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A State of Corruption? an Anthropology of the South Asian State

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A State of Corruption? An Anthropology of the South Asian State Tone K. Sissener Dissertation submitted for the degree dr.polit. Department of Social Anthropology University of Bergen November 2007 UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN ISBN 978-82-308-0555-8 Bergen, Norway 2008 Printed by Allkopi Ph: +47 55 54 49 40 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCING THE STATE ......................................................................................................................... 3 The universal and sovereign state ....................................................................................................... 3 Culture, complexity and variation....................................................................................................... 6 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................................... 9 Chittagong............................................................................................................................................. 9 Dinajpur.............................................................................................................................................. 15 NOTES ON THEME, METHOD AND KEY FIGURES .................................................................................... 19 Theme .................................................................................................................................................. 19 Method................................................................................................................................................. 20 Key figures .......................................................................................................................................... 23 METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 2 EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN STATE........................................................................................ 29 TRADE AND POLITICS .............................................................................................................................. 32 GOVERNMENT IN THE MAKING............................................................................................................... 35 IMAGINING SOVEREIGN POWER .............................................................................................................. 44 CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH RATIONALITY.......................................................................................... 49 INSTALLING SOVEREIGN POWER: THE EMPRESS OF INDIA ................................................................... 57 OLD STRUCTURES – NEW ASPIRATIONS ................................................................................................. 66 NEW STATES EMERGING ......................................................................................................................... 71 ORGANISATIONAL FACTIONALISM......................................................................................................... 79 POLITICS AND BUREAUCRACY IN POSTCOLONIAL STATES ................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 3 ENCOUNTERING THE STATE: CEREMONIES AS MANIFESTATION OF STATE POWER... 89 THEORIES OF THE STATE......................................................................................................................... 91 RITUALS OF THE STATE........................................................................................................................... 97 Inauguration ceremonies and a visiting Prime Minister ................................................................. 97 A book-release ceremony................................................................................................................. 103 Staging a ceremony .......................................................................................................................... 104 SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF STATE POWER ......................................................................................... 107 Accommodating a Deputy Commissioner....................................................................................... 108 A Deputy Commissioner out of office.............................................................................................. 110 IN THE NAME OF THE STATE ................................................................................................................. 112 REALITY OF THE STATE......................................................................................................................... 117 CHAPTER 4 REALISING THE STATE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATE POWER AND POWERFUL STATE AGENTS ........................................................................................................... 121 BANGLADESH CIVIL SERVICE .............................................................................................................. 129 Recruitment, promotion, posting and transfer................................................................................ 130 Training............................................................................................................................................. 133 Central administration..................................................................................................................... 134 Field administration......................................................................................................................... 136 THE ARCHITECTURE OF POWER ............................................................................................................ 140 THE COMPLEXITY OF STATE POWER ....................................................................................................145 Agents of the state............................................................................................................................. 145 Intermission ...................................................................................................................................... 146 Agents of the state continued ........................................................................................................... 148 POWERFUL THROUGH THE STATE......................................................................................................... 153 DIMENSIONS OF POWER ........................................................................................................................ 157 CHAPTER 5 CHALLENGING THE STATE: SOCIAL ORDER BEYOND RATIONALITY OF THE MODERN STATE...................................................................................................................................161 LIVING WITH NEIGHBOURS ................................................................................................................... 165 Dangerous liaisons and futures at risk ........................................................................................... 165 Confirming relations and securing a future ................................................................................... 173 CONFLICTING RATIONALITIES .............................................................................................................. 179 In government service ...................................................................................................................... 179 The price to pay ................................................................................................................................ 185 THE MODERN STATE.............................................................................................................................. 193 CHAPTER 6 IN CLOSING ........................................................................................................................................... 197 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ 205 DISTRICT MAPS ...................................................................................................................................207 Chittagong......................................................................................................................................... 207 Dinajpur............................................................................................................................................ 209 LITERATURE......................................................................................................................................... 211 Acknowledgements This project would have been difficult, if not impossible, without the hospitability and generosity of families and friends in Bangladesh and my heartfelt thanks go to them. I will not mention names, but you know who you are. This thesis work may be over, but the experience is for life. I am grateful to NORDEM (the Norwegian Resource Bank for Democracy and Human Rights) for assigning me to Bangladesh for the 2001 elections, which gave me a head start. My appreciation goes the Bangladesh Institute for Development Studies (BIDS) for
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