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Plastic Waste Discharges from Rivers And Public Disclosure Authorized East Asia and Pacific Region: MARINE PLASTICS SERIES Plastic Waste Discharges FROM RIVERS AND COASTLINES IN INDONESIA Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Citation: World Bank 2021. Plastic Waste Discharges from Rivers and Coastlines in Indonesia. Marine Plastics Series, East Asia and Pacific Region. Washington DC. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Cover photo: AdobeStock / PhotoSpirit. Further permission required for reuse. Plastic Waste Discharges FROM RIVERS AND COASTLINES IN INDONESIA CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................................10 Acronyms and Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................11 Foreword ...............................................................................................................................................................13 Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................................................14 Section 1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 18 1.1 The Challenge of Plastic Pollution in Indonesia ..................................................................................18 1.2 How is Indonesia Responding? ................................................................................................................18 1.3 Rivers as Main Pathways of Plastic Waste ........................................................................................19 1.4 About this Report .......................................................................................................................................20 1.4.1 Objectives and value added of the study...........................................................................................................20 1.4.2 Scope of the study ...................................................................................................................................................20 Section 2. Approach to Assess Plastic Pollution from Source to Sea .......................................................................................................................22 2.1 General Approach and Definitions ......................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Modeling Mismanaged Plastic Waste from Land-Based Sources ............................................ 26 2.2.1 Solid waste material flow and estimation of MPW ....................................................................................... 27 2.2.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................................28 2.3 Modeling Wash-off of Plastic Waste into Waterways and Transport in Rivers ....................36 2.3.1 Rainfall and rivers in Indonesia ............................................................................................................................36 2.3.2 Hydrology as a driver for transport of plastic waste ...................................................................................36 2.3.3 Coastal zones and small islands .........................................................................................................................40 Section 3.Results .................................................................................................43 3.1 Assessment of Mismanaged Plastic Waste from Land-Based Sources .................................. 43 3.1.1 Plastic waste generated ..........................................................................................................................................43 3.1.2 Final destination of plastic waste generated ..................................................................................................45 3.1.3 MPW available for wash-off .................................................................................................................................. 47 3.1.4 Examples: Detailed results for selected kabupaten/kota............................................................................49 3.1.5 Detailed analysis of critical areas contributing to MPW ..............................................................................51 3.2 Estimation of Plastic Discharges from Rivers and Coastal Areas ............................................56 3.2.1 Wash-off of MPW from land into waterways .................................................................................................56 3.2.2 Transport and fate of MPW in rivers ................................................................................................................. 57 3.2.3 Plastic discharges from rivers into the marine environment .................................................................... 57 3.2.4 Seasonal and daily variations of plastic discharges by rivers ..................................................................60 3.2.5 Estimation of MPW leakages from coastal areas and small islands ......................................................63 4 | Plastic Waste Discharges from Rivers and Coastlines in Indonesia 3.2.6 National baseline: Plastic discharges from land-based sources ..............................................................63 3.2.7 Examples: Diffuse and point sources of MPW in a catchment in Java ...................................................65 3.2.8 Analysis of top catchments in Indonesia .........................................................................................................67 3.3 Validation of Results ................................................................................................................................ 79 3.3.1 Data quality and assurance to estimate land-based sources of MPW ..................................................79 3.3.2 Modeling reliability and knowledge gaps affecting plastic waste wash-off, transport and discharge estimates ...................................................................................................................................................80 3.3.3 Comparison with previous complementary estimates ................................................................................81 3.3.4 Confidence and validation of results .................................................................................................................83 3.3.5 Appraisal of data and assumptions ..................................................................................................................83 Section 4. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................... 88 4.1 Conclusions of the Assessment .............................................................................................................88 4.2 Recommendations for Policy and Future Investments ...................................................................91 4.3 Improving Assessments of Plastic Waste Flow and Leakages from Land-Based Sources ................................................................................................................................................................ 97 4.3.1 Concrete actions to address data limitations and uncertainties .............................................................97 4.3.2 Regular monitoring of key plastic waste indicators ....................................................................................99 4.4 Improving Modeling of Plastic Waste Discharges by Rivers and from Coastal Areas ......100 4.4.1 Knowledge of plastic behavior and fate in rivers .........................................................................................100
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