DOCSLIB.ORG

Corel Ventura

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Corel Ventura History $24.95 JOEL A. VILENSKY is Professor of A riveting history of America’s World War I In 1919, when the Great War was over, the Anatomy and Cell Biology at Indiana project to develop a deadly chemical weapon. VILENSKY New York Times reported on a new chemi- University School of Medicine. He has cal weapon with “the fragrance of geranium blossoms,” a poison gas that was “the climax taught Medical Gross Anatomy at its Fort “Dr. Vilensky raises important concerns regarding the threats Wayne campus for the past twenty- ve of this country’s achievements in the lethal posed by lewisite and other weapons of mass destruction. As he Dew of years. His interest in the history of lewis- Dew of arts.” e name of this substance was lew- describes, non-proliferation programs are a vital component in isite and this is its story—the story of an ite stems from research on the history of the War on Terror. I am pleased that the Nunn-Lugar program American weapon of mass destruction. Wilson’s disease, which was rst successfully is working tirelessly around the world, to ensure that lewisite Discovered by accident by a graduate treated using British Anti-Lewisite in 1951. and other weapons of mass destruction do not fall into the student and priest in a chemistry labora- hands of terrorists.” tory at American University, lewisite was —Richard G. Lugar, United States Senator developed into a weapon by Winford Lewis, who became its namesake. A er a powerful “Vilensky has written a fascinating history of lewisite, one of the Death German counterattack in the spring of 1918, earliest chemicals ever designed for weapons of mass destruc- the government began frantic production of tion. He gives us a unique glimpse of the American World War I lewisite in hopes of delivering 3,000 tons of experience, while describing the threat of lewisite to the natural the stuff to be ready for use in Europe the environment and post-9/11 security. Exhaustively researched, The Story of following year. e end of the war came just Dew of Death also shows how lewisite can be connected to the as the rst shipment was being prepared. It development of synthetic rubber and even the atomic bomb.” was dumped into the sea, but not forgotten. —Eric Croddy, author of Chemical and Biological Warfare Death Lewisite, Joel A. Vilensky tells the intriguing story of the discovery and development of “Joel Vilensky’s book . is a detailed and immensely useful this weapon and its curious history. During account of the development and history of one of the major America’s World War II, the United States produced chemical weapons. [W]e will always know how to make lew- more than 20,000 tons of lewisite, testing isite, the ‘Dew of Death,’ but that does not mean that we should it on soldiers and secretly dropping it from be compelled to accept such weapons in our lives.” World War I airplanes. In the end, the substance was —from the foreword by Richard Butler, former head of abandoned as a weapon because it was too United Nations Special Commission to Disarm Iraq unstable under most combat conditions. But Weapon a weapon once discovered never disappears. It was used by Japan in Manchuria and by of Mass Iraq in its war with Iran. e Soviet Union was once a major manufacturer. Strangely INDIANA enough, although it was developed for lethal Destruction purposes, lewisite led to an eff ective treat- University Press ment for a rare neurological disease. Bloomington & Indianapolis Vilensky recounts these stories with de- tail and skill. Dew of Death makes fascinat- ing reading for anyone concerned about the http://iupress.indiana.edu 1-800-842-6796 JOEL A. VILENSKY terrifying uses of technology in warfare. With the assistance of Pandy R. Sinish INDIANA Foreword by Richard Butler Jacket illustration courtesy National Museum of Health and Medicine, Washington, D.C. Dew of Death JOEL A. VILENSKY With the assistance of Pandy R. Sinish Foreword by Richard Butler Dew of Death The Story of Lewisite, America’s World War I Weapon of Mass Destruction indiana university press Bloomington and Indianapolis This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail [email protected] © 2005 by Joel A. Vilensky All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vilensky, Joel A., date- Dew of death : the story of lewisite, America’s World War I weapon of mass destruction / Joel A. Vilensky ; with the assistance of Pandy R. Sinish; foreword by Richard Butler. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-253-34612-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Lewisite (Poison gas)—History. 2. Organoarsenic compounds—Toxicology. I. Sinish, Pandy R. II. Title. UG447.5.L48V35 2005 358′.3482—dc22 2005001678 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 06 05 This book is dedicated to my father, Abe Vilensky, who is always there when I need him. Grandma smelled geranium, Started feeling kind of bum. Sure you guessed the trouble, right— Grandma whiffed some Lewisite. From How to Tell the Gases, by Major Fairfax Downey, United States Field Artillery Branch Contents Foreword by Richard Butler ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction xix 1. 1878: Two Stars Are Born 1 2. The Poisonous Yellow Cloud and the American Response 13 3. The Hunt for a New King 19 4. The American University Experimental Station 29 5. Willoughby: The Chemical Warfare Service’s Ace in the Hole 37 6. The Inter-War Years 56 7. Military Biology and BAL 73 8. World War II: The Gas War That Never Happened 86 9. Lewisite Production, Use, and Sea Dumping after World War II 108 10. Lewisite Stockpiles and Terrestrial Residues 118 11. Human and Environmental Toxicology 143 12. Lewisite, Terrorism, and the Future 154 Appendix 1. Lewisite’s Chemical and Physical Properties 161 Appendix 2. Lewisite Production 163 Appendix 3. Lewisite Degradation 165 Notes 167 Bibliography 188 Index 210 Foreword A little more than a century ago, international law was made seeking to prevent the use of “asphyxiating gases” in warfare. Less than twenty years later those weapons—chemical weapons—were used during the First World War. That use, ¤rst by the Germans but later by the Allies, broke interna- tional law. More dramatically, it appalled people throughout the world. The stories of the choking, blistering, pain, and convulsions suffered by victims were heard with horror. So the community of nations went back to the legal drawing board and made further law—the 1925 Geneva Convention. This Convention sought to strengthen the prohibition on any use of chemi- cal weapons. Whereas it is dif¤cult to de¤ne very precisely what constitutes a weapon of mass destruction, chemical weapons have been seen as such for the past one hundred years, and they are unique in the extent to which they have attracted international consensus that they should be outlawed. But chemical weapons have also had a seductive history. Simultaneously with efforts to outlaw them, they have repeatedly been the subject of re- search, manufacture, weaponization, deployment, and use. The story of lewisite encapsulates the key elements of the history of chemical weapons and their continuing seductive power. That power, at its simplest, has been the notion that rather than suffer the rigors and losses of direct combat, an army could vanquish adversaries by spraying them with substances from the air or blowing a cloud of poison in their direc- tion. From the First World War to the present time, in countries and situa- tions across the globe, attempts have been made to produce the droplets or gases that would grant this power. Throughout this period, lewisite has al- ways been involved. The fantasy of chemical weapons has never approached reality. From the beginning there have always been problems of use and safe disposal of chemical agents. This book records the repeated instances of injury and accident associated with lewisite use, and the decisions taken against using lewisite, partly because there was uncertainty whether its use would also, in fact, harm the user. In addition to such complications, ethical and legal issues needed to be addressed. As is typical in arguments about war, there were always those voices advocating that any means that would help our side win were justi- ¤able. Early in the history of lewisite, arguments were advanced to the ef- fect that it was actually a humane weapon. Death or injury from a good dose of lewisite was presumed to be less agonizing than that from bullets and bayonets. There were, of course, also arguments that any weapon that brought a war to its end sooner rather than later should be viewed as bene- ¤cial and admissible. In this context, Winford Lee Lewis argued that knowl- edge of the planned use of lewisite by the Allies was an important factor promoting Germany’s sudden agreement to an armistice. Joel Vilensky’s book, Dew of Death, is a detailed and immensely useful account of the development and history of one of the major chemical weapons of our time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bubonic Plague
    THE BLACK DEATH, OR BUBONIC PLAGUE “I know histhry isn’t thrue, Hinnissy, because it ain’t like what I see ivry day in Halsted Street. If any wan comes along with a histhry iv Greece or Rome that’ll show me th’ people fightin’, gettin’ dhrunk, makin’ love, gettin’ married, owin’ th’ grocery man an’ bein’ without hard coal, I’ll believe they was a Greece or Rome, but not befur.” — Dunne, Finley Peter, OBSERVATIONS BY MR. DOOLEY, New York, 1902 An infectious virus, according to Peter Medewar, is a piece of nucleic acid surrounded by bad news. This is what the virus carried by the female Culicidae Aëdes aegypti mosquito, causing what was known as black vomit, the American plague, yellow jacket, bronze John, dock fever, stranger’s fever (now standardized as the “yellow fever”) actually looks like, Disney-colorized for your entertainment: And this is what the infectious virus causing Rubeola, the incredibly deadly and devastating German measles, looks like, likewise Disney-colorized for your entertainment: Most infectious viruses have fewer than 10 genes, although the virus that caused the small pox was the biggie exception, having from 200 to 400 genes: HDT WHAT? INDEX BUBONIC PLAGUE THE BLACK DEATH Then, of course, there is the influenza, which exists in various forms as different sorts of this virus mutate and migrate from time to time from other species into humans — beginning with an “A” variety that made the leap from wild ducks to domesticated ducks circa 2500 BCE. (And then there is our little friend the coma bacillus Vibrio cholerae, that occasionally makes its way from our privies into our water supplies and causes us to come down with the “Asiatic cholera.”) On the other hand, the scarlet fever, also referred to as Scarlatina, is an infection caused not by a virus but by one or another of the hemoglobin-liberating bacteria, typically Streptococcus pyogenes.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Warfare Issues
    CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Warfare Issues ISSUE NO. 30 DECEMBER 1995 Quarterly Journal of the Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation OVER THE IMPASSE The dispute with the White House in which the Chair- Third, the Preparatory Commission needs to reach final man of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee decisions soon regarding management and technical mat- blocked action on the Chemical Weapons Convention and ters that require decision well before entry into force. Such other Executive Branch requests for most of this year has long lead-time matters include approval of the design and been resolved. funding of the Information Management System which On the floor of the Senate early this month the Foreign must be up and running before declarations containing con- Relations Committee Chairman, Senator Jesse Helms, an- fidential information can be processed by the Technical nounced that the Committee will resume hearings on the Secretariat; agreement on declaration-related and industry- Convention in February and that the Convention will be related issues to allow States Parties sufficient time to pre- moved out of committee no later than the end of April. As pare their declarations and facility agreements; and part of the agreement, the Senate Majority Leader, Senator agreement on conditions of service for OPCW personnel so Robert Dole, who controls floor scheduling, pledged to that recruitment of inspectors and others can proceed place the Convention before the full Senate within a “rea- smoothly. sonable time period” after it leaves the Committee. This means that the Senate could vote on the Convention in May.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Institutional Responsibilities for the Long-Term
    AN ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINANT ISOLATION FACILITIES By Kevin M. Kostelnik Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Interdisciplinary Studies: Environmental Management May, 2005 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor James Clarke Professor David Kosson Professor Jerry Harbour Professor Mark Abkowitz Professor Mark Cohen Professor Michael Vandenbergh Copyright © 2005 by Kevin M. Kostelnik All Rights Reserved To Mom and Dad for a lifetime of encouragement and support and As inspiration to Colton, Samantha and future generations. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would not have been possible without the financial support of the U.S. Department of Energy, the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation. I would like to thank the management team and staff at the INEEL for the opportunity to conduct this work. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Paul Kearns, the former INEEL Laboratory Director, for his support and personal encouragement. The completion of this research would not have been possible without the support and contributions of many friends and colleagues. First, I would like to acknowledge the very positive support and academic excellence of my Dissertation Committee. I thank them for their enthusiasm and guidance throughout this research. I appreciate the assistance of the case study points of contact whose personal insights and access to information strengthened the content of the case study reports. I would like to acknowledge the graphics support of Allen Haroldsen and the editing support of Eric Swisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsetusuo Wakabayashi, Revealed
    Tsetusuo Wakabayashi, Revealed By Dwight R. Rider Edited by Eric DeLaBarre Preface Most great works of art begin with an objective in mind; this is not one of them. What follows in the pages below had its genesis in a research effort to determine what, if anything the Japanese General Staff knew of the Manhattan Project and the threat of atomic weapons, in the years before the detonation of an atomic bomb over Hiroshima in August 1945. That project drew out of an intense research effort into Japan’s weapons of mass destruction programs stretching back more than two decades; a project that remains on-going. Unlike a work of art, this paper is actually the result of an epiphany; a sudden realization that allows a problem, in this case the Japanese atomic energy and weapons program of World War II, to be understood from a different perspective. There is nothing in this paper that is not readily accessible to the general public; no access to secret documents, unreported interviews or hidden diaries only recently discovered. The information used in this paper has been, for the most part, available to researchers for nearly 30 years but only rarely reviewed. The paper that follows is simply a narrative of a realization drawn from intense research into the subject. The discoveries revealed herein are the consequence of a closer reading of that information. Other papers will follow. In October of 1946, a young journalist only recently discharged from the US Army in the drawdown following World War II, wrote an article for the Atlanta Constitution, the premier newspaper of the American south.
    [Show full text]
  • CWCB 29 Page 2 September 1995 the Soviet Union Effectively Stopped in 1985
    CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Warfare Issues ISSUE NO. 29 SEPTEMBER 1995 Quarterly Journal of the Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation DEFINING CHEMICAL WEAPONS THE WAY THE TREATY DOES Harmonizing the ways in which states parties implement nor such substances as the nerve gas known as Agent GP, the Chemical Weapons Convention domestically is as least means only that these chemicals have not been singled out as important as properly creating the organization in the for routine verification measures. Their omission from the Hague that will operate the treaty internationally. If states Schedules certainly does not mean that the military may use parties implement the Convention differently in certain es- them as weapons or that the domestic penal legislation re- sential respects, there will be no ‘level playing field’ for sci- quired by Article VII of the Convention should be without entific, industrial and commercial enterprise in the diverse application to their acquisition by terrorists. activities upon which the Convention impinges, nor will the The remedy, of course, is for states to write their domes- Convention achieve its potential as a powerful instrument tic implementing legislation so as to incorporate the Gen- against chemical warfare and chemical terrorism. eral Purpose Criterion, either explicitly or by reference to Of all the possible divergences in national implementa- the text of Article II of the Convention. That the draft leg- tion, the most elementary — and the one that now threatens islation now working its way through the legislative pro- to develop — is divergence regarding the very definition of cesses of some states fails to do this must in part reflect the ‘chemical weapons’ to which the provisions of the Conven- failure of the Preparatory Commission to provide guidance tion apply.
    [Show full text]
  • Cicie Deng – IHRP Summer Internship Final Report 2012
    Cicie Deng – IHRP Summer Internship Final Report 2012 The research topic I undertook for my IHRP internship with Toronto ALPHA was studying the legal responsibilities of the Japanese government in producing and using biological and chemical weapons in China during World War II. The internship started in May and ended at the beginning of August, lasting for 10 weeks. I travelled to four countries (U.S., China, Korea, and Tokyo) and 8 cities, including Washington D.C., Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Harbin, Quzhou, Seoul and Tokyo, to meet with scholars and conduct research for my topic. During my trip, I met with well-respected history and legal scholars as well as both Chinese and Japanese lawyers who have represented Chinese victims in lawsuits against the Japanese government for their actions during WWII. I also studied at the Unit 731 Research Institute of the Harbin Academy of Social Sciences and the collaborating Japanese Army Unit 731 Crime Evidence Museum for one month in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the historical background. Furthermore, I participated in the physical examination sessions conducted by a group of Japanese physicians for Chinese victims of abandoned chemical weapons and interviewed a number of the victims. I later travelled to Quzhou in Southern China to meet with victims of biological warfare, particularly those who have contracted anthrax, and family members of victims who died from plague bacteria spread by the Japanese Army (see attached pictures). During my last stop in Tokyo, I visited the Yasukuni Shrine, which enshrines a number of Class A war criminals from WWII and houses a war museum that contains exhibits which attempt to obscure the true history of WWII with biased descriptions and have raised much controversy across victimized Asian countries.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Compensate Them
    Order Code RL30606 Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan Updated July 15, 2002 Gary K. Reynolds Information Research Specialist Information Research Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan Summary Of the approximately 130,000 American prisoners of war (POWs) in World War II (WWII), 27,000 or more were held by Japan. Of the approximately 19,000 American civilian internees held in WWII, close to 14,000 were captured and interned by Japan. After the conclusion of WWII, Congress passed the War Claims Act of 1948, which created a War Claims Commission (WCC) to adjudicate claims and pay out small lump-sum compensation payments from a War Claims Fund consisting of seized Japanese, German, and other Axis assets. Payments to POWs held by either Germany or Japan were at the rate of $1 to $2.50 per day of imprisonment. The WCC also paid civilian internees of Japan $60 for each month of internment, and civilians were also eligible for compensation for disability or death. The War Claims Act of 1948 did not authorize compensation for civilian internees held by Germany. Since payments were already being made to U.S. POWs out of Japanese assets via the War Claims Act, POWs of other Allied countries were given first claim on payments from Japanese assets situated in neutral countries or countries with which the Allied Powers were at war, as specified in the Multilateral Peace Treaty with Japan of 1951.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Medical Atrocities 1932-45: What, Who, How and Why?
    *This is the long version of the paper for the symposium "Japanese Human Experimentation in Wartime China: inquiries into its historical, political, cultural and ethical issues" (S31) in the 22nd International Congress of History of Science, Beijing, July 29, 2005. Some Chinese characters of Japanese and Chinese names and Japanese texts for citation from Japanese references were added. Because of the shortage of time, in the symposium the abridged version was read. I am grateful if you send me some comments, since I'm still revising this for the complete version that should be published as a chapter of The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, Oxford University Press (forthcoming). JAPANESE MEDICAL ATROCITIES 1932-45: WHAT, WHO, HOW AND WHY? Takashi TSUCHIYA 土屋 貴志 Associate Professor 助教授 Department of Philosophy 哲学研究室 Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences 文学研究科 Osaka City University 大޸市立大学 Osaka 558-8585, Japan [email protected] Introduction Between 1932 (Substantially 1933) and the end of World War II, Japanese researchers—mostly under the aegis of the Japanese Imperial Army—killed thousands of human beings in medical experiments. The experiments, which included vivisection, fell broadly into three categories: studies of the progression of disease; surgical research and training; and biological warfare research and development. Most of the human experimentation took place in Japanese-occupied Manchuria and China, although there also were experimental centers in Southeast Asia and on the main Japanese islands. Most of the victims were Manchurian or Chinese criminals, political prisoners, or 1 prisoners of war, although some prisoners of war of the Allied powers—such as the United States, Australia, and New Zealand—also were used in these experiments, and killed.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before and During World War Two
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2013 Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before And During World War Two Alan Vanderbrook University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Vanderbrook, Alan, "Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before And During World War Two" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2589. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2589 IMPERIAL JAPAN’S HUMAN EXPERIMENTS BEFORE AND DURING WORLD WAR TWO by ALAN JAY VANDERBROOK B.A. University of Central Florida, 2009 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2013 ABSTRACT After Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931, Ishii Shiro created Unit 731 and began testing biological weapons on unwilling human test subjects. The history of Imperial Japan’s human experiments was one in which Ishii and Unit 731 was the principal actor, but Unit 731 operated in a much larger context. The network in which 731 operated consisted of Unit 731 and all its sub-units, nearly every major Japanese university, as well as many people in Japan’s scientific and medical community, military hospitals, military and civilian laboratories, and the Japanese military as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • War and Medicine: Exhibition Panel Brochure
    WAR AND MEDICINE Exhibition panel brochure Facts and responsibility of participation of Japanese medical establishment to 15 years war Project exhibition in the 27th general assembly of the Japan Medical Congress Executive Committee of the War and Medicine Exhibition at the 27th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress Exhibition of the 27th General Assembly of The Japan Medical Congress: WAR & MEDICINE The Prospectus The 27th General Assembly of The Japan Medical Congress will be held in Osaka in 2007, the 60th anniversary year of the “Fifteen Years’ War”. This assembly, therefore, affords us a good opportunity to reflect upon the footsteps of the pre and postwar medical establishment of Japan, and in particular with reference to its association with the “War.” Along with the rapid development in medical science and practice, higher standards of medical ethics are required of scholars and doctors. To meet this requirement, one of our important tasks is to look back in a serious way at the path of medical science and practice on which we have trod. The main theme of the 27th Assembly is “the Origin of Life and Medicine̶LIFE, HUMANITY, DREAM,” which encourages the “information transmission from the origin.” This theme must respond to the strong demand on the medical profession for a “reflection from an original point of view.” However, the “reflection from an original point of view” will never be possible without reflecting upon the morality of Japanese medicine during the early Showa period and the “Fifteen Years’ War” to the following “postwar” period̶when the medical science and practice of Japan began to develop and modernize.
    [Show full text]
  • Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China: the Unresolved Japanese Legacy
    Global Green USA 1 Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China: The Unresolved Japanese Legacy GLOBAL GREEN USA, US AFFILIATE OF GREEN CROSS INTERNATIONAL May 2011 Mike Brombach ! ! Global Green USA Globa l Green USA 2 ABOUT THE AUTHOR AcknowledgmentsRyo Sato is a Research Assistant at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Program in Washington,I would DC. like Histo acknowledge research primarily Global focuses Green USAon environmental for providing security me with and access sustainability. to resources on abandoned chemical weapons. I would like to thank Dr. Paul F. Walker, Director, Security & Sustainability; and Finn R. Torgrimsen Longinotto, Senior Fellow, for their guidance inACKNOWLEDGMENTS research and writing. I am grateful to Ryo Sato, who specializes in Japanese abandoned and sea -dumped chemical weapons for interviews and comments on the first draft of this paper. The feedbackThis report from would Loren not Cass, have Holy been Cross possible Professor without and the Marina suppor Voronovat of Finn Longinotto,-Abrams, Program and my Associatecolleagues at Globalat Global Green Green USA, USA. was I wouldalso invaluable also like toin thankshaping Geoff the directionCarton from of this the paper.CALIBRE Systems, Inc., and all those others in the USA and Japan not named here. About the Author MikePOINT Brombach OF CONTACT was a Research Intern during the 2011 spring semester at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Program in Washington, DC. He is a senior at the College of the HolyPaul C F.ross Walker and h,is Marina research Voronova primarily-Abrams focuses and on Finneconomic Longinotto development and environmental securitySecurity and and sustainability.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurst Diary, Hurst Papers
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9234497 A Methodist experiment in graduate education: John Fletcher Hurst and the founding of The American University, 1889—1914 Ross, William Edwin, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]