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CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES STUDIES CENTRE

DEPARTMENT OF ST ANTONY’S COLLEGE POLITICS AND UNIVERSITY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OXFORD

CONFERENCE ON CIVIL RESISTANCE & POWER POLITICS

St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, 15-18 March 2007

MAP & TIMELINE OF SELECTED CASES OF CIVIL RESISTANCE SINCE 1945

WITH A PROPOSED DEFINITION OF CIVIL RESISTANCE

Sponsors:

PROPOSED DEFINITION OF CIVIL RESISTANCE Key to Map:

CONFERENCE ON CIVIL CIVIL RESISTANCE is a type of non-violent action. It involves a range of widespread and sustained activities against a particular power, force, policy or regime – hence the term ‘resistance’. The adjective ‘civil’ in this Cases on the programme context denotes that which pertains to a citizen or society (often implying that a movement’s goals are ‘civil’ in the sense of being widely shared in a society), and also that which is peaceful, polite, non-military or non-violent RESISTANCE AND POWER POLITICS in character. Civil resistance is found throughout history, and can involve a wide variety of forms of action. It Some other significant cases operates through several distinct mechanisms of change, including persuasion (e.g. by demonstrations, vigils and petitions); social, economic and political non-cooperation (e.g. by strikes, go-slows and ); and nonviolent intervention (e.g. sit-ins, occupations, and the creation of parallel institutions of government). Civil resistance has been used in many types of struggle: for example, against colonialism, foreign occupations, military coups d’état, Key to Timeline: dictatorial regimes, racial and gender discrimination. It has also been used against particular policies of democrati- cally elected governments, and against changes consequent on peace agreements. There is no assumption that the (All dates are approximate)

SELECTED CASES OF adversary power against which civil resistance is aimed necessarily avoids resort to violence: civil resistance has Bold Text: Cases on the programme been used in some cases in which the adversary has been predisposed to use violence. Often the reasons for a Normal Text: Some other significant cases movement’s avoidance of violence are related to the context rather than to any absolute ethical principle: they may Italic Text: Further cases spring from a society’s traditions of political action, from its experience of war and violence, from legal consid- Underline: Cases that were arguably defeated erations, or from calculations about the improbability of achieving success by violent means.

This symbol indicates significant violence CIVIL RESISTANCE SINCE 1945 Source: Adam Roberts, ‘Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Questions’ (in support of the movement’s goals) Paper presented at the conference on Civil Resistance and Power Politics, p. 2

CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE: : Resisting the Soviet Union Resistance to Coup WEST GERMANY: BALTIC REPUBLICS: Peace and Green Movements Independence Movements

UKRAINE: UK: MONGOLIA: ‘’

GEORGIA: : ‘’ Overthrow of Milosevic

SOUTH KOREA: GREECE: Democratization : SPAIN: Resistance to the ‘Revolution of Carnations’ Opposition to Franco Colonels’ Regime : : ‘’ Tiananmen : ALGERIA: Peaceful Struggle Resistance to Coup USA: PALESTINE: and War Aspects of Intifada : Civil Rights NEPAL: Democracy ‘’ Movement Movement

BRAZIL: Resisting Military Rule BANGLADESH: VIETNAM: : Buddhists vs Diem PANAMA: Democracy Opposition to Ershad Resisting Noriega Movement IRAN: GHANA: Independence Campaign Resisting the Shah BURMA: COLOMBIA: Democracy Resisting Civil War NIGERIA: Democratization Movement THAILAND:

BOLIVIA: Indigenous Movements INDIA: INDONESIA: Independence Resisting Suharto Campaign

ZIMBABWE: CHILE: SOUTH AFRICA: Movement for Resisting Pinochet Resisting Democratic Change

ARGENTINA: Opposition to Galtieri DATE AMERICAS EUROPE AFRICA & MIDDLE EAST ASIA

Before India: independence struggle (to 1947) 1960

Ghana: independence movement 1960 1961 California Dominican Rep. Algeria: resistance to coup 1962 Grape Pickers’ civic strike : 1963 USA: Strike Buddhists 1964 Civil vs. Diem 1965 Rights 1966 1967 South 1968 Africa: 1969 Greece: anti- Thailand: 1970 resisting apartheid democratization 1 1971 colonels Iran: 1972 France: resisting 1973 Larzac the Shah Korea 1974 (South): 1975 Spain: Portugal: democratization 1976 democratization ‘Carnation Rev.’ movement 1977 desaparecidos Germany: 1978 movement Hungary: Grassroots China: 1979 : ‘revolution Movement Democracy 1980 Brazil: church-state crisis from invasion from within’ Wall 1981 Bolivia vs. Argentina to ‘Velvet Palestine: Golan 1982 García Meza vs. Galtieri Revolution’ Western Heights Druze Egypt: 1983 SERPAJ Poland: European Muslim 1984 Uruguay: resisting Peace Brotherhood Philippines: Tibet 1985 Chile vs. Haiti vs. democracy Movements Sudan vs. Nimeiri ‘People Power’ 1986 Pinochet Duvalier Taiwan: 1987 Panama Ireland Fiji vs. 2 coups democracy 1988 vs. Noriega Baltics’ Palestine: 1989 independence DDR: wall’s fall Aspects of Intifada Tiananmen 1990 Cape Verde: MpD Mongolia: democracy / 1991 Bosnia vs. Soviet Union vs ‘hardline’ coup Benin, Niger, Zambia Bangladesh vs. Ershad 1992 civil war Ghana: democracy Thailand: democratization 2 1993 Brazil MST Kosovo: Madagascar: democracy 1994 Landless peaceful Malawi: democratization Burma: 1995 Movement struggle & war Iran: democracy 1996 Colombia: resisting movement 1997 nonviolent theocracy Indonesia vs Nepal: 1998 resistance Serbia vs. Suharto democracy 1999 to civil war Milosevic Belarus vs. Nigeria: democratization movement 2000 Peru vs. Lukashenko Ivory Coast vs. Guei 2001 Fujimori Philippines vs. Estrada 2002 Nigeria: Zimbabwe: 2003 Bolivia: Georgia: Azerbaijan Ogoni MDC 2004 fall of 2 ‘Rose : vs. Aliyev 2005 govts. Rev.’ ‘Orange ?Kyrgyzstan: Lebanon: ‘Cedar Rev.’ Mongolia: post- 2006 Rev.’ ‘Tulip Rev.’ 2004 election Mexico: US: immigrant India: mass election rights conversions