DOCSLIB.ORG

Return to the Sword: Martial Identity and the Modern Transformation of the Japanese Police

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Return to the Sword: Martial Identity and the Modern Transformation of the Japanese Police Return to the Sword: Martial Identity and the Modern Transformation of the Japanese Police The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Glasnovich, Ryan Sullivan. 2019. Return to the Sword: Martial Identity and the Modern Transformation of the Japanese Police. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42029818 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA RETURN TO THE SWORD: MARTIAL IDENTITY AND THE MODERN TRANSFORMATION OF THE JAPANESE POLICE A dissertation presented by Ryan Sullivan Glasnovich to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2019 © 2019 Ryan Sullivan Glasnovich All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: David L. Howell Ryan Sullivan Glasnovich Return to the Sword: Martial Identity and the Modern Transformation of the Japanese Police ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the creation and development of the Japanese police institution in the late-nineteenth century. Drawing on primary and secondary sources written by and for police officers, I focus on the role those officers played in creating their own distinct group and social identities during the formative years of modern policing in Japan. Previous scholarship has invariably taken a Foucauldian approach that situates police officers as tools of a modern, disciplinary state. Using social identity theory, I instead show how police officers actively created their role by developing an identity for themselves that incorporated Western theories of policing, traditional warrior ideologies, and a form of military masculinity. I argue that this martial identity and outlook presupposed police officers to see themselves as warriors on a battlefield rather than civil servants walking a beat. This, in turn, contributed to the authoritarian nature of the imperial Japanese state that developed in the late 1800s. Focusing on Tokyo, my thesis begins by examining the groundwork laid for modern policing under the Tokugawa shogunate (1600–1868) and the subsequent occupation of Edo by imperial forces at the dawn of the Meiji era (1868–1912). Status-based policing and self- governance were deconstructed in the aftermath of the Meiji Restoration as Edo transitioned to Tokyo. I then follow the police through three pivotal periods: the initial creation of a Western- style system, police officers’ service in the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion, and the intensification of militarization in the war’s aftermath. Each stage was a moment of discontinuity and change that offered many possible paths for Japan’s police institution and its officers. The road taken, however, led to a militarized police institution whose officers invariably saw themselves as at war with the ordinary people of Japan. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................................... i COPYRIGHT .................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ iv FRONT MATTER .......................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... vii DATES, NAMES, AND TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................. viii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 Martial Identity ............................................................................................................ 3 HISTORIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 4 THEORY AND METHOD ..................................................................................................... 9 The Foucauldian Approach .......................................................................................... 9 Total Institutions and Organizations ......................................................................... 11 Social and Organizational Identity ............................................................................ 14 Gender and Military Masculinity ............................................................................... 17 CHAPTER OUTLINE ......................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 1: POLICING EDO .................................................................................... 23 Policing and the Police .............................................................................................. 23 The Tokugawa Status Order ....................................................................................... 26 Status and Policing ..................................................................................................... 28 SELF-GOVERNANCE IN EDO ............................................................................................ 29 Samurai Districts ....................................................................................................... 30 Townspeople Districts ................................................................................................ 34 ADMINISTRATIVE POLICING IN EDO ................................................................................ 37 Town Magistrates ....................................................................................................... 38 Bailiffs and Constables .............................................................................................. 39 Spies and Thief-takers ................................................................................................ 41 POLICING AND VIOLENCE ............................................................................................... 43 Judicial Torture .......................................................................................................... 44 Public Punishment ...................................................................................................... 45 POLICING BEYOND EDO .................................................................................................. 47 Policing Other Cities .................................................................................................. 48 Policing the Provinces ............................................................................................... 49 CONCLUSION: THE PUBLIC FACE OF POLICING ............................................................... 51 iv CHAPTER 2: OCCUPYING TOKYO ......................................................................... 54 Fall of the Tokugawa .................................................................................................. 54 Rise of the Sh!gitai ..................................................................................................... 58 The Battle of Ueno ...................................................................................................... 61 SECURING EDO ............................................................................................................... 65 Debating an Eastern Capital ...................................................................................... 65 Fighting Disorder ....................................................................................................... 68 Enforcing Censorship ................................................................................................. 73 BECOMING TOKYO ......................................................................................................... 75 An Imperial City ......................................................................................................... 76 Remaking Neighborhood Governance ....................................................................... 78 Rethinking Censorship ............................................................................................... 80 CONCLUSION: BREAKING THE STATUS CONTRACT ......................................................... 82 CHAPTER 3: SAMURAI COPS ................................................................................... 87 The Creation of a Western-style System ..................................................................... 87 Western Theory .......................................................................................................... 90 Kawaji Toshiyoshi ...................................................................................................... 94 The Rasotsu Transition .............................................................................................. 96 CENTRALIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION .....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japanese Immigration History
    CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) By HOSOK O Bachelor of Arts in History Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 2000 Master of Arts in History University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 2002 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2010 © 2010, Hosok O ii CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE EARLY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES DURING MEIJI TO TAISHO ERA (1868–1926) Dissertation Approved: Dr. Ronald A. Petrin Dissertation Adviser Dr. Michael F. Logan Dr. Yonglin Jiang Dr. R. Michael Bracy Dr. Jean Van Delinder Dr. Mark E. Payton Dean of the Graduate College iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the completion of my dissertation, I would like to express my earnest appreciation to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Ronald A. Petrin for his dedicated supervision, encouragement, and great friendship. I would have been next to impossible to write this dissertation without Dr. Petrin’s continuous support and intellectual guidance. My sincere appreciation extends to my other committee members Dr. Michael Bracy, Dr. Michael F. Logan, and Dr. Yonglin Jiang, whose intelligent guidance, wholehearted encouragement, and friendship are invaluable. I also would like to make a special reference to Dr. Jean Van Delinder from the Department of Sociology who gave me inspiration for the immigration study. Furthermore, I would like to give my sincere appreciation to Dr. Xiaobing Li for his thorough assistance, encouragement, and friendship since the day I started working on my MA degree to the completion of my doctoral dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arrow Shafts Is Pseudosasa Japonica Or Commonly Called Japanese Arrow Bamboo
    The Japanese Arrow By Godai Katsunaga Intorduction The Ya, or arrow of Japan and was between 34 and 38 inches in length, made of fire hardened bamboo shafts and had a steel arrow head., During this period and earlier arrows used in combat were often marked to identify who owned them, this allowed samurai to get the proper credit for killing an opponent. Period Construction The bamboo used for the arrow shafts is Pseudosasa japonica or commonly called Japanese arrow bamboo. This bamboo grows in slender culms that are packed tightly together, forming a dense hedge, with large, dark green foliage. It is a tough and versatile bamboo that will thrive in shade and in sun while growing to about 15 foot tall and was common throughout Japan. Farmers and other workers harvested the bamboo in the early winter when the plants saps were down. To get the required diameter need to make arrows the plants that were between two and three years in age were preferred. After harvesting, the best bamboo was hand selected and ideally stored for about a year for drying, allowing most of the moisture in the plant material to evaporate. Preparation of each shaft included having the nodes shaved off and then softening the shaft by placing it in hot sand prior to straightening it by hand. After the shafts were straightened, they were exposed to high heat to remove any remaining moisture and harden the natural sugars, creating a stronger bond of the natural fibers; this was known as fire hardening. Fletching was done with hawk, eagle, crane or pheasant tail feathers and could be either three or four flights depending on the arrow head that would be mounted.
    [Show full text]
  • Bowl Round 5 Bowl Round 5 First Quarter
    NHBB B-Set Bowl 2017-2018 Bowl Round 5 Bowl Round 5 First Quarter (1) The remnants of this government established the Republic of Ezo after losing the Boshin War. Two and a half centuries earlier, this government was founded after its leader won the Battle of Sekigahara against the Toyotomi clan. This government's policy of sakoku came to an end when Matthew Perry's Black Ships forced the opening of Japan through the 1854 Convention of Kanagawa. For ten points, name this last Japanese shogunate. ANSWER: Tokugawa Shogunate (or Tokugawa Bakufu) (2) Xenophon's Anabasis describes ten thousand Greek soldiers of this type who fought Artaxerxes II of Persia. A war named for these people was won by Hamilcar Barca and led to his conquest of Spain. Famed soldiers of this type include slingers from Rhodes and archers from Crete. Greeks who fought for Persia were, for ten points, what type of soldier that fought not for national pride, but for money? ANSWER: mercenary (prompt on descriptive answers) (3) The most prominent of the Townshend Acts not to be repealed in 1770 was a tax levied on this commodity. The Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver carried this commodity from England to the American colonies. The Intolerable Acts were passed in response to the dumping of this commodity into a Massachusetts Harbor in 1773 by members of the Sons of Liberty. For ten points, identify this commodity destroyed in a namesake Boston party. ANSWER: tea (accept Tea Act; accept Boston Tea Party) (4) This location is the setting of a photo of a boy holding a toy hand grenade by Diane Arbus.
    [Show full text]
  • By Emily Shelly Won Second Prize in the University of Pittsburgh’S 2008-09 Composition Program Writing Contest
    Page | 1 The Journalist September 21, 1874 – 6th Year of Meiji Some time ago, I undertook to write a comprehensive article on the life of Hijikata Toshizo for my newspaper, the Hotaru Shinbun.1 In December, the paper will be printing an expose on the life of Katsu Kaishu,2 a hero of the Meiji Restoration that put the emperor back into power.3 My editor suggested that I write a piece on Hijikata, another supporter of the shogun, to offset it. Hijikata I consider to be the worst of traitors, but the Katsu story had been given to someone else, and as usual, I was stuck with the less glamorous assignment. Nevertheless, if it’s good enough maybe I’ll have a shot at the government correspondent position that just opened up. In this journal I will record the results of my interviews with Katsura Kogoro, Nagakura Shinpachi and one other anonymous source. Luckily, the first person I asked to interview, Katsura Kogoro,4 one of the “Three Great Nobles of the Restoration,”5 agreed to sit down with me and chat over tea about the chaotic years in Kyoto before the Restoration. I counted myself highly privileged. I had to use every connection in my arsenal to finally get permission to interview him. 1 The newspaper that published Nagakura Shinpachi’s oral memoirs of the Shinsengumi. The reporter is fictional, though. 2 Commissioner of the Tokugawa navy. He was a pacifist and considered an expert on Western things. He negotiated the surrender of Edo castle to the Imperial forces in 1867, saving Edo from being swallowed up by war.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quest for Civilization
    The Quest for Civilization <UN> Simon Vissering (1818–1888). Collection of Universiteit Leiden. The Quest for Civilization Encounters with Dutch Jurisprudence, Political Economy, and Statistics at the Dawn of Modern Japan By Ōkubo Takeharu Translated by David Noble LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> Cover illustration: Leyden (Breestraat), ca. 1850, by Bruining, T.C., Bos, G.J. and Trap, P.W.M. Collection of Regionaal Archief Leiden. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Takeharu, Okubo. [Kindai Nihon no seiji koso to Oranda. English] The quest for civilization : encounters with Dutch jurisprudence, political economy, and statistics at the dawn of modern Japan / by Okubo Takeharu ; translated by David Noble. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24536-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Political science--Japan--History--19th century. 2. Japan--Civilization--Dutch influences. I. Title. JA84.J3O38713 2014 320.0952’09034--dc23 2014020024 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. isbn 978-90-04-24536-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-24537-2 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flexible Structure of Politics in Meiji Japan
    DLPPolicy and Practice for Developmental Leaders, Elites and Coalitions DEVELOPMENTAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAM Research Paper 07 The Flexible Structure of Politics in Meiji Japan Junji Banno, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo and Kenichi Ohno, Professor Emeritus., The University of Tokyo April 2010 www.dlprog.org The Developmental Leadership Program (DLP) addresses an important gap in international thinking and policy about the critical role played by leaders, elites and coalitions in the politics of development. This growing program brings together business, academic and civil society partners from around the world to explore the role of human agency in the processes of development. DLP will address the policy, strategic, and operational implications about ‘thinking and working politically’ - for example, about how to help key players solve collective action problems, negotiate effective institutions and build stable states. The Developmental Leadership Program E: [email protected] W: www.dlprog.org 3 Abstract Japan’s transformation period following the encounter with the powerful West, in which the political regime was revised and new national goals and strategies were agreed, started with the signing of commercial treaties with the West in 1858 and ended with the settlement on the basic directions of political and economic reforms in 1881. In the intervening years, two goals of establishing a public delib- eration mechanism (kogi yoron) and raising economic and military capability (fukoku kyohei) were set, which later split into four policy groups of a constitution, a national assembly, industrialization, and foreign expedition. The simultaneous pursuit and eventual achievement of multiple goals was supported by the flexible structure of politics in which goals, alliances, and leaders and leading groups evolved dynamically without solidifying into a simple hard structure or falling into uncontrollable crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Durability of the Bakuhan Taisei Is Stunning
    Tokugawa Yoshimune versus Tokugawa Muneharu: Rival Visions of Benevolent Rule by Tim Ervin Cooper III A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Mary Elizabeth Berry, Chair Professor Irwin Scheiner Professor Susan Matisoff Fall 2010 Abstract Tokugawa Yoshimune versus Tokugawa Muneharu: Rival Visions of Benevolent Rule by Tim Ervin Cooper III Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Mary Elizabeth Berry, Chair This dissertation examines the political rivalry between the eighth Tokugawa shogun, Yoshimune (1684‐1751, r. 1716‐45), and his cousin, the daimyo lord of Owari domain, Tokugawa Muneharu (1696‐1764, r. 1730‐39). For nearly a decade, Muneharu ruled Owari domain in a manner that directly contravened the policies and edicts of his cousin, the shogun. Muneharu ignored admonishments of his behavior, and he openly criticized the shogun’s Kyōhō era (1716‐36) reforms for the hardship that they brought people throughout Japan. Muneharu’s flamboyance and visibility transgressed traditional status boundaries between rulers and their subjects, and his lenient economic and social policies allowed commoners to enjoy the pleasures and profits of Nagoya entertainment districts that were expanding in response to the Owari lord’s personal fondness for the floating world. Ultimately, Muneharu’s fiscal extravagance and moral lenience—benevolent rule (jinsei), as he defined it—bankrupted domain coffers and led to his removal from office by Yoshimune. Although Muneharu’s challenge to Yoshimune’s political authority ended in failure, it nevertheless reveals the important role that competing notions of benevolence (jin) were coming to play in the rhetoric of Tokugawa rulership.
    [Show full text]
  • Bowl Round 3 Bowl Round 3 First Quarter
    NHBB A-Set Bowl 2015-2016 Bowl Round 3 Bowl Round 3 First Quarter (1) John Cobb died while on a speedboat in this body of water. The crannog of Cherry Island lies in this body of water, on whose shores lie Urquhart Castle and the town of Port Augustus. The Falls of Foyers feed into this body of water. The \Surgeon's Photograph" was a hoax purportedly depicting a creature that lived in this lake. For ten points, name this Scottish body of water, purportedly home to a cryptocreature named Nessie. ANSWER: Loch Ness (or Lake Ness) (2) Albert Schweitzer won the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize in part for building one of these institutions in Lambar´en´e,Gabon. The poor conditions in one of these buildings in Scutari led Isambard Kingdom Brunel to build a prefabricated one of these that was shipped to Renkioi during the Crimean War. One of these in Kunduz was attacked in 2015; that airstrike was requested by anti-Taliban forces and carried out by the US Air Force. For ten points, name these institutions built in warzones by Doctors Without Borders. ANSWER: hospital (3) This island's native population, known for long, wavy beards, rebelled in Shakushain's Revolt. This island's port of Hakodate [hah-ko-dah-tay] was the capital of its breakway Republic of Ezo. The first Asian Winter Olympics were held on this island at Sapporo. The Seikan Tunnel connects this home of the Ainu people to its southern neighbor, Honshu. The Sea of Okhtosk is north of, for ten points, what northernmost of Japan's four main islands? ANSWER: Hokkaido (4) Marty Glickman claimed that his removal from an Olympic team in favor of this man was a political capitulation by Avery Brundage.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1. Meiji Revolution: Start of Full-Scale Modernization
    Seven Chapters on Japanese Modernization Chapter 1. Meiji Revolution: Start of Full-Scale Modernization Contents Section 1: Significance of Meiji Revolution Section 2: Legacies of the Edo Period Section 3: From the Opening of Japan to the Downfall of Bakufu, the Tokugawa Government Section 4: New Meiji Government Section 5: Iwakura Mission, Political Crisis of 1873 and the Civil War Section 6: Liberal Democratic Movement and the Constitution Section 7: End of the Meiji Revolution It’s a great pleasure to be with you and speak about Japan’s modernization. Japan was the first country and still is one of the very few countries that have modernized from a non-Western background to establish a free, democratic, prosperous, and peace- loving nation based on the rule of law, without losing much of its tradition and identity. I firmly believe that there are quite a few aspects of Japan’s experience that can be shared with developing countries today. Section 1: Significance of Meiji Revolution In January 1868, in the palace in Kyoto, it was declared that the Tokugawa Shogunate was over, and a new government was established under Emperor, based on the ancient system. This was why this political change was called as the Meiji Restoration. The downfall of a government that lasted more than 260 years was a tremendous upheaval, indeed. It also brought an end to the epoch of rule by “samurai,” “bushi” or Japanese traditional warriors that began as early as in the 12th century and lasted for about 700 years. Note: This lecture transcript is subject to copyright protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Aa 2010/2011
    Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue, Culture e Società Scuola di Dottorato in Lingue, Culture e Società XXVI Ciclo (A.A. 2010/2011―A.A. 2012/2013) The termination of the Ryukyuan embassies to Edo: an investigation of the bakumatsu period through the lens of a tripartite power relationship and its world SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA:[L-OR/23] Tesi di Dottorato di Tinello Marco, 955866 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutore del Dottorando Prof. SQUARCINI Federico Prof. CAROLI Rosa Co-tutore del Dottorando Prof. SMITS Gregory 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 6 Introduction Chapter 1-The Ryukyuan embassies to Edo: history of a three partners’ power relation in the context of the taikun diplomacy 31 1.1. Foundation of the taikun diplomacy and the beginning of the Ryukyuan embassies 34 1.2. The Ryukyuan embassies of the Hōei and Shōtoku eras 63 1.3. Ryukyuan embassies in the nineteenth century 90 Chapter 2-Changes in East Asia and Ryukyu in the first half of the nineteenth century: counter-measures of Shuri, Kagoshima and Edo to the pressures on Ryukyu by the Western powers 117 2.1. Western powers in Ryukyu after the Opium War and the Treaty of Nanjing 119 2.2. Countermeasures of the Shuri government to the Gaikantorai jiken 137 2.3. Countermeasures of Kagoshima and Edo after the arrival of Westerners in Ryukyu 152 Chapter 3-Responses of Edo, Kagoshima and Shuri to the conclusion of international treaties: were Ryukyuan embassies compatible with the stipulations of the treaties? 177 3.1. Responses of Edo and Kagoshima to the Ansei Treaties 179 3.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Swordsmen in Early Modern Japan
    Rural Swordsmen in Early Modern Japan A work in progress by Michael Wert In 1800, a new book published in Kyoto claimed to impart the secrets of swordsmanship (kenjutsu) to its readers. Its author, using the pseudonym Sen’en, explained his reason for writing The Secret Transmission of Solo-Training in Swordsmanship: “In order to learn an art (geijutsu), one should have a teacher. I have written this book for those who are busy working and do not have time to practice, for those who live out in the sticks and can’t find a teacher or don’t have any friends, and for those who are motivated to learn, but because they are poor, cannot afford to study under a teacher.”1 Sen’en’s book undercuts typical descriptions of early modern cultural arts as social practices for those who can afford the time and finances. He promised to transmit secrets for the price of a book, circumventing the need to display loyalty, and offer payment, to a master teacher. The emphasis on secret transmissions (hiden), a central characteristic of cultural arts from poetry to tea ceremony to cooking, were deemed unnecessary, “Even if you do not receive secret teachings, if you train enough, you will figure it out.”2 And while Sen’en acknowledged that training alone was not ideal, his solution did not require formal entrance into a sword school. Instead, he advocated enlisting the help of one’s siblings or neighborhood children—simply give them some basic equipment and use them as dummies for attack and defense.
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Samurai: the Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori
    THE LAST SAMURAI The Life and Battles of Saigo- Takamori MARK RAVINA John Wiley & Sons, Inc. THE LAST SAMURAI THE LAST SAMURAI The Life and Battles of Saigo- Takamori MARK RAVINA John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2004 by Mark Ravina.All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada Design and production by Navta Associates, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as per- mitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty:While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accu- racy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials.The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suit- able for your situation.You should consult with a professional where appropriate.
    [Show full text]