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The Goldhagen Phenomenon Author(S): Raul Hilberg Source: Critical Inquiry, Vol The Goldhagen Phenomenon Author(s): Raul Hilberg Source: Critical Inquiry, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Summer, 1997), pp. 721-728 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1344046 . Accessed: 08/02/2015 10:20 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Critical Inquiry. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.135.12.127 on Sun, 8 Feb 2015 10:20:42 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The GoldhagenPhenomenon Raul Hilberg Raul Hilberg's"The Goldhagen Phenomenon" was wrzttenin responseto a requestby Claude Lanzmann, and published in Les Temps Modernes("Le Phe- nomeneGoldhvagen," trans. Marie-France de Palomera, no. 592 [Feb.-Mar:19977: 1-10). Althoughoccasioned by the claims in DanielGoldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners,Hilberg's d?scussion of thecontent and receptionof thisbook ra?ses someof thecentral h?stortographical tssues concerning the study of theHolocaust. Moreover,by focussing on the appropriatenessand inapproprtatenessof various formsof explanation,Hilberg articulates once more in thtscontext the ep?stemologi- cal stakesthat lie behindthe Goldhvagen debate. ArnoldI. Davidson Daniel Goldhagen'sbook, based on his doctoral dissertationin political science, was first published in the early spring of 1996. The English- language title, Hitler'sWilling Executioners, states in large print what we have alwaysknown: Not only were these men shooters;they were willing. In the subtitle, OrdinaryGermans and theHolocaust, Goldhagen repeats an- other fact that has alreadybeen recognized: Most executioners in shoot- ing operations were not speciallyselected for their task;they were simple German policemen who had patrolled ordinaryGerman streets. Goldha- gen's use, however,of the phrase "ordinaryGermans" also has a special meaning with a purposeful edge. It was calculatedas an attackon a senior scholar, Christopher Browning, who had previously authored a work We are grateful to Raul Hilberg for allowing us to publish the original English version of his text. CrztacalInqugry 23 (Summer 1997) O 1997 by The University of Chicago. 0093-1896/97/230s0007$02.00. All rights reserved. 721 This content downloaded from 128.135.12.127 on Sun, 8 Feb 2015 10:20:42 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 722 Raul Hilberg TheGoldhagen Phenomenon titledOrdinary Men. l In Goldhagen'sstudy, the centerpieceis the German ReservePolice Battalion 101, which was madeup of personnelfrom the Hamburgarea and whichmassacred Jews in Poland.Browning had writ- ten his bookabout that particular battalion. It is Browningwho had madea discoveryand who had recognized its significance.On the daywhen the battalionwas first confronted with the taskof killingJews, its commander,Major Wilhelm Trapp, had made a speechto his men and had given them the choiceof not firingtheir riflesat the victims.Some of the men steppedout; the otherswere ready to shoot.This sceneis a revelationbecause it shakesto its foundationthe long-heldsupposition that orders were indispensable. Whythen did Goldhagenwrite another book about the sameevent? Therewas something he wantedto add.To Goldhagenthe shooterswere not only willingbut eagerand brutal.Since it is possibleto characterize the entireHolocaust as an act of brutality,one mustask what he had in mindwhen he used thatword with specific reference to the actionof the battalionand whatevidence he cites for whathe has to say.Here is the passagein his ownlanguage about the mannerof the shooting: they chose to walkinto a hospital,a house of healing,and to shoot the sick,who musthave been cowering,begging, and screamingfor mercy.They killedbabies. None of the Germanshas seen fit to re- countdetails of such killings.In all probability,a killer either shot a babyin its mother'sarms, and perhaps the motherfor goodmeasure, or, as was sometimesthe habitduring these years,held it at arm's length by the leg, shootingit with a pistol. Perhapsthe mother lookedon in horror.The tinycorpse was then droppedlike so much trashand left to rot.2 Thatis not quiteall. Goldhagenwanted to describewhat these men werethinking in the courseof suchactions. Since they were street police- men, and mostof them had not evenjoined the Naziparty, he does not assumethat they were speciallyindoctrinated. He is certain,however, thatthey must have hated the Jews to act as theydid and thatthis hatred 1. See ChristopherR. Browning,Ordinary Men: ReservePolice Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1992). 2. DanielJonah Goldhagen,Hitlers WillingExecutioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holo- caust (New York, 1996), pp. 215-16. Raul Hilberg is professoremeritus at the Universityof Vermont, wherehe held the John G. McCulloughchair of politicalscience. He is the authorof TheDestruction of the EuropeanJews (1961;rev. ed. 1985), Sonderzagenach Auschwitz ( 1981),and Perpetrators,Victims, and Bystanders: TheJewish Catastrophe, 1933-1945 ( 1992). This content downloaded from 128.135.12.127 on Sun, 8 Feb 2015 10:20:42 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions CriticalInquiry Summer1997 723 musthave been so "ubiquitous"and "profound"in Germansociety that theyabsorbed it as a matterof course.The originof the hatred,he goes on to say,had to be anti-Semitism,but sincethat ideologywas not con- finedto Germans,the Germanbrand had to be a specialproduct, which containeda "genocidalpotential." He labels that brand as "elimina- tionist."Only such a pervasivebelief system, he declares,could have gen- erateda "cultureof cruelty"vis-a-vis the Jews. Anti-Semitismwas widespread in Europeduring the late nineteenth centuryand in the yearsbefore the outbreakof WorldWar I. The anti- Semitesproclaimed their beliefs in speeches,pamphlets, and political programs.In some countries,this movementresulted in discrimination againstthe Jews,and in Russiait was dangerousenough to bringabout pogroms,which the TsaristMinister of the Interior,Count Nikolai Pav- lovichIgnatyev, likened to the verdictof a "people'scourt." Germananti-Semitism, on the otherhand, was not onlyweaker than the easternEuropean variety, but by 1914it beganto decline.Although the Nazisrevived it in their propagandisticliterature, it neverbecame altogetherrespectable or trulyprevalent. In his heavybook, Goldhagen does not discussthe manyorganizations that made up the Gestaltknown as Nazi Germany.The bureaucraticapparatus was led by lawyers,engi- neers, accountants,and other professionals.These functionarieswere modernmen withclear eyesight and a necessaryunderstanding of com- plexity.The railways,which transported the Jewsto theirdeaths, or the financeoffices, which confiscated their property, or the nearlytwo hun- dred privatefirms that were involvedin the constructionof Auschwitz, werenot staffedby pureanti-Semites, and neitherwere the urbanpolice forces.For his insistencethat virtually all of Germanywas virulently anti- Semitic,Goldhagen marshals such evidence as graffitiwith rhymed words and a lectureby a leaderof the GermanChristian Church. He also cites MeinKampf; but not the paragraphin whichHitler writes that his own fatherhad regardedanti-Semitism as a sign of backwardness.Nor does Goldhagennote thatthe youngHeinrich Himmler once described a Ger- mannovel as "polemical"and "fullof anti-Semiticlectures." Goldhagen overstatesthe extent and depth of German anti- Semitism.At the sametime he underplaystwo factors that greatly weaken his basicthesis. One is thatnot all the shooterswere Germans, the other, thatnot all the victimswere Jews. The killersincluded ethnic Germans, who were drawn from a popu- lationthat had livedoutside Germany. An ethnicGerman Kommando, re- cruited in villagesof the Berezovka-Mostovoyeregion of the western Ukraine,shot morethan 30,000 Jews in thatarea. Moreover, men of eth- nic Germanbackground were not only shootersbut by 1944they consti- tutedmore than a thirdof the guardforce in Auschwitz.Goldhagen does not even mention them. The "executioners"were also Romanians, Croats,Ukrainians, Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuaniansin significant This content downloaded from 128.135.12.127 on Sun, 8 Feb 2015 10:20:42 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 724 Raul Hilberg TheGoldhagen Phenomenon numbers.The Romanianand Croatformations implemented policies of theirown governments. The greatOdessa massacre of October1941 was Romanian,and it was RomanianMarshal Ion Antonescuwho askedon 16 December1941, "Are we waitingfor a decisionto be takenin Berlin?" just before70,000 Jews were killedby his men in the Goltaprefecture. Thousandsof thoseJews were burned alive. As to the Croats,there are photographsof whatwent on in thatsatellite state. Baltic auxiliaries were absolutelyessential to the Germans,as in the case of Latvianstreet and harberpolice who participated heavily in the massiveshooting ofJews in Riga.Of the Lithuanianpolice battalions that were pressed into service, the secondis of specialinterest. In Octoberof that year,it was ordered to go from Kaunasto Byelorussiaas a componentof
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