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Water Resources CHAPTER 12 WATER RESOURCES and changeable. More investment will INTRODUCTION need to be put on water demand management and conservation in order to 12.1 Botswana is a country with scarce reduce overuse, resource wastage which water resources, both surface and can include water losses of more than 30% groundwater. Vision 2016 recognizes this in some water supply schemes. problem and states that by the year 2016, Botswana must have a national water 12.3 This chapter sets out the path development and distribution strategy that towards meeting Batswana’s aspirations will make water affordable and accessible on water in 2016. It outlines the policy to all, including those who live in small changes, strategies and projects necessary and remote settlements. It goes on further in NDP 9 in order to make vision 2016 a to state that Batswana must use water as reality. efficientlyaspossiblebyusingwater efficient technology and various water Institutional Framework conservation techniques such as water harvesting from rooftops, and that it must 12.4 Water resources management, play a full part in negotiating and which in this context includes all activities promoting international agreements from planning and development up to concerning water usage and storage at a water delivery at the customer end, is the regional level, to provide a buffer against responsibility of a number of institutions, localised drought, which is not an which include but are not limited to the uncommon phenomenon in Botswana. following key players; Department of This vision is consistent with the SADC Water Affairs (DWA), Water Utilities vision for water, which envisions the Corporation (WUC), Department of utilisation of the regions water resources in Geological Survey (DGS), Ministry of an equitable and reasonable manner. Local Government (MLG), District Councils, National Conservation Strategy 12.2 In the past, because of the level of (Coordinating) Agency (NCSA) and the infrastructural development, Botswana’s new Department of Sanitation and Waste water resources management approach Management (DSWM) established in NDP was based on what is called the ‘water 8. supply management paradigm’. This paradigm is based primarily on the tenet 12.5 The Ministry of Minerals, Energy that water needs are requirements which and Water Resources (MMEWR) has must be met and consequently it is focused overall responsibility for policy in the on development of new sources and water sector. Within MMEWR, the structures in an attempt to manipulate the Department of Water Affairs has the world’s water resources to meet perceived responsibility for national planning and/or water needs. The reality is that water is a water allocation. This task involves finite resource and no amount of making decisions about which next major manipulation can change that fact. In source of water should be brought on line NDP 9, there will be need for a shift and to supply which part of the country. towards a paradigm, which considers Through a bilateral cooperation project water needs as demands that are variable between the Government of Botswana and 216 the Danish Government carried out in Government focusing on smaller NDP 8, DWA has also now been upgrading works in between the major designated the national focal point for rehabilitation works, pending a decision on water conservation in Botswana. rearrangement of the water sector based on the results of the National Water Master 12.6 In the area of water resources Plan (NWMP) review. development (i.e. construction of dams and wellfields, water transfer from source to 12.9 In order to facilitate efficiency and user point, and water reticulation at the effectiveness, the whole arrangement of end user point) the Water Utilities water supply authorities in Botswana will Corporation is responsible for be reviewed in early NDP 9. The current development of infrastructure and water arrangement in which there can be up to supply to urban centres and other areas as four water supply authorities in a relatively may be designated by the Minister, while small area from a water distribution point development work aimed at rural villages of view, e.g. Gaborone (WUC), Tlokweng is mainly shared between DWA and MLG. and Mogoditshane (DWA), and Gabane, The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible Mmopane and Metsimotlhabe (Kweneng for constructing small dams targeted District Council), Oodi, Morwa and etc., mainly for agricultural use. (Kgatleng District Council), amounts to promotion of inefficient use of resources 12.7 In NDP 8, whereas DWA was and is not focused on delivering good responsible for development of sources of quality service to the customer but respect supply (dams and wellfields), supported by for historical institutional mandates and DGS in the case of wellfield development, district boundaries. In order to realise and the construction of water reticulation Vision 2016, this situation will need schemes for almost all rural villages, urgent attention in early NDP 9. MLG’s main responsibility remained concentrated on operating and maintaining 12.10 The decision to transfer wastewater small to medium rural village water supply responsibilities to the Ministry of Local schemes through Water Units located in Government (MLG) was partially effected the District Councils. While the gradual in NDP 8 with the establishment of the take-over of the operation and Department of Sanitation and Waste maintenance responsibilities for the 17 Management (DSWM). Complete transfer major village water supplies by the District of all wastewater responsibilities including Councils was proposed in NDP 8, this planning and construction of wastewater responsibility remained with DWA. This facilities will be achieved in early NDP 9. situation is likely to continue throughout DWA will only focus on completing NDP 9 as the District Councils could ongoing projects in NDP 9. hardly cope with the operation and maintenance of schemes already under REVIEW OF THE WATER SECTOR their responsibility and called on DWA for PERFORMANCE DURING NDP 8 assistance on numerous occasions and thus also putting a significant strain on DWA’s 12.11 During NDP 8, Government had limited manpower resources. two aims in the water sector: a. To meet the water requirements of the 12.8 The design and construction of new population through provision of a village water supply schemes including clean, reliable and affordable water major rehabilitation works on existing supply, which is available to all, and schemes will continue to be done by DWA in NDP 9, with Ministry of Local 217 b. To meet water requirements for overstretched in some areas to industrial, mining, agricultural, accommodate these cases. wildlife, commercial and institutional users in order to achieve the major 12.15 In accordance with WUC Act, the aims of rapid economic growth and Corporation provides primary sustained development. infrastructure and requires developers to provide secondary infrastructure. Whilst These aims will continue to be valid this may appear to be very clear, major throughout NDP 9 as they are in perfect problems were experienced in NDP 8, with alignment with Vision 2016. the servicing of land in WUC statutory areas, which is a responsibility of either Urban Water Supply and Demand Government or private land owners. The problems were mainly due to lack of 12.12 Water Utilities Corporation (WUC) standard procedures guiding developers in supplies water to six urban/mining centres both State land and private-owned land. in Botswana. WUC took over Phase 1 Plots were allocated in areas that are not assets of the North South Carrier Water serviced and as a result plot owners had to Project (NSCWP), for operation and endure the frustration of not getting water maintenance during NDP 8, and this supply connections. tripled the asset base of the Corporation leading to significant increases in urban 12.16 This situation will need to be water supply tariffs in order to recover addressed in NDP 9, as quite clearly, it is investment costs. the customers in the end, who suffer, and not WUC or the other government 12.13 Despite the intermittent drought agencies involved. Such an approach to during NDP 8, WUC was able to supply land allocation is also not consistent with all its customers without any need for other broader national goals such as water supply restrictions throughout NDP attracting foreign investment into 8. The transfer of water from Letsibogo Botswana, as investors get very Dam under the NSCWP improved the discouraged by delays in obtaining basic water resources situation significantly for services such as water after being allocated the Greater Gaborone Area, surrounding land. This could easily be avoided by villages and villages along the ensuring that land is properly serviced Gaborone/Lobatse corridor. before allocation. 12.14 WUC experienced a further 12.17 An average increase in water increase in demand during NDP 8 from demand of 16% was recorded by the Water peri-urban villages and some villages Utilities Corporation (WUC) between along the NSCWP. These are areas, which 1998 and 1999, dropping to 4% between fall outside WUC statutory area of supply 2000 and 2001. This trend was caused by and were connected to the urban water the tariff increase and standpipe supply infrastructure following upgrades disconnection. Table 12.1 summarise the of the urban water supply infrastructure Corporation’s performance during the first that did not include them. Thus the half of NDP 8. existing WUC infrastructure was 218 Table 12.1 Performance Indicators for Water Utilities Corporation1996/97 – 2000/01 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 Total water sales 106m3 25,5 27,7 23,3 35,6 37,2 New connections made 4,187 2,137 4,215 1,865 4,928 (No.) Total connections in 40,532 42,669 46,884 48,749 53, 677 service Total assets in millions of 431.5 1,091.1 1,616.1 1,807.0 1,991.4 Pula Average tariff (constant) 3.50 4.06 4.74 5.31 6.22 Pula/K1 Source: Water Utilities Corporation 12.18 In anticipation of further growth in due to shortage of staff and financial demand, particularly in Francistown, constraints.
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