RESEARCH PROJECT Use, evaluate and extend own information literacy skills (CULLB602C)
CHARLES DARWIN
SUBMITTED BY Hossain Salahuddin
Student No: 362 743 192
Diploma of Library & Information Services Part-time Evening (Class 2Z) TAFE Sydney Institute - Ultimo Campus
FACILITATOR Poppy Prezios
© A portrait of 31-year-old Charles Darwin by George Richmond in 1840. RESEARCH PROJECT Use, evaluate and extend own information literacy skills (CULLB602C)
CHARLES DARWIN
This bibliography will look at the life of this great British scientist with special reference to his Theory of Evolution and the evidence supporting the theory. The Bibliography will also examine the influences of Charles Darwin in various disciplines and modern world in general.
(Word Count - 14,636)
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 5
Research Topic 5
General Overview 5
Coverage 5
Target Audience 6
Symbols used for the location of items 7
The Life of Charles Darwin 9
Selected citations & aspects covered 10
Bibliographies (1-10) 12
The Theory of Evolution 20
Selected citations & aspects covered 21
Bibliographies (11-20) 23
The Evidence of Evolution 30
Selected citations & aspects covered 31
Bibliographies (21-29) 33
Influences of Charles Darwin and his theory 40
Selected citations & aspects covered 41
Bibliographies (30-39) 44
Research Process Report 53
a. Types of search tools used 53
b. Search strategy used to find the item 54
Library Catalogue 54
Electronic Databases 54 Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
3 Internet Websites 55
Subject Specific Reference Sources 55
c. Difficulties encountered 58
d. An item originally selected, but later rejected 59
e. Diary of consultation 60
Appendix 61
UEE Research Project: changes in aspects and sub-headings 62
The Evolutionary tree of Life 64
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
4 Introduction
Research Topic
The research topic for this project is - Charles Darwin.
This bibliography will look at the life of this great British scientist with special reference to his theory of evolution and the evidence supporting his theory. The bibliography will also examine the influences of Charles Darwin in various disciplines and modern world in general.
General Overview
British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is often described as one of the most influential figures in human history and one of the greatest scientists ever lived. In the nineteenth century his ideas about the history and diversity of life - including the evolutionary origin of humankind - contributed to major changes in science, philosophy, social thoughts and religious beliefs. His ‘theory of evolution’ has transformed the way humans think about themselves.
Born in 1809, Charles Darwin grew up as a country boy in England and developed keen interest in collecting specimens of birds, insects and animals. In 1831, he embarked on a historic voyage on board the British naval vassal HMS Beagle and started to develop his groundbreaking radical explanation of life and the origin of species. He spent almost five years in the expedition and collected numerous animal and plant specimens from various places of the southern hemisphere, including the famed Galapagos islands.
After returning England, Darwin spent years working in secret - painstakingly piecing together the evidence of his theory of evolution by natural selection. In the year 1859, almost 23 years after returning from his epic voyage, Darwin finally published his findings in his famous book ‘The origin of species’. Darwin’s radical ideas ignited fiercest debates and ridicule in conservative Victorian society. The debate continues to this day in some extent, although the truth of Darwin’s theory of evolution is widely accepted among the scientific community. Most scholars consider his ‘Theory of Evolution’ as a powerful idea that explains the existence of every living being, including human.
150 years after the publication of ‘The origin of species’, Charles Darwin still remains immensely influential, and his theory continues to explain a great many things about life - it’s complexity, diversity, beauty and elegance.
Coverage
‘Charles Darwin’ is an extremely well-known scientist and there are numerous books, journal articles, reference sources and websites available to facilitate research on him and his ideas. For
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
5 such a broad topic and larger than life personality, it was important for a successful research project to pinpoint the aspects that need to be covered.
The four main aspects of this topic are:
• The life of Charles Darwin
• The theory of evolution
• The evidence of evolution
• Influences of Charles Darwin and his theory
Organisation and arrangement of citations
The citations have been arranged in alphabetical order under each four aspects mentioned above.
Some long URL links have been shortened using TinyURL : http://tiny.cc/
(For symbols used for the location of items, please see page 7)
Target Audience
This bibliography has been created to assist an undergraduate student of the University of Sydney, in their first semester, studying Evolutionary Biology.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
6 Symbols used for the location of items
SYMBOLS MEANING USED Library Catalogues • University of Sydney Library Catalogue (http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/) • TAFE NSW Library Network Catalogue (http://tafecat.tafensw.edu.au/tafecat.html) • University of NSW Library Catalogue (http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/)
Electronic Databases • Science & Geography Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online. (http://tiny.cc/o76kx) • ProQuest Science and Technology from SLNSW eResources. (http://tiny.cc/rvclv) • Info Trac from TAFE Sydney Institute Library Database (http://tiny.cc/al00r)
Internet Websites • Google Search Engine (www.google.com.au). • Bing Search Engine (www.bing.com) • Yahoo Search Engine (http://au.search.yahoo.com/web?fr=yfp-t-501)
Subject Specific Reference Sources • Print Subject Specific Reference Sources from the Library Catalogue. • Online Subject Specific Reference Sources: • ScienceZine Encyclopedia (http://encyclozine.com/)
© • McGraw-Hill’s AcessScience Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online (http://accessscience.com/index.aspx) • The Encyclopedia of Science (http://www.daviddarling.info/ encyclopedia/ETEmain.html) • Science Encyclopedia (http://science.jrank.org/)
IconArchive (http://www.iconarchive.com/) Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
7 Mind Map
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
8 The Life of Charles Darwin
The following citations will provide information on the life of Charles Darwin. These citations will also cover the following subheadings listed in the mind map (page 8):
Born 12 February 1809, British Naturalist, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle, 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’, Backlash, Died 19 April 1882.
© A portrait of 7-year-old Charles Darwin by Ellen Sharples in 1816.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
9 Selected citations & aspects covered
in alphabetical order
Source Citations Aspects covered
Born 12 February 1809, Browne, E. J. (E. Janet). Charles Darwin/ vol. 1. Voyaging. British Naturalist, London: Jonathan Cape, 1995. 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle
Browne, E. J. (E. Janet). Charles Darwin: the power of place; 1859 Publication of ‘The volume II of a biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, origin of species’, Backlash, 2003. Died 19 April 1882.
Browne, Janet. “The Voyages of Charles Darwin: Travels in South America”. David Rockefeller Center for British Naturalist, Latin American Studies-Harvard University . Retrieved 1831-1836 Voyage of the October 16, 2011 from www.drclas.harvard.edu/ Beagle revistaweb/earthsky/legacyofdarwin/browne
Born 12 February 1809, British Naturalist, Charles Darwin on the origin of species. Retrieved 1831-1836 Voyage of the November 19, 2011 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/ Beagle, 1859 Publication science/charles-darwin of ‘The origin of species’, Backlash, Died 19 April 1882.
Born 12 February 1809, British Naturalist, “Charles Darwin”. ScienceZine. Retrieved November 19, 1831-1836 Voyage of the 2011 from http://encyclozine.com/history/biography/ Beagle, 1859 Publication darwin of ‘The origin of species’, Backlash, Died 19 April 1882.
Born 12 February 1809, “Darwin”. American museum of natural history. Retrieved British Naturalist, November 19, 2011 from http://www.amnh.org/ 1831-1836 Voyage of the exhibitions/darwin/ Beagle, 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
10 Source Citations Aspects covered
Born 12 February 1809, Desmond, Adrian and Moore, James. Darwin, London: British Naturalist, Penguin, 1992. Backlash, Died 19 April 1882.
Francis, Keith. Charles Darwin and the origin of species, 1859 Publication of ‘The Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2007. origin of species’
Quammen, David. “Darwin’s first clues”. National British Naturalist, Geographic, vol. 215, issue 2, Feb 2009: 34-55. Retrieved 1831-1836 Voyage of the October 16, 2011 from Science and Geography Beagle, 1859 Publication Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online. of ‘The origin of species’
Sulloway, Frank J. “The evolution of Charles Darwin: a creationist when he visited the Galapagos islands, the British Naturalist, great naturalist grasped the full significance of the 1831-1836 Voyage of the unique wildlife he found there only well after he had Beagle, 1859 Publication returned to London.” Smithsonian, Dec. 2005: 58 - 68. of ‘The origin of species’. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from Info Trac on General OneFile.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
11 Bibliographies (1-10)
University of NSW Library Catalogue Call Number: MB 575.0092/15 /(1) 1 Location: Level 7, Main Library Format : Monograph URL: http://tiny.cc/ltlzs
Aspects Born 12 February 1809, British Naturalist, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle
Browne, E. J. (E. Janet). Charles Darwin/ vol. 1. Voyaging. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.
The subject headings indicate that this is a biography of Charles Darwin. Table of contents or summary are not available from library catalogue, however, more information about the title is available in Global books in print. This title is the first of a two-volume biographical work on Darwin and it covers the first part of his life with specific emphasis on his five-year voyage on board the HMS Beagle. The book attempts to trace Darwin’s own evolution - from a young, inquisitive country boy to an amateur naturalist and from an explorer to a quiet revolutionary who changed the way humans think about their own origin. In this comprehensive work the author explores Darwin’s genealogy, childhood, his early experiences, the settings of mid-Victorian England and the religious and scientific landscape of Darwin’s era. The book places specific emphasis on the grand voyage of the Beagle which was the forming event in Darwin’s life as a scientist. The title also provides a glimpse in Darwin’s personal life, his inner struggle and the human side to science. The author leaves off the volume 1 just when Charles Darwin was going public with the publication of the ‘The origin of species’. The title concludes with a comprehensive bibliographic reference, notes and index which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for further research.
University of NSW Library Catalogue Call Number: CFA 575.0092/15 /(2) 2 Location: Level 7, Main Library Format : Monograph URL: http://tiny.cc/436jx
Aspects 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’, Backlash, Died 19 April 1882.
Browne, E. J. (E. Janet). Charles Darwin: the power of place; volume II of a biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
12 This is the concluding volume of a two-volume bibliographical work on Darwin and it covers the later part of his life with specific emphasis on the publication of the ‘The origin of species’. The book describes Darwin’s twenty years of painstaking research which lead to the development of the theory of evolution and the publication of ‘The origin of species’. The subject heading and table of contents provided in the catalogue record also indicate that this volume discusses the extraordinary events that finally forced Darwin to publish his thesis and the fame and controversy that followed. Browne continues her narrative from the previous volume and discusses the backlash and criticism Darwin had to confront and also introduces the readers to Darwin's brilliant supporter such as Thomas Henry Huxley, Joseph Hooker and Alfred Russell Wallace. The title utilises Darwin’s innumerable correspondence to piece together his private thoughts and attempts to discover the human side of this influential scientific figure. The book shows how Charles Darwin spent his time, mostly at home, doing critical observations and persistent experiments. Author Janet Browne is a well known researcher and authority on Charles Darwin and has written several books on his life. The title concludes with a comprehensive bibliographic reference, notes and index which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for further research.
Google Search Engine (www.google.com.au) Format : Internet Website 3 URL: www.drclas.harvard.edu/revistaweb/earthsky/legacyofdarwin/ browne
Aspects British Naturalist, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle
Browne, Janet. “The Voyages of Charles Darwin: Travels in South America”. David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies-Harvard University . Retrieved October 16, 2011 from www.drclas.harvard.edu/revistaweb/earthsky/legacyofdarwin/browne
Charles Darwin spent a very important part of his life in the South Americas. During his famed voyage of the Beagle, he collected numerous fossils and closely observed wildlife in the Galapagos islands. This article provides us with a detailed account of Darwin’s extensive travel to Uruguay, Argentina and Chile, the Galapagos islands and coastal Brazil. The author argues that this particular period of Darwin’s life was extremely influential in his later life, because it was in this intellectual journey he started to doubt the contemporary beliefs of the fixity of species and sketched preliminary ideas which he later developed into his evolutionary theory. The article explores Darwin’s methodical and careful approach towards collecting and recording natural history specimens which allowed him to discover the variations on a particular species such as the
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
13 finches from the Galapagos islands. This website where the article appeared is designed by David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies (DRCLAS), which is a research facility of the Harvard University. The website has dedicated sections covering the legacy of Charles Darwin, the voyages of Charles Darwin, travel to the Galapagos and teaching of evolution. The article on the voyages of Charles Darwin was written by Janet Browne, who is a professor of the history of science in the Harvard University and author of a two-volume biography of Darwin. This implies that the information provided in the article is reliable and comes from reputable source.
Bing Search Engine (www.bing.com) Format : Internet Website 4 URL: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/charles-darwin
Aspects Born 12 February 1809, British Naturalist, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle, 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’, Backlash, Died 19 April 1882.
Charles Darwin on the origin of species. Retrieved November 19, 2011 from http:// www.guardian.co.uk/science/charles-darwin
This special webpage was created by The Guardian to commemorate 150 years of the publication of ‘The origin of species’ and 200 years since Darwin was born. The website contains commentary and guide to Darwin’s revolutionary idea and extracts from key chapters and essays from modern day evolutionary biologists and thinkers. There are articles covering untold stories of Darwin’s life, his mysterious illness and introducing readers to Darwin dynasty and his descendants. Various aspects of Darwin’s idea such as evolution, fossils, taxonomy, genetics as well as pivotal events in his life such as voyage of the Beagle and travel to the Galapagos islands are discussed in this commemorative website. Common questions such as where do new species come from, the struggle for existence, the driving force behind evolution are also explained using Darwin’s commentary from ‘The origin of species’. The website contains lots of pictures, statistics and it is easy to navigate. The Guardian is a well-respected British newspaper and therefore the information provided in the website is reliable and current.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
14 Science Encyclopedia Format : Online Subject Specific Reference Source 5 URL: http://encyclozine.com/history/biography/darwin
Born 12 February 1809, British Naturalist, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle, 1859 Aspects Publication of ‘The origin of species’, Backlash, Died 19 April 1882.
“Charles Darwin”. ScienceZine. Retrieved November 19, 2011 from http://encyclozine.com/ history/biography/darwin
Described as a Science Encyclopedia for curious minds, this illustrated subject specific online reference source contains introductory and background information on various branches of science including physics, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics , social science and biology. It also contains biographical information on great scientists including Charles Darwin. The entry on Darwin describes his childhood, student life, his time in Cambridge as a theology student, Darwin’s five year expedition on HMS Beagle, his observations of nature and experiments on the collected specimens, development and modification of the theory of transmutation of species by natural selection and the historic publication of the ‘The origin of species’. The entry concludes with a summary of Darwin’s achievements such as becoming a member of the Royal Society of London in 1839 and of the French Academy of Science (l'Académie des Sciences) in 1878.
Yahoo Search Engine (http://au.search.yahoo.com/web?fr=yfp-t-501) 6 Format : Internet Website URL: http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/
Aspects Born 12 February 1809, British Naturalist, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle, 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’
“Darwin”. American museum of natural history. Retrieved November 19, 2011 from http:// www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/
This special webpage was created by American Museum of Natural History, New York, in collaboration with the Museum of Science, Boston; The Field Museum, Chicago; the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto and the Natural History Museum, London. This is an indication of the strong authority of the website as well as the reliability and the accuracy of the information provided. The website provides an introduction on Darwin; discusses the world before Darwin, the nature of species, the age of earth; provides information on Darwin family, Darwin as a young naturalist, his
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
15 trip around the world on board the HMS Beagle, observations of island species; describes how the evolutionary idea took shape in Darwin’s brilliant mind, the evolutionary tree of life, the relationship between men and apes. The websites also shed light on Darwin’s personal life, his inner-self, the tragedy of losing his young child and the reaction of the Victorian society to the publication of his theory. It gives an update on evolution today, how natural selection still working, the evolution of new species, the place of human in the evolutionary tree and the misuse of Darwin’s theory in the name of Social Darwinism. The website is well designed and easy to navigate, and it contains illustrations, videos and external links for further research on the same topic.
University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: DE 44183 7 Location: Storage (Sydney) Format : Monograph URL: http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b1729762~S4
Aspects British Naturalist, Backlash, 1882 Death on April 19th
Desmond, Adrian and Moore, James. Darwin, London: Penguin, 1992.
The subject headings in the catalogue records indicate that this book is a biography. In this book, Desmond and Moore explores the life of Charles Darwin with particular emphasis on his character and his struggle in personal and public life. The authors focus on human aspects of Darwin’s life, his personal tragedies and how events such as his daughter’s death played a pivotal role to shape his character. The book also attempts to explore Darwin’s inner struggle and paradox prior to publishing his groundbreaking theory, his wife Emma Darwin’s religious beliefs, his concerns about the implications of his theory and the eventual erosion of his own belief in God. The book is 808 pages in length, contains portraits and illustrations, and concludes with an extensive bibliographical reference and index, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for related readings. Catalogue search indicates that author Adrian Desmond is an authority on this topic and has written other books on Darwin, evolution and evolutionary thinking. The book was published by Penguin which also indicates strong authority, reliability and trustworthiness.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
16 University of NSW Library Catalogue Call Number: S 576.82092/6 8 Location: Level 7, Main Library Format : Monograph URL: http://tiny.cc/kg8j4
Aspects 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’
Francis, Keith. Charles Darwin and the origin of species, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2007.
The subjects headings in the catalogue entry indicate that this book is about Charles Darwin’s major publication ‘The origin of species’. In this book, author Keith Francis provides a detailed analysis of ‘The origin of species’, explores how Darwin developed the theory of evolution, explains natural selection as the primary mechanism of change and the reception of ‘The origin of species’ in Victorian England and the reviews of the text. This book also provides a chronological overview of Darwin’s life and important events associated with evolutionary thinking. This title was published by a reputed publisher and is part of series titled ‘Greenwood guides to historic events, 1500-1900’. A search in Amazon (www.amazon.com) reveals that this title contains a glossary, bibliography, Darwin’s letters and brief biographical sketches of people associated to Darwin and evolutionary thinking, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for further research.
Science & Geography Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 9 URL: http://tiny.cc/7qx8t
Aspects British Naturalist, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle, 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’
Quammen, David. “Darwin’s first clues”. National Geographic, vol. 215, issue 2, Feb 2009: 34-55. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from Science and Geography Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online.
This 21 page-long article marks the 200th birthday of Charles Darwin and 150th anniversary of his groundbreaking publication ‘The origin of species’. The article has a database identifier (ID) tag ‘Darwin, Charles’ and the broad subject topic ‘Biology’. According to the subject fields of the SAGE database, this article looks back in history by providing an overview of Darwin’s theory of
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
17 evolution by natural selection and the background story behind the discovery of the theory. It particularly looks at the voyage of the Beagle and the influence of this voyage into the later development of the evolutionary theory. The article suggests that Darwin came across the first clue of evolution in Argentina and not in the Galapagos islands as popularly believed. The author argues that, Charles Darwin collected many rare fossils of extinct animals from Argentina before visiting the Galapagos islands which eventually played a pivotal role in his evolutionary thinking. A two-page outline within the article also discusses how research in modern genetics continues to support Darwin’s evolutionary view of life, which he proposed almost 150 years ago. This article was published in 2009 and the information provided here is recent. ‘National Geographic’ is a reputed scientific journal where the article was published.
Info Trac on General OneFile Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 10 URL: http://tiny.cc/dygdq
Aspects British Naturalist, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle, 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’.
Sulloway, Frank J. “The evolution of Charles Darwin: a creationist when he visited the Galapagos islands, the great naturalist grasped the full significance of the unique wildlife he found there only well after he had returned to London.” Smithsonian, Dec. 2005: 58 - 68. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from Info Trac on General OneFile.
The author of this article followed Darwin’s footsteps and took the readers in a voyage to the Galapagos islands. The article describes how Darwin’s voyage of the Beagle challenged the well- established creationist theory of his day. Charles Darwin spent five-weeks in the Galapagos archipelago. The variety of species he observed played a major role in his evolutionary thinking and the publication of his groundbreaking work ‘The origin of species’. In the Beagle voyage Darwin encountered many species and the variety of way they are adapted to their own environment. The author places particular emphasis on the Galapagos islands and their extraordinary impact on Darwin’s scientific mind. The article provides brief extracts from Darwin’s own diary and attempts to understand how Darwin stumbled upon the idea of evolution. Darwin observed the tortoises and finches, however, he initially didn’t realise the variety of those species were closely related and descended from common ancestors. It was not until ornithologist John Gould and Darwin's botanist friend Joseph Hooker gave Darwin the definitive evidence he needed to support his theory. The author concludes that Darwin’s discovery of evolution was not exactly an ‘eureka- moment’ at Galapagos, but rather it was an after-thought, written during the last leg of the Beagle
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
18 voyage, nine months after his Galapagos visit. The article provides readers with a detailed and objective description of Darwin’s voyage to the Galapagos and the island’s lasting impression in his life.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
19 The Theory of Evolution
The following citations will provide information on the theory of evolution. These citations will also cover the following subheadings listed in the mind map (page 8):
Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Artificial Selection, Evolution as a cumulative process, Evolution of primates, apes and human.
© BBC/Open1.net
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
20 Selected citations & aspects covered
in alphabetical order
Source Citations Aspects covered
“Celebrating Charles Darwin”. The Helix, issue 128, Oct/Nov 2009: 12-15. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from Mechanism of change, Science and Geography Education (SAGE) on Natural Selection INFORMIT online.
Coyne, J., et al. “Mechanisms of punctuated evolution”. Mechanism of change, Science, vol. 274, issue 5293, Dec. 1996: 1748-1750. Genetic Mutation, Retrieved October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Evolution as a cumulative Technology on SLNSW eResources. process
Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Artificial Dawkins, Richard. The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the Selection, Evolution as a dawn of life. London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, c2004. cumulative process, Evolution of primates, apes and human.
Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Artificial Dennett, Daniel C. “Darwin’s dangerous idea : evolution Selection, Evolution as a and the meaning of life.” London : Penguin, 1996. cumulative process, Evolution of primates, apes and human.
“Evolution”. McGraw-Hill’s AcessScience Encyclopedia of Natural Selection, Science & Technology Online. Retrieved November 13, Evolution as a cumulative 2011 from http://tiny.cc/ihttr process
“Evolution”. The Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved Mechanism of change, November 13, 2011 from http:// Natural Selection, Genetic www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/ Mutation, Evolution as a evolution.html cumulative process
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
21 Source Citations Aspects covered
Institute of Human Origins. Becoming human. Retrieved Evolution of primates, November 13, 2011 from http:// apes and human. www.becominghuman.org/
Maynard Smith, John. The theory of evolution, Mechanism of change, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, Natural Selection, Genetic 1993. Mutation
University of Michigan. Evolution and Natural Selection. Mechanism of change, Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http:// Natural Selection, www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/ Evolution as a cumulative current/lectures/selection/selection.html process
Mechanism of change, Zimmer, Carl. The tangled bank: an introduction to Natural Selection, Genetic evolution, Greenwood Village, Colo.: Roberts and Co., Mutation, Artificial c2010. Selection, Evolution as a cumulative process
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
22 Bibliographies (11-20)
Science & Geography Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 11 URL: http://tiny.cc/xkr2y
Aspects Mechanism of change, Natural Selection
“Celebrating Charles Darwin”. The Helix, issue 128, Oct/Nov 2009: 12-15. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from Science and Geography Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online.
‘The Helix’ is a bimonthly science magazine published by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)’s Double Helix Science Club. This particular article commemorates the 150th anniversary of the publication of the ‘The origin of species’. In this book, Darwin first proposed and provided an outline of his theory of evolution. The article has a database identifier (ID) tag ‘Darwin, Charles’ and the broad subject topic ‘Biology’. According to the subject fields of the SAGE database, this articles gives an overview of the scientific theory of evolution and provides background history of how Charles Darwin observed nature, collected specimen, developed evolutionary ideas and reached his conclusions. The article is 4 pages in length and it was published in 2009, which indicates that the information provided in this article is current. CSIRO is a reputed government scientific body and has strong authority on topics relating to science and scientific discoveries.
ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources. Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 12 URL: http://tiny.cc/py7bn
Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Evolution as a Aspects cumulative process
Coyne, J., et al. “Mechanisms of punctuated evolution”. Science, vol. 274, issue 5293, Dec. 1996: 1748-1750. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources.
The article discusses and compares two major mechanisms of evolution: punctuated equilibrium vs. neo-Darwinian view of natural selection with gradual genetic mutation. The authors of this article particularly critic the recent research on E. Coli conducted by Santiago F. Elena et al. Their research claim to explain some aspects of punctuated evolutionary change which challenges neo- Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
23 Darwinian ideas. Elena et al. proposes that, stasis in the fossil record arises due to absence of genetic variation, while rapid changes in the fossil record is an indication of new beneficial mutations. On the other hand, the authors of this article argue that, although Elena et al. provides useful evidence of the power of selection to produce rapid evolutionary change, the method they have chosen is somewhat flawed and is inconsistent with the fossil record. This is because, most fossils come from sexually reproducing populations, where rapid evolution in response to environmental changes can be caused by natural selection favouring beneficial genetic traits. Once the environment becomes more and more stable, natural selection preserves the most optimum phenotype and morphological change either slows down or cease for the time being, which explains the apparent stasis in the fossil record. The authors conclude that it is expected the evolution often goes through big leap because of this environmental factors and this phenomena is completely consistent with neo-Darwinism.
TAFE NSW Library Catalogue (Ultimo College) Call Number: 576.8/DAWK 13 Location: Main Collection Format : Monograph URL: http://tiny.cc/n71wk
Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Artificial Selection, Aspects Evolution as a cumulative process, Evolution of primates, apes and human.
Dawkins, Richard. The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the dawn of life. London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, c2004.
This particular title by the leading evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins takes the readers to a reverse tour through four billion years history of organic evolution. Starting from the present day humans back to the microbial beginning of life on earth, the book attempts to trace the ancestry of life. The subject headings listed in the catalogue entry reveal that this book is about the fossil records, origin of life and biological evolution. We know from the table of content that the book is divided into 40 tales, each tale focuses on a particular group of species and discuses their role in the overall journey of life. ‘The ancestor’s tale’ starts by taking the readers from modern day human back through ‘concestors’ - a word coined by Dawkins to represent the common ancestors of apes, primates and other mammals including human. The title focuses on various aspects of the theory of evolution and takes the readers to a grand tour where all roads lead to the single, common origin of life. Dawkins sheds light on topics such as mechanism of evolutionary change, natural selection, artificial selection, speciation, genetic mutation, extinction, sexual selection, cumulative evolution and particularly the common evolutionary heritage of primates, apes and human. The
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
24 book is rich in photos, drawings, charts and illustration, which provides a visual aid to the text. There are numerous references throughout the book, and it concludes with a comprehensive bibliographic reference and index, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the title or to conduct further research on the topic.
TAFE NSW Library Catalogue (Campbelltown College) Call Number: 575.0162/DENN 14 Location: Main Collection Format : Monograph URL: http://tiny.cc/ghi0d
Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Artificial Selection, Aspects Evolution as a cumulative process, Evolution of primates, apes and human.
Dennett, Daniel C. “Darwin’s dangerous idea : evolution and the meaning of life.” London : Penguin, 1996.
This title provides an overview of all the implications of evolution by natural selection available. The author ranges over Darwin’s influence in philosophy, evolutionary biology and cognitive science. The title begins with the common theme of Darwinism that nothing is sacred and there is no supernatural purpose of existence. The idea of natural selection is further described as an algorithmic process. Darwin’s assault on conventional faith and early reactions to the idea of evolution are explored. The book further discusses in length - the tree of life, relationship between genome and organisms, molecular evolution, the power of adaptive Darwinian thinking, the evolution of meaning, the philosophical importance of meme and memetic evolution, the quest for real meaning, morality and sociobiology, and naturalisation of ethics. The title concludes with a comprehensive appendix, bibliographic reference, and index which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for further research. Daniel Dennett is a well-known philosopher, cognitive scientist and one of the leading authority on the subject, who has written several books on Darwin, Darwinism, natural selection and consciousness.
McGraw-Hill’s AcessScience Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online. 15 Format : Online Subject Specific Reference Source URL: http://tiny.cc/ihttr
Aspects Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Evolution as a cumulative process
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
25 “Evolution”. McGraw-Hill’s AcessScience Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http://tiny.cc/ihttr
This particular entry on the subject of ‘Evolution’ in the McGraw-Hill’s AcessScience Encyclopedia presents Charles Darwin’s argument that all existing creatures on Earth are descended from a common ancestor. It covers the theory of evolution from a genetic point of view and explains the molecular units of life: amino acids, RNA and DNA. DNA is the master-molecule of life which carries instruction of how to assemble a particular organism. DNA carries genetic blueprint in the form of the inherited order of units and its sequence varies between organisms and that is why organisms are different. During the process of copying DNA, occasional mutation occurs and those errors are passed on from one generation to another. Most mutations are meaningless, some are harmful and a tiny few are beneficial. Those tiny few beneficial mutations which preferentially survive are passed on to the next generations, which in turn lead to individual differences and eventually to new species. The article concludes describing that all organisms are build of same composition but unique in their arrangements, which explains the relationship, complexity and diversity in the natural world. McGraw-Hill is a well known publisher of online and print encyclopedia and AceessScience is a reputed science reference source which contains regular research update. This indicates the strong authority, currency and reliability of the information presented in this article.
The Encyclopedia of Science Format : Online Subject Specific Reference Source 16 URL: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/evolution.html
Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Evolution as a Aspects cumulative process
This particular entry on the subject of ‘Evolution’ in the The Encyclopedia of Science provides an introduction and background information on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. It defines evolution in light of genetic mutation and the changes in gene pool of a population over time. The article covers the history of development of the evolutionary theory and shows how Darwin was inspired by elements of Thomas Malthus’ population theory, Charles Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism as well as inheritance of acquired characteristics theories proposed by his grandfather Erasmus Darwin and French naturalist Jean Lamarck. The article explains the mechanism of natural selection as proposed by Darwin and sheds light on what Darwin didn’t know, namely the principle of genetics discovered by Gregor Mendel. Individual organisms that are well adapted to the new environment preferentially survives and thus changes
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
26 in genetic traits lead to new species. Evidence of evolution from fossil record, anatomy, taxonomy, embryology and molecular genetics are also discussed. The article concludes with a detailed explanation of how genetic variation occurs due to loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, and other drivers of evolution such as selection, drift, and founder effects are also discussed. This reference entry contains lots of internal and external links which would be particularly helpful for further research or to seek clarification on the same topic.
Google Search Engine (www.google.com.au) Format : Internet Website 17 URL: http://www.becominghuman.org/
Aspects Evolution of primates, apes and human.
Institute of Human Origins. Becoming human. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http:// www.becominghuman.org/
‘Becoming Human’ is an interactive website designed by the Arizona State University Institute of Human Origins. The site includes a documentary on human evolution, news and feature articles and lines of descent in the human family tree. The purpose of the website is to bring together interactive multimedia, research and scholarship to promote greater understanding of the course of human evolution. The website features presentation, interactive documentary and interactive timeline covering various stages of human evolution such as history and crafting of early stone tools, 7 million years of human lineage, how humans became upright, the role of chromosomes and the anatomy of great apes. The ‘learning centre’ has a variety of downloadable materials such has classroom exercises, interactive activities and games to facilitate understanding of some of the concepts of human evolution. There is a ‘news’ section, which covers recent updates in evolutionary biology and paleontology. ‘Resources’ for further research on human evolution is also available, which includes book reviews, glossary and resources by topics such as general interest, evidence, anatomy, lineage and evolution of human culture. The website is well-designed, easy to navigate and regularly updated. Institute of Human Origins is an authority on the topic of human evolution, which indicates that the information presented in this site is accurate and reliable.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
27 University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: 576.82 15 18 Location: Badham Format : Monograph URL: http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b2562582~S4
Aspects Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation
Maynard Smith, John. The theory of evolution, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
In this book, John Maynard Smith, outlines the theory of evolution as proposed by Charles Darwin. The basic idea of evolution is that all living organisms share common ancestry and the process of natural selection favours the fittest. The author provides an introduction of Darwin’s idea of ‘Survival of the fittest’ and discusses recent developments on evolutionary biology. The evidence of evolution from molecular genetics and the laws of inheritance are also discussed. Internet search reveals that the author John Maynard Smith was a prolific theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Catalogue search also shows other books written by the same author on the subject of evolution. The book concludes with a bibliographical reference and index, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for related readings. although the book was published in 1993 and is a little dated, it still provides a good introduction to the theory of evolution.
Bing Search Engine (www.bing.com) Format : Internet Website 19 URL: http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lec tures/selection/selection.html
Aspects Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Evolution as a cumulative process
University of Michigan. Evolution and Natural Selection. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.html
‘Evolution and Natural Selection’ is a website designed by the University of Michigan for students of evolutionary biology. The websites provides a brief background of the observations in nature that lead to the formulation of the theory of evolution, discusses main point of Darwin’s theory of evolution, explains the process of natural selection and how it works, provides examples of local adaptation and discusses how natural selection affect successive generations and is responsible for
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
28 genetic drifts within the species. Stabilising, directional and diversifying selection on the frequency of traits are also discussed. The website contains figures, diagrams and illustrations to facilitate learning and provides suggested reading on the same topic. The only limitation of the website is that it doesn’t provide many internal or external links for further research and the only link available for ‘Evolution and Natural Selection Self-test’ is accessible to University of Michigan students only.
University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: 576.8 94 20 Location: Badham Format : Monograph URL: http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b3870277~S4
Mechanism of change, Natural Selection, Genetic Mutation, Artificial Selection, Aspects Evolution as a cumulative process
Zimmer, Carl. The tangled bank: an introduction to evolution, Greenwood Village, Colo.: Roberts and Co., c2010.
The subject heading, contents and the summary provided in the catalogue entry suggests that this is a comprehensive textbook on the subject of evolution and it is a popular work with self-guided tutorial. The book provides an introduction of evolution and discusses the history of its discovery, fossil record, evolutionary tree of life, molecular genetics, genetic mutation, random drifts, natural selection, gene pool, the origin of species, extinctions, coevolution, sexual selection, altruism and antibiotic-resistant microbes. The author brings different fields of science together and provides easy to understand explanation of evolutionary idea by covering a broad cross-section of scientific disciplines. The author Carl Zimmer is an award-winning science writer and has written several books on the subject of evolution. The book is richly illustrated and it contains bibliographic reference and index categorised by the chapter and subject matter, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for related readings.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
29 The Evidence of Evolution
The following citations will provide information on the evidence of evolution. These citations will also cover the following subheadings listed in the mind map (page 8):
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age of the Earth and geological time scale, Examples of Evolution Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
© Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
30 Selected citations & aspects covered
in alphabetical order
Source Citations Aspects covered
Fossil Evidence, Brown, Graham, et al. “Human Evolution”. Tree of Life Anatomical Evidence, Age web project. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http:// of the Earth and tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3710 geological time scale
Cobb, Bryan. “Evidence for Evolution”. Science Encyclopaedia. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from Anatomical http://science.jrank.org/pages/2610/Evolution- Evidence Evidence.html
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age Coyne, Jerry. Why evolution is true. New York : Oxford of the Earth and University Press, 2009. geological time scale, Examples of Evolution Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age Dawkins, Richard. The blind watchmaker. London : of the Earth and Penguin, 1988. geological time scale, Examples of Evolution Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age Dawkins, Richard. The greatest show on Earth : the of the Earth and evidence for evolution. London: Bantam, 2009. geological time scale, Examples of Evolution Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
31 Source Citations Aspects covered
Mikkelsen, T., et al. “Initial sequence of the chimpanzee Anatomical Evidence, genome and comparison with the human genome”. Molecular Evidence, Age Nature, vol. 437. issue 7055, Sep 2005: 69-87. Retrieved of the Earth and October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Technology geological time scale on SLNSW eResources.
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Theobald, Douglas L. “29+ Evidences for Molecular Evidence, Age Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common of the Earth and Descent.” The Talk.Origins Archive. Retrieved November geological time scale, 13, 2011 from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/ Examples of Evolution comdesc/ Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
Fossil Evidence, Understanding Evolution: your one-stop source for Anatomical Evidence, information on evolution. Retrieved November 13, 2011 Molecular Evidence, Age from http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/ of the Earth and home.php geological time scale
Yoon, Carol. “Bacteria seen to evolve in spurts”. New Molecular Evidence, York Times, Section C., June 1996: p. 8-8. Retrieved Examples of Evolution October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Technology Observed on SLNSW eResources.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
32 Bibliographies (21-29)
Tree of Life web project Format : Online Subject Specific Reference Source 21 URL: http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3710
Aspects Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Age of the Earth and geological time scale
Brown, Graham, et al. “Human Evolution”. Tree of Life web project. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3710
The Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) is a collaborative encyclopedia created and contributed by biologists from around the world. The project provides information about the diversity of organisms on earth and their evolutionary history and characteristics. This online encyclopedia is primarily targeted towards the undergraduate and postgraduate students and researchers of evolutionary biology and paleontology. This particular entry on ‘Human Evolution’ discusses fossil and anatomical evidence in the context of geological time scale. In this article, authors review the evidence supporting the existence of various earlier known species of human lineage, namely Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis and present day Homo sapiens. For each species, the authors gather and provide evidence of their existence from various sources, such as locomotion, dentition, brain, location, culture, tools and language. The article observes the fossil record of the extinct human species and provides commentary on the anatomical similarities and differences between the species. The size of the brain of each species is also measured and their primary area of habitation is established. The authors attempts to shed light on the culture, tools, languages and communication methods of each species and provide geological time scale of these developments. The entry concludes with various internet links and reference sources which would be particularly helpful for further research on the same topic. The authors involved in this articles are from different universities and museums, which indicates strong authority and reliability of this encyclopedia’s contents.
Science Encyclopedia Format : Online Subject Specific Reference Source 22 URL: http://science.jrank.org/pages/2610/Evolution-Evidence.html
Aspects Anatomical Evidence
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
33 Cobb, Bryan. “Evidence for Evolution”. Science Encyclopaedia. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http://science.jrank.org/pages/2610/Evolution-Evidence.html
This entry under ‘Evidence of Evolution’ within the ‘Science Encyclopedia’ gives a brief overview of the number of ways one can observe the evidence of evolution. Scientists have observed similarities between various organisms from geographically varied locations, which points to random variations due to changed environmental factors and natural selection. The author argues that, although the theory of evolution has historically been a subject of debate, it is the best model that satisfactorily explains the diversification of species. The article explores the idea of ‘evolutionary mechanism’ and ‘common ancestry’ of organisms and discusses briefly on evolutionary relationships between species reflected on anatomical evidence and taxonomy. The article also concentrates on evidence of evolution from embryology and the study of developing fetus in various organisms, sexual reproduction and development stages of various related species such has human and apes, cell biology, molecular and DNA evidence of comparative relationship between closely related organisms. The articles concludes with special emphasis on fossil records and paleontology and describes it as the most persuasive argument supporting Darwin’s theory of evolution.
University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: 576.8 75 23 Location: Badham Format : Monograph URL: http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b3610148~S4
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age of the Earth and Aspects geological time scale, Examples of Evolution Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
Coyne, Jerry. Why evolution is true. New York : Oxford University Press, 2009.
The subject heading, table of contents and summary transcribed in the catalogue record indicate that the book is about the theory of evolution and why it is true. The book explores the theory of evolution, fossil records in the rocks, vestigiality and unintelligent design, geographical time scale, the distribution of organisms, natural selection, sexual selection, the origin of species, human evolution, creationism and common misconceptions. The author presents strong evidence from modern biology supporting Darwin’s theory and shows why Darwin’s theory is not just a ‘theory’ but also a fact and the foundation of modern biology. The book attempts to explain how every life form interconnected, provides extensive evidence supporting the theory of evolution and
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
34 dismisses creationist claims. Internet search reveal that the author Jerry Coyne is a well-known evolutionary biologist from the University of Chicago. The publisher of the book is ‘Oxford University Press’ which indicates strong authority and reliability. The book was published in 2009, therefore, the information presented here is current. It also concludes with a comprehensive bibliographical reference and index, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for related readings.
TAFE NSW Library Catalogue (Ultimo College) Call Number: GC/DAW 24 Location: General Collection, Level 1, Building D Format : Monograph URL: http://tiny.cc/2r0se
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age of the Earth and Aspects geological time scale, Examples of Evolution Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
Dawkins, Richard. The blind watchmaker. London : Penguin, 1988.
The subject heading in the catalogue entry indicates that this book is about evolution and natural selection. Internet research, however, reveal that this title covers a lot more ground than what has been described in the catalogue. Written more than 20 years ago by the celebrated evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, this book continues to be one of the best explanation of the evidence supporting Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. The argument from design proposed by the eighteenth-century theologian William Paley; who was a creationist and argued that living organisms are extremely complicated and cannot come into existence by blind chance. Paley postulated a God the designer, just as a watch requires a watchmaker. Dawkins, in this book, convincingly dismisses Paley’s argument and provides scientific evidence of how a complex object like an eye could evolve by natural selection. The book also explores how the unconscious, automatic, blind yet essentially non-random process of natural selection discovered by Charles Darwin is a better explanation to the existence, complexity and diversity of organisms and how small accumulating changes can produce powerful illusion of design given sufficient time. The title concludes with a bibliographic reference and index, however, the index could have been longer given the scope of this book.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
35 University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: 576.82 43 25 Location: Scitech Format : Monograph URL: http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b3716504~S4
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age of the Earth and Aspects geological time scale, Examples of Evolution Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
Dawkins, Richard. The greatest show on Earth: the evidence for evolution. London: Bantam, 2009.
The subject headings in the catalogue entry indicate that this title will focus specifically on the theory of evolution, the evidence for evolution, impact on religion and science, as well as the controversy surrounding the intelligent design movement. The catalogue entry doesn’t contain any summary or table of contents. A quick search in Global Books in Print reveal that this title has received many favorable reviews in newspapers and review journals such as Guardian UK, Choice and Library Journal. In this book, the author collects a wide variety of evidence from a diverse range of scientific disciplines and presents a convincing case supporting the theory of evolution. Spreading over 13 chapters Dawkins discusses the nature of scientific theory, artificial selection, macroevolution, geological time scale, observable evidence of evolution, fossil record, human evolution, developmental biology, plate tectonics, homology and analogy, vestigiality, unintelligent design and evolutionary arms race. The ‘Notes’ entry in the library catalogue also indicates that the title was included on “50 books you can't put down, 2009. Books Alive.” The book was published on 2009, so the information provided here is current. The book concludes with a comprehensive bibliographical reference and index, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for related readings.
ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources. Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 26 URL: http://tiny.cc/thnmw
Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age of the Earth and geological time Aspects scale
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
36 Mikkelsen, T., et al. “Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome”. Nature, vol. 437. issue 7055, Sep 2005: 69-87. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources.
In this scholarly and peer-reviewed research article published in the well-known and authoritative science journal ‘Nature’, the authors present a draft gene sequence of the chimpanzee and compares them with human genome sequence. This comparison reinforces the scientific truth of the theory of evolution. The articles discusses how scientists have catalogued approximately thirty-five million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion and deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements. These genetic changes between chimpanzee and human species are a strong evidence that both species has diverged from each other millions of years ago from a single common ancestor. Other aspects covered in this article are anatomical evidence of evolution, regional variation in divergence rates in the context of geological time scale, length distribution of small and large events, gene evolution, genetic mutation, comparison between human-chimpanzee-mouse-rat tree with branch-specific and modern day human population genetics. The authors provide data, statistics, charts, graphs, illustrations and presents their case in a technical vocabulary which would require some basic understanding of evolutionary theories to grasp the full picture. The article concludes with a comprehensive list of scholarly and peer- reviewed scientific bibliographic reference list which would be particularly helpful to an undergraduate student to conduct further research on the same topic.
Yahoo Search Engine (http://au.search.yahoo.com/web?fr=yfp-t-501) 27 Format : Internet Website URL: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age of the Earth and Aspects geological time scale, Examples of Evolution Observed, Vestigiality and unintelligent design.
Theobald, Douglas L. “29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent.” The Talk.Origins Archive. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http:// www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/
This particular article from Talk.Origins website provides a comprehensive list of scientific evidence to support macroevolution, which is the process of speciation in grand scale resulting the origin of new organisms. The author directly addresses the scientific evidence in favour of common descent and calls it the ‘fact of evolution’. The article brings together 29+ evidences of evolution from various scientific disciplines and presents them in five parts. It covers detailed
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
37 evidence of common descent, universal phylogeny, anatomical and molecular parahomology, convergence, transitional forms, common ancestry, molecular evidence, protein and DNA functional redundancy, anatomical and molecular vestiges, development biology, past and present biogeography, genetic and morphological changes. The vocabulary of this article is not very technical and easy to understand. Plenty of internal and external links and references have been used throughout the article; which would be particularly helpful to conduct further research or to seek clarification. The author of the article, Douglas L. Theobald is a professor of Biochemistry in Brandeis University, which indicates that the information provided in the article is authoritative, reliable and accurate.
Google Search Engine (www.google.com.au) Format : Internet Website 28 URL: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
Fossil Evidence, Anatomical Evidence, Molecular Evidence, Age of the Earth and Aspects geological time scale
Understanding Evolution: your one-stop source for information on evolution. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
‘Understanding Evolution’ website is a collaborative project of the University of California (Berkeley) Museum of Palaeontology and the National Centre for Science Education. These two institutes are very reputed and respected throughout the world for their authority. The website has no commercial motive, it is an education website directed towards the undergraduate students of science and evolutionary biology. The site has an ‘Evolution 101’ section which explains what is evolution, how it works, microevolution, macroevolution, mechanism of evolution, why evolution matters, how research in evolutionary biology is performed, and how ideas in this area have changed over time. The website is very comprehensive; it has links for ‘Teaching Materials’, ‘Undergraduate teaching resource database’ and a ‘Resource Library’ - with specific emphasis on homology and analogy, observations of evolution, fossil and genetic evidence, distribution and genetic drift. The website also has a section titled ‘Evo in the news’ which is regularly updated with latest news and discovery in the field of evolution. The last update was in October 2011, so this website is very current.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
38 ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources. Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 29 URL: http://tiny.cc/e9n73
Aspects Molecular Evidence, Examples of Evolution Observed
Yoon, Carol. “Bacteria seen to evolve in spurts”. New York Times, Section C., June 1996: p. 8-8. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources.
This particular report published in New York Times covers recent developments in molecular evidence of evolution with particular emphasis on punctuated equilibrium, a mechanism of rapid burst of evolutionary changes punctuating prolonged periods during which species are relatively stasis. The author of the article examines recent research conducted by scientists on fast-growing bacteria known as E. Coli, where researchers were able to observe 3,000 generations of evolution in the laboratory. This research indicates that it is possible to observe evolution in human lifetime, at least in bacterias like E. Coli, which can go through six generations in a single day. The investigation also shows, researchers claim, punctuated-equilibrium evolutionary pattern in action, at least in bacteria. Rather than increasing the cell size slowly over the thousands of observed generations, E. Coli cell size instead remained constant for hundreds of generations, then suddenly increased sharply, afterward returning to relative stability. However, other researchers disputed this finding stating that punctuated equilibrium is yet to be observed in large fossil animals and the apparent sudden changes in fossil record can simply be explained by mutation and changes in gene pool of the organism. This article was published in 1996, therefore the information provided here is a little dated. However, the rapid evolution of E. Coli bacteria remains one of the best examples of observed evolution to date.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
39 Influences of Charles Darwin and his theory
The following citations will provide information of the influences of Charles Darwin and his theory. These citations will also cover the following subheadings listed in the mind map (page 8):
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo-Darwinism, Influence in scientific thoughts and methods, Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Cosmos, Social Darwinism and Eugenics, Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
© A portrait of 72-year-old Charles Darwin by John Collier in 1881.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
40 Selected citations & aspects covered
in alphabetical order
Source Citations Aspects covered
Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Caudill, Edward. Darwinian myths : the legends and Cosmos, Social misuses of a theory. Knoxville : University of Tennessee Darwinism and Eugenics, Press, c1997. Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo- Darwinism, Influence in scientific thoughts and Graham, Peter W. “Darwin’s origin transforms culture”. methods, Philosophical World and I, Aug. 1999: 18. Retrieved October 16, 2011 implications - The from Info Trac on General OneFile. meaning of life and place of human in the Cosmos, Social Darwinism and Eugenics, Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo- Darwinism, Influence Hodge, Jonathan & Radick, Gregory (eds.). The in scientific thoughts and Cambridge companion to Darwin, 2nd ed., Cambridge, methods, Philosophical UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Cosmos
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
41 Source Citations Aspects covered
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo- Darwinism, Influence in scientific thoughts and methods, Philosophical Lewens, Tim. Darwin, London: Routledge, 2007. implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Cosmos, Social Darwinism and Eugenics, Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
Markl, Hubert. “Misunderstanding and misuse of Social Darwinism and darwinism”. European Review, vol. 18, issue 3, Jul. 2010: Eugenics, Creationism Vs. 329-345. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Evolution debate, Religion Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources. Vs. Atheism debate.
Mayr, E. “Darwin’s influence on modern thought”. Philosophical implications Scientific American, vol. 283, issue 1, Jul 2000: 66-71. - The meaning of life and Retrieved August 28, 2011 from Science and Geography place of human in the Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online. Cosmos
Legacy in Evolutionary Padian, Kevin. “Darwin’s enduring legacy”. Nature, Biology and neo- Retrieved October 16, 2011 from http:// Darwinism, Influence www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7179/full/ in scientific thoughts and 451632a.html methods
Richmond, Marsha. “What If Darwin Hadn't Written Legacy in Evolutionary "On the Origin of Species?"”. National Science Biology and neo- Foundation. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from http:// Darwinism, Influence www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/darwin/ in scientific thoughts and textonly/darwin_essay1.jsp methods
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
42 Source Citations Aspects covered
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo- Darwinism, Philosophical Ruse, Michael. The Darwinian revolution: science red in implications - The tooth and claw. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, meaning of life and place 1979. of human in the Cosmos, Social Darwinism and Eugenics,
Philosophical implications Stewart-Williams, Steve. Darwin, God and the meaning of - The meaning of life and life : how evolutionary theory undermines everything you place of human in the thought you knew. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge Cosmos, Creationism Vs. University Press, 2010. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
43 Bibliographies (30-39)
University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: 576.82 25 30 Location: Fisher Research Format : Monograph URL: http://tiny.cc/6n6ok
Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Aspects Cosmos, Social Darwinism and Eugenics, Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
Caudill, Edward. Darwinian myths : the legends and misuses of a theory. Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press, c1997.
This subject headings listed in the catalogue record indicate that this title covers the legends and myths surrounding Charles Darwin, the philosophical implications of the theory of evolution and the misuse of Darwinian theory in the form of social Darwinism and eugenics movement. The table of contents reveal that the book covers myths and misuses of Darwinism, the debate between Huxley and Wilberforce, the myth of Darwin’s recantation of evolution and social Darwinism and eugenics movement in the Nazi Germany. Edward Caudill examines the myths and debunks them by showing how Darwin’s idea has been twisted, truncated and misapplied by individuals, political parties, governments and cultural elites to promote their own agenda and to spread racist, fascist, imperialists and xenophobic sentiments in the wider society. The author also discusses how Darwin’s scientific empirical theory was later misused into the philosophy of social Darwinism and eugenics, which was practiced by Nazis to eliminate part of the population they viewed as ‘undesirables’. Common myths and misconceptions by general population and popular press are also discussed in throughout the book. The title concludes with a comprehensive bibliographic reference and index which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for further research. Edward Caudill is a professor of journalism at the University of Tennessee, has written on Darwinism for many years and brings considerable authority on this topic.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
44 Info Trac on General OneFile Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 31 URL: http://tiny.cc/xoprw
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo-Darwinism, Influence in scientific thoughts and methods, Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place Aspects of human in the Cosmos, Social Darwinism and Eugenics, Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
Graham, Peter W. “Darwin’s origin transforms culture”. World and I, Aug. 1999: 18. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from Info Trac on General OneFile.
The article critically evaluate Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and examine his influence and legacy in various disciplines including theology, philosophy, evolutionary biology, literature and political ideology. The author begins by providing a historical background of evolutionary thinking before Darwin, development of his theory over two decades of painstaking research and going public with the publication of ‘The origin of species’. By the time of Darwin’s death in 1882, his case for evolution, in its broadest sense, had succeeded. It replaced the model of divine creation and fixity of species that prevailed in Darwin’s youth. However, there were disagreement among scientists about the primary mechanism of evolution. It was not until the 1930s and '40s that Darwinian evolution was reconciled with various fields, including Mendelian genetics, population genetics, paleontology, and systematics. The author explains how this new idea formed neo- Darwinism and revived the scientific landscape. The author also discusses theological implicatios of Darwinism, creationism vs. evolution, religion vs. atheism debate and misuse of Darwin’s theory in the form of social and philosophical Darwinism and eugenics. The article concludes with the moral and ethical questions raised by Darwin’s idea and his lasting literary legacy. A list of additional reading is also provided at the end of article which would be particularly helpful to conduct further research or seek clarification.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
45 University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: 576.8092 1 A 32 Location: Fisher Research Format : Print Reference Source URL: http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b3632818~S4
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo-Darwinism, Influence in scientific Aspects thoughts and methods, Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Cosmos
Hodge, Jonathan & Radick, Gregory (eds.). The Cambridge companion to Darwin, 2nd ed., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
The subject heading ‘Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882.’ indicate that this print reference source will focus specifically on Charles Darwin and his work. The library catalogue does not include the ‘Table of Contents’ listings, but it is available in Amazon: (www.amazon.com). This anthology of essays, contributed by various distinguished writers and experts in the evolutionary biology field, explores the life and work of Charles Darwin, but with specific emphasis on the historical developments and theoretical principles of Darwin’s evolutionary thinking, philosophical analyses and current issues within the field. ‘The Cambridge Companion to Darwin’ received good review in Amazon and has been described as ‘an indispensable resource for anyone teaching or researching Darwin's theories and their historical and philosophical interpretations’. The book concludes with an excellent bibliographical reference and index, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for related readings. Cambridge is reputed for publishing top quality reference books and this particular title continues that tradition.
University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: 192 D228 X 1 33 Location: Fisher Research Format : Monograph URL: http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b3466700~S4
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo-Darwinism, Influence in scientific thoughts and methods, Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place Aspects of human in the Cosmos, Social Darwinism and Eugenics, Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
Lewens, Tim. Darwin, London: Routledge, 2007.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
46 In this book, Tim Lewens discusses the philosophical influence of Charles Darwin and his theory in great detail. The book begins with a chronology outlining major events in Charles Darwin’s life; spread in nine chapters the book explores Darwin’s life, natural selection, origin of species, evidence of evolution, evolution of mind, Darwin’s influence in ethics, knowledge, politics and philosophy. The author starts with brief discussion on Darwin’s childhood, his shift of interest from sports to science, the Beagle voyage, marriage with Emma Darwin, his life in Down house, development of theory of evolution by natural selection. The author then moves on to explore and evaluate the relevance of Darwin’s thinking for the traditional philosophical questions about the mind, ethics, knowledge, politics and science. The author suggests that Darwin aspired to become a ‘Philosophical Naturalist’ who attempted to find a scientific explanation for the patterns observed in nature. This book was published by Routledge and is part of a series titled ‘Routledge philosophers’. The book concludes with a comprehensive glossary, bibliographical reference and index, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for related readings.
ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources. Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 34 URL: http://tiny.cc/gzx2v
Social Darwinism and Eugenics, Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Aspects Atheism debate.
Markl, Hubert. “Misunderstanding and misuse of darwinism”. European Review, vol. 18, issue 3, Jul. 2010: 329-345. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources.
The author Hubert Markl is a professor of biology from the University of Konstanz and has strong authority on the topics of Darwinism and its influence. In this scholarly and peer-reviewed article, the author discusses how Darwinian principles connect both natural and cultural evolution and how they have been widely misunderstood and misused. The author dismisses the accusation against Darwinism that it doesn't care inter-organismic cooperation, and shows how little those that criticise Darwin’s thinking and insights understand his evolutionary theory. The article examines common misunderstanding and misuse of Darwinism in the contexts of heritability, variation, overpopulation, selection and mortality. The author places particular emphasis to dispel the misuse of Darwinism in the form of social Darwinism and eugenics. Markl goes great length to show that Darwinism is an idea where nature makes the selection, therefore it has no correlation with social Darwinism and eugenics. The article concludes that Darwinism has positive influence in humanity; it was Darwin who proved once and for all that by their natural evolution all human
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
47 beings are equal members of one and the same species Homo sapiens. Whatever their genetic differences are, Darwinian evolutionary principles does not discriminate, rather encourage the great diversity and differences in the natural world.
Science & Geography Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online Format : Electronic Database - Journal Article 35 URL: http://tiny.cc/dbs1n
Aspects Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Cosmos
Mayr, E. “Darwin’s influence on modern thought”. Scientific American, vol. 283, issue 1, Jul 2000: 66-71. Retrieved August 28, 2011 from Science and Geography Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online.
This article concentrates on how Charles Darwin’s great mind has reshaped the modern worldview. The author discusses how influential thinkers like Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein has changed the way we think about our place in the universe. The article places special emphasis on Charles Darwin, who, the author believes, has drastically changed the way people think of their own existence. According to the author, the acceptance of Darwin’s ideas require an ideological revolution. Human can no longer think of themselves as divine creatures, but rather a small branch in a massive evolutionary tree of life. The Darwinian way of thinking thus influenced politics, society, religion, philosophy and many other disciplines and has played a key role in promoting the secular view of life. The article concludes discussing ‘The Darwinian Zeitgeist’, which is the rejection of supernatural in favour of natural explanation and which is probably the greatest legacy of Charles Darwin. In researching this article in the internet, I have found many favourable reviews and realised that the author Ernst Mayr is a very respected figure in the history of evolutionary biology. He was a professor in Harvard University and recipient of numerous awards, including the National Medal of Science.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
48 Google Search Engine (www.google.com.au) Format : Internet Website 36 URL: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7179/full/45163 2a.html
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo-Darwinism, Influence in scientific Aspects thoughts and methods
Padian, Kevin. “Darwin’s enduring legacy”. Nature, Retrieved October 16, 2011 from http:// www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7179/full/451632a.html
This article outlines how Darwin’s idea changed the scientific thinking since the publication of ‘The origin of species’ more than 150 years ago. The article begins by comparing Darwin’s influence with that of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. The author argues that while Marx’s idea have been distorted beyond recognition and Freud’s ideas are no longer scientific; Charles Darwin’s influence in scientific endeavour and empirical knowledge has been monumental. The article examines Darwin’s lasting legacy on the ideas of natural selection, common descent, one evolutionary tree of life, genealogical classification, selective extinction, deep time, biogeographical distributions, sexual selection, coevolution, economy of nature, gradual change, divergence of character and the idea of evolving from simple beginning to beautiful complexity. These ideas proposed by Darwin have influenced and shaped modern biology, life science and evolutionary thinking during last 150 years. Darwin’s ‘theory of evolution’ has survived centuries of scrutiny, provided a satisfactory explanation of how living beings evolved and for that reason Darwin remains hugely influential and will continue to remain so for long time to come. The article was published in a well-known science website ‘Nature’, and the author of the article is a professor of integrative biology and curator in the Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley. This indicates considerable authority, reliability and accuracy of the information provided in the article. The article concludes with a ‘further reading’ list which would be particularly helpful to conduct further research.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
49 Bing Search Engine (www.bing.com) Format : Internet Website 37 URL: http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/darwin/textonly/da rwin_essay1.jsp
Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo-Darwinism, Influence in scientific Aspects thoughts and methods
Richmond, Marsha. “What If Darwin Hadn't Written "On the Origin of Species?"”. National Science Foundation. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/ darwin/textonly/darwin_essay1.jsp
The article is part of a special report commemorating 150th anniversary of the publication of “The Origin of Species”, Darwin’s landmark book. The article asks the intriguing question- “What If Darwin Hadn't Written “On the Origin of Species?”" The author explains that Darwin’s theory of evolution is interwoven into the fabric of modern life and it is almost impossible to ignore the influence of Charles Darwin’s work. The article gives a brief background of the history of Darwin’s discovery and explains how Darwin’s book contributed more to posterity than just the idea of evolution or the theory of natural selection. The author argues that Darwin’s evidence-based methodology and hypothesis-based research process revolutionised modern biology and science in general. According to the author, if Darwin hadn’t written his groundbreaking book, modern biology would have been poorer and less successful. The website, where the article appeared, belongs to National Science Foundation, which is an independent federal agency created by US government to promote the progress of science. The article was written by Marsha Richmond, who is an associate professor of history and a U.S. Advisor to the Correspondence of Charles Darwin Project. The website and the article is authoritative and reliable.
University of NSW Library Catalogue Call Number: MB 575.009/1 A 38 Location: Level 7, Main Library Format : Monograph URL: http://tiny.cc/84za7
Aspects Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo-Darwinism, Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Cosmos, Social Darwinism and Eugenics,
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
50 Ruse, Michael. The Darwinian revolution: science red in tooth and claw. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
The subjects headings, table of contents and the summary provided in the catalogue record indicate that this title is about the history and context of evolutionary thoughts, the immediate aftermath of the publication of Charles Darwin’s ‘the origin of species’ and lasting influence of Darwin. The book provides a comprehensive historical view of early 19th century England by covering the scientific ideas particularly in relation to geology and biology during Victorian period, social background, culture, traditional beliefs, various attitudes and philosophies in great detail. The author examines how the scientific community became focused on the subject of evolution with special emphasis on Darwin’s contemporary scientists and their world-views. The book also addresses how the general public reacted to the publication of Darwin’s theory and the conservative backlash Darwin and his followers had to face. The author discusses Darwinian worldview and the struggle between creationism and evolution that still continues today. The title concludes with detailed notes, bibliographic reference and index which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for further research. This title was published in 1979, however, the topic explored in this book is historical in nature and it still remains valid. Further catalogue search reveals that the author has written a number of books on Darwin and evolution and has considerable authority on this topic.
University of Sydney Library Catalogue Call Number: 231.7652 25 39 Location: Fisher Research Format : Monograph URL: http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b3841811~S4
Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Aspects Cosmos, Creationism Vs. Evolution debate, Religion Vs. Atheism debate.
Stewart-Williams, Steve. Darwin, God and the meaning of life : how evolutionary theory undermines everything you thought you knew. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2010.
The subject headings in the catalogue entry indicate that this title will focus specifically on the influences of Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution on the fields of philosophy, religion, morality and ethics. The table of contents and summary transcribed in the catalogue record reveal that this title covers Darwin’s influence on answering the big questions of life, Darwinism vs religious beliefs, atheism, the status of human beings among the animals, the place of human
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
51 beings in the universe, implications in belief in God, morality and the meaning or purpose of life. The author addresses these philosophical questions raised by Darwin’s theory and attempts to answer them from an evolutionary point of view. The book explains how evolutionary thought can influence and challenge our deep-held beliefs in God, morality and the purpose of life and concludes that a person can accept the fact of evolution and still live a moral and ethical life. The book was published on 2010, so the information provided on the book is current. The publisher ‘Cambridge University Press’ is a renowned and reputed publisher which indicates that the book is authoritative and reliable. The book concludes with an excellent bibliographical reference and index, which would be particularly helpful to locate information within the book and also for related readings.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
52 Research Process Report a. Types of search tools used
SUBJECT SPECIFIC REFERENCE SOURCES I have mostly used online subject specific reference sources. Only on one occasion, a print reference source was used.
• Print Subject Specific Reference Sources from the Library Catalogue. • Online Subject Specific Reference Sources: • ScienceZine Encyclopedia (http://encyclozine.com/) • McGraw-Hill’s AcessScience Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online (http://accessscience.com/index.aspx) • The Encyclopedia of Science (http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/ETEmain.html) • Science Encyclopedia (http://science.jrank.org/)
LIBRARY CATALOGUE I have used the following three academic library catalogues:
• University of Sydney Library Catalogue (http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/) • TAFE NSW Library Network Catalogue (http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/) • University of NSW Library Catalogue (http://tafecat.tafensw.edu.au/tafecat.html)
ELECTRONIC DATABASES I have used the following three electronic databases. SAGE and ProQuest are available through State Library of NSW eResources. Info Trac is available from TAFE Sydney Institute Library Database.
• Science & Geography Education (SAGE) on INFORMIT online. (http://tiny.cc/o76kx) • ProQuest Science and Technology from SLNSW eResources. (http://tiny.cc/rvclv) • Info Trac from TAFE Sydney Institute Library Database (http://tiny.cc/al00r)
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
53 INTERNET WEBSITES I have used the following three internet search engines to locate the desired websites:
• Google Search Engine (www.google.com.au). • Bing Search Engine (www.bing.com) • Yahoo Search Engine (http://au.search.yahoo.com/web?fr=yfp-t-501) b. Search strategy used to find the item
Library Catalogue The University of Sydney has a ‘School of Biological Sciences’ department and ‘Evolutionary Biology’ is a field thought at this faculty. Therefore the University of Sydney Library should contain an extensive collection of monographs in this area. Monographs are sources of in depth information and should therefore provide substantial and detailed information.
I searched the catalogue using a general keyword search using the search name ‘Charles Darwin’ as a search term to locate items, and found 566 entries. The result is way too many, so in order to narrow it down I clicked on one of the monograph records to locate the correct Library of Congress Subject Heading. I then limited my search to those items under the LCSH - ‘Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882’.
Electronic Databases I choose the SAGE database through SLNSW as my topic is about a scientist and his theory. SAGE provides information in all aspects of my topic from reputable, peer-reviewed science journals - many providing full text articles. As one of the aspect of my topic is the influence of Darwin in modern science, I thought SAGE database would be a a great place to look.
I initially typed in the keyword ‘Charles Darwin’ which gave me 44 results. I looked into few records and realised that ‘Darwin Charles’ in the ID field was a better search strategy. I then combined this with the keyword: ‘Influence’.
Terms in this database that could be potentially useful for searching all aspects of my topic:
SUB: Science; Biology
SU: Natural selection; Evolution; Evolutionary theories;
ID: Darwin, Charles
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
54 Internet Websites I have chosen Google because it is the most popular and user friendly search engine. It offers Advanced Search method and is compatible to use Boolean logic to refine search and retrieve the most relevant results. In this instance, I have tried few strategies to find the desired website. I chose the “Understanding Evolution” website as it is designed for undergraduate students as an introductory “Evolution 101”.
I have initially tried to type ‘Evidence’ and ‘Evolution’ as a search term. I found thousands of results and found many of those websites has no authority and they are debate forum in nature. Since I am preparing this bibliography for a University student, I need something more authoritative. I used Google ‘Advanced Search’ option and on the ‘Search within a site or domain’ field used ‘.edu’ to filter for reputable educational websites only:
Google advanced search > ‘Search within a site or domain’ > .edu
This strategy gave me the results I wanted.
Subject Specific Reference Sources I chose this site specifically as it deal with the topic of Science and it is also free to access (unlike McGraw-Hill Access Database which only provides limited access without paid subscription).
As the name suggests ‘Science Encyclopaedia’ is a subject specific reference collection covering various scientific topics.
This online reference encyclopaedia only provides a basic search option. I typed ‘Evolution’ in the search box but didn’t get anything specific. I then typed ‘Evol*with the truncation to get all results including evolution, evolutionary, evolve etc. I found some record which I browsed and at the bottom of the page under ‘See also’ I clicked on one of hyperlink titled ‘Evolution’. It took me to an entry titled- “Evolution”. I also found a separate article under the title “Evidence of Evolution” by following another hyperlink. I was satisfied with the information in these two entries.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
55 THE LIFE OF CHARLES DARWIN
SEARCH TOOL SEARCH TERMS/ FINAL SEARCH STRATEGY KEYWORDS USED
Subject Specific Reference “Charles Darwin” n/a Sources /“Darwin, Charles”
Library Catalogues “Charles Darwin” AND Library of Congress Subject “Life”. Headings (LCSH):
Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. Beagle Expedition (1831-1836) Naturalists -- England -- Biography. Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. On the origin of species
Electronic Databases “Charles Darwin” AND Full text only. “Life” AND “Bio”.
Internet Websites “Charles Darwin Biography Advanced search for .edu domains Life”
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
SEARCH TOOL SEARCH TERMS/ FINAL SEARCH STRATEGY KEYWORDS USED
Subject Specific Reference “evolution” n/a Sources “theory of evolution”
Library Catalogues “evolution” Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): “theory of evolution” Evolution (Biology) “natural selection” Natural selection. Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. On “origin of species” the origin of species
Electronic Databases “theory of evolution” Full text only.
“natural selection” Peer-reviewed scholarly articles.
Internet Websites “theory of evolution” Advanced search for .edu domains
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
56 THE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
SEARCH TOOL SEARCH TERMS/ FINAL SEARCH STRATEGY KEYWORDS USED
Subject Specific Reference “evolution evidence” n/a Sources “theory of evolution evidence”
Library Catalogues “evolution evidence” Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): “Human evolution” Evolution (Biology) Molecular evolution. Evolutionary genetics. Human evolution. Natural selection.
Electronic Databases “fossil evidence evolution” Full text only.
“genetic evidence evolution” Peer-reviewed scholarly articles.
“molecular evidence evolution”
“rapid evolution observed”
“evidence evolution”.
Internet Websites “evidence of evolution” Advanced search for .edu domains
“Human evolution evidence”
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
57 INFLUENCES OF CHARLES DARWIN AND HIS THEORY
SEARCH TOOL SEARCH TERMS/ FINAL SEARCH STRATEGY KEYWORDS USED
Subject Specific Reference “Charles Darwin influence” n/a Sources “Charles Darwin legacy”
“Charles Darwin impact”
Library Catalogues “Charles Darwin influence” Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): “Charles Darwin legacy” Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882 -- “Charles Darwin impact” Influence. Evolution (Biology) -- Philosophy. Ethics, Evolutionary. Evolution (Biology) -- Social aspects. Natural selection -- Social aspects. Religion and science. Creationism. Intelligent design (Teleology)
Electronic Databases “Charles Darwin influence” Full text only.
“Charles Darwin legacy”
“Charles Darwin impact”
Internet Websites “Charles Darwin influence” Advanced search for .edu domains
“Charles Darwin legacy” Advanced search for .org domains
“Charles Darwin impact” c. Difficulties encountered
The main difficulties I have encountered during this research process, is to limit my aspects. I initially picked too many aspects and realised during the early period of my research that I need to reduce the number of aspects. I have made those changes and sent an e-mail (see appendix) to my teacher for her approval.
Another difficulty was that, I have found too much material on Charles Darwin and had to carefully choose the best and most appropriate material to suit my client’s needs.
The final difficulty was to understand contents of some of the records from ProQuest Science & Technology databases, especially the peer-reviewed and scholarly articles. I encountered this Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
58 difficulty while researching ‘the evidence of evolution’. I had to read the following two articles few times and conduct further internet research to fully grasp their technical and scientific vocabulary:
• Mikkelsen, T., et al. “Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome”. Nature, vol. 437. issue 7055, Sep 2005: 69-87. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources.
• Yoon, Carol. “Bacteria seen to evolve in spurts”. New York Times, Section C., June 1996: p. 8-8. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from ProQuest Science & Technology on SLNSW eResources.
Despite technical vocabulary, I selected these two citations as my client is an undergraduate student of evolutionary biology and expected to have the background knowledge to be able to understand technical and scientific paper. d. An item originally selected, but later rejected
Science Encyclopedia Format : Online Subject Specific Reference Source REJECTED URL: http://science.jrank.org/
“Evolution: evolution as a theory of species change, Charles Darwin and descent with modifica- tion by means of natural selection”. Science Encyclopaedia. Retrieved November 13, 2011 from http://science.jrank.org/pages/7684/Evolution.html
This entry under ‘Evolution’ within the ‘Science Encyclopedia’ gives a very brief overview of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution then moves on to discusses the origin of the term ‘evolution’ and introduces other notable figures who have made contributions alongside Darwin in proposing the idea and gave the term widespread currency. The article also explores the use of the term ‘evolution’ in a number of contexts, including mathematics, embryological theories and economics. The article concludes arguing that the history of evolution long predates the Darwinian developments.
I initially selected this source, but after careful consideration rejected it. This particular article discusses ‘evolution’ as a general idea of progressive changes and discusses other disciplines not related to life science. It discusses other evolutionary thinkers and their contributions and pays very little emphasis on Charles Darwin and his idea of biological evolution. I have found more relevant sources elsewhere and ended up rejecting this particular source.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
59 e. Diary of consultation
DATE WORK PRESENTED ISSUES DISCUSSED
29/08/2011 Research Project Proposal Need to include call numbers for monographs.
17/10/2011 1st Consultation Bibliography 1-7 submitted.
No need to include search strategy for every item.
Need WorldCat password to access McGraw- Hill’s AcessScience Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online
24/10/2011 2nd Consultation Bibliography 7-14 submitted.
McGraw-Hill’s AcessScience Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online password not available from TAFE NSW Ultimo campus.
01/11/2011 E-mail Sent E-mail sent to my teacher for her approval to make some changes in my aspects and sub- headings.
21/11/2011 Research Project (Final) Final Research Project Submitted.
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
60 Appendix
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
61 UEE Research Project: changes in aspects and sub-headings from: Hossain Salahuddin [email protected] to: Poppy Prezios
Hi Poppy,
Good afternoon. I have decided to make some changes in the aspects and sub-headings of my UEE research topic.
The main research topic still stays the same - "Charles Darwin".
The main four aspects still remain pretty much the same - • The Life of Charles Darwin • The Theory of Evolution • The Evidence of Evolution • Influence of Charles Darwin and his theory The main changes I am making is basically limiting the sub-headings under each of the above four aspects. Initially I have chosen too many sub-headings for each aspect and now I am realising that I won't be able to cover them all within 30-40 bibliographies. Therefore, I need to limit the sub-headings.
Here are the new sub-headings:
• The Life of Charles Darwin Born Feb 1809, died April 1882 British Naturalist 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle 1859 Publication of ‘The origin of species’ Backlash 1882 Death on April 19th
• The Theory of Evolution Mechanism of change Natural Selection Genetic Mutation Artificial Selection Evolution as a cumulative process Evolution of primates, apes and human
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
62 • The Evidence of Evolution Fossil Evidence Anatomical Evidence Molecular Evidence Age of the Earth and geological time scale Examples of Evolution Observed Vestigiality and unintelligent design
• Influence of Charles Darwin and his theory Legacy in Evolutionary Biology and neo-Darwinism Influence in scientific thoughts and methods Philosophical implications - The meaning of life and place of human in the Cosmos Social Darwinism and Eugenics Creationism Vs. Evolution debate Religion Vs. Atheism debate
Many thanks.
Regards,
Hossain Salahuddin
Student No: 362 743 192 Diploma of Library & Information Services Part-time Evening Class (Monday-UEE) TAFE Sydney Institute - Ultimo Campus
Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
63 The Evolutionary tree of Life
Tree of Life
Bacteria “stick” (single cell; no nucleus) Cellular organisms without cell nuclei are Prokaryotes Prokaryotes (”before kernel”) Archaea “old” (single cell; no nucleus)
dinoflagellates “terrible whip” [protozoa] First Life-form ciliates [protozoa] Chromalveolates brown algae, kelp (Phaeophyceae)
diatoms “cut in two” [algae; plankton]
radiolarians “small sunbeam” [protozoa] Rhizaria foraminiferans “hole bearers” [plankton]
green algae (Chlorophyta)
Green mosses (Bryophyta) Plants Bryophytes liverworts (Marchantiophyta)
ferns (Filicophyta) Embryophytes cycads (Cycadophyta) [seeds]
Cell Nucleus and conifers (Coniferae) [cones] Mitochondria Vascular
rosids Plant (Eukarya) Plants “good kernel” (xylem) asterids [most flowers]
Seeds Eudicots (Spermatophytes) cacti (Cactaceae)
s Dicots poppies (Papaveraceae) Plants laurels (Lauraceae)
magnolias (Magnolia) Enclosed Seeds Angiosperms lilies (Lilium) “receptacle-seed” orchids, irises (Asparagales) Monocots palms (Palmae)
grasses (Graminae)
red algae (Rhodophyta) [some seaweeds]
amoeba (Amoebazoa)
slime molds (Mycetozoa)
Unikonta fungi [yeasts, molds, mushrooms]
comb jellies (Ctenophora “comb bearer”)
sponges (Hexactinellid, Calcarea) Opisthokonta
corals, anenomes (Anthozoa) Cnidaria(radial symmetry) jellyfish (Scyphozoa)
Animalia spiders (Araneae) (Metazoa ”beyond Arachnids animals”) (8 legs) mites, ticks (Acarina) Eat other organisms scorpions (Scorpiones)
horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura) Trilobites (extinct) “three lobed” External barnacles (Cirripedia “curl footed”) Skeleton copepods, krill Crustaceans crabs, lobster, shrimp (Decapods “ten footed”)
millipedes, centipedes (Myriapoda “many feet”)
Organs Arthropods (Eumetazoa “good dragonflies (Odonata) animals”) cockroaches (Blattodea) Insects (6 legs) Arthropods termites (Isoptera “equal wing”) (”joint-foot”) grasshoppers (Orthoptera “straight wing”)
true bugs, cicada, aphid (Hemiptera “half wing”)
beetles (Coleoptera “sheath wing”)
ants, bees, wasps (Hymenoptera “membrane wing”) First opening fleas (Siphonaptera) in cell cluster becomes mouth flies (Diptera “two wing”) (Protostomes) butterflies, moths (Lepidoptera “scale wing”)
roundworms (Nematoda “thread like”)
flatworms (Platyhelminthies ”flat-worm”)
earthworms, leeches (Annelids “little ring”)
clams (Bivalvia “two door”) Molluscs Bilateral symetry squid, octopus (Cephalopods “head foot”) (not radial) snails (Gastropods “stomach foot”)
sea cucumbers (Holothurians)
sea urchins (Echinoids “spiny”) Echinoderms “spiny skin” starfish (Asteroidea “star-like”) Second opening in cell cluster sea squirts; tunicates (Urochordates) becomes mouth (Deuterostomes) lancelets (Cephalochordata) Gill slits and hagfish ( Myxinoids) notochord (Chordata) lampreys (Petromyzontids)
Vertebrates sharks, rays (Chondrichthyes “cartilage fish”)
perches, silversides (Percomorphs) Fish
salmon, smelts (Protacanthopterygii) Jaws minnows, catfish (Ostariophysans) (Gnathostomes) Ray-Finned Fish (Actinopterygii) eels, morays (Elopomorphs)
coelacanths Bony Skeleton lungfish (Dipnoi “two breath”)
frogs (Anura ”no tail”) Amphibians . salamanders, newts (Urodela ”tail visible”)
Lungs turtles, tortises (Testudines)
snakes (Serpentes) and Birds Reptilia Reptiles
Four-legged lizards (Lacertilia) (Tetrapods) Sauria iguanas, chameleons (Iguania)
crocodiles, alligators (Crocodilia)
Aves chickens, ducks (Galloanserae) Amniotic Egg Dinosauria birds, penguins Egg-laying platypus, echidna (Monotremata “single hole”)
Meta- kangaroos, opossums (Marsupials “pouch”) theria Mammals Synapsida rats, mice, hamsters (Rodentia) Mammalia humans, apes, gorillas (Primates “first”)
bats (Chiroptera “hand wing”) Theria whales, dolphins (Cetacea “whale”) Eutheria (Placenta) pigs, cows, goats, sheep (even-toed Ungulates) horses, rhinoceros, tapirs (odd-toed Ungulates)
dogs, cats, seals (Carnivora “flesh devour”)
This diagram is a cladogram, a tree-like picture showing how organisms are related. Each sub-tree in a cladogram is called a clade, such as mammals, animals, amphibians. Most branches in a cladogram should split into two sub-trees, but for
aceous simplicity this picture has some branches that split into three. Extinct species are represented as dead-end branches. This
riassic cladogram is a high-level overview and does not show individual species. Each clade is defined by a distinguishing V3.8 Archean Proterozoic Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian T Jurassic Cret Hadean Cenozoic characteristic that sets it apart from neighboring clades. For example, tetrapods have 4 legs. Sometimes that characteristic copyright 4.6 3.8 2.5 542 488 443 416 359 299 251 199 145 65 disappears in later organisms, for example: snakes are in the tetrapod clade, but no longer have legs. Some well-known Neal Olander groups of organisms are not clades - including reptiles, protists, fish, invertebrates, sponges, and prokaryotes - because they BYA BYA BYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA tellapallet.com do not include all descendents of the most recent common ancestor. Hossain Salahuddin Charles Darwin
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