DOCSLIB.ORG

Access to History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Access to History access to history China 1839-1997 MICHAEL LYNCH �o��B��� '-1 LEARN MORE DYNAMIC LEARNING China 1839-1997 is available as a Student eTextbook. Student eTextbooks are downloadable versions of the printed textbooks that teachers can assign to students. Students can: • Download and view them on any device or browser • Add, edit and synchronise notes across two devices • Access their personal copy on the move Find out more and sign up for a free trial -visit: www.hoddereducation.eo.uk/dynamiclearning access to history China 1839-1997 MICHAEL LYNCH access to history China 1839-1997 MICHAEL LYNCH HODDER i7 EDUCATION AN HACHETTE UK COMPANY In memory of Brian Peter Lynch (1933-2015) Acknowledgements: are listed on page 322. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK's policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400454. Lines are open 9.00a.m.-5.00p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk ©Michael Lynch First published in 2016 by Hodder Education An Hachette UK Company Carmelite House, 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y ODZ Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EON 8TS. Cover photo© Photos 12/Aiamy Produced, illustrated and typeset in Palatino LT Std by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CRO 4Y Y A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1471839184 Contents CHAPTER 1 China 1839-60 1 1 The nature of Manchu rule 1 2 The Opium Wars 8 3 Rebellions and the Qing response to them 17 CHAPTER 2 The opening of China to foreigners 1860-1901 22 1 Missionaries in China 22 2 The self-strengthening movement 26 3 The Sino-Japanese War 1894-5 32 4 The Boxer Uprising 1898-1900 34 CHAPTER 3 Defeat and revolution 1901-25 47 1 The downfall of the Manchu dynasty 1901-11 48 2 Key debate 55 3 The rule of Yuan Shikai 1912-16 56 4 Warlord China 61 5 The 4 May Movement 1919-27 63 6 The Nationalists (GMD) under Sun Yatsen 1912-25 67 7 The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 69 CHAPTER 4 Nationalists and Communists 1924-45 73 1 The GMD-CCP United Front 1924-7 73 2 The Communists under Mao Zedong 81 3 The Guomindang under JiangJieshi (Chiang Kaishek) 89 CHAPTER 5 The Japanese threat and Communist takeover 1931-49 101 1 The Japanese occupation of China 1931-7 102 2 The Sino-Japanese War 1937-41 106 3 The Sino-Japanese War 1941-5 116 4 The Communist takeover 1945-9 121 CHAPTER 6 China and the wider world 1949-76 129 1 The PRC's international position and regional issues 130 2 The PRC's relations with the USA 131 3 The PRC's relations with the Soviet Union 136 4 The impact of the Cultural Revolution on external affairs 149 CHAPTER 7 Government, economy and society under Mao after 1949 154 1 Government of China under Mao after 1949 154 2 Key debate 161 3 The economy: industry 163 4 The economy: agriculture 172 5 Social change under Mao 178 v Contents CHAPTERS The Cultural Revolution 1966-76 187 1 Origins: the power struggle 1962- 6 188 2 The course of the Cultural Revolution 195 3 The Red Guards 202 4 The PLA and the last stage of the Cultural Revolution 208 5 The effects of the Cultural Revolution 215 6 Key debate 223 CHAPTER 9 Deng Xiaoping 228 1 The power struggle after Mao's death 228 2 Economic reform: Deng's Four Modernisations 234 3 Political repression and the pro-democracy movement 1979-89 241 e:MQd;lialChina and the wider world 1978-97 252 1 China as a regional power in Asia 252 2 Reconciliation with old enemies 257 3 The PRC and Hong Kong 260 4 China's membership of international organisations 264 CHAPTER 11 Concluding survey 271 1 The government and rulers of China 1839-1997 271 2 The economy and the growth of industry 1839-1997 273 3 Society in China 1839-1997 276 4 China and the wider world 1839-1997 278 5 Ideologies and individuals behind economic growth 1860-1997 280 Study guide 285 Glossary of Chinese names 305 Glossary of terms 306 Further reading 314 Index 317 Dedication Keith Randell (1943-2002) The Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to 'cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be'. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies. vi China 1839-60 In 1839, China was an antique empire ruled by the Manchu dynasty. Politically and socially conservative, it considered itself superior to all other nations. Yet within 30 years it had been forced by stronger Western powers to surrender much of its independence and key parts of its territory to them. These developments and the shock they caused to the Chinese are the subject of this chapter, which studies the material under the following headings: * The nature of Manchu rule * The Opium Wars * Rebellions and the Qing response to them Key dates 2200sc Beginning of China's recorded 1841 Convention of Ch'uan-pi history 1842 Treaty of Nanjing 551-479sc Life of Confucius 1850 Beginning of Taiping Rebellion 1644 Beginning of Manchu rule of China 1794 McCartney's mission to China 1856-60 Second Opium War 1839-42 First Opium War 1860 Treaty of Tianjin The nature of Manchu rule �I What were the distinctive characteristics of Manchu China? L----------------------------------------------------------· � KEYTERMS Recorded history in China dates from around 2200Bc and is customarily measured by reference to the fifteen imperial dynasties which ruled from Imperial dynasties Rule by that time until the early twentieth century AD. In 1839, the reigning emperor heredrtary emperors belonging was a member of the Manchu house, the last dynasty to rule China before the to a particular house. overthrow of the imperial system in the revolution of 1911 (see page 48). Manchu Also known as the Qing, the last imperial dynasty The Manchu (Qing) dynasty (I 644-191 I). There was an oddity about the position of the Manchus as emperors of China. As their name indicates, they came from Manchuria, a large north-eastern 1 China 1839-1997 state that originally lay outside China. Strictly speaking, therefore, the rule of the Manchu was the imposition of foreign authority over China. It is true that the Manchu came to absorb so many aspects of Chinese culture that to the outside observer it seemed that the different peoples were indistinguishable. Nevertheless, the majority Han Chinese never lost their sense of being subject to alien rulers, which explains why when Chinese nationalism began to develop in the nineteenth century it often expressed itself in the form of anti-Manchu agitation. An interesting example of this was the symbolic cutting off by the Chinese of their pigtails, the traditional Manchu hairstyle which had been imposed upon them. Imperial rule The emperor was the principal ruler and magistrate, entitled to complete obedience from his subjects and government officials. The imperial title was hereditary and claimed an absolute authority. The right to hold such authority l � KEY FIGURE was based on a fundamental feature of Chinese political and social thinking: Confucianism, a set of ideas drawn from the teaching of the philosopher Confucius (551-479ac) Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479sc. The Latinised name of the Chinese scholar Kong Fuzi, Confucianism whose ideas influenced China Confucianism is sometimes loosely defined as a religion, but this is misleading. for thousands of years and Confucius was not a religious thinker. It was this world and the people within continue to shape Chinese it that mattered. His basic principle was that unless people lived an ordered life, thinking today. social harmony would be impossible to achieve and chaos and conflict would follow. To achieve harmony and order it was necessary that society should be � KEVTERM structured in accordance with four essential rules.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contemporary China: a Book List
    PRINCETON UNIVERSITY: Woodrow Wilson School, Politics Department, East Asian Studies Program CONTEMPORARY CHINA: A BOOK LIST by Lubna Malik and Lynn White Winter 2007-2008 Edition This list is available on the web at: http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinabib.pdf which can be viewed and printed with an Adobe Acrobat Reader. Variation of font sizes may cause pagination to differ slightly in the web and paper editions. No list of books can be totally up-to-date. Please surf to find further items. Also consult http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinawebs.doc for clicable URLs. This list of items in English has several purposes: --to help advise students' course essays, junior papers, policy workshops, and senior theses about contemporary China; --to supplement the required reading lists of courses on "Chinese Development" and "Chinese Politics," for which students may find books to review in this list; --to provide graduate students with a list that may suggest books for paper topics and may slightly help their study for exams in Chinese politics; a few of the compiler's favorite books are starred on the list, but not much should be made of this because such books may be old or the subjects may not meet present interests; --to supplement a bibliography of all Asian serials in the Princeton Libraries that was compiled long ago by Frances Chen and Maureen Donovan; many of these are now available on the web,e.g., from “J-Stor”; --to suggest to book selectors in the Princeton libraries items that are suitable for acquisition; to provide a computerized list on which researchers can search for keywords of interests; and to provide a resource that many teachers at various other universities have also used.
    [Show full text]
  • Xin Huang Dissertation April 12
    THE LEGACY OF THE MAOIST GENDER PROJECT IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA by Xin Huang M.A., Institute of Social Studies, 2002 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Women’s and Gender Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2010 ©Xin Huang, 2010 ABSTRACT This study examines various ways in which the Maoist gender project manifests itself in Chinese women’s lives today, as conveyed by a range of women currently living in Beijing. Oral histories were collected from fifteen women, four of whom were selected for in-depth analysis using a method informed by narrative studies and feminist approaches to women’s auto/bio/graphy. Judith Butler’s ideas on gender as performative serve as a framework to examine these individual negotiations with changing models of femininity, and the first chapter presents a critical account of the limits and applicability of her theory in this specific transnational context. The four following chapters provide detailed, contextualized analysis of these particular performances of gender in relation to the Maoist model woman (fun!, or socialist labourer), whose presence remains in the shadow of the currently preferred n!xing (feminine, consumer-oriented woman), while the even older pre-revolutionary devoted wife and mother remains in the background. Their gender performances bring out the intersections of physical embodiment and the construction of subjectivity through discourse. Analysis of the content of each story is complemented by a discussion of the structure and language of their narratives, including an innovative interviewing method of “telling and retelling”.
    [Show full text]
  • Cities and Stability
    Cities and Stability Cities and Stability Urbanization, Redistribution, and Regime Survival in China JEREMY L. WALLACE 1 3 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wallace, Jeremy L. Cities and stability : urbanization, redistribution, & regime survival in China / Jeremy L. Wallace. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978–0–19–937898–2 (hardback : alk.
    [Show full text]
  • Mao's War on Women
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-2019 Mao’s War on Women: The Perpetuation of Gender Hierarchies Through Yin-Yang Cosmology in the Chinese Communist Propaganda of the Mao Era, 1949-1976 Al D. Roberts Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, Al D., "Mao’s War on Women: The Perpetuation of Gender Hierarchies Through Yin-Yang Cosmology in the Chinese Communist Propaganda of the Mao Era, 1949-1976" (2019). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7530. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7530 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MAO’S WAR ON WOMEN: THE PERPETUATION OF GENDER HIERARCHIES THROUGH YIN-YANG COSMOLOGY IN THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA OF THE MAO ERA, 1949-1976 by Al D. Roberts A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Clayton Brown, Ph.D. Julia Gossard, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Li Guo, Ph.D. Dominic Sur, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member _______________________________________ Richard S. Inouye, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2019 ii Copyright © Al D. Roberts 2019 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Mao’s War on Women: The Perpetuation of Gender Hierarchies Through Yin-Yang Cosmology in the Chinese Communist Propaganda of the Mao Era, 1949-1976 by Al D.
    [Show full text]
  • Clothing and Post-Mao Reforms: the Tutoring Role of Chinese Fashion Magazines, 1980-1986
    CLOTHING AND POST-MAO REFORMS: THE TUTORING ROLE OF CHINESE FASHION MAGAZINES, 1980-1986. by Rhea V. Low B.A., The University of British Columbia, 2000 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDTES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July 2002 (C) Rhea V. Low, 2002 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of j- iSt~opj The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date Auy. °i , 2fl05 DE-6 (2/88) Abstract Beginning in 1978, the People's Republic of China embarked on new economic reforms that aimed to modernize the country. It wanted to convey that in sharp contrast to the radical, turbulent, ultra leftist days of the Cultural Revolution, the post-Mao period has been experiencing higher consumption levels, greater material progress, and modern living. An area that has been strongly influenced by this message about China's shift in policy and direction is clothing. As a case study, two state-run fashion magazines produced in China between the years 1980 to 1986 have been analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions
    THE BEDFORD SERIES IN HISfORY AND CULTURE Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions A Brief History with Documents Related Titles in THE BEDFORD SERIES IN HISTORY AND CULTURE Advisory Editors: Natalie Zemon Davis, Princeton University Ernest R. May, Harvard University Lynn Hunt, University of California at Los Angeles David W. Blight, Amherst College The japanese Discovery ofAmerica: A Brief History with Documents Peter Duus, Stanford University Schools and Students in Industrial Society: japan and the West, 1870-1940 Peter N. Stearns, Carnegie Mellon University Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War: A Brief History with Documents and Essays Akira lriye, Harvard University My Lai: A Brief History with Documents James S. Olson, Sam Houston State University, and Randy Roberts, Purdue University THE BEDFORD SERIES IN HISTORY AND CULTURE Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions A Brief History with Documents Timothy Cheek University of British Columbia palgrave *MAO ZEDONG AND CHINA'S REVOLUTIONS, by Timothy Cheek The library of Congress has catalogued the paperback edition as follows: 2001097845 Copyright© Bedford/St. Martin's 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 978-0-312-29429-8 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information, address: PALGRAVE, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 First published by PALGRAVE, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE is the new global imprint of St. Martin's Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Did Chinese Youth Get Swept up in the Cultural Revolution?
    Cultural Revolution Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Why did Chinese youth get swept up in the Cultural Revolution? Materials: • Cultural Revolution PowerPoint • Cultural Revolution Timeline • Cultural Revolution Documents A-D Plan of Instruction: 1. Introduction: Today we are going to study the Cultural Revolution in China, which occurred between 1966 and 1976. In particular, we’re going to look at a group of youth called the Red Guards who were responsible for much of the violence and abuse of the Cultural Revolution. 2. Project PPT slide 1. Tell students this photograph was taken in February 1967. It shows Red Guards displaying leaders of “Anti-Revolutionary Groups.” Ask students what they see in the image. • What are the Red Guards doing? (Answer: Harassing or punishing people.) • What are the punishments? (Answer: Wearing dunce caps; handled with force.) • Where are they being punished? (Answer: In public, in front of a large crowd.) Explain to students that many of the people targeted by Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution were teachers and professors. Project PPT slide 2. Explain that this is a propaganda poster from the Cultural Revolution and ask students what they see in the image: • What objects are in the foreground? (Answer: Religious icons, literature, film reels. If you look very closely you see “USA” on one of the books.) • What might these symbolize? (Answer: Old traditions -- religion, literature, capitalism, and imperialism.) • What is happening to these objects or symbols? (Answer: The Red Guards are destroying them.) • Whose picture is on the flag? (Answer: Mao Zedong.) • How are the Red Guards depicted? (Answer: They are depicted as valiant.
    [Show full text]
  • ART in TURMOIL
    ART in TURMOIL King hi_res.pdf 1 12/21/2009 3:15:46 PM Contemporary Chinese Studies This series, a joint initiative of UBC Press and the UBC Institute of Asian Research, Centre for Chinese Research, seeks to make available the best scholarly work on contemporary China. Volumes cover a wide range of subjects related to China, Tai- wan, and the overseas Chinese world. Glen Peterson, The Power of Words: Literacy and Revolution in South China, 1949-95 Wing Chung Ng, The Chinese in Vancouver: The Pursuit of Power and Identity, 1945-80 Yijiang Ding, Chinese Democracy after Tiananmen Diana Lary and Stephen MacKinnon, eds., Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China Eliza W.Y. Lee, ed., Gender and Change in Hong Kong: Globalization, Postcolonialism, and Chinese Patriarchy Christopher A. Reed, Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876-1937 James A. Flath, The Cult of Happiness: Nianhua, Art, and History in Rural North China Erika E.S. Evasdottir, Obedient Autonomy: Chinese Intellectuals and the Achievement of Orderly Life Hsiao-ting Lin, Tibet and Nationalist China’s Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49 Xiaoping Cong, Teachers’ Schools in the Making of the Modern Chinese Nation- State, 1897-1937 Diana Lary, ed., The Chinese State at the Borders Norman Smith, Resisting Manchukuo: Chinese Women Writers and the Japanese Occupation Hasan H. Karrar, The New Silk Road Diplomacy: China’s Central Asian Foreign Policy since the Cold War King hi_res.pdf 2 12/21/2009 3:16:06 PM ART in TURMOIL The Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966-76 Edited by Richard King With Ralph Croizier, Shengtian Zheng, and Scott Watson King hi_res.pdf 3 12/21/2009 3:16:06 PM © UBC Press 2010 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Memory and Cultural Trauma in Red Guard Autobiographies
    Remembering in Memoirs: Collective Memory and Cultural Trauma in Red Guard Autobiographies by Xuan (Jossie) Duan Bachelor of Arts, Guangzhou University (China), 2018 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Pacific and Asian Studies © Xuan (Jossie) Duan, 2021 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Remembering in Memoirs: Collective Memory and Cultural Trauma in Red Guard Autobiographies by Xuan (Jossie) Duan Bachelor of Arts, Guangzhou University (China), 2018 Supervisory Committee Dr. Angie Chau, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Supervisor Dr. Sujin Lee, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Angie Chau, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Supervisor Dr. Sujin Lee, Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Departmental Member China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) deeply wounded the collective identity of the nation’s population, as it caused dramatic chaos and violence in every social arena, bringing the country into a decade-long crisis. In the 1980s and 1990s, a wave of autobiographical works was published in China and overseas, commemorating the authors’ (mainly former Red Guards) participation in the Cultural Revolution and post-1968 Rustication Movement (1968-1980). Focusing on the Red Guards, the main participants of the movements, this research inquiries how autobiographical works reflect the impacts of their direct engagement in the history on their self-identification. This study applies a theoretical framework combining Maurice Halbwachs’s insights into collective memory and Jeffrey C.
    [Show full text]
  • Mao in Question
    Mao in Question https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article856 China Mao in Question - IV Online magazine - 2005 - IV369 - July-August 2005 - Publication date: Wednesday 17 August 2005 Copyright © International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine - All rights reserved Copyright © International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine Page 1/7 Mao in Question Thirty years ago this book would have been dismissed as a work of anti-Communist fantasy, not just by people in the Communist movement, but by most of the left and even many liberals. But since the death of Mao Tse-tung in 1976, and especially since the defeat of the âEurosÜGang of Four' and the coming to power of Deng Xiao-ping in 1978, much more of the real story of Mao and the Chinese Communist Party in the struggle for power and exercising power has become known. Little of this story reveals Mao, Maoism or the Chinese Communist Party in a positive light. Jung Chang, author of the best-selling Wild Swans, and Jon Halliday, formerly the East Asian expert of the New Left Review editorial board, spent 10 years researching and writing this book. Their sources are not just written records and memoirs, but hundreds of interviews with participants, in China itself and internationally. If even 20% of the facts about the modus operandi of the CCP and Mao [1] presented in this book are true (and that's an absolute minimum) it is going to force many leftists - even those who were always critical of Mao and Maoism - to re-evaluate their views. It seems obvious now that many of the opinions expressed in the pre-1976 period, even by critical Marxists, let alone Maoists and liberal Mao groupies like Edgar Snow and William Hinton [2], were wildly optimistic about the regime in general, its attitude to the popular masses, its alleged âEurosÜegalitarianism' and the supposedly radical and revolutionary forces within sections of the student youth and workers during the Cultural Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Sent-Down Body‖ Remembers: Contemporary Chinese Immigrant Women‘S Visual and Literary Narratives
    The ―Sent-Down Body‖ Remembers: Contemporary Chinese Immigrant Women‘s Visual and Literary Narratives Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Dong Li Isbister, M.A. Graduate Program in Women‘s Studies. The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Linda Mizejewski, Advisor Sally Kitch, Co-advisor Rebecca Wanzo Judy Wu Copyright by Dong Li Isbister 2009 Abstract In this dissertation, I use contemporary Chinese immigrant women‘s visual and literary narratives to examine gender, race, ethnicity, migration, immigration, and sexual experiences in various power discourses from a transnational perspective. In particular, I focus on the relationship between body memories and history, culture, migration and immigration portrayed in these works. I develop and define ―the sent-down body,‖ a term that describes educated Chinese urban youths (also called sent-down youths in many studies) working in the countryside during the Chinese Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). The ―sent-down body‖ in this context and in my analysis is the politicized and sexualized migrant body. The term also describes previous sent-down youths‘ immigration experiences in the United States, because many of them became immigrants in the post-Cultural Revolution era and are usually described as ―overseas sent-down youths‖ (yangchadui). Therefore, the ―sent-down body‖ is also the immigrant body, and it is racialized. Moreover, the ―sent-down body‖ is gendered, but I study the female ―sent-down body‖ and its represented experiences in specific political, historical, cultural, and sexual contexts. By using ―the sent-down body‖ as an organizing concept in my dissertation, I introduce a new category of analysis in studies of Chinese immigrants‘ history and culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conclusive Scene: Mao and the Red Guards in July 1968 Alessandro Russo
    The Conclusive Scene: Mao and the Red Guards in July 1968 Alessandro Russo positions: east asia cultures critique, Volume 13, Number 3, Winter 2005, pp. 535-574 (Article) Published by Duke University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/190199 Access provided by Columbia University (13 Sep 2017 19:42 GMT) The Conclusive Scene: Mao and the Red Guards in July 1968 Alessandro Russo In the very early hours of July 28, 1968, some of the most famous figures of the subjective turbulence that in the two previous years had invested the fundamental conditions of politics in China—the Red Guards and the Mao- ist leaders—met in a long and dramatic face-to-face meeting, a transcript of which was kept in such a deliberately meticulous way that even the emo- tional tones of the dialogue were recorded.1 The result, thanks to compilers endowed with a remarkable literary culture (probably one or more of Mao’s secretaries), is much more than the bare proceedings of the meeting. One would be inclined to call it rather a theatrical pièce whose “authors” are the “characters” themselves. These characters were subjective figures who met in the final moment of the political situation in which their existence is grounded. As of the next day, the situation would be totally different—the Red Guards would not exist anymore as independent organizations, and positions 13:3 © 2005 by Duke University Press. positions 13:3 Winter 2005 536 in the following months they would be dissolved, with consequences that would unavoidably rebound on Mao and on his allies.
    [Show full text]