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El Clima En El Atlántico Norafricano Durante Los Interglaciales MIS 5.5 Y MIS 11.3 a Partir De Los Paleoindicadores "Harpa

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El Clima En El Atlántico Norafricano Durante Los Interglaciales MIS 5.5 Y MIS 11.3 a Partir De Los Paleoindicadores UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL El clima en el Atlántico norafricano durante los interglaciales MIS 5.5 Y MIS 11.3 a partir de los paleoindicadores Harpa rosea Lamarck 1816 y Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1780) en el archipiélago canario. Saccostrea cucullata (Born) Harpa rosea Lamarck Mercedes Montesinos del Valle Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, noviembre de 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA D. JUAN LUIS GÓMEZ PINCHETTI, SECRETARIO DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA, CERTIFICA, Que el Consejo de Doctores del Departamento en sesión extraordinaria tomó el acuerdo de dar el consentimiento para su tramitación, a la tesis doctoral titulada “El clima en el Atlántico norafricano durante los interglaciales MIS 5.5 y MIS 11.3 a partir de los paleoindicadores Harpa rosea Lamarck y Saccostrea cucullata (Born ) en el Archipiélago canario”. Presentada por la doctorando Dña. Mercedes Montesinos del Valle y dirigida por el Dr. Joaquín Meco Cabrera y Dr. Antonio Juan González Ramos. Y para que así conste, y a efectos de lo previsto en el Artº 73.2 del Reglamento de Estudios de Doctorado de esta Universidad, firmo la presente en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a 4 de noviembre de 2011. 5 Departamento de Biología Las Palmas de Gran Canaria a Programa de Doctorado de Gestión de recursos vivos marinos ymedioambiente Bienio 20062008 Título de la Tesis: “El clima en el Atlántico norafricano durante los interglaciales MIS 5.5Y MIS 11.3a partir de los paleoindicadores Harpa rosea Lamarck ySaccostrea cucullata (Born) en el archipiélago canario.” Tesis doctoral presentada por Dña. Mercedes Montesinos del Valle para obtener el grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Dirigida por el Dr. Joaquín Meco Cabrera y el Dr. Antonio Juan González Ramos. El Director El Director La Doctoranda 7 “Mañana, quizás mañaname ladevolverálamar”. De “El Marino. Relatos del Corazón Herido” A los que me quisieron A los que todavíame quieren A los que siempre me querrán 9 AGRADECIMIENTOS La realización de esta Tesis ha sido posible gracias a la iniciativa de Dr. Joaquín Meco Cabrera ya sudirección junto al Dr. Antonio Juan González Ramos. Asimismo, quiero agradecer la ayuda del Dr. Josep Coca y Alex Redondo, de SEAS Canarias satellite ground station, de Juan Francisco Betancort del LPDBULPGC, de Andrea Kourglyde la Biblioteca del Naturhistorisches Museum Wien; de Maria Teresa Alberdidel Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid; de los Drs Juan Carlos Carracedo del CSIC y Alejandro Lomoschitz del Departamentos de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Las Palmas, del Dr. Ángel Luque del Villar de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid por sus aportaciones sobre el terreno al estudio geológico de los depósitos estudiados, de la Secretaría de Estado de Cambio Climático del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino y de mi familia y amigos por su comprensión y ánimo. 11 ÍNDICE RESUMEN ........................................ 16 ABSTRACT ....................................... 18 1.- PRESENTACIÓN ............................ 21 2.- ESTUDIOS PRECEDENTES................. 22 2.1.- Geológicos ......................................22 2.2.- Geográficos ....................................23 2.2.1.- Islas Canarias ............................................23 2.2.1.1.- Gran Canaria ...........................................26 2.2.1.2.- Fuerteventura ..........................................27 2.2.1.3.- Lanzarote...............................................28 2.2.2.- Archipiélago de Cabo Verde .............................30 2.2.3.- Mauritania ................................................31 2.2.4.-Senegal ....................................................33 2.2.5.- Gambia ....................................................33 2.2.6.- Ghana .....................................................34 2.2.7.- Nigeria....................................................34 2.2.8.- Guinea Ecuatorial.........................................35 2.2.9.- Santo Tomé...............................................36 2.2.10.- Angola ...................................................37 2.2.11.- Isla Ascensión...........................................38 2.3.- Ecológicos ......................................39 2.3.1.- El paleoindicador Saccostrea cucullata (Born 1780) ..................................................39 2.3.1.1.- Biodistribución .........................................40 2.3.1.2.- Diagnosis y descripción morfológica ..................41 2.3.1.2.1.- Diagnosis .......................................................................................................41 2.3.1.2.2. Descripción morfológica ............................................................................43 2.3.1.3.- Ecología. Reproducción y dispersión larvaria .........45 2.3.1.4.- Testimonios del Pleistoceno Medio en Canarias: Depósitos marinos MIS 11.3 con Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 12 1780). ..............................................................47 2.3.1.4.1.- Gran Canaria ................................................................................................47 2.3.1.4.2.- Lanzarote.....................................................................................................50 2.3.1.4.3.-Descripción de los ejemplares fósiles ...................................................54 2.3.2.- El paleindicador Harpa rosea Lamarck 1816 ... 56 2.3.2.1.- Biodistribución .........................................57 2.3.2.2.- Diagnosis y descripción morfológica ..................64 2.3.2.2.1. Diagnosis........................................................................................................65 2.3.2.2.2. Descripción morfológica............................................................................72 2.3.2.3.- Ecología, reproducción y dispersión larvaria .........73 2.3.2.4.- Testimonios del Pleistoceno Superior en Canarias: Depósitos marinos MIS 5.5 con Harpa rosea Lamarck 1816 ...76 2.3.2.4.1.-Gran Canaria.................................................................................................77 2.3.2.4.2.- Fuerteventura............................................................................................80 2.3.2.4.3.- Lanzarote....................................................................................................82 2.3.2.5.- Descripción morfológica de los ejemplares fósiles ...84 2.4.-Paleoclimatológicos..............................88 2.4.1.1.- El último interglacial (MIS 5e o 5.5).................89 2.4.1.1.1.- El nivel del mar .............................................................................................91 2.4.1.1.2.- Australia.......................................................................................................92 2.4.1.1.3.- Zonas Intermedias.....................................................................................93 2.4.1.1.4.- Las posibles fluctuaciones del nivel del mar........................................96 2.4.1.1.5.- ¿Cómo se datan los depósitos del MIS 5e? .........................................98 2.4.1.1.6.- Desequilibrio U-series ..............................................................................99 2.4.1.1.7.- La racemización de aminoácidos ........................................................... 100 2.4.1.1.8.- Isótopos del oxígeno en los fondos oceánicos....................................101 2.4.1.1.9.- Geología de los depósitos marinos litorales ........................................101 2.4.1.1.10.- Mediterráneo........................................................................................... 103 2.4.1.1.11.- Canarias ..................................................................................................... 104 2.4.1.2.- El interglacial (MIS 11.3) o penúltimo gran interglacial ....................................................... 107 2.4.1.2.1.- El nivel del mar.......................................................................................... 107 2.4.1.2.2.- Comparación con el MIS 9..................................................................... 108 2.4.1.2.3.- Sondeos oceánicos................................................................................... 109 2.4.1.2.4.- Perforaciones en los hielos.................................................................... 109 2.4.1.2.5.- Canarias.......................................................................................................110 2.5.- Cambio Climático ............................. 112 2.5.1.- Los cambios climáticos y su incidencia en el Harpa rosea Lamarck, 1816 y en Saccostrea cucullata (Born). 13 .............................................................112 2.5.2.- Evolución de las condiciones bioclimáticas en las Islas Canarias desde hace 130.000 años a la actualidad .............................................................112 3.- METODOLOGÍA ............................118 3.1.- Paleontológica ................................ 118 3.2.- Datos de satélites ........................... 119 3.2.1.- Temperatura superficial del mar (SST)........119 3.2.2.- Color del océano .................................122 3.2.3.- Dominio geográfico ..............................126 3.2.3.1.- Áreas de muestreo .................................. 128 3.2.4.- Escenario oceanográfico de los ambientes del Atlántico como hábitat de Saccostrea cucullata y de Harpa rosea ...............................................130 3.2.4.1.-
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