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An Analysis of Institutional Responsibilities for the Long-Term

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An Analysis of Institutional Responsibilities for the Long-Term AN ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINANT ISOLATION FACILITIES By Kevin M. Kostelnik Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Interdisciplinary Studies: Environmental Management May, 2005 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor James Clarke Professor David Kosson Professor Jerry Harbour Professor Mark Abkowitz Professor Mark Cohen Professor Michael Vandenbergh Copyright © 2005 by Kevin M. Kostelnik All Rights Reserved To Mom and Dad for a lifetime of encouragement and support and As inspiration to Colton, Samantha and future generations. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would not have been possible without the financial support of the U.S. Department of Energy, the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation. I would like to thank the management team and staff at the INEEL for the opportunity to conduct this work. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Paul Kearns, the former INEEL Laboratory Director, for his support and personal encouragement. The completion of this research would not have been possible without the support and contributions of many friends and colleagues. First, I would like to acknowledge the very positive support and academic excellence of my Dissertation Committee. I thank them for their enthusiasm and guidance throughout this research. I appreciate the assistance of the case study points of contact whose personal insights and access to information strengthened the content of the case study reports. I would like to acknowledge the graphics support of Allen Haroldsen and the editing support of Eric Swisher. I thank Mrs. Lori Kostelnik, Dr. Elizabeth Hocking, Dr. Jerry Harbour and Dr. James Clarke for their valuable technical reviews of preliminary drafts. Their comments, questions and suggestions were vital additions to this research. I am extremely grateful for the technical advice and personal commitment of Dr. Clarke and Dr. Harbour whose support and friendship have been tremendous gifts. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the personal sacrifices made by Lori, Samantha and Colton Kostelnik. I am forever grateful for their continued support, love and encouragement. It continues to be a great adventure! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................ xiv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 Current Strategies for Contaminant Isolation ..........................................................1 Applicable Regulations............................................................................................2 Problem Statement...................................................................................................3 Research Hypothesis................................................................................................6 Research Goal ..........................................................................................................7 Project Relevance.....................................................................................................8 Federal Facilities.................................................................................................8 U.S. Department of Energy............................................................................9 U.S. Department of Defense ........................................................................10 Other Federal Agencies................................................................................10 Non-Federal Facilities.......................................................................................11 CERCLA Sites.............................................................................................11 Brownfields Sites.........................................................................................12 Dissertation Structure.............................................................................................13 II. CONTAMINANT ISOLATION FACILITY.........................................................14 Introduction............................................................................................................14 Subsystems of a Contaminant Isolation Facility....................................................15 Natural Subsystem ............................................................................................15 Engineered Subsystem......................................................................................16 Institutional Controls Subsystem ......................................................................18 Management of a Contaminant Isolation Facility..................................................19 Monitoring ........................................................................................................20 Maintenance......................................................................................................21 Institutional Responsibilities.............................................................................22 v Logic Diagram for Contaminant Isolation Facility Management..........................22 III. LITERATURE REVIEW OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS...........................25 Introduction............................................................................................................25 Institutional Control Applications..........................................................................25 Preservation and Protection ..............................................................................26 Use Restrictions ................................................................................................28 Institutional Control of Residual Contaminants ....................................................29 Methods of Control................................................................................................31 Mechanisms for Establishing Institutional Controls..............................................31 Government Controls.........................................................................................32 Property-based Controls....................................................................................34 Public Notice.....................................................................................................35 Funding Mechanisms.............................................................................................36 Legal Considerations for the Institutional Control of Residual Hazards...............38 CERCLA............................................................................................................38 RCRA................................................................................................................41 Brownfields.......................................................................................................42 Guidance for Institutional Control Implementation...............................................42 Federal Guidance ..............................................................................................43 State Guidance ..................................................................................................45 Uniform Environmental Covenant Act.............................................................46 Performance Evaluation of Institutional Controls .................................................47 Surveys..............................................................................................................47 Case Studies......................................................................................................49 Assessments/Studies .........................................................................................50 Findings and Summary ..........................................................................................53 IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................56 Introduction............................................................................................................56 Case Study Approach.............................................................................................57 Case Study Protocol...............................................................................................57 Data Collection .................................................................................................59 Data Management .............................................................................................63 Data Evaluation.................................................................................................63 Individual Case Study Reports..........................................................................63 Cross-Case Conclusions....................................................................................64
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