THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT

Your use of this Geological Survey document (the “Content”) is governed by the terms set out on this page (“Terms of Use”). By downloading this Content, you (the “User”) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use.

Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario’s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an “as-is” basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever.

Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the “Owner”). Both your use of a linked Web site, and your right to use or reproduce information or materials from a linked Web site, are subject to the terms of use governing that particular Web site. Any comments or inquiries regarding a linked Web site must be directed to its Owner.

Copyright: Canadian and international intellectual property laws protect the Content. Unless otherwise indicated, copyright is held by the Queen’s Printer for Ontario.

It is recommended that reference to the Content be made in the following form: , . ; Ontario Geological Survey, , p.

Use and Reproduction of Content: The Content may be used and reproduced only in accordance with applicable intellectual property laws. Non-commercial use of unsubstantial excerpts of the Content is permitted provided that appropriate credit is given and Crown copyright is acknowledged. Any substantial reproduction of the Content or any commercial use of all or part of the Content is prohibited without the prior written permission of MNDM. Substantial reproduction includes the reproduction of any illustration or figure, such as, but not limited to graphs, charts and maps. Commercial use includes commercial distribution of the Content, the reproduction of multiple copies of the Content for any purpose whether or not commercial, use of the Content in commercial publications, and the creation of value-added products using the Content.

Contact:

FOR FURTHER PLEASE CONTACT: BY TELEPHONE: BY E-MAIL: INFORMATION ON The Reproduction of MNDM Publication Local: (705) 670-5691 Content Services Toll Free: 1-888-415-9845, ext. [email protected] 5691 (inside , United States) The Purchase of MNDM Publication Local: (705) 670-5691 MNDM Publications Sales Toll Free: 1-888-415-9845, ext. [email protected] 5691 (inside Canada, United States) Crown Copyright Queen’s Printer Local: (416) 326-2678 [email protected] Toll Free: 1-800-668-9938 (inside Canada, United States)

LES CONDITIONS CI-DESSOUS RÉGISSENT L'UTILISATION DU PRÉSENT DOCUMENT.

Votre utilisation de ce document de la Commission géologique de l'Ontario (le « contenu ») est régie par les conditions décrites sur cette page (« conditions d'utilisation »). En téléchargeant ce contenu, vous (l'« utilisateur ») signifiez que vous avez accepté d'être lié par les présentes conditions d'utilisation.

Contenu : Ce contenu est offert en l'état comme service public par le ministère du Développement du Nord et des Mines (MDNM) de la province de l'Ontario. Les recommandations et les opinions exprimées dans le contenu sont celles de l'auteur ou des auteurs et ne doivent pas être interprétées comme des énoncés officiels de politique gouvernementale. Vous êtes entièrement responsable de l'utilisation que vous en faites. Le contenu ne constitue pas une source fiable de conseils juridiques et ne peut en aucun cas faire autorité dans votre situation particulière. Les utilisateurs sont tenus de vérifier l'exactitude et l'applicabilité de tout contenu avant de l'utiliser. Le MDNM n'offre aucune garantie expresse ou implicite relativement à la mise à jour, à l'exactitude, à l'intégralité ou à la fiabilité du contenu. Le MDNM ne peut être tenu responsable de tout dommage, quelle qu'en soit la cause, résultant directement ou indirectement de l'utilisation du contenu. Le MDNM n'assume aucune responsabilité légale de quelque nature que ce soit en ce qui a trait au contenu.

Liens vers d'autres sites Web : Ce contenu peut comporter des liens vers des sites Web qui ne sont pas exploités par le MDNM. Certains de ces sites pourraient ne pas être offerts en français. Le MDNM se dégage de toute responsabilité quant à la sûreté, à l'exactitude ou à la disponibilité des sites Web ainsi reliés ou à l'information qu'ils contiennent. La responsabilité des sites Web ainsi reliés, de leur exploitation et de leur contenu incombe à la personne ou à l'entité pour lesquelles ils ont été créés ou sont entretenus (le « propriétaire »). Votre utilisation de ces sites Web ainsi que votre droit d'utiliser ou de reproduire leur contenu sont assujettis aux conditions d'utilisation propres à chacun de ces sites. Tout commentaire ou toute question concernant l'un de ces sites doivent être adressés au propriétaire du site.

Droits d'auteur : Le contenu est protégé par les lois canadiennes et internationales sur la propriété intellectuelle. Sauf indication contraire, les droits d'auteurs appartiennent à l'Imprimeur de la Reine pour l'Ontario. Nous recommandons de faire paraître ainsi toute référence au contenu : nom de famille de l'auteur, initiales, année de publication, titre du document, Commission géologique de l'Ontario, série et numéro de publication, nombre de pages.

Utilisation et reproduction du contenu : Le contenu ne peut être utilisé et reproduit qu'en conformité avec les lois sur la propriété intellectuelle applicables. L'utilisation de courts extraits du contenu à des fins non commerciales est autorisé, à condition de faire une mention de source appropriée reconnaissant les droits d'auteurs de la Couronne. Toute reproduction importante du contenu ou toute utilisation, en tout ou en partie, du contenu à des fins commerciales est interdite sans l'autorisation écrite préalable du MDNM. Une reproduction jugée importante comprend la reproduction de toute illustration ou figure comme les graphiques, les diagrammes, les cartes, etc. L'utilisation commerciale comprend la distribution du contenu à des fins commerciales, la reproduction de copies multiples du contenu à des fins commerciales ou non, l'utilisation du contenu dans des publications commerciales et la création de produits à valeur ajoutée à l'aide du contenu.

Renseignements :

POUR PLUS DE VEUILLEZ VOUS PAR TÉLÉPHONE : PAR COURRIEL : RENSEIGNEMENTS SUR ADRESSER À : la reproduction du Services de Local : (705) 670-5691 contenu publication du MDNM Numéro sans frais : 1 888 415-9845, [email protected] poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) l'achat des Vente de publications Local : (705) 670-5691 publications du MDNM du MDNM Numéro sans frais : 1 888 415-9845, [email protected] poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) les droits d'auteurs de Imprimeur de la Local : 416 326-2678 [email protected] la Couronne Reine Numéro sans frais : 1 800 668-9938 (au Canada et aux États-Unis)

Ontario Department of Mines ^s s and Northern Affairs .f a fc PRELIMINARY MAP No.P.452 (REVISED) 56 0 00 '(n^ /A ^ ^ A s AEROMAGNETIC MAPS OF ^-/ /^? CARBONATITE-ALKALIC COMPLEXES S ffliW^ ^fflm - j.i-\* IN ONTARIO

54045© \ g; MARGINAL NOTES \ In the last ten years carbonatite-alkalic complexes have become Increasingly important as producers or potential sources of niobium, rare-earths, uranium, NISKIBI LAKE CARB LAKE \ SEABROOK LAKE DIsLrlcL ul Ktiiurj District of Kenora NEMEGOSENDA LAKE FIRESAND RIVER thorium, zirconium t phosphate, vermiculite, iron, titanium, copper, and nickel. x District of Algoma (Patricia Portion) V, (Particia Portion.) o t" Sudbury District oI Algoma In many complexes the orebodies are very large. Three of the more Important 223©G. 2233C 2228G. 2229C r r, 3693C. 3684C. 3692G 2191G. 2192G world producers are: Palabora T Transvaal (see Table 1) containing 315,000,000 tons of ore grading D.7% Cu, with by-product magnetite, phosphate, and in ?*. s '-O•'S another orebody vermiculite; Mountain Pass. California in which the Sulphide y.- ^UsTlV- Queen carbonatite body contains in excess of 25,000,000 tons grading S-10% si rare-earth oxides; and Araxa. Minas Gerais, Brazil with an orebody of 300,000,000 J& ^ tons grading 3. 3?B Nb205. In Canada the only producer is St. Lawrence Columbium \ and Metals Corp. from the Oka complex in Quebec (see Table 1). ^4 Although the classification of carbonatite-alkalic complexes is controver 52^55© LX ^i sial, both Heinrich (1966, p.11) and Tuttle and Gittins (1966, p.417-541) present data indicating the occurrence of over 200 complexes in the world with about L10-120 in Africa, over 40 in Eurasia, and 10 or more in South America. The writer lists 43 in Ontario (TebLe 2) and their location is shown on the adjoining map. Aeromagnetic maps of 34 of these are shown in the inset maps, all at the scale of l inch to 2 miles, unless otherwise indicated. f" Niskibi A number of mafic alkalic complexes, such as Port Coldwell, Killala Lake, Drowning River, Mammamattawa and Squirrel River are included in Table 2 because Lake they are related in origin and age to the carbonatite-alkalic complexes and have similar outlines on the aeromagnetic maps. Little is known about the geology of many of the complexes (e.g. Niskibi Lake, Gooseberry Brook, Wapikopa # River, Lawashi River, Poplar River, Nagagami River) revealed by the aeromagnetic UAKBUWAMIb-ALKALIi; COMPLEXES IN ONTARIO 1 surveys but they are included In Table 2 at the present time. For the remainder •; GOOSEBERRY BROOK BIG BEAVER HOUSE .OWNSHIP 107 District of Kenora of Canada, Tuttle and Gittins (1966) describe 2 in Quebec and possibly 4 in \ 3g District of Kenora Gooseberry District of Sudbury (Patricia Portion) (Partricia Portion) rjTE -.-r Brook ,j~^ Name GSC 1524G British Columbia. 384 30. 36Viti 93 9G ^ Ds;or Mi-raii2ation Amave 1 tl—tL •. ?k •^ Many of the complexes have been found by aeromagnetic or aeroradiometric 5Z0 5C©M 3W Firesand River Algoma Nb. ltX(8 1 surveys by mining companies or government agencies. The complexes are indicated ^T) IV Se a brook Lake Algaroa Hb 1103 1 on aeromagnetic maps {see inset maps) by circular, oval, elliptical, crescent- \~\ 54" 1 shaped or horseshoe-shaped anomalous areas. In the simplest complexes carbonatite -~\M *EaSr.vlew Csrletnn - - 1 /f^ ~* cores show as a central magnetic low, and surrounding concentric highs may be \ •C ©^-r Albany Forks Cochrane Fe , Nb - 1 caused by either magnetite-bearing carbonatite or rings of alkalic rock. More ^ x ;is:v complex rock relationships and mineralized bodies containing magnetite as an S^1 Coth-raiK Nb 1655 1 essential mineral are revealed by various lenticular, high anomalous areas. ^ Because many carbonatlte-alkalic complexes are poorly exposed detailed ground WfS •p Cflrgl 1 1 Cochrane Cu, Fe(Tl) 1740 magnetometer surveys combined with the known distribution of boulder erratics ) Clay-Howalls Cochrane Fe , Nb 1010 have proved especially valuable in delineating the best areas for exploration by y y ^ diamond drilling. Moreover, scintillometer surveys are also effective tools in ©l 4-^A V\ Drowning River Cochrane Fa 'H' a exploration because of the radioactivity commonly associated with pyrochlore O* 1 *Goldray Cochrane - 1695 mineralization. 3 Kingfisher River West Cochrane In Ontario some occurrences have been known for many years but were not X- uV V, l a* api sk a l ^ *KingEisher River Kast Cochrane recognized as carbonatite-alkalic complexes at the time of their discovery. The '?- Schryburt* recognition of these complexes in the 1950©s resulted in the exploration of the vf : M" Little Drowning River Cochrane 1 Firesand (Algoma Ore Properties, 1951-8), Manitou Islands (Beaucage, 1952-6, see Lawashi f x- /GUV C^ Mammamattawa Cochrane Table l),Nemegosenda (Dominion Gulf, 1954-8), Lackner (Multi-Minerals, 1954-8, River - 52 see Table 1), Clay-Howells (Steel Co. of Canada, 1954-5), Cargill (Continental LAWASHI RIVER SCHRYBURT LAKE S Martison Lake Cochrane Kb Copper, 1954-7, 1967), Chipman Lake (1954-5), Iron Island (Nipiron, 1952-4), and Di9trict of of Kenora *^ j Nagaganii River Cochrane more recently, Big Beaver House (Many Lakes, 1962), Port Coldwell (Anaconda, (Patricia Portion) (Patricia Portion) 1962- ), Carb Lake (Big Nama Creek and Larandona), Albany Forks, Drowning River, 2298G ^ ^1 93 3G ^ y""/1 . . . j5 Squirrel River Cochrane ap Mammamattawa, and Squirrel River (Keevil Mining Group). \^0 \ , y i) *Valetitlne Tp. Cochrane Nb Poplar River ^* \ Joint aeromagnetic surveys of northern Ontario during the years 1959-1967 N, *Coaif e v- Sumach Kenora by the Ontario Department of Mines and the Geological Survey of Canada have no"T^^ ^ \ \ y3 Big Beaver House Kenora (P.P.) Mb, Cu, ap 1QD5 revealed numerous, previously unknown complexes; a number of these arc under a cover of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the James Bay Lowland. One of these, f \ \f Carb Lake Kenora (P.P.) Nh, Ce p La, verrn the Argor carbonatite body (Consolidated Morrison, 1966- ), contains an

1 GooHtbtirrj© Brcjyk Kenora (F. P. ) economically significant tonnage of Nb2 05 as uranium-free pyrochlore (see Table l) \ 4 Fe.Nb , Lawashi River Kenora (P.P. ) The ages of the carbonatite-alkalic complexes in eastern Canada (Gittins ^, et al. 1967} fall into four groups. These are 125, 565, 1075, and 1700 m.y., Little A Drowning River ., 1 Niakibi Lake Kenora (P.P. 3 Drowning River 4 \ Fe j with a possible fifth at 1560 in.y. Niobium is found In carbonatites of each KK i ^, Poplar River Kenora (P.P. J age group. Kingfisher R.Wes*4 Kin9fisher R-Eas1 i iU o-1 1 Schryburt Lake Kenora (P.P.) Nb, ap - ^ Mammamattawa AGoldray SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ^!? Alagagam Valentine Tp. i Wapikopa Rivor Kenora (P.P. ) i C Nipissing - - *??^ Nb , I *B-rent Ayres, L.D., Bennett, G., and Riley, R.A. "i-, © *Burritt Island Nipissing Nh, ap 1969; Geology and mineral possibilities in northern Patricia \ T^ S 0 PI district, Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines, Misc. Paper | Iron Island Nipissing Fe , Sb , ap 28, 54p, (see p,16, 25, 27, and 38) ," * Nipissing Ce , f 1 POP1AR RIVER WAPIKOPA RIVER r i ea *uwBrBne LAKE MANITOU ISLANDS Bennett, G., Brown, D,D,, George, P.T., and Leahy, E.J. •51 U 40' District of Kenora District of Kenora ^ | Manitou Islands HipisBing Kb, U, ap 560 (Patricia Portion) (Patricia Portion) District of Kipissing 1967: Operation Kapuskasing; Ontario Dept. Mines, Misc. 381 f.C G3tJ 1487G, 1488G Paper 10, 9gp . (see p.21-22, 66-70, 71-72) l © Callander flay Parry Sound Kb - S Prairie w©^.rL1^ Poohbah Lake Rainy River - - Bennett, G., and Riley, R.A. ^-l -' ^ b,Fe(Ti) ;^ *T-^—f x 1969: Carb Lake carbonatite; p,40-43 In Operation Lingman r: 'c (O* * Borden Sudbury Lake, Ontario Dept. Mines, Misc. Paper 27, 52p. *^ m ^/Uy V Lackner Lake Sudhury Fe , U, ap, Kb, Ce 1090 ^J.© i Gittins, J., Maclntyre, R.M., and York, D. ^"""^"^^I tfeneiiusenda Lake Sudbury Nb , tt, Th , Fe , ap , Co 1010 48", ^' 1967: The ages of carbonatite complexes in eastern Canada; i-X-. 11 * 1| Shenango SlttJbury LAKE NIPISSING Canadian J. Earth Sci., Vol.4, p.651-655. enango Virsinia- ^ Jtf^ tlnuqreau ^N^VWI! Tou-nship 107 Siidbtiry verm 1560 Ne m eg li ^LarJwL*^ iw Heinrich, E. Wm. Firesand Rive ©CALLANDER BAY m © - Waua\ BotdEn a~Nb',u;rh, Cl1 ,' * Chipinaii Lake Thunder Bay Nb 1966: The geology of carbonatites; Rand McNally ft Co., F^ FWSiklft" 555p. Lackner ©l"©\l^\ ©©J Killala Lake Thunder Bay Cu, Hi fa P^M,L,ISvJ S . Ea rd Port Coldwell Thunder Bay Cu, Fe(Ti) Lumbers, S.H. M 1970: Geology of the North Bay area; Ontario Dept. Mines, ©i /Ja.Hf"1"1""©* ©^I©&ait Prairie Lake Thunder Bay tfb, Fe(Ti) , ap 1112 S Open File Kept. 5045, 187p. (see p,84-101, 148-158) ^^Sfli ^ li ©l/©vK©i .j) *Sturgeon Lalu; Thunder Bay fi, I* - © v^ ^J? ©-~?*V* Parsons, G.E. X i '^1 —^ Seabrook \ 1961: Niobium-bearing complexes east of Lake Superior; ^ Lake 4-;©ifA \ y©-f[ X © ^\ * ^ illustrated by an inset map. i Ontario Dept. Mines, Geol. Rept. No.3, 73p. © -JH3J* Nb *i© IB^TJttVjs. "V*- XT**™ IZL IL, Rowe, Robert B. 1958: Niobium (columblum) deposits of Canada; Geol. Surv. ALBANY FORKS POOHBAH LAKE a^x©w^ j y.&t-L CALLANDER BAY c-—-— District of Katny River ^i^AlCalVaiider District cf Parry Sound Canada, Econ. Geol. Series No.18, 108p. District of Cnchrnnp /.S" 20© Vt © j JB9^iG GSC 147 7G :^^aa^^^^e. 1 ^^ ' Tuttle, O.F. and Gittins, J. (Editors) * S*?* 1966: Carbonatites; Interscience Publishers (John Wiley -i ^ .-Cre*k Brent and Sons Ltd.), 591p. # v x -J r-if^/4 DISTRiCT ) \ oo ^ METAL AND MINERAL REFERENCE FaLte© n\ m Tablel ORE RESERVES AND PRODUCTION

...... Apatite ARGOR Consolidated Morrison Explorations Ltd. *7, ...... Cerium W ^,v fed ^ -.\i ^ p(flr.©7t©(l /vT v- Ore Res: 10,000 tons/vert, ft. grading 0.827, Nb20s r N ...... Copper l ^ 50050- ,f( (Northern Miner, June 18, 1970). ;\M Vy ...... Iron ^ 'C. J5vS LACKNER Multi- Minerals Ltd. JffiS^ \^ ...... Fluorite Ore Res: Nos. 3-4 Zones: 37,000,000 tons ...... Lanthanum \© ^/•tfe^ .ic ^ 21.37* apatite, 13.77* magnetite, and 0.1987. Nb205 . Niobium (Columblum) t?/ No. 6 Zone: 5,024,250 tons 69.67. magnetite, 21.97. apatite, and 0.1731 Nb205 . AM Ss j^i i&U \© ...... Nickel CHIPMAN LAKE LITTLE DROWNING RIVER O'l ARGOR No. 8 Zone: 80,000,000 tons D.25% Nb 2 0 5 . DitLriijt ui Cochrane IAETAR'A: District ol Thunder ...... Thorium District of Cochrane flfci 3893G 2161G 23UG ...... Titanium Calcite Zone: 880,000 tons Q.9% Nb2 0 5 . n-^^ 760,000 tons 0.237. Nb2 0 5 . . ,.. .,..... Uranium MANITOU ISLANDS Nova Beaucage Mines Ltd...... Vermiculite • R VERiTlNDIM-J? RESERVE' Ore Res: 1,893,000 tons D.049% U30a and G.86% Nb20 5 2,962,000 tons 0.0417. U30g and Q.69% Nb205 jsJ Idle since 1956.

S OKA,QuebE St. Lawrence Columbium and Metals Corp. 7/-' f/^ Ore Res: 3,125,000 tons aver. 0.48770 Nb2 05 (Oct. l, 1969) 7 Production 12 mos. to Sept. 30: 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1969/1970* J 2 ,, Tons milled 321,585 383,553 406,698 369,642 360,194 475,201 350,762 Niobium pentoxide, Ibs. 2,091,725 2,203,985 2,647,667 2,368,225 2,005,989 3,059,052 2,461,000 X T^-S.Ae) Production revenue, S 2,164,443 2,328,638 3,188,114 2,799,982 1,966,937 3,107,514 2,650,794 O-i ^4 Average per ton, $ 6.53 6.52 7.85 7.57 5.46 6.53 7.56 S M A ttZ *6 months KINGFISHER RIVER WEST PRAIRIE LAKE MAMMAMATTAWA strict of f.nchrmle District oC Thunder Bay District of Cochrane PALABDRA. Transvaal Palabora Mining Co. Ltd. P45DOD© ^ 2H8G 39 UC 3892C. 3B93G :t^ Ore Res: 315,000,000 tons aver. 0.697, Cu (1963) n; 80,000,000 tons vermiculite (to 70 feet, 307, ree.) •/j Production 1966 1967 1968 1969 Y/rYs:^. •^^^i- short tons short tons short tons short tons •j^- Copper (99.497, Cu)* 68,276 84,370 79,433 85,198 m^ Magnetite cone. (66.l7,Fe, 0.88?. TI02 )* 347,405 961,556 800,505 1,137,908 '^S) r*- Sulphuric Acid (95.37. H 2 S04 )* 53,254 109,873 106,849 111,096 ^ Vermiculite (91. IE Verm.)* 113,732 110,840 121,298 141,963

*1969 values *~ i' s/ •^ ARAXA Gerais, Brazil Companhia BrasMeJra de Metalurgia e Mineracgo (CBMM) .©49010© \ 50D20© Production 1966 1967 1968 1969 Niobium pentoxide , Ibs. ( in pyrochlore 6,210,909 6,017,103 6,502,269 6,667,000 concentrates (averaging 591 -:-Smf

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Compilation by J. Satterly, 1968; revised with additions 1970. Aeromagnetic maps of Ontario Department of Mines - Geological Survey of Canada, and Geological Survey of Canada. Ontario Department of Mines files. Palabora Mining Company, Limited, annual reports. DROWNING RIVER KILLALA LAKE PORT COLDWELL MARTISON LAKE NAGAGAMI RIVER SQUIRREL RIVER St. Lawrence Columbium and Metals Corporation, annual reports. District of Cochrane District di" Tliuiwer Bay District of Thunder Bay District of Cochrane District of Cochrane ntscrlcc of Cochrane United States Bur. Mines, Mineral Trade Notes, Vol.66, No.l, 2U8G, 2158G 6 Mil 3893G. 3894G, 39I6G. 39i-G 2146G, 2147G, 2156G, 2157C J9&CC 3913G Jan. 1969, p.ft; Vol.66, No.12, Dec. 1969, p.10. (Brazil) Base map directly from Ontario Department of Mines map 2190. First edition, 1968. Second edition, revised and issued 1970. ODMNA 4640