Unit 731 and the Japanese Biological Warfare Effort
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Bubonic Plague
THE BLACK DEATH, OR BUBONIC PLAGUE “I know histhry isn’t thrue, Hinnissy, because it ain’t like what I see ivry day in Halsted Street. If any wan comes along with a histhry iv Greece or Rome that’ll show me th’ people fightin’, gettin’ dhrunk, makin’ love, gettin’ married, owin’ th’ grocery man an’ bein’ without hard coal, I’ll believe they was a Greece or Rome, but not befur.” — Dunne, Finley Peter, OBSERVATIONS BY MR. DOOLEY, New York, 1902 An infectious virus, according to Peter Medewar, is a piece of nucleic acid surrounded by bad news. This is what the virus carried by the female Culicidae Aëdes aegypti mosquito, causing what was known as black vomit, the American plague, yellow jacket, bronze John, dock fever, stranger’s fever (now standardized as the “yellow fever”) actually looks like, Disney-colorized for your entertainment: And this is what the infectious virus causing Rubeola, the incredibly deadly and devastating German measles, looks like, likewise Disney-colorized for your entertainment: Most infectious viruses have fewer than 10 genes, although the virus that caused the small pox was the biggie exception, having from 200 to 400 genes: HDT WHAT? INDEX BUBONIC PLAGUE THE BLACK DEATH Then, of course, there is the influenza, which exists in various forms as different sorts of this virus mutate and migrate from time to time from other species into humans — beginning with an “A” variety that made the leap from wild ducks to domesticated ducks circa 2500 BCE. (And then there is our little friend the coma bacillus Vibrio cholerae, that occasionally makes its way from our privies into our water supplies and causes us to come down with the “Asiatic cholera.”) On the other hand, the scarlet fever, also referred to as Scarlatina, is an infection caused not by a virus but by one or another of the hemoglobin-liberating bacteria, typically Streptococcus pyogenes. -
CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Warfare Issues
CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Warfare Issues ISSUE NO. 30 DECEMBER 1995 Quarterly Journal of the Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation OVER THE IMPASSE The dispute with the White House in which the Chair- Third, the Preparatory Commission needs to reach final man of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee decisions soon regarding management and technical mat- blocked action on the Chemical Weapons Convention and ters that require decision well before entry into force. Such other Executive Branch requests for most of this year has long lead-time matters include approval of the design and been resolved. funding of the Information Management System which On the floor of the Senate early this month the Foreign must be up and running before declarations containing con- Relations Committee Chairman, Senator Jesse Helms, an- fidential information can be processed by the Technical nounced that the Committee will resume hearings on the Secretariat; agreement on declaration-related and industry- Convention in February and that the Convention will be related issues to allow States Parties sufficient time to pre- moved out of committee no later than the end of April. As pare their declarations and facility agreements; and part of the agreement, the Senate Majority Leader, Senator agreement on conditions of service for OPCW personnel so Robert Dole, who controls floor scheduling, pledged to that recruitment of inspectors and others can proceed place the Convention before the full Senate within a “rea- smoothly. sonable time period” after it leaves the Committee. This means that the Senate could vote on the Convention in May. -
Tsetusuo Wakabayashi, Revealed
Tsetusuo Wakabayashi, Revealed By Dwight R. Rider Edited by Eric DeLaBarre Preface Most great works of art begin with an objective in mind; this is not one of them. What follows in the pages below had its genesis in a research effort to determine what, if anything the Japanese General Staff knew of the Manhattan Project and the threat of atomic weapons, in the years before the detonation of an atomic bomb over Hiroshima in August 1945. That project drew out of an intense research effort into Japan’s weapons of mass destruction programs stretching back more than two decades; a project that remains on-going. Unlike a work of art, this paper is actually the result of an epiphany; a sudden realization that allows a problem, in this case the Japanese atomic energy and weapons program of World War II, to be understood from a different perspective. There is nothing in this paper that is not readily accessible to the general public; no access to secret documents, unreported interviews or hidden diaries only recently discovered. The information used in this paper has been, for the most part, available to researchers for nearly 30 years but only rarely reviewed. The paper that follows is simply a narrative of a realization drawn from intense research into the subject. The discoveries revealed herein are the consequence of a closer reading of that information. Other papers will follow. In October of 1946, a young journalist only recently discharged from the US Army in the drawdown following World War II, wrote an article for the Atlanta Constitution, the premier newspaper of the American south. -
CWCB 29 Page 2 September 1995 the Soviet Union Effectively Stopped in 1985
CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Warfare Issues ISSUE NO. 29 SEPTEMBER 1995 Quarterly Journal of the Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation DEFINING CHEMICAL WEAPONS THE WAY THE TREATY DOES Harmonizing the ways in which states parties implement nor such substances as the nerve gas known as Agent GP, the Chemical Weapons Convention domestically is as least means only that these chemicals have not been singled out as important as properly creating the organization in the for routine verification measures. Their omission from the Hague that will operate the treaty internationally. If states Schedules certainly does not mean that the military may use parties implement the Convention differently in certain es- them as weapons or that the domestic penal legislation re- sential respects, there will be no ‘level playing field’ for sci- quired by Article VII of the Convention should be without entific, industrial and commercial enterprise in the diverse application to their acquisition by terrorists. activities upon which the Convention impinges, nor will the The remedy, of course, is for states to write their domes- Convention achieve its potential as a powerful instrument tic implementing legislation so as to incorporate the Gen- against chemical warfare and chemical terrorism. eral Purpose Criterion, either explicitly or by reference to Of all the possible divergences in national implementa- the text of Article II of the Convention. That the draft leg- tion, the most elementary — and the one that now threatens islation now working its way through the legislative pro- to develop — is divergence regarding the very definition of cesses of some states fails to do this must in part reflect the ‘chemical weapons’ to which the provisions of the Conven- failure of the Preparatory Commission to provide guidance tion apply. -
Cicie Deng – IHRP Summer Internship Final Report 2012
Cicie Deng – IHRP Summer Internship Final Report 2012 The research topic I undertook for my IHRP internship with Toronto ALPHA was studying the legal responsibilities of the Japanese government in producing and using biological and chemical weapons in China during World War II. The internship started in May and ended at the beginning of August, lasting for 10 weeks. I travelled to four countries (U.S., China, Korea, and Tokyo) and 8 cities, including Washington D.C., Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Harbin, Quzhou, Seoul and Tokyo, to meet with scholars and conduct research for my topic. During my trip, I met with well-respected history and legal scholars as well as both Chinese and Japanese lawyers who have represented Chinese victims in lawsuits against the Japanese government for their actions during WWII. I also studied at the Unit 731 Research Institute of the Harbin Academy of Social Sciences and the collaborating Japanese Army Unit 731 Crime Evidence Museum for one month in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the historical background. Furthermore, I participated in the physical examination sessions conducted by a group of Japanese physicians for Chinese victims of abandoned chemical weapons and interviewed a number of the victims. I later travelled to Quzhou in Southern China to meet with victims of biological warfare, particularly those who have contracted anthrax, and family members of victims who died from plague bacteria spread by the Japanese Army (see attached pictures). During my last stop in Tokyo, I visited the Yasukuni Shrine, which enshrines a number of Class A war criminals from WWII and houses a war museum that contains exhibits which attempt to obscure the true history of WWII with biased descriptions and have raised much controversy across victimized Asian countries. -
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Index
Index INDEX A Aircrew uniform, integrated battlefield (AUIB), 373 Air delivery Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 398, 409–410 history, 28, 31, 34–35, 49–50 See also Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland See also Aerosol; Inhalational injury; specific agent ABG Airplane smoke tanks, 31 See Arterial blood gases (ABG) AIT Abortion See Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT) septic, in brucellosis, 516 Alarms, 377–383 Abrin, 610, 632 biological agent, 431 Abrus precatorius, 610, 632 history, 23, 53, 60–62, 66–67 AC LOPAIR, E33 Area Scanning, 53 See Hydrogen cyanide (AC) M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent, 380–381 Acetaminophen, 627 M21 Remote Sensing Chemical Agent (RSCAAL), 381 Acetylcholine (ACh), 132–134, 136, 159, 647 Portable Automatic Chemical Agent, 60–62 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 131–132, 134, 182–184 See also Detection Acetylene tetrachloride, 34 Alastrim, 543 Acid hydrolysis, 355 Alexander, Stewart, 103 Action potential, 133 Algal toxins, 457, 609, 617 Activated charcoal, 217, 362–363, 366, 370, 373, 670 Alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA), 659, 667 Adamsite Alkaline hydrolysis, 355 See DM (diphenylaminearsine) Allergic contact sensitivity, 238–239, 249, 314, 316–317 Additives, 122 a -Naphthylthiourea (ANTU), 638 Adenine arabinoside (Ara-A), 553 Alphaviruses, 562 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 275, 383, 431 antigenic classification, 564–565 S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors, 552 structure and replication, 569–570 Adenoviridae, 575, 683 See also Viral encephalitides; specific virus Adrenaline, 132 Alphavirus virion, 569 Adrenergic nervous system, -
United States Compensate Them
Order Code RL30606 Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan Updated July 15, 2002 Gary K. Reynolds Information Research Specialist Information Research Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan Summary Of the approximately 130,000 American prisoners of war (POWs) in World War II (WWII), 27,000 or more were held by Japan. Of the approximately 19,000 American civilian internees held in WWII, close to 14,000 were captured and interned by Japan. After the conclusion of WWII, Congress passed the War Claims Act of 1948, which created a War Claims Commission (WCC) to adjudicate claims and pay out small lump-sum compensation payments from a War Claims Fund consisting of seized Japanese, German, and other Axis assets. Payments to POWs held by either Germany or Japan were at the rate of $1 to $2.50 per day of imprisonment. The WCC also paid civilian internees of Japan $60 for each month of internment, and civilians were also eligible for compensation for disability or death. The War Claims Act of 1948 did not authorize compensation for civilian internees held by Germany. Since payments were already being made to U.S. POWs out of Japanese assets via the War Claims Act, POWs of other Allied countries were given first claim on payments from Japanese assets situated in neutral countries or countries with which the Allied Powers were at war, as specified in the Multilateral Peace Treaty with Japan of 1951. -
Japanese Medical Atrocities 1932-45: What, Who, How and Why?
*This is the long version of the paper for the symposium "Japanese Human Experimentation in Wartime China: inquiries into its historical, political, cultural and ethical issues" (S31) in the 22nd International Congress of History of Science, Beijing, July 29, 2005. Some Chinese characters of Japanese and Chinese names and Japanese texts for citation from Japanese references were added. Because of the shortage of time, in the symposium the abridged version was read. I am grateful if you send me some comments, since I'm still revising this for the complete version that should be published as a chapter of The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, Oxford University Press (forthcoming). JAPANESE MEDICAL ATROCITIES 1932-45: WHAT, WHO, HOW AND WHY? Takashi TSUCHIYA 土屋 貴志 Associate Professor 助教授 Department of Philosophy 哲学研究室 Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences 文学研究科 Osaka City University 大市立大学 Osaka 558-8585, Japan [email protected] Introduction Between 1932 (Substantially 1933) and the end of World War II, Japanese researchers—mostly under the aegis of the Japanese Imperial Army—killed thousands of human beings in medical experiments. The experiments, which included vivisection, fell broadly into three categories: studies of the progression of disease; surgical research and training; and biological warfare research and development. Most of the human experimentation took place in Japanese-occupied Manchuria and China, although there also were experimental centers in Southeast Asia and on the main Japanese islands. Most of the victims were Manchurian or Chinese criminals, political prisoners, or 1 prisoners of war, although some prisoners of war of the Allied powers—such as the United States, Australia, and New Zealand—also were used in these experiments, and killed. -
Biological Warfare―The Real Pandora's
International Relations and Diplomacy, February 2019, Vol. 7, No. 02, 76-84 D doi: 10.17265/2328-2134/2019.02.003 DAVID PUBLISHING Biological Warfare―The Real Pandora’s Box: Learning From the Past Alexandru Herciu “Carol 1st” National Defense University, Bucharest, Romania It is necessary to assess the risks generated by various micro-organisms that can be used as biological weapons and to understand the process of their development and the use of biological agents over time. Biological agents used for military purposes may be more powerful than conventional weapons and chemical weapons. Over the past century, advances in biotechnology and biochemistry have simplified the development and production of such weapons, and genetic engineering probably holds the most dangerous potential for making biological weapons. Ease of production, broad availability of biological agents and technical knowledge has led to the proliferation of biological weapons and a growing desire among developing countries to hold them. Keywords: biologic warfare, biological agents, Biological Weapons Convention, bioterrorism Introduction The biological weapon is the means of mass destruction, sometimes difficult to control, which through the harmful effect of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, and microbial toxins) can cause large losses among troops, populations, and animals, as well as the destruction (contamination) of crops. Also called the nuclear bomb of the poor or the dirty bomb, it is an invisible weapon. It can be transported without being detected, even across borders, in sufficient quantities for a major attack. Micro-organisms can be released without noise and without causing immediate effects. The disease cannot be determined until the symptoms of the infection and the biological agent are identified. -
Remembering Manchukuo………………………………………………..319
Utopia/Dystopia: Japan’s Image of the Manchurian Ideal by Kari Leanne Shepherdson-Scott Department of Art, Art History, and Visual Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Gennifer Weisenfeld, Supervisor ___________________________ David Ambaras ___________________________ Mark Antliff ___________________________ Stanley Abe Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Art, Art History, and Visual Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 i v ABSTRACT Utopia/Dystopia: Japan’s Image of the Manchurian Ideal by Kari Leanne Shepherdson-Scott Department of Art, Art History, and Visual Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Gennifer Weisenfeld, Supervisor ___________________________ David Ambaras ___________________________ Mark Antliff ___________________________ Stanley Abe An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Art, Art History, and Visual Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Kari Leanne Shepherdson-Scott 2012 Abstract This project focuses on the visual culture that emerged from Japan’s relationship with Manchuria during the Manchukuo period (1932-1945). It was during this time that Japanese official and popular interest in the region reached its peak. Fueling the Japanese attraction and investment in this region were numerous romanticized images of Manchuria’s bounty and space, issued to bolster enthusiasm for Japanese occupation and development of the region. I examine the Japanese visual production of a utopian Manchuria during the 1930s and early 1940s through a variety of interrelated media and spatial constructions: graphic magazines, photography, exhibition spaces, and urban planning. -
From Poisoned Darts to Pan-Hazard Preparedness
Historical Overview: from Poisoned Darts to Pan-Hazard Preparedness Chapter 1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: FROM POISONED DARTS TO PAN-HAZARD PREPAREDNESS GEORGE W. CHRISTOPHER, MD, FACP*; DANIEL M. GERSTEIN, PhD†; EDWARD M. EITZEN, MD, MPH‡; and JAMES W. MARTIN, MD, FACP§ INTRODUCTION EARLY USE THE WORLD WARS THE US PROGRAM THE SOVIET PROGRAM THE SPECIAL CASE OF IRAQ OTHER NATIONAL PROGRAMS BIOCRIMES BIOLOGICAL TERRORISM SOLUTIONS: TOWARD PAN-HAZARD PREPAREDNESS Disarmament: The Biological Weapons Convention Smallpox Preparedness Dual Use Research of Concern Toward Pan-Hazard Preparedness SUMMARY *Lieutenant Colonel (Retired), Medical Corps, US Air Force; Chief Medical Officer, Joint Project Manager-Medical Countermeasure Systems (JPM- MCS), 10109 Gridley Road, Building 314, 2nd Floor, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-5865 †Colonel (Retired), US Army; Adjunct Professor, School of International Studies, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016; formerly, Undersecretary (Acting) and Deputy Undersecretary, Science and Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC ‡Colonel (Retired), Medical Corps, US Army; Senior Partner, Biodefense and Public Health Programs, Martin-Blanck and Associates, 2034 Eisenhower Avenue, Suite 270, Alexandria, Virginia 22314-4678; formerly, Commander, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland §Colonel (Retired), Medical Corps, US Army; Chief of Internal Medicine, US Army Healthcare Clinic, Vicenza, APO AE 09630-0040; -
Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before and During World War Two
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2013 Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before And During World War Two Alan Vanderbrook University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Vanderbrook, Alan, "Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before And During World War Two" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2589. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2589 IMPERIAL JAPAN’S HUMAN EXPERIMENTS BEFORE AND DURING WORLD WAR TWO by ALAN JAY VANDERBROOK B.A. University of Central Florida, 2009 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2013 ABSTRACT After Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931, Ishii Shiro created Unit 731 and began testing biological weapons on unwilling human test subjects. The history of Imperial Japan’s human experiments was one in which Ishii and Unit 731 was the principal actor, but Unit 731 operated in a much larger context. The network in which 731 operated consisted of Unit 731 and all its sub-units, nearly every major Japanese university, as well as many people in Japan’s scientific and medical community, military hospitals, military and civilian laboratories, and the Japanese military as a whole.