DOCSLIB.ORG

( 12 ) United States Patent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

US010150904B1 (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 10 , 150, 904 B1 Rahman et al. ( 45 ) Date of Patent : Dec . 11 , 2018 (54 ) NANO ZEOLITE CEMENT ADDITIVE AND ( 56 ) References Cited METHODS OF USE U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS (71 ) Applicant : King Fahd University of Petroleum 6 , 989 ,057 B2 1 / 2006 Getzlaf et al. and Minerals , Dhahran (SA ) 8 , 940 ,670 B2 1 / 2015 Patil et al . 2004 / 0112600 A1 * 6 /2004 Luke . .. C04B 14 /047 ( 72 ) Inventors : Muhammad Kalimur Rahman , 166 /295 Dhahran (SA ) ; Mirza Talha Baig , 2007/ 0029088 A1* 2 / 2007 Di Lullo Arias .. .. C04B 14 / 047 Dhahran (SA ) ; Abdulaziz Al- Majed , 166 /292 2007 /0056732 A1 3 /2007 Roddy et al. Dhahran (SA ) 2014 /0332217 AL 11 /2014 Rahman et al . ( 73 ) Assignee : King Fahd University of Petroleum 2017/ 0240469 AL 8 / 2017 Rahman et al. and Minerals , Dhahran (SA ) OTHER PUBLICATIONS ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Mirza Talha Baig , et al. , “ Application of Nanotechnology in Oil U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 0 days . Well Cementing ” , Society of Petroleum Engineers , SPE Kuwait Oil & Gas Show and Conference , Oct . 1 - 18 , Kuwait City , Kuwait , 2017 , ( 21 ) Appl. No .: 15 / 941, 350 pp . 1 - 3 . Hossein Mola - Abasi, et al ., “ Effect of Natural Zeolite and Cement Additive on the Strength of Sand ” , Geotechnical and Geological ( 22 ) Filed : Mar. 30 , 2018 Engineering, vol . 34 , Issue 5 , Oct . 2016 , pp . 1539 -1551 . (51 ) Int . CI. (Continued ) CO9K 8 / 46 ( 2006 .01 ) CO9K 8 / 467 ( 2006 .01 ) Primary Examiner — Catherine Loikith C04B 28 /02 ( 2006 .01 ) Assistant Examiner — Ashish K Varma C04B 28 /04 ( 2006 .01 ) ( 74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Oblon , McClelland , C04B 22 /06 ( 2006 . 01 ) Maier & Neustadt, L . L . P . C04B 14 / 04 ( 2006 . 01 ) E21B 33 / 14 ( 2006 . 01) (57 ) ABSTRACT ( 52 ) U . S . CI. The present invention discusses methods for making a CPC .. .. C09K 8 /467 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C04B 14 /043 cement composition comprising a nanoparticle zeolite . The (2013 .01 ) ; C04B 14 /047 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C04B addition of the nanoparticle zeolite may provide enhanced 22 / 064 ( 2013 .01 ) ; C04B 28 / 02 ( 2013 .01 ) ; compressive and tensile strengths, improved rheology , and a C04B 28 /04 ( 2013. 01) ; E21B 33/ 14 ( 2013 .01 ) ; change to the cement microstructure . These effects may COOK 2208/ 10 ( 2013 .01 ) improve the cement ' s use as a cement sheath in drilling ( 58 ) Field of Classification Search operations and under high pressure and high temperature CPC .. .. .. .. .. CO9K 8 / 467 ; E21B 33 / 14 (HPHT ) conditions . USPC .. .. .. 166 / 293 See application file for complete search history . 20 Claims, 14 Drawing Sheets QUIN US 10 ,150 ,904 B1 Page 2 ( 56 ) References Cited OTHER PUBLICATIONS Hossein Mola - Abasi , et al. , “ Influence of zeolite and cement addi tions on mechanical behavior of sandy soil ” , Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering , vol. 8 , Jun . 28 , 2016 , pp . 746 - 752 . Partha Sarathi Deb , et al. , " Effects of nano - silica on the strength development of geopolymer cured at room temperature ” , Construc tion and Building Materials , vol. 101 , Part 1 , Dec . 30 , 2015 , pp . 675 -683 . Alireza S . Khorasani , et al . , “ The Effects of Nanoparticles of Silica an Alumina on Flow Ability and Compressive Strength of Cementi tious Composites” , Key Engineering Materials ( /KEM ) , vol. 631 , Nov . 2014 , pp . 119 - 127 . Mirza Talha Baig , et al. , “ Evaluation of Nano Zeolite as an Additive for Oil -Well Cementing” , King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , May 2017 , pp . 1 - 165 . * cited by examiner U . S . Patent Dec . 11 , 2018 Sheet 1 of 14 US 10 , 150 , 904 B1 wwwww DNEVNO 23 FIG . 1 U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 2 of 14 US 10 , 150, 904 B1 . ' ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . -. ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' . FIG . 2 U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 3 of 14 US 10 , 150, 904 B1 . 2300 is FIG . 3 U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 4 of 14 US 10 , 150, 904 B1 . FIG . 4 U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 5 of 14 US 10 , 150, 904 B1 . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . * * FIG . 5 U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 6 of 14 US 10 , 150, 904 B1 . WA 1 * WO ** * ** * WwW WWWXXNHIILITETI XOXO 94 O XXXXX * We 08 * DW * ** ** *** * * * ** * * * * ** * * ** 9824 ONLY 200 YEROR WS . KY. SEKSS3 it FIG . 6A XXX FIG . 6B U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 7 of 14 US 10 , 150, 904 B1 Www XXXX * * * XX 83 BA ** * *** * WWW w Atttttt** iiiitttt *** * * * * * * * * +1+ . 12 XWWWWWW w w FIG . 6C U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 8 of 14 US 10 , 150, 904 B1 Www W :. XXXXXX OX W LUX wwwWis XXXXX . FIG . 7A U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 9 of 14 US 10 , 150, 904 B1 Vw FIG . 7B U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 10 of 14 US 10 , 150 , 904 B1 IT XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX *222 AXA W0000 BRE WEBSCARVEST WWWWWW 392 XXXXXX FIG . 7C O DO SSSSSSSSSSS WWW COS wwwxxx WSXX XX FIG . 7D atent Dec . 11 , 2018 Sheet 11 of 14 US 10 , 150 , 904 B1 523nm SED 20KV FIG . 7E U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 12 of 14 US 10 , 150 , 904 B1 * * * XX ** * FIG . 7F U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 13 of 14 US 10 , 150 , 904 B1 XXX 10 WWW . *** * * * * ** ** ** * * ** * Www * * * XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXWww Speci, am 36 WWW*** * * ** * * * *F1 FIG . 8A U . S . Patent Dec . 11, 2018 Sheet 14 of 14 US 10 , 150 , 904 B1 wwww CD wwwwwwww Woo oooooooo WWWWW ORE WWWWWWWWWWOXXXXXXXXXXXWWWWWXXXXXXXXX FIG . 8B O W XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX MWASA ANAK XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX WWWXX FIG , 8C US 10 , 150 ,904 B1 NANO ZEOLITE CEMENT ADDITIVE AND fluid in liquid or gaseous form through or at the boundaries METHODS OF USE of the cement sheath . The zonal isolation requires a robust cement slurry which provides a strong and durable cement STATEMENT REGARDING PRIOR casing and cement- formation bonding , precludes bulk DISCLOSURES BY THE INVENTORS 5 shrinkage by inhibiting the fluid loss, has zero free water settling of cement, and does not form a micro annulus due Aspects of this technology were disclosed in a thesis to stress imbalance at the interface resulting from thermal defense titled , “ Evaluation of Nano zeolite as an Additive for regimes, hydraulic pressure or mechanical stresses . The Oil - Well Cementing , ” presented by Baig . Mirza Talha on hardened cement slurry should also resist radial fracturing May 25 , 2017 at King Fahd University of Petroleum & 10 that may result from shrinkage stresses, thermal expansion Minerals (KFUPM ) , Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , and is herein or contraction of the steel casing and pressure fluctuation , incorporated by reference in its entirety . mechanical impact, or other conditions within the casing . The HPHT wells have a larger probability of migration of BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION gas and corrosive fluid and leakage . Therefore , special attention must be paid to cementing processes, especially in Technical Field HPHTwells . Studies have shown that approximately 80 % of the wells in the Gulf of Mexico have gas transmitted to the The present invention relates to a method of making a surface through the cement casing. cured cement material comprising a nanoparticle- sized zeo In HPHT formations , the wells are exposed to high lite . 20 temperature variations that unsettle the formation as well as the casing , initiating expansion and contraction . In addition , Description of the Related Art HPHTwells are subjected to high loads in the lifetime of the well ; this may destroy the integrity of cement and may The “ background ” description provided herein is for the produce cracks due to compaction loads. Gas migration and purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclo - 25 strength retrogression are major challenges in HPHT well sure . Work of the presently named inventors , to the extent it cementing . is described in this background section , as well as aspects of Gas migration is one of the major failures of primary the description which may not otherwise qualify as prior art cementing jobs resulting in loss of production and requires at the time of filing , are neither expressly or impliedly costly remedial cementing jobs to fix the well. One of the admitted as prior art against the present invention . 30 major causes behind the Gulf of Mexico oil spill incident Oil and gas production and its exploration influence the was the poor cementing job ; in that incident the annulus world ' s economic structure . Conventional petroleum reser - cement barrier could not stop the flow of hydrocarbons . voirs are being exhausted because of the increase in eco - Some important cement properties such as , free water, fluid nomic activity in recent decades . To bridge the gap between loss , and static gel - strength transition time, were not evalu supply and demand of petroleum products , engineers are 35 ated prior to the cementing job . See Garg , T . , & Gokavarapu , now exploring reserves which were neglected in the past due S . ( 2012 ) . Lessons Learnt from Root Cause Analysis of Gulf to various complications associated with extraction . Tech - of Mexico Oil Spill 2010 , (December ), 10 - 12 , incorporated nological advancements in the field of petroleum engineer - herein by reference in its entirety . Most HPHT environments ing have now enabled researchers to cope with the problems are in gas production horizons , so it is a major concern in efficiently and improve the overall success of operations . To 40 HPHT wells as gas may migrate through the cement micro exploit the unconventional resources of petroleum , new cracks . See Shaughnessy , J . , & Helweg , J . ( 2002 ) . Optimiz techniques must be established simultaneously with an ing HTHP Cementing Operations . IADC /SPE Drilling Con improvement in existing techniques . ference , 26 - 28 February , Dallas , Tex . IADC /SPE - 74483 In oil and gas wells after drilling the wellbore is com MS.
Recommended publications
  • Mineral Processing

    Mineral Processing

    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
  • Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 190, 25-33

    Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 190, 25-33

    List of all minerals identified in the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland Ole V. Petersen About 220 minerals have been described from the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex. A list of all minerals, for which proper documentation exists, is presented with formulae and references to original publications. The Ilímaussaq alkaline complex is the type locality for 27 minerals including important rock-forming minerals such as aenigmatite, arfvedsonite, eudialyte, poly- lithionite, rinkite and sodalite. Nine minerals, chalcothallite, karupmøllerite-Ca, kvanefjeldite, nabesite, nacareniobsite-(Ce), naujakasite, rohaite, semenovite and sorensenite appear to be unique to the Ilímaussaq complex. Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: agpaite, Ilímaussaq, mineral inventory, minerals type locality The agpaitic complexes Ilímaussaq (South Greenland), world. Most of the minerals for which Ilímaussaq is Khibina and Lovozero (Kola Peninsula, Russia), and the type locality have later been found in other com- Mont Saint-Hilaire (Quebec, Canada) are among the plexes of agpaitic rocks. areas in the world which are richest in rare minerals. Two minerals were described simultaneously from About 700 minerals have been found in these com- Ilímaussaq and the Kola Peninsula, tugtupite and vi- plexes which hold the type localities for about 200 tusite. Tugtupite was published from the Lovozero minerals. complex by Semenov & Bykova (1960) under the name About 220 minerals have been found in the Ilímaus- beryllosodalite and from Ilímaussaq by Sørensen (1960) saq complex of which 27 have their type localities under the preliminary name beryllium sodalite which within the complex. In comparison Khibina and Lov- was changed to tugtupite in later publications (Søren- ozero hold the type localities for 127 minerals (Pekov sen 1962, 1963).
  • Combined Single-Crystal X-Ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Structure

    Combined Single-Crystal X-Ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Structure

    American Mineralogist, Volume 95, pages 519–526, 2010 Combined single-crystal X-ray and neutron powder diffraction structure analysis exemplified through full structure determinations of framework and layer beryllate minerals JENNIFER A. ARMSTRONG ,1 HENRIK FRIIS,2 ALEX A NDR A LIEB ,1,* ADRI A N A. FINC H ,2 A ND MA RK T. WELLER 1,† 1School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, U.K. 2School of Geography and Geosciences, Irvine Building, University of St. Andrews, North Street, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, U.K. ABSTR A CT Structural analysis, using neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data on small quantities (<300 mg) and in combination with single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXD) data, has been employed to determine accurately the position of hydrogen and other light atoms in three rare beryllate minerals, namely bavenite, leifite/IMA 2007-017, and nabesite. For bavenite, leifite/IMA 2007-017, and nabesite, sig- nificant differences in the distribution of H, as compared to the literature using SXD analysis alone, have been found. The benefits of NPD data, even with small quantities of H-containing materials, and, more generally, in applying a combined SXD-NPD method to structure analysis of minerals are discussed, with reference to the quality of the crystallographic information obtained. Keywords: Hydrogen, beryllium, minerals, powder neutron diffraction INTRODUCTION lower cation charge, Be2+ vs. Si4+. Thus, a bridging or terminal Information on crystal structure of minerals, including the O forming part of a Beϕ4 tetrahedron is under-bonded compared localization of light atoms such as H and Be, is of considerable to the equivalent Siφ4 unit leading to the prevalence of Be-OH importance because it allows a better understanding of the min- and Be-F in beryllate minerals (Hawthorne and Huminicki eral behavior under natural conditions.
  • GEUS No 190.Pmd

    GEUS No 190.Pmd

    G E O L O G Y O F G R E E N L A N D S U R V E Y B U L L E T I N 1 9 0 · 2 0 0 1 The Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland: status of mineralogical research with new results Edited by Henning Sørensen Contributions to the mineralogy of Ilímaussaq, no. 100 Anniversary volume with list of minerals GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1 Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 190 Keywords Agpaite, alkaline, crystallography, Gardar province, geochemistry, hyper-agpaite, Ilímaussaq, mineralogy, nepheline syenite, peral- kaline, Mesoproterozoic, rare-element minerals, South Greenland. Cover Igneous layering in kakortokites in the southern part of the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland. The central part of the photograph shows the uppermost part of the layered kakortokite series and the overlying transitional kakortokites and aegirine lujavrite on Laksefjeld (680 m), the dark mountain in the left middle ground of the photograph. The cliff facing the lake in the right middle ground shows the kakortokite layers + 4 to + 9. The kakortokite in the cliff on the opposite side of the lake is rich in xenoliths of roof rocks of augite syenite and naujaite making the layering less distinct. On the skyline is the mountain ridge Killavaat (‘the comb’), the highest peak 1216 m, which is made up of Proterozoic granite which was baked and hardened at the contact to the intrusive complex. The lake (987 m) in the foreground is intensely blue and clear because it is practically devoid of life.
  • Synthesis and Molecular Transport Studies in Zeolites and Nanoporous Membranes

    Synthesis and Molecular Transport Studies in Zeolites and Nanoporous Membranes

    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses March 2019 Synthesis and Molecular Transport Studies in Zeolites and Nanoporous Membranes Vivek Vattipalli University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Catalysis and Reaction Engineering Commons, Inorganic Chemistry Commons, Materials Chemistry Commons, Membrane Science Commons, Other Materials Science and Engineering Commons, and the Transport Phenomena Commons Recommended Citation Vattipalli, Vivek, "Synthesis and Molecular Transport Studies in Zeolites and Nanoporous Membranes" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 1525. https://doi.org/10.7275/13141751 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1525 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR TRANSPORT STUDIES IN ZEOLITES AND NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES A Dissertation Presented by VIVEK VATTIPALLI Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2019 Department of Chemical Engineering i © Copyright by Vivek Vattipalli 2019 All Rights Reserved ii SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR TRANSPORT
  • NABESITE, Na2besi4o10•4H2O, a NEW MINERAL SPECIES

    NABESITE, Na2besi4o10•4H2O, a NEW MINERAL SPECIES

    173 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40, pp. 173-181 (2002) NABESITE, Na2BeSi4O10•4H2O, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM THE ILÍMAUSSAQ ALKALINE COMPLEX, SOUTH GREENLAND* OLE V. PETERSEN§ Geologisk Museum, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 København K, Denmark GERALD GIESTER Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Geozentrum, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria FRANZ BRANDSTÄTTER AND GERHARD NIEDERMAYR Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung, Postfach 417, A-1014 Wien, Austria ABSTRACT Nabesite is found in complex tugtupite-bearing albitites on the Kvanefjeld Plateau, in the northwesternmost part of the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland. It occurs in cavities, covered with albite crystals, in association with gmelinite, neptunite, analcime, gonnardite, lovdarite, trona(?) and opal(?). Nabesite forms aggregates of thin platy crystals, in parallel or subparallel orientation, the individual crystals show the pinacoids {100}, {010}, {001}, and {111} and {1¯11}, both sphenoids, and range in size from 0.05 0.5 0.5 to 0.2 5 5 mm. The mineral is colorless and transparent, it has a white streak, and the luster is vitreous. The Mohs hardness is 5–6, it is brittle and shows good cleavage on {110} and {001}, and the fracture is uneven. Nabesite is biaxial negative with n␣ = 1.499(1), n␤ = 1.507(1) and n␥ = 1.511(1), 2V␣ (measured) 65(5)°, 2V␣ (calculated) 3 3 70°, and has X = a, Y = c and Z = b. Dmeas = 2.16(2) g/cm , Dcalc = 2.21 and 2.22 g/cm for V derived from powder and single- crystal diffraction data, respectively. Data from EMP, SEM–EDS and results of the refinement of the crystal structure gave: Na2O 13.8, K2O 0.34, BeO 6.26, CaO 0.13, SiO2 62.4, H2O 18.05, total 100.98 wt%.
  • Phyllosilicate from the Wessels Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa

    Phyllosilicate from the Wessels Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa

    Eur. J. Mineral. 2016, 28, 495–505 Published online 5 January 2016 Cairncrossite, a new Ca-Sr (-Na) phyllosilicate from the Wessels Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa 1, 1 1 1 2 GERALD GIESTER *,CHRISTIAN L. LENGAUER ,HELMUT PRISTACZ ,BRANKO RIECK ,DAN TOPA and 3 KARL-LUDWIG VON BEZING 1 Institut fu¨r Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universita¨t Wien, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Wien, Austria *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Zentrale Forschungslaboratorien, Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring 7, 1010 Wien, Austria 3 Wolseley Street 19, Kimberley 8301, South Africa Abstract: Cairncrossite is a new phyllosilicate species found in manganese ore on dumps of the Wessels Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa. Associated minerals are richterite, sugilite, lizardite and fibrous pectolite. It occurs as radiating platy micaceous aggregates of up to 1 cm in size. Cairncrossite is colourless, appearing white, and the crystals are translucent to transparent with a white streak and vitreous to pearly lustre. The crystals are sectile before brittle fracture, with a Mohs hardness of 3. A perfect cleavage parallel À3 (001) is observed. The calculated density is 2.486 g cm . The mineral is biaxial positive with na ¼ 1.518(2), nb ¼ 1.522(2), ng ¼ 1.546(2), 2Vobs ¼ 33.9(6) (2Vcalc ¼ 44.97 ) at 589.3 nm and 24 C. The orientation of the indicatrix is Z ^ c* ¼ 10 . The dispersion is weak (r , v) and no pleochroism is observed. An intense light-blue fluorescence is emitted under shortwave UV radiation. Cairncrossite is triclinic, space group P1, a ¼ 9.6265(5), b ¼ 9.6391(5), c ¼ 15.6534(10) A˚ , a ¼ 100.89(1), b ¼ 91.27(1), g ¼ 119.73(1), V ¼ 1227.08(13) A˚ 3, Z ¼ 1.
  • Determination of the H2O Content in Minerals, Especially Zeolites, from Their Refractive Indices Based on Mean Electronic Polarizabilities of Cations

    Determination of the H2O Content in Minerals, Especially Zeolites, from Their Refractive Indices Based on Mean Electronic Polarizabilities of Cations

    Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 27–40, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-27-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Determination of the H2O content in minerals, especially zeolites, from their refractive indices based on mean electronic polarizabilities of cations Reinhard X. Fischer1, Manfred Burianek1, and Robert D. Shannon2 1FB 5 Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Klagenfurter Str. 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany 2Geological Sciences/CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA Correspondence: Reinhard X. Fischer (rfi[email protected]) Received: 10 September 2019 – Revised: 14 October 2019 – Accepted: 28 October 2019 – Published: 15 January 2020 Abstract. It is shown here that the H2O content of hydrous minerals can be determined from their mean re- fractive indices with high accuracy. This is especially important when only small single crystals are avail- able. Such small crystals are generally not suitable for thermal analyses or for other reliable methods of measuring the amount of H2O. In order to determine the contribution of the H2O molecules to the opti- cal properties, the total electronic polarizability is calculated from the anhydrous part of the chemical com- position using the additivity rule for individual electronic polarizabilities of cations and anions. This an- hydrous contribution is then compared with the total observed electronic polarizability calculated from the mean refractive index of the hydrous compound using the Anderson–Eggleton relationship. The difference be- tween the two values represents the contribution of H2O. The amount can be derived by solving the equation 0 N 1 − j × C 1:2 1:2 .nj nW / D P C P o × Vm C × αcalc niαicat @αj 10 A nw αW for the number nw of H2O molecules per for- i j o mula unit (pfu), with the electronic polarizabilities αcat for cations, the values N and α describing the anion 3 polarizabilities, the number n of cations and anions, and the molar volume Vm, using a value of αW D 1:62 Å for the electronic polarizability of H2O.

  • History Zeolites

    1 1 Introduction Edith M. Flanigen , Robert W. Broach , and Stephen T. Wilson 1.1 Introduction The past nearly six decades have seen a chronological progression in molecular sieve materials from the aluminosilicate zeolites to microporous silica polymorphs, microporous aluminophosphate- based polymorphs, metallosilicate and metallo- phosphate compositions, octahedral - tetrahedral frameworks, mesoporous molecu- lar sieves and most recently hybrid metal organic framework s ( MOF s). A brief discussion of the historical progression is reviewed here. For a more detailed description prior to 2001 the reader is referred to [1] . The robustness of the fi eld is evident from the fact that publications and patents are steadily increasing each year. 1.1.1 Molecular Sieves and Zeolites Molecular sieves are porous solids with pores of the size of molecular dimen- sions, 0.3 – 2.0 nm in diameter. Examples include zeolites, carbons, glasses and oxides. Some are crystalline with a uniform pore size delineated by their crystal structure, for example, zeolites. Most molecular sieves in practice today are zeolites. Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates of group IA and group IIA elements, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium [2] . Chemically, they are represented by the empirical formula: M O⋅⋅⋅ Al Oyw SiO H O 22322n where y is 2 – 200, n is the cation valence and w represents the water contained in the voids of the zeolite. Structurally, zeolites are complex, crystalline inorganic polymers based on an infi nitely extending three - dimensional, four - connected framework of AlO4 and SiO4 tetrahedra linked to each other by the sharing of oxygen ions. Each AlO 4 tetrahedron in the framework bears a net negative charge which is balanced by an extra - framework cation.

  • New Data on Minerals

    Russian Academy of Science Fersman Mineralogical Museum Volume 39 New Data on Minerals Founded in 1907 Moscow Ocean Pictures Ltd. 2004 ISBN 5900395626 UDC 549 New Data on Minerals. Moscow.: Ocean Pictures, 2004. volume 39, 172 pages, 92 color images. EditorinChief Margarita I. Novgorodova. Publication of Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Science. Articles of the volume give a new data on komarovite series minerals, jarandolite, kalsilite from Khibiny massif, pres- ents a description of a new occurrence of nikelalumite, followed by articles on gemnetic mineralogy of lamprophyl- lite barytolamprophyllite series minerals from IujaVritemalignite complex of burbankite group and mineral com- position of raremetaluranium, berrillium with emerald deposits in Kuu granite massif of Central Kazakhstan. Another group of article dwells on crystal chemistry and chemical properties of minerals: stacking disorder of zinc sulfide crystals from Black Smoker chimneys, silver forms in galena from Dalnegorsk, tetragonal Cu21S in recent hydrothermal ores of MidAtlantic Ridge, ontogeny of spiralsplit pyrite crystals from Kursk magnetic Anomaly. Museum collection section of the volume consist of articles devoted to Faberge lapidary and nephrite caved sculp- tures from Fersman Mineralogical Museum. The volume is of interest for mineralogists, geochemists, geologists, and to museum curators, collectors and ama- teurs of minerals. EditorinChief Margarita I .Novgorodova, Doctor in Science, Professor EditorinChief of the volume: Elena A.Borisova, Ph.D Editorial Board Moisei D. Dorfman, Doctor in Science Svetlana N. Nenasheva, Ph.D Marianna B. Chistyakova, Ph.D Elena N. Matvienko, Ph.D Мichael Е. Generalov, Ph.D N.A.Sokolova — Secretary Translators: Dmitrii Belakovskii, Yiulia Belovistkaya, Il'ya Kubancev, Victor Zubarev Photo: Michael B.
  • 1 Revision 2 1 2 BERYLLIUM MINERAL EVOLUTION 3 4 Edward

    1 Revision 2 1 2 BERYLLIUM MINERAL EVOLUTION 3 4 Edward

    1 Revision 2 2 3 BERYLLIUM MINERAL EVOLUTION 4 5 Edward S. GREW 6 School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, 7 Robert M. HAZEN 8 Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC, 20015 9 10 ABSTRACT 11 Beryllium is a quintessential upper crustal element, being enriched in the upper crust by a 12 factor of 30 relative to primitive mantle, 2.1 ppm vs. 0.07 ppm. Most of the 112 minerals with Be 13 as an essential element are found in granitic pegmatites and alkalic rocks or in hydrothermal 14 deposits associated with volcanic and shallow-level plutonic rocks and skarns. Because of the 15 extensive differentiation needed to enrich rocks sufficiently in beryllium for beryllium minerals 16 to form, these minerals are relative late comers in the geologic record: the oldest known is beryl 17 in pegmatites associated with the Sinceni pluton, Swaziland (3000 Ma). In general beryllium 18 mineral diversity reflects the diversity in the chemical elements available for incorporation in the 19 minerals and increases with the passage of geologic time. Furthermore, the increase is episodic; 20 that is, steep increases at specific times are separated by longer time intervals with little or no 21 increase in diversity. Nonetheless, a closer examination of the record suggests that at about 1700 22 Ma, the rate of increase in diversity decreases and eventually levels off at ~35species formed in a 23 given 50 Ma time interval between 1125 and 475 Ma, then increases to 39 species at 125 Ma 24 (except for four spikes), before dropping off to ~30 species for the last 100 Ma.
  • Mineral Names, Redefinitions & Discreditations Passed by the CNMMN of The

    Mineral Names, Redefinitions & Discreditations Passed by the CNMMN of The

    9 February 2004 – Note to our readers: We welcome your comments and criticism. If you are reporting substantive changes, errors or omissions, please provide us with a literature reference so we can confirm what you have suggested. Thanks! Mineral Names, Redefinitions & Discreditations Passed by the CNMMN of the IMA Ernie Nickel & Monte Nichols [email protected] & [email protected] Aleph Enterprises PO Box 213 Livermore, California 94551 USA This list contains minerals derived from the Materials Data, Inc. MINERAL Database and was produced expressly for the use of the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). All rights to the use of the data presented here, either printed or electronic, rest with Materials Data, Inc. Minerals presented include those voted as “approved” (A), “redefined or renamed” (R) and “discredited” (D) species by the CNMMN as well as a number of former mineral names the CNMMN decided would better be used as group names (g). Their abbreviated symbol appears at the left margin. Minerals in the MINERAL Database which have been designated as “Q” (questionable minerals, not approved by the CNMMN), as “G” (“golden or grandfathered” minerals described in the past and generally believed to represent valid species names), as “U” (unnamed), as “N” (not approved by the CNMMN) and as “P” (polymorphs) have not been included as part of this listing. These minerals can be found in the Free MINERAL Database now being distributed by Materials Data, Inc ([email protected] and http://www.materialsdata.com) for just the cost of making and shipping the CD or without any cost whatever when downloaded directly from the Materials Data website.