or devotion to a famous person, especially a The Gang of Four was a political faction composed of four officials. They Cult political leader. came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution and were later charged with a series of treasonous crimes. The gang's leading figure was Jiang Qing. The other members were , Yao War- A warlord is a leader able to exercise military, economic, and political control Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen. Lordism over a subnational territory within a sovereign state due to their ability to mobilize loyal armed forces. These armed forces, usually considered militias, are loyal to the warlord rather than to the state regime. Warlords have existed Socialist The Socialist Education Movement, also known as the Four Clean-ups Movement was a movement throughout much of history, albeit in a variety of different capacities within the Education launched by Mao Zedong in 1963 in the People's Republic of China. Mao sought to remove reactionary political, economic, and social structure of states or ungoverned territories. Movement elements within the bureaucracy of the Communist Party of China, saying that "governance is also a process of socialist education." Chinese researchers have pointed out the movement resulted in at The The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central , China. It houses the least 77,560 deaths, with 5,327,350 people being persecuted. Socialist Education Movement is Forbidden Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace from the Ming regarded as the precursor of the Cultural Revolution City dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty (the years 1420 to 1912). The Forbidden City served as the home of emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government for almost 500 years. Marxist Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a Theory materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Bad Classes During the period of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) in the People's Friedrich Engels. Marxism has developed into many different branches and schools of thought, with Republic of China, Mao Zedong identified groups that he considered enemies of the result that there is now no single definitive Marxist theory. the Revolution. The phrase Five Black Categories referred to the following five political identities. These groups were: Landlords Rich farmers Rustication During China's Cultural Revolution, Chairman Mao Zedong's "rustication program" resettled 17 Counter-revolutionaries Programme million urban youths, known as "sent downs," to the countryside for manual labour and socialist Bad-influencers reeducation. Subject HISTORY Topic Mao’s China: Social and Cultural Year 12 (page 4) Term 2 Changes 1949-76

Key People Learning Sequence Wider Reading Deng Yulan: work ethic Zhou Yougang: (13 January 1906 – 14 January 2017), also known as Chou Yu-kuang To what extent did the lives and status of women attracted Women’s or Chou Yao-ping, was a Chinese economist, banker, linguist, sinologist, publisher, Communist States in the 20th change 1949-76? Federation who were on and supercentenarian, known as the "father of ",[1]2][3] a system for the writing C – Pearson Textbook Ben lookout for suitable role of Mandarin Chinese in Roman script, or romanization, which was officially adopted Gregory, Nigel Bushnell, Rob Changes to health and education provision. models. Won numerous by the government of the People's Republic of China in 1958, the International Owen. awards. She met Mao but was Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1982, and the United Nations in 1986.[3][4] never given the propaganda Chinese Culture coverage of her male My Revision Notes: Edexcel counterparts. AS/A-level History: Mao's Religion China, 1949-76 - Andrew Flint Jung Chang: Jung Chang is a Jiang Qing: also known as Madame Mao, was a Chinese Communist Revolutionary, Chinese-born British writer actress, and major political figure during the Cultural Revolution. She was the fourth Revise Edexcel GCSE (9-1) now living in London, best wife of Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Communist Party and Paramount leader History Mao's China Revision known for her family of China. She used the stage name Lan Ping during her acting career, and was Revision for end of unit Guide and Workbook: with autobiography Wild Swans, known by many other names. She married Mao in Yan'an in November 1938 and free online edition (Revise selling over 10 million copies served as the inaugural "First Lady" of the People's Republic of China. Jiang Qing exam Edexcel GCSE History 16) worldwide but banned in the was best known for playing a major role in the Cultural Revolution and for forming People's Republic of China the radical political alliance known as the "Gang of Four".

Key Terms Definitions Key Terms Definitions

Confucianism Confucianism is often characterized as a system of social and ethical philosophy Polygamy Polygamy is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to rather than a religion. In fact, Confucianism built on an ancient religious foundation more than one wife at a time, sociologists call this polygyny. When a woman is to establish the social values, institutions, and transcendent ideals of traditional married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If a marriage Chinese society. includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called a group marriage

Patriarchal Male dominated society Work points At least since 1957, the basic system of incentives in Chinese agriculture has been based on a point system. Each task is assigned a certain number of points and the Feudal What is Feudalism? Chinese feudalism is a political and economic system of Europe output outa work team is divided between members proportionally to the number of from 1122 BC to 256 BC. It was the system used from the Zhou Dynasty to the Qin points they have acquired. Dynasty. It became known as the feudal period because of the relationships between the lords, sometimes known as landlords, vassals and fiefs. Proletarian The working people Bride Price In traditional Chinese culture, an auspicious date is selected to ti qin (simplified Chinese: 提亲; traditional Chinese: 提親; literally: 'propose marriage'), where both Agit-prop touring Agitprop from Russian: Agitpróp, portmanteau of "agitation" and "propaganda")[1] is families will meet to discuss the amount of the bride price (Chinese: 聘金; pinyin: groups political propaganda, especially the communist propaganda used in Soviet Russia, pìn jīn) demanded, among other things. that is spread to the general public through popular media such as literature, plays, pamphlets, films, and other art forms with an explicitly political message Concubinage Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship between a man and a woman in which the couple are not or cannot be married.