sign in sign up
<<
Home , Acclimatization, Vestigiality

PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Malinda Lo | 432 pages | 03 Apr 2014 | Hachette Children's Group | 9781444917949 | English | London, United Kingdom 微生物の環境適応 Environmental Adaptation of Microbes

So the adaptation of new words and accompaniment to an old air is a musical composition entitled to protection. In attempting to decide between the two conflicting views the study of adaptation is of the first importance. Thus the opening for hearing is an adaptation of what was once an opening for breathing. Courbet learned in his passage that in adaptation is the confession of sterility. An adaptation on the top of the piston-rod, stretching out athwart the cylinder, from the ends of which the side-rods hang. The changes made by living systems in response to their environment. Heavy fur, for example, is one adaptation to a cold climate. See how many words from the week of Oct 12—18, you get right! Words nearby adaptation Adana , adansonian classification , Adapazari , adapt , adaptable , adaptation , adapter , adaption , adaptive , adaptive behavior scale , adaptive hypertrophy. Words related to adaptation variation , transformation , reworking , conversion , shift , alteration , adoption , modification , adjustment , correspondence , compliance , agreement , acclimatization , naturalization , habituation , familiarization , remodeling , refitting , accustomedness. Sacramento Report: Uber vs. Mimicry in Butterflies Reginald Crundall Punnett. The acquisition of modifications in an that enable it to adjust to life in a new environment. Behavioural are inherited systems of behaviour, whether inherited in detail as instincts , or as a neuropsychological capacity for learning. Examples include searching for food , mating , and vocalizations. Physiological adaptations permit the organism to perform special functions such as making venom , secreting slime , and phototropism , but also involve more general functions such as growth and development , temperature regulation , ionic balance and other aspects of . Adaptation affects all aspects of the life of an organism. The following definitions are given by the evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky :. Adaptation differs from flexibility, acclimatization , and learning, all of which are changes during life which are not inherited. Flexibility deals with the relative capacity of an organism to maintain itself in different habitats: its degree of specialization. Acclimatization describes automatic physiological adjustments during life; [30] learning means improvement in behavioral performance during life. Flexibility stems from , the ability of an organism with a given genotype genetic type to change its phenotype observable characteristics in response to changes in its habitat , or to move to a different habitat. A highly specialized or plant lives only in a well-defined habitat, eats a specific type of food, and cannot survive if its needs are not met. Many herbivores are like this; extreme examples are which depend on Eucalyptus , and giant pandas which require bamboo. A generalist, on the other hand, eats a range of food, and can survive in many different conditions. Examples are , rats , crabs and many carnivores. The tendency to behave in a specialized or exploratory manner is inherited—it is an adaptation. Rather different is developmental flexibility: "An animal or plant is developmentally flexible if when it is raised in or transferred to new conditions, it changes in structure so that it is better fitted to survive in the new environment," writes evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith. If humans move to a higher altitude, respiration and physical exertion become a problem, but after spending time in high altitude conditions they acclimatize to the reduced partial pressure of , such as by producing more red cells. The ability to acclimatize is an adaptation, but the acclimatization itself is not. The reproductive rate declines, but from some tropical diseases also go down. Over a longer period of time, some people are better able to reproduce at high altitudes than others. They contribute more heavily to later generations, and gradually by the whole population becomes adapted to the new conditions. This has demonstrably occurred, as the observed performance of long-term communities at higher altitude is significantly better than the performance of new arrivals, even when the new arrivals have had time to acclimatize. There is a relationship between adaptedness and the concept of used in population genetics. Differences in fitness between genotypes predict the rate of by natural selection. Natural selection changes the relative frequencies of alternative phenotypes, insofar as they are heritable. Dobzhansky mentioned the example of the Californian redwood , which is highly adapted, but a relict species in danger of . Sewall Wright proposed that populations occupy adaptive peaks on a fitness landscape. To evolve to another, higher peak, a population would first have to pass through a valley of maladaptive intermediate stages, and might be "trapped" on a peak that is not optimally adapted. Before Darwin, adaptation was seen as a fixed relationship between an organism and its habitat. It was not appreciated that as the climate changed, so did the habitat; and as the habitat changed, so did the biota. Also, habitats are subject to changes in their biota: for example, invasions of species from other areas. The relative numbers of species in a given habitat are always changing. Change is the rule, though much depends on the speed and degree of the change. When the habitat changes, three main things may happen to a resident population: habitat tracking, genetic change or extinction. In fact, all three things may occur in sequence. Of these three effects only genetic change brings about adaptation. When a habitat changes, the resident population typically moves to more suitable places; this is the typical response of flying insects or oceanic , which have wide though not unlimited opportunity for movement. It is one explanation put forward for the periods of apparent stasis in the fossil record the theory. Genetic change occurs in a population when natural selection and act on its genetic variability. By this means, the population adapts genetically to its circumstances. The varying shapes of the beaks of Darwin's finches, for example, are driven by differences in the ALX1 gene. Habitats and biota do frequently change. Therefore, it follows that the process of adaptation is never finally complete. On the other hand, it may happen that changes in the environment occur relatively rapidly, and then the species becomes less and less well adapted. Seen like this, adaptation is a genetic tracking process , which goes on all the time to some extent, but especially when the population cannot or does not move to another, less hostile area. Given enough genetic change, as well as specific demographic conditions, an adaptation may be enough to bring a population back from the brink of extinction in a process called evolutionary rescue. Adaptation does affect, to some extent, every species in a particular ecosystem. Leigh Van Valen thought that even in a stable environment, competing species constantly had to adapt to maintain their relative standing. This became known as the Red Queen hypothesis , as seen in - parasite interaction. Existing and were the traditional sources of material on which natural selection could act. In addition, horizontal gene transfer is possible between organisms in different species, using mechanisms as varied as gene cassettes , plasmids , transposons and viruses such as bacteriophages. In , where the existence of one species is tightly bound up with the life of another species, new or 'improved' adaptations which occur in one species are often followed by the appearance and spread of corresponding features in the other species. These co-adaptational relationships are intrinsically dynamic, and may continue on a trajectory for millions of years, as has occurred in the relationship between flowering plants and pollinating insects. Bates' work on Amazonian butterflies led him to develop the first scientific account of mimicry , especially the kind of mimicry which bears his name: Batesian mimicry. Mimicry is thus an anti-predator adaptation. A common example seen in temperate gardens is the hoverfly , many of which—though bearing no sting—mimic the warning coloration of hymenoptera wasps and bees. Such mimicry does not need to be perfect to improve the survival of the palatable species. It is a profound truth that Nature does not know best; that genetical evolution All adaptations have a downside: legs are great for running on grass, but they can't scratch their backs; ' helps temperature, but offers a niche for ectoparasites ; the only flying do is under water. Adaptations serving different functions may be mutually destructive. Compromise and makeshift occur widely, not perfection. Selection pressures pull in different directions, and the adaptation that results is some kind of compromise. Since the phenotype as a whole is the target of selection, it is impossible to improve simultaneously all aspects of the phenotype to the same degree. Consider the antlers of the Irish elk , often supposed to be far too large; in deer antler size has an allometric relationship to body size. Obviously, antlers serve positively for defence against predators , and to score victories in the annual rut. But they are costly in terms of resource. Their size during the last glacial period presumably depended on the relative gain and loss of reproductive capacity in the population of elks during that time. Here the risk to life is counterbalanced by the necessity for reproduction. Stream-dwelling , such as Caucasian or Gold-striped salamander have very slender, long bodies, perfectly adapted to life at the banks of fast small rivers and mountain brooks. Elongated body protects their larvae from being washed out by current. However, elongated body increases risk of desiccation and decreases dispersal ability of the salamanders; it also negatively affects their fecundity. As a result, fire salamander , less perfectly adapted to the mountain brook habitats, is in general more successful, have a higher fecundity and broader geographic range. The peacock 's ornamental train grown anew in time for each mating season is a famous adaptation. It must reduce his maneuverability and flight, and is hugely conspicuous; also, its growth costs food resources. Darwin's explanation of its advantage was in terms of : "This depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction. The most vital things in life locomotion, speech just have to wait while the brain grows and matures. That is the result of the birth compromise. Much of the problem comes from our upright bipedal stance, without which our pelvis could be shaped more suitably for birth. Neanderthals had a similar problem. As another example, the long neck of a giraffe brings benefits but at a cost. The cost is that a long neck is heavy and adds to the animal's body mass, requiring additional to build the neck and to carry its weight around. Pre-adaptation occurs when a population has characteristics which by chance are suited for a set of conditions not previously experienced. For example, the polyploid cordgrass Spartina townsendii is better adapted than either of its parent species to their own habitat of saline marsh and mud-flats. Pre-adaptation may arise because a natural population carries a huge quantity of genetic variability. Features that now appear as adaptations sometimes arose by co-option of existing traits, evolved for some other purpose. The classic example is the ossicles of mammals , which we know from paleontological and embryological evidence originated in the upper and lower jaws and the hyoid bone of their synapsid ancestors, and further back still were part of the gill arches of early . including earthworms , beavers and humans use some of their adaptations to modify their surroundings, so as to maximize their chances of surviving and reproducing. Beavers create dams and lodges, changing the ecosystems of the valleys around them. Earthworms, as Darwin noted, improve the topsoil in which they live by incorporating organic matter. Humans have constructed extensive civilizations with cities in environments as varied as the Arctic and hot deserts. In all three cases, the construction and maintenance of ecological niches helps drive the continued selection of the genes of these animals, in an environment that the animals have modified. Some traits do not appear to be adaptive as they have a neutral or deleterious effect on fitness in the current environment. Because genes often have pleiotropic effects, not all traits may be functional: they may be what Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin called spandrels , features brought about by neighbouring adaptations, on the analogy with the often highly decorated triangular areas between pairs of arches in architecture, which began as functionless features. Another possibility is that a trait may have been adaptive at some point in an organism's evolutionary history, but a change in habitats caused what used to be an adaptation to become unnecessary or even maladapted. Such adaptations are termed vestigial. Many organisms have vestigial organs, which are the remnants of fully functional structures in their ancestors. As a result of changes in lifestyle the organs became redundant, and are either not functional or reduced in functionality. Since any structure represents some kind of cost to the general economy of the body, an advantage may accrue from their elimination once they are not functional. Examples: wisdom teeth in humans; the loss of pigment and functional eyes in cave fauna; the loss of structure in endoparasites. If a population cannot move or change sufficiently to preserve its long-term viability, then obviously, it will become extinct, at least in that locale. The species may or may not survive in other locales. Species extinction occurs when the rate over the entire species exceeds the birth rate for a long enough period for the species to disappear. It was an observation of Van Valen that groups of species tend to have a characteristic and fairly regular rate of extinction. Just as there is co- adaptation, there is also coextinction, the loss of a species due to the extinction of another with which it is coadapted, as with the extinction of a parasitic insect following the loss of its host, or when a flowering plant loses its pollinator, or when a food chain is disrupted. Adaptation raises philosophical issues concerning how biologists speak of function and purpose, as this carries implications of evolutionary history — that a feature evolved by natural selection for a specific reason — and potentially of supernatural intervention — that features and organisms exist because of a deity's conscious intentions. On the other hand, biologists by and large reject conscious purpose in evolution. The dilemma gave rise to a famous joke by the evolutionary biologist Haldane : "Teleology is like a mistress to a biologist: he cannot live without her but he's unwilling to be seen with her in public. Biologists no longer feel obligated to apologize for their use of teleological language; they flaunt it. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism maintained and evolved by natural selection. This article is about the evolutionary process. For other uses, see Adaptation disambiguation. Not to be confused with Adoption or Acclimatization. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection natgeo. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. She or he will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives. Alfred Russel Wallace noted the similarities and differences between nearby species and those separated by natural boundaries in the Amazon and Indonesia. Independently they came to the same conclusion: over generations, natural selection of inherited traits could give rise to new species. Use the resources below to teach the theory of evolution in your classroom. An adaptation is any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive and reproduce in its environment. Meet the African lungfish, a prehistoric fish that travels through water and mud, and across land. Discover the unique adaptations that make survival possible for this fish. Students investigate adaptations—changes in body parts or behaviors—that helped prehistoric marine reptiles survive in the Cretaceous period. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Skip to content. Image seahorse Some creatures, such as this leafy sea dragon fish Phycodurus eques have evolved adaptations that allow them to blend in with their environment in this case, seaweed to avoid the attention of hungry predators. Photograph by Paul Zahl. Japan-US Policy Exchange on Adaptation | ICLEI Japan

Darwin's finches by John Gould. Key topics. Introduction to evolution Evidence. Processes and outcomes. Natural history. History of evolutionary theory. Fields and applications. Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Paleontology experiments Sociobiology Universal . Social implications. Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation—evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support. Collective behaviour. Social dynamics Collective intelligence Collective action Self-organized criticality Herd mentality Phase transition Agent-based modelling Synchronization Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm behaviour Collective consciousness. Evolution and adaptation. Artificial neural network Evolutionary computation Genetic algorithms Genetic programming Artificial life Machine learning Evolutionary developmental biology Artificial intelligence Evolutionary robotics Evolvability. Pattern formation. Fractals Reaction— diffusion systems Partial differential equations Dissipative structures Percolation Cellular automata Spatial ecology Self-replication Geomorphology. Systems theory. Nonlinear dynamics. Game theory. Prisoner's dilemma Rational choice theory Bounded rationality Evolutionary game theory. Main article: History of evolutionary thought. Main articles: Fitness biology and Fitness landscape. Main article: Co-adaptation. Main article: Mimicry. Main article: . Main articles: biology and Vestigiality. Main articles: Extinction and Coextinction. Main articles: Adaptationism and Teleology in biology. Adaptive evolution in the human Adaptive memory Adaptive mutation Adaptive system Anti-predator adaptation Body reactivity Ecological trap Evolvability Intragenomic conflict Neutral theory of . Cramer et al. Evolution The History of an Idea Revised ed. University of California Press. Allen February Nature Reviews Genetics. A Dictionary of Science. Oxford Paperback Reference 6th ed. Oxford University Press. Any change in the structure or functioning of successive generations of a population that makes it better suited to its environment. BMC . Retrieved November Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. The niche is the central concept in evolutionary ecology; see especially part II: "The niche: an abstractly inhabited hypervolume. Taylor Francis. Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour 6th ed. July Proceedings of the Royal Society B. June The Journal of Experimental Biology. October Annual Review of Anthropology. Michael October 12, In Monosson, Emily ed. Encyclopedia of Earth. Bibcode : Natur. Science Advances. Bibcode : SciA Peter; Doolittle, W. Ford 1 December Molecular Biology and Evolution. Trends in Microbiology. Genetics: From Genes to 5th ed. Slatkin editors Sinauer Associates. The Coevolutionary Process. University of Chicago Press. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Bibcode : Sci Journal of Experimental Biology. Archived from the original PDF on American Journal of Physical Anthropology. October—December . A critique of ideas on the evolution of giraffe". Journal of Zoology. Leonard February 15, Journal of Agricultural Research. A Dictionary of Genetics 7th ed. [refers] to alleles that fully manifest their phenotype when present in the heterozygous Winter Brochu American Zoologist. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 17 October Princeton University Press. was the first to put forward such ideas. Evolutionary Theory. September Darwin in tells the story of "a web of complex relations" involving heartsease Viola tricolor , red clover Trifolium pratense , bumblebees , mice and cats. Animal Behaviour. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 28 July The Journal of Philosophy. Allin, Edgar F. In Webster, Douglas B. The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing. Cornell University Press. Evolution: The History of an Idea 3rd completely rev. Hale ; Ford, E. Methuen's Monographs on Biological Subjects. Foreword by John Maynard Smith. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. John Murray. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. Evolutionary Biology. Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. Columbia University Press. Lewontin, Richard C. Natural Selection in the Wild. Monographs in Population Biology. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. The Clarendon Press. Ecological Genetics. Advancement of Science. Evolutionary Analysis 4th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall. Evolutionary Biology 2nd ed. Philosophy of Science. Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers ; Springer Netherlands. Evelyn The Ecological Theater and the Evolutionary Play. Yale University Press. Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. MIT Press. The Theory of Evolution Canto ed. Cambridge University Press. Animal Species and Evolution. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. In Lerner, Daniel ed. Cause and Effect. Free Press. Belknap Press. The Future of Man. In Gangestad, Steven W. Guilford Press. Classification, Evolution and the Nature of Biology. Comstock Book Series 2nd illustrated, revised ed. Behavior and Evolution. The Evolutionary Biology of Parasites. Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology. Oxford Biology. Philosophy of Biology. Dimensions of Philosophy Series. Westview Press. Ledyard, Jr. Variation and Evolution in Plants. Columbia Biological Series. Candide, ou l'Optimisme. Candide at the Internet Archive Wickler, Wolfgang Mimicry in Plants and Animals. World University Library. Translated from the German by R. Animal Reaktion Books. Reaktion Books. Princeton Science Library. In Jones, Donald F. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Genetics. Genetics Society of America. Biology Botanical terms Ecological terms Plant morphology terms. Category Commons. Evolutionary biology. Introduction Outline Timeline of evolution Evolutionary Index. Evolutionary developmental biology Inversion Phenotypic plasticity. Cell DNA Flagella mitochondria nucleus In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain. Category Commons Portal WikiProject. Introduction History Laboratory experiments Glossary. Evolutionary biology portal. Embed Size px. Start on. Show related SlideShares at end. WordPress Shortcode. Published in: Science. Full Name Comment goes here. Are you sure you want to Yes No. They know how to do an amazing essay, research papers or dissertations. Scott Filostin My personal experience with research paper writing services was highly positive. I sent a request to HelpWriting. Thankfully, the writer I chose followed my instructions to the letter. I know we can all write essays ourselves. For those in the same situation I was in, I recommend HelpWriting. Koichi Takahashi , Researcher at Yokohama. No Downloads. Views Total views. Actions Shares. Embeds 0 No embeds. No notes for slide. FHL-based [Samarakoon et al. Sahraeian et al. Zhao et al. ADAPTATION(アダプテーション)｜海外ブランドの人気＆最新アイテム情報【BUYMA】

Organisms are adapted to their environments in a great variety of ways: in their structure, physiology , and genetics , in their locomotion or dispersal, in their means of defense and attack, in their reproduction and development, and in other respects. The word adaptation does not stem from its current usage in evolutionary biology but rather dates back to the early 17th century, when it indicated a relation between design and function or how something fits into something else. In biology this general idea has been coopted so that adaptation has three meanings. First, in a physiological sense, an animal or plant can adapt by adjusting to its immediate environment—for instance, by changing its temperature or with an increase in altitude. Second, and more commonly, the word adaptation refers either to the process of becoming adapted or to the features of organisms that promote reproductive success relative to other possible features. Here the process of adaptation is driven by genetic variations among individuals that become adapted to—that is, have greater success in—a specific environmental context. A classic example is shown by the melanistic dark phenotype of the peppered moth Biston betularia , which increased in numbers in Britain following the Industrial Revolution as dark-coloured moths appeared cryptic against soot-darkened trees and escaped predation by birds. The process of adaptation occurs through an eventual change in the gene frequency relative to advantages conferred by a particular characteristic, as with the coloration of wings in the moths. The third and more popular view of adaptation is in regard to the form of a feature that has evolved by natural selection for a specific function. Examples include the long necks of giraffes for feeding in the tops of trees, the streamlined bodies of aquatic fish and mammals , the light bones of flying birds and mammals, and the long daggerlike canine teeth of carnivores. All biologists agree that organismal traits commonly reflect adaptations. However, much disagreement has arisen over the role of history and constraint in the appearance of traits as well as the best methodology for showing that a trait is truly an adaptation. A trait may be a function of history rather than adaptation. The ancestors of giant pandas and all closely related species, such as black bears , raccoons , and red pandas , also have sesamoid bones, though the latter species do not feed on bamboo or use the bone for feeding behaviour. Therefore, this bone is not an adaptation for bamboo feeding. The English naturalist Charles Darwin , in by Means of Natural Selection , recognized the problem of determining whether a feature evolved for the function it currently serves:. The sutures of the skulls of young mammals have been advanced as a beautiful adaptation for aiding parturition [birth], and no doubt they facilitate , or may be indispensable for this act; but as sutures occur in the skulls of young birds and reptiles , which only have to escape from a broken egg, we may infer that this structure has arisen from the laws of growth, and has been taken advantage of in the parturition of the higher animals. Thus, before explaining that a trait is an adaptation, it is necessary to identify whether it is also shown in ancestors and therefore may have evolved historically for different functions from those that it now serves. Another problem in designating a trait as an adaptation is that the trait may be a necessary consequence, or constraint, of physics or chemistry. One of the most common forms of constraint involves the function of anatomical traits that differ in size. For example, canine teeth are larger in carnivores than in herbivores. This difference in size is often explained as an adaptation for predation. However, the size of canine teeth is also related to overall body size such scaling is known as allometry , as shown by large carnivores such as leopards that have bigger canines than do small carnivores such as weasels. Thus, differences in many animal and plant characteristics, such as the sizes of young, duration of developmental periods e. Adaptive explanations in biology are difficult to test because they include many traits and require different methodologies. Experimental approaches are important for showing that any small variability, as in many physiological or behavioral differences, is an adaptation. The most rigorous methods are those that combine experimental approaches with information from natural settings—for example, in showing that the beaks of different species of Galapagos finch are shaped differently because they are adapted to feed on seeds of different sizes. The comparative method , using comparisons across species that have evolved independently, is an effective means for studying historical and physical constraints. This approach involves using statistical methods to account for differences in size allometry and evolutionary trees phylogenies for tracing trait evolution among lineages. Adaptation Article Media Additional Info. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. The book details the story of rare orchid hunter John Laroche, whose passion for orchids and horticulture made Orlean discover passion and beauty for the first time in her life. Charlie wants to be faithful to the book in his adaptation, but despite Laroche himself being an interesting character in his own right, Charlie is having difficulty finding enough material in Laroche to fill a movie, while equally not having enough to say cinematically about the beauty of orchids. At the same time, Charlie is going through other issues in his life. His insecurity as a person doesn't allow him to act upon his feelings for Amelia Kavan, who is interested in him as a man. And Charlie's twin Written by Huggo. While taking a break from studying for my calculus final a brain- draining exercise to say the least , I sat down to write out this review on what was, no doubt about it, a brain-draining movie in an offbeat but good way. Charlie Kaufman Nicholas Cage , by his own admission, is a loser. By my viewing, that's a fairly accurate description-if you add neurotic. The plot diverges here. One path follows Kaufman along the road to the inevitable breakdown of writer's block that forces him to jump from idea to idea in vain attempt to write a screenplay, until he commits the cardinal sin of screenwriting-writing himself into the script. This is not helped in the least by his hack brother Donald Nicholas Cage successfully working on his own script a complete antithesis of his own. The other road follows Orlean as she goes about writing her book three years earlier. The book is about a dentally challenged Floridian orchid thief, John Laroche Chris Cooper , who is personable enough to cause Orlean to fall for him, his drugs, and his outside-the-law lifestyle. As you might well imagine, this is not your usual Friday-night flick. Oh, and Charlie but not Donald Kaufman, Susan Orlean, and John Laroche are all real people, which will make the film infinitely easier to understand. Nicholas Cage is amazing. To have to carry out the performances of two different characters is certainly a feat, but to do it with such widely disparate characters like the Kaufmans is really nothing less than wondrous. Not to be outdone, Meryl Streep is superb, especially in the third act of the movie when her character becomes a more physical one. As for Cooper, well, I don't want to insult the guy, but he comes across as a redneck hick and a shyster, which is exactly what the script demanded. All glory praise and honor for these fine actors would be for naught, had it not been for director Spike Jonze and writer Charlie Kaufman see that name before? What they have done is simply amazing and is a tribute to their brilliance. Visually, the film does not stand out much except for the fast-action evolution sequences that are worth their while. In short, kudos to the entire staff. Good luck in comprehending the ending. I give this film my first 10 of the year. Looking for some great streaming picks? Check out some of the IMDb editors' favorites movies and shows to round out your Watchlist. Visit our What to Watch page. Sign In. Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Full Cast and Crew. Release Dates. Official Sites. Company Credits. Technical Specs. Plot Summary. Plot Keywords. Parents Guide. External Sites. User Reviews. User Ratings. External Reviews. Metacritic Reviews. Photo Gallery. Trailers and Videos. Crazy Credits. Alternate Versions. Rate This. A lovelorn screenwriter becomes desperate as he tries and fails to adapt 'The Orchid Thief' by Susan Orlean for the screen. Director: Spike Jonze. Writers: Susan Orlean book , Charlie Kaufman screenplay. Available on Amazon. Added to Watchlist. From metacritic. The Best Horror Movies on Netflix. Escritores y Mundo Literario. Top 30 movies of all-times! Share this Rating Title: Adaptation. Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Fake Movies in Movies Just the two of us

ICASSP読み会 (acoustic modeling and adaptation)

John Laroche Jay Tavare Matthew Osceola Litefoot Russell as G. Paul Davis Roger Willie Randy Jim Beaver Ranger Tony Cara Seymour Amelia Kavan Doug Jones Augustus Margary Stephen Tobolowsky Ranger Steve Neely scenes deleted Gary Farmer Buster Baxley Peter Jason Defense Attorney Gregory Itzin Prosecutor Curtis Hanson Taglines: Charlie Kaufman writes the way he lives With Great Difficulty. His Twin Brother Donald Lives the way he writes Susan writes about life But can't live it. John's life is a book Waiting to be adapted. One story Four Lives A million ways it can end. Edit Did You Know? Trivia "Flowers for Algernon" may not be specifically about the flowers, but the flowers are still significant, was a TV movie and another movie is in production status as of Goofs When Charlie is sitting in the coffee shop, the menu jumps about on the table between shots. Quotes [ first lines ] Charlie Kaufman : [ voiceover ] Do I have an original thought in my head? My bald head. Maybe if I were happier, my hair wouldn't be falling out. Life is short. I need to make the most of it. Today is the first day of the rest of my life. I really need to go to the doctor and have my leg checked. There's something wrong. A bump. The dentist called again. I'm way overdue. If I stop putting things off, I would be happier. All I do is sit on my fat ass. If my ass wasn't fat I would Crazy Credits Special thanks to the guy on the bench. Was this review helpful to you? See Article History. The 14 species of Galapagos finches differ from each other mainly in beak structure and feeding habits. The birds are believed to have undergone from a single ancestral species, evolving to fill a variety of unoccupied ecological niches. Read More on This Topic. Adaptation refers to the ability of cells to adjust to severe stresses and achieve altered states of equilibrium while A light gray peppered moth Biston betularia and a darkly pigmented variant rest near each other on the trunk of a soot-covered oak tree. Against this background, the light gray moth is more easily noticed than the darker variant. Against the background of a lichen-covered oak tree, a darkly pigmented peppered moth Biston betularia stands out, while the light gray moth left remains inconspicuous. The habitat adaptations of walruses thick skin to protect against cold conditions , hippopotamuses nostrils on the top of the snout , and ducks webbed feet. Giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca feeding in a bamboo forest, Szechwan province, China. Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today. Fourteen species of Galapagos finches that evolved from a common ancestor. The different shapes of their bills, suited to different diets and habitats, show the process of adaptive radiation. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Adaptation refers to the ability of cells to adjust to severe stresses and achieve altered states of equilibrium while preserving a healthy state. In the human body the large bulging muscles of an individual engaged in heavy labour are a good example of cellular…. A number of adaptations have evolved to protect the eggs and larvae of species not attended by adults. In one such adaptation, the eggs or larvae are distasteful, inedible, or apparently harmful to potential enemies. The eggs of the jellyfish Bougainvillia , for example, contain…. When two reproductive cells from somewhat unlike parents come together and fuse, the resulting product of development is never exactly the same as either parent. From Washington Times. Why do you think music is a biological adaptation? From The Atlantic. Perhaps in enough generations it will, but for the moment, this is surely more like a spandrel than an adaptation. From National Geographic. A behavior can be adaptive without being an inherited biological adaptation , of course. From Slate Magazine. Biologists don't yet understand how often natural environmental forces drive adaptation of the group. From Wired. The researchers suggest their findings offer insights into the underlying mechanism involved in convergence and adaptation. From Phys. This would typically be lethal, so adaptation could not occur. From NPR. Collocations with adaptation. Click on a collocation to see more examples of it. From the Cambridge English Corpus. See all collocations with adaptation. Translations of adaptation in Chinese Traditional. Need a translator? Translator tool. What is the pronunciation of adaptation? Browse adamantly. Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes.

https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/6d6bd93e-ff1c-4998-97df-5c701facffa8/untersuchungen-zu-nikolaus-von-kues-de-theologicis- complementis-432.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4641333/normal_601f5cfe3c8a4.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4643227/normal_6020a85f9f246.pdf https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/7cb3300a-7765-4f40-a30e-e3eff1e4b9a3/ernas-geheimnisse-mord-im-heiligen-land-tirol-480.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9585739/UploadedFiles/076F72C2-2171-9FD4-9DC8-7BA3FF352426.pdf https://static.s123-cdn-static.com/uploads/4641364/normal_601f5c7ed0b53.pdf https://files8.webydo.com/9590738/UploadedFiles/8B2C2201-DB5F-889B-8810-8DD5CE5624F0.pdf