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A3.238: Communities of Cladocora Caespitosa Beds and Reefbanks of Moderately Exposed Or Semi-Exposed Infralittoral Rock

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A3.238: Communities of Cladocora Caespitosa Beds and Reefbanks of Moderately Exposed Or Semi-Exposed Infralittoral Rock European Red List of Habitats - Marine: Mediterranean Sea Habitat Group A3.238: Communities of Cladocora caespitosa beds and reefbanks of moderately exposed or semi-exposed infralittoral rock Summary This habitat is only found in the Mediterranean Sea where the dominant species Cladocora caespitosa is broadly distributed. The habitat however, is developed on specific sites where it forms extensive beds and banks, particularly Mjlet National Park (Croatia, Adriatic Sea), Kotor Bay in Montenegro and in the Columbretes Islands Marine Reserve (Spain, NW Mediterranean). Severe declines have been reported from these sites where they have been impacted by a range of threats among them increasing seawater temperatures, eutrophication, coastal works and colonization of invasive algal species.Within these protected areas damage to the colonies by threats such as anchoring, fishing, recreational diving, dredging activities, should be controlled. Establishing a long-term monitoring program to follow its conservation status, particularly in the actual context of global change impacts should also be prioritised. Synthesis This is an scattered habitat mostly formed by an endemic dominant structural species, Cladocora caespitosa, with an area that does not seem to exceed more than 0,5km2 and its presence in less than 34, 10 x 10km grid squares.The habitat is distributed in at least 10 localities where it forms large beds or reef banks. A continuous decline in habitat abundance has been observed in most sites, ranging between 19- 80% over different periods at different sites. Long term monitoring has only been undertaken at one bank, and here there have been declines of up to 80% in the last 20 years. This has been attributed to an increase in dseawater temperature. Because of itsrestricted geographical distribution and the continuing decline observed in its spatial extent, this habitat has been assessed as Endangered for both EU 28 and EU 28+. Overall Category & Criteria EU 28 EU 28+ Red List Category Red List Criteria Red List Category Red List Criteria Endangered A2a, A2b Endangered A2a, A2b Sub-habitat types that may require further examination None. Habitat Type Code and name A3.238: Communities of Cladocora caespitosa beds and reefbanks of moderately exposed or semi-exposed infralittoral rock 1 Large banks of Cladocora caespitosa in Mljet National Park, Croatia (© P. Krucic). Reef of Cladocora caespitosa (Illa Grossa, Columbretes, Spain (© D.K. Kersting). Habitat description The habitat formed by the zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespitosa occurs on a wide range of substratum, a range of depths (commonly from 5 to 40 m depth), and hydrodynamic conditions. The colonies of this species, both dead and alive, provide a persistent biogenic structure or bioconstruction. Erect macroalgae can grow interspersed with the colonies or even overgrowing them. Indicators of quality: The status of habitat can be estimated based on the growth rates of the colonies of C.caespitosa, the cumulative cover area and population trends as well as rate of necrosis observed. Other indicators of quality of the habitat are macroalgal cover, including exotic species cover. Characteristic species: Rhodophyta (red algae)- Amphiroa rigida, Laurencia obtusa, Haliptilon virgatum, Lithophyllum incrustans, Neogoniolithon brassica-florida, Peyssonnelia squamaria. Phaeophyta- Dictyopteris polypodioides, Padina pavonica, Cystoseira sauvageauana, Dictyota dichotoma v. intricata, Zanardinia typus. Chlorophyta (green algae)- Anadyomene stellata, Acetabularia acetabulum, Caulerpa cylindracea, Halimeda tuna. Cnidaria- Cladocora caespitosa Classification This habitat may be equivalent to, or broader than, or narrower than the habitats or ecosystems in the following typologies. EUNIS (v1405): Level 5 of the EUNIS classification. A sub-habitat of A3.2 Mediterranean moderatel energy infralittoral rock. 2 Annex 1: 1170 Reefs MAES: Marine - Marine inlets and transitional waters Marine – Coastal MSFD: Shallow sublittoral rock and biogenic reef EUSeaMap: Shallow photic rock or biogenic reef IUCN: 9.7 Macroalgal/kelp Does the habitat type present an outstanding example of typical characteristics of one or more biogeographic regions? Yes Regions Mediterranean Justification The community formed by the dominant species Cladocora caespitosa is found only in the Mediterranean Sea. Here, the species is widespread and can be locally abundant, however, only a particular equilibrium between hydrodynamic protection and high water exchange through strong currents seems to allow the development of extensive C. caespitosa habitats in few locations in the Mediterranean. Geographic occurrence and trends Recent trend in Recent trend in Current area Region Present or Presence Uncertain quantity (last 50 quality (last 50 of habitat yrs) yrs) Adriatic Sea: Present Aegian-Levantine Sea: Present Ionian Sea and the Central 2 Mediterranean Sea 0.5 Km Decreasing Decreasing Mediterranean Sea: Present Western Mediterranean Sea: Present Extent of Occurrence, Area of Occupancy and habitat area Extent of Occurrence (EOO) Area of Occupancy (AOO) Current estimated Total Area Comment EU 28 76,605 Km2 32 0.5 Km2 EU 28+ 1,062,166 Km2 34 0.5 Km2 3 Distribution map This map has been generated using data from IUCN and supplemented with expert opinion. EOO and AOO have been calculated on the available data presented in this map however these should be treated with caution as expert opinion is that this may not indicate the full distribution of the habitat. How much of the current distribution of the habitat type lies within the EU 28? Cladocora caespitosa reefs and beds have been found mostly in EU 28 countries (Cyprus, Spain, Croatia, and Italy) and also in the EU 28+ in Montenegro. Its current estimated area is approx. 0.5km2 based on total area of bank or accumulated colony area. Trends in quantity There are very few cases where Cladocora caespitosa habitats have been described in terms of the cover, distribution, health status and population dynamics of the main dominant species and its communities. From this information, it can be inferred that there has been a general decrease of the quantity of the habitat as its key species cover is reduced. In Spain, habitat loss of between 55 % and 80 % due to recurrent mortalities has been observed over last 10 years. Similarly, in the Adriatic more than 90% of Cladocora caespitosa colonies from the bank near Iz Island died during 2001-2005 and recurrent mortalities has also been observed last years in the Mljet banks. Climate change acting with other pressures is considered to be the main caused the reduction of the habitat by more than 50% in areas such as Gulf of La Spezia (northern Tyrrhenian Sea). ● Average current trend in quantity (extent) EU 28: Decreasing EU 28+: Decreasing ● Does the habitat type have a small natural range following regression? No 4 Justification The habitat is very restricted in size but large banks occur in the western basin and the Adriatic Sea and the EOO exceeds 50,000km2. ● Does the habitat have a small natural range by reason of its intrinsically restricted area? No Justification Cladocora caespitosa reefs and large beds are known only from very few locations, however the structural main species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean. Trends in quality A decrease of the habitat quality constituted mainly by Cladocora caespitosa banks and beds has been widely observed. Bleaching, necrosis, change on species composition because of invasive species colonization has been reported in Italy, Spain and Croatia. It has been observed that infralitoral photophilic algal communities changed to communities with a high presence of invasive alga species. ● Average current trend in quality EU 28: Decreasing EU 28+: Decreasing Pressures and threats Illegal trawling and dredging are probably the most destructive impacts currently affecting the communities formed with the coral Cladocora caespitosa. Mass mortalities related to seawater warming and summer heat waves have also been reported in several Mediterranean sites and will increase with climate change. Negative impacts resulting from eutrophication (N, P and organic matter) and industrial and sewage discharges have also been reported affecting the community composition such as increasing the macroalgae cover. Sub-lethal effects from exotic algal invasion can also affect the growth of colonies and therefore the communities within it. List of pressures and threats Biological resource use other than agriculture & forestry Intensive fish farming, intensification Benthic or demersal trawling Benthic dredging Pollution Nutrient enrichment (N, P, organic matter) Toxic chemical discharge from material dumped at sea Invasive, other problematic species and genes Invasive non-native species Natural biotic and abiotic processes (without catastrophes) Accumulation of organic material Climate change Temperature changes (e.g. rise of temperature & extremes) Conservation and management The communities of Cladocora caespitosa are present within protected areas in the Mediterranean, such as 5 the Columbretes Islands and Mljet Islands and the species is known to occur in other protected sites. Additional conservation actions to protect and manage this habitat should include: extending the current knowledge on the distribution and community composition and trends of this habitat, especially at known localities where the information is lacking and to ensure the protection of the main and larger communities of C. caespitosa
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