J. Noorduyn Further topographical notes on the Ferry Charter of 1358, with appendices on Djipang and Bodjanegara In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 124 (1968), no: 4, Leiden, 460-481 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 09:59:53PM via free access FURTHER TOPOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE FERRY CHARTER OF 1358 WITH APPENDICES ON D JIPANG AND BODJANEGARA he reason for undertaking the topgraphical research which resulted in the present article was the recent discoveq of an TOld Sundanese palm-leaf MS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford in which the wanderings of a Hindu-Sundanese hermit through West, Centra1 and East Java are de5cribed.l This te&, which may provision- ally be dated about 1500, cmtains much interesting information about the geography of Java at that time. On the olther hand, an adequate translation and annotation d this piece of Old Sundanese literature, written in a language which as yet has hardly been studied, proved to present quite a few problerns and to require a great deal of prepara- tory research. The present ahicle, therefore, is concerned with only one piece of information from this text, viz. .the fact that in it the Solo River is called Ci (= River) Wuluyu, a name which is strikingly similar to that of the ferry d Wulayu mentioned at the end of the list of ferries in the Old Javanese Ferry Charter of A.D. 1358.2 Bodleian Library MS. Jav.b.3., presented to this library either by Andrew James in 1627 or by the Earl of Pernbroke in 1629. This MS. consists of 30 folios of 3 x 34.5 cm., numbered 0, 1-26, 29, 30, 32, inscribed on both sides (except for the first one which is blank on one side as usual) witli four lines of neatly written Old Sundanese script. It is wel1 preserved except for the fact that the folios NOS. 27, 28, 31, and 33, etc., til1 the end are missing. As there is no title or colophon in the part preserved, the text may arbitrarily be called 'Bujangga Manik' after the name of the hermit who plays the leading part in the story. The Curators of the Bodleian Library have kindly granted me tlie permission necessary for publishing the abave data about their MS. and for quoting a few lines from it in this article (see p. 471). This inscription was first published as "Oorkonden van Trawoelan No. I" in Otulheidkzindig Verslag 1918 (Weltevreden/'s-Gravenhage), pp. 108-112, when four copper plates of it had been discovered. Th. G. Th. Pigeaud Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 09:59:53PM via free access A first attempt ak evaluating the significance of this resemblance of names failed becauce there proved to be no study published on the topographical data which are provided by the last part of this Ferry Charter's list of ferries. In 1924, Van Stein Callenfels and Van Vuren published an important study on a paxt of this charter in their article on the topography of the Surabaya Residency in the 14th cent~ry.~ They showed that the ferries in the charter are listed in a definite order which runs generally from east to west. In the first part of ithe list, containing 34 names as £ar as ik has been preserved, the fenies of the Brantas River are mentioned in a downstreanz direction as £ar as . Surabaya at its mouth, and in the second part, giving 44 names, those of the Solo River are listed, starting from its mouth (due north of Surabaya) and proceeding in an upstream direction. The said authors succeeded in identifying a nurnber of those ferries which were situated on the lower courses of the Brantas and Solo Rivers. Being specially interested in this part of the rivers, they stopped their idmtifications at the present-day border of the Surabaya Residency, promising to continue on another o~casion.~This continuation of their ar;ticle never appeared, however, so that the last part of the second list, giving names of ferries on the upper course d the Sdo River and ending with Wulayu, remained minvestigated. Since 1924 the tools available for such topographical studies have hardly improved. The most important progress in aids fw identifying Javanese place-names has been the publication of the first volume of Schoel's Alphubetisch Register in 1931, which coxnpletely supersedes the older lists of geographical names of 1906 and 1923 as it contains more names d places and districts for Java and Madura alene than republished the text in his Java in the 14th Centzrry (The Hague 1960-1963), adding to it that of a fifth plate which had already been published by Brandes and Krom in 1913 ("Oud-Javaansche Oorkonden" No. CXIX, V.B.G. 60, 1913;~. 255) and giving the charter the name of Ferry Charter, while he alco provided an English translation, notes and a commentary (ibidcin, Vol. I pp. 108-112; I1 pp. 137-138; 111 pp. 156162; IV pp. 399-411). The inscription is incomplete; one of the missing plates presumably contained the beginning of the list of ferries the rest of which is to be found on plate No. 5 (?). P. V. van Stein Callenfels en L. van Vuuren, "Bijdrage tot de Topografie van de Residentie Soerabaia in de 14de eeuw", T.K.N.A.G. 41 (1924) pp. 67-81 ; especially pp. 67-74. Van Stein Callenfels en Van Vuuren 1924 pp. 73-74. Later on Van Stein Callenfels published a few corrections on his and Van Vuuren's findings in his article "Bijdragen tot de Topographie van Java in de Middeleeuwen", Feestbtwdel Kon. Bataviaasch Genootsclzap, Weltevreden 1929, Vol. I1 p. 392. Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 09:59:53PM via free access 462 J. NOORDUYN the latter for the whole d the Archipelaga5 Nevertheless, even this work cannot but be far from complete since its lists are limited io names of aclministrative unitc. Many more names are to be found on the excellent large-scale topographical rnaps (1 : 20,000; 1 : 25,000; and 1 : 50,000) which have been issued by the Tqmgraphical Bureau / Service in increasingly improved editims since the beginning of the topographical survey abd a hundred years ag~.~These maps are indispettsable in any case for finding the exact lamtion of names to be identified.7 But these topographical rnaps, however helpful they may be, still do nat mtain more than a selection d the names actually in use. In these circurnstances, the gaps left by the maps can only be filled by investiga- tions on the spot such as have been carried out incidentally by Van Stein Callenfds and other~.~ One of the lescans which cm be and has been learnt from the lists and maps mentioned abeis that in quite a few cases the Same name recurs in weral different parts d Java. This is a serious handicap for any atternpt at identifying historica1 names. Therefore, a sound principle in such studies in historica1 topgraphy is, ,that no identificatim is acceptable unlecc there is specific evidence suprting it. This principle was consciously applied by Krom: it was on this basis, for example, W. F. Schoel, Alphabetisch Register van de Administ.ratieve- (Besti~urs-)en Adatrechtelijke Indeelkg van Nederlandsch Indie, Deel I: Java en Madoera, Batavia 1931, 450 pp. The second volume of this work was never published but exists in typewritten form: Deel I1 Buitesgrnesten (two parts.. (7) and 1571 pp.). The earlier official lists are: Lijst van de Voornuamste Aardrijkskundige Namen in den Nederlandsch-Indischen Archipel, Weltevreden 1906, 273 pp. and idem Tweede herziene uitgave, Weltevreden 1923, 361 pp., in which was included the Aanvl&llingslijstop (idem), 's-Gravenhage 1918, 218 pp. The older editions of the topographical maps cometimes show names not recurring on more recent editions. The older mes are also useful because they are prior to the 20th-century increase of population. On the other hand they often contain mistakes in the orthography of narnes, e.g. 'Kapoean' for 'Këboan'. The topographical maps are referred to below with their nurnber and lette?. inúications, which are given according to the latest system adopted by the Topographical Service (e.g. 50/XL A) even in the case when the map actually consulted was an earlier edition in which a slightly different systern was used. The maps on the scale of 1 to 20,000 were consulted in the reprint of 1887 in which a nurnbering system per residency was applied. E.g. Van Stein Callenfels 1929 pp. 373, 378; idem, "Plaatsnamen in den Nägarakytägama", Oudheidkundig Verslag 1917 p. 61 (about Waleri = Mleri near Blitar) ; L. Adam, "Geschiedkundige aanteekeningen omtrent de residentie Madioen" V, Djawa 19 (1939) p. 22 (the discweq by Moh. Enoch that the former name of the village of Sagaten was Purbaya). Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 09:59:53PM via free access that he rejded Rouffaer's suppsitions mcerning the location d Wurawari, but accepted Van Stein Callenfels' ideriitification of Wëngkk in the Madiun region since it was supported by archamlogical argummts as wel1 as by a Javanese tradition.' Therefore, Berg's wntentim 'that the idmtification of ancient names with modern place-names, cm account of the diversity of passibilities, is more hazardous thm ;t forma generaticm of scholars believed it to be',lo does n& seem to apply to scholars like Krom and Van Stein Callenfels. On the mtrary, akhough it stands to rmnthat many mcient names have gone out of use in the course of histmy, Berg's qualified scepticism as regards the results to be expected from SU& topgraphical studies (ibidm pp.