Vegetation History and Landscape Development of the Friedländer Große Wiese Region (Vorpommern, NE Germany) Inferred from Four Pollen Diagrams of Franz Fukarek
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71-94 Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 54 Hannover 2004 8 Abb., 3 Tab. Vegetation history and landscape development of the Friedländer Große Wiese region (Vorpommern, NE Germany) inferred from four pollen diagrams of Franz Fukarek PIM DE KLERK Keywords: Friedländer Große Wiese/Galenbecker Zusammenfassung: Bisher unveröffentlichte Pol See, Holocene, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, NE lendaten von vier Profilen aus der Umgebung der Germany, pollen analysis, Weichselian Lateglacial Friedländer Großen Wiese (Ueckermünder Heide, NO-Deutschland), analysiert von Franz Fukarek, Abstract: Previous unpublished pollen data of four umfassen - in Kombination miteinander - das gesam profiles from the Friedländer Große Wiese region te Holozän und fast das gesamte Weichselspätglazial. (Ueckermünder Heide, NE Germany) analysed by Diese Daten zeigen, dass Entwicklungsphasen eines F. Fukarek cover - in combination with each other Eisstausees, bekannt als „Haffstausee", die bisher bis - the complete Holocene and almost the complete zum Ende des Spätglazials datiert wurden, viel älter Weichselian Lateglacial. These data show that phases sind. Im Bezug auf einen spätglazialen Vegetations of development of a former proglacial lake known und Klimagradienten in Nordostdeutschland zeigt as the „Haffstausee" - which previously were dated das Untersuchungsgebiet hauptsächlich die Muster to have lasted up to the end of the Lateglacial - are S-Mecklenburgs, N-Brandenburgs, und Berlins, much older. With respect to a Lateglacial vegetation- aber zeitweise gehörte es zu einer Übergangszone al and climatic gradient in NE Germany, the study zwischen N-Vorpommern und den südlichen Gebie area mainly shows the patterns of S Mecklenburg, N ten. Der Beginn der Verlandung im Becken des Ga Brandenburg, and the Berlin area, but temporarily lenbecker Sees ist unbekannt. Ein Seespiegelanstieg belonged to a transitional area between N Vorpom mit anschließender Überflutung der umgebenden mern and the southern regions. Start of terrestrialisa- Moore kann auf das späte Mittelalter datiert werden. tion in the basin of the Galenbecker See is unknown. Eine Zusammenstellung von Matrikelkarten zeigt A rise of the lake level and the inundation of the ein detailliertes Bild der Landschaft um A.D. 1700. surrounding mire are now dated in the Late Medi eval. A compilation of register maps shows a detailed picture of the landscape around A.D. 1700. 1 Introduction Franz Fukarek worked for many years as a plant rVegetationsgeschichte und Landschafts-ent geographer and palynologist at the Botanical wicklung der „Friedländer Großen Wiese" und ihrer Umgebung (Vorpommern, NO Deutsch Institute of the Greifswald University. His 'opus land) interpretiert aus vier Pollendiagrammen major' on plant distribution and its develop von Franz Fukarek] ment of the Darß peninsula (FUKAREK 1961) found international appraisal (cf. IVERSEN 'Anschrift des Verfassers: PlM DE KLERK, Institute 1962). In the mid-1960-ies he started paly- of Botany and Landscape Ecology Ernst-Moritz- nological investigations in the Ueckermünder Arndt-University, Grimmer Straße 88, D-17487 Heide in close co-operation with Horst Bramer Greifswald, Germany E-mail:[email protected] who elaborately studied this area geomorpho- 72 PIM DE KLERK Fig. 1: Location of the Friedländer Große Wiese (FGW) and the Moosbruch in southeastern Mecklenburg- Vorpommern (NE Germany). Indicated are the positions of cross-sections A and B (Fig. 2) and cross-sections J, K and M (Fig. 3), and the locations of the palynologically analysed cores „Galenbecker See - Rinne" (GAL), „Heinrichswalder Damm" (HWD), „Hüttendamm" (HTT) and „Moosbruch" (MOO). Abb. 1: Lage der Friedländer Großen Wiese (FGW) und des Moosbruchs im Südosten von Mecklenburg- Vorpommern (NO Deutschland). Angegeben sind die Lage der Querschnitte A und B (Abb. 2), der Querschnitte J, K und M (Abb. 3) und die Lage der palynologisch untersuchten Kerne „Galenbecker See- Rinne" (GAL), „Heinrichswalder Damm" (HWD), „Hüttendamm" (HTT) and „Moosbruch" (MOO). Vegetation history and landscape development 73 logically (BRAMER 1963, 1964, 1972, 1975, al. 2001, 2003; JAHNS & HERKING 2002) and 1979). After surveying analyses of several cores cover only part of the Weichselian Lateglacial dispersed over southern Mecklenburg-Vorpom and large part of the Holocene. Though the Fu- mern, five sites were selected for palynological karek-diagrams contain only limited amounts studies, of which four were located around of pollen types and thus hardly correspond to the „Friedländer Große Wiese" peatland (in the modern standard, they show (in combina cluding a large lake, the „Galenbecker See"; tion with each other) an almost complete pol cf. Fig. 1). Since the project did not fit in the len sequence of these periods with relative high research priorities of the Botanical Institute, it sample resolution. It is, therefore, important to was ordered in 1966 by the „Prorektorat für make these diagrams available to the scientific Forschung" that it had to be carried out with community. reduced priority and personal capacity. The Additionally, some maps and descriptive texts results were presented only in an unpublished of the so-called „Schwedische Matrikelkarte" report (FUKAREK 1968) and partly summarised — a register map from Vorpommern from ca. in an unpublished Habilitation-thesis (BRAMER A.D. 1700 (cf. WARTENBERG 1994; ASMUS 1964). Only one very coarse pollen diagram of 1996) —were studied in order to get information the surveying analyses from southern Mecklen on the vegetation and land-use surrounding the burg was ever published (FUKAREK 1972). study area at the end of the 17th Century. Unfortunately, the report of FUKAREK (1968) contains some mistakes concerning the recon struction of vegetation phases, probably because 2 Description of the study area and comparative pollen diagrams from NE Germa location of the analysed cores ny covering the Lateglacial and Early Holocene were still rare in the mid 1960-ies. These mis The Ueckermünder Heide consists of deposits takes led to an erroneous reconstructed land of a large former proglacial lake known as the scape development of the Ueckermünder Heide „Haffstausee"; in its southwestern part, the area in the studies of BRAMER (1964, 1972, Friedländer Große Wiese peatland (Fig. 1) 1975, 1979). fills an approximately 8 x 12 km long depres The Friedländer Große Wiese has always been sion in a former glacial valley (BRAMER 1963, an important area for research into genesis, 1964, 1972, 1975, 1979; SCHMIDT & SCHOLZ ecology, conservation, and restoration of peat- 1993; SCHULZ 1998; REINCKE & LÖSER 2000). lands (e.g. KLOSS, 1966a, 1966b, 1970; Suc- The Rosenthalian terminal moraines are posi cow & JESCHKE 1990; SCHMIDT & SCHOLZ tioned immediately south of the peatland and 1993; SCHOLZ et al. 1995; DIETRICH et al. mark a regionally restricted glacial advance after 1996; Succow 2001; KOPPISCH et al. 2001; the melting of the Pomeranian inland ice (cf. ROTH et al. 2001). The area is furthermore SCHULZ 1965, 1998; BRAMER 1979; REINCKE important for the investigation of a possible & LÖSER 2000). Lateglacial climate gradient because of its loca The basal till in the glacial valley is covered with tion between the palynologically relatively well- 6-11 m thick sand layers, which are interpreted known areas of northern Vorpommern and to be englacial debris (BRAMER 1964, 1979) or southern Mecklenburg/N Brandenburg/Berlin deposits of the proglacial lake (SCHULZ 1998). area (cf. DE KLERK submitted). Two large basins — separated by a low sand ridge Pollen diagrams from the Ueckermünder Heide — occur in the area around the Galenbecker See area are, unfortunately, still rare (e.g. KAISER et and ca 1 km further to the northeast (Figs. 2, 3). 74 PIM DE KLERK CROSS - SECTION A 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10km CROSS - SECTION K Fig. 2: Cross-sections A and B through the Friedländer Große Wiese, modified after BRAMER (1979; cf. BRAMER 1964), predominantly based on archive material which did not differentiate between lake marl and calcareous gyttja (cf. BRAMER 1964). The basin shown in cross-section A, around km 2 and 3, contains core HWD. Due to peat oxidation after the 1960-ies (cf. Succow 2001), the indicated height asl. probably does not correspond to the present-day elevation. Abb. 2: Querschnitte A und B durch die Friedländer Große Wiese, verändert nach BRAMER (1979; vgl. BRAMER 1964), hauptsächlich basierend auf Archivmaterial, in dem keine Differenzierung zwischen Seekreide und Kalkmudde vorgenommen wurde (vgl. BRAMER 1964). Aus dem Becken in Querschnitt A wurde in der Nähe von Kilometer 2 und 3 der Kern HWD entnommen. Wegen der Torfmineralisation seit den 1960er Jahren (vgl. Succow 2001) entspricht die Torfoberfläche vermutlich nicht der heutigen Situation. These, and many numerous smaller deep basins in the 18th Century (Succow & JESCHKE 1990; mentioned by BRAMER (1963, 1964, 1979) are SCHMIDT & SCHOLZ 1993; Succow 2001), in primarily filled with lake marl and calcareous reality it had started earlier (cf. section 4.4). gyttja. Deep drainage of the area since the 1960-ies (cf. After the onset of peat formation a large per HELLER & SCHIMANSKI 1966) and subsequent colation mire developed under influence of peat oxidation caused destruction of the upper a continuous flow of seepage water from the 1.5-2 m of peat (Succow 2001). Rosenthalian terminal moraines (Succow The Galenbecker See is a large, shallow lake 2001; Succow & JESCHKE 1990; SCHMIDT & (BRAMER 1963, 1964; cf. Fig. 3). The sandy