SAMOA AVIATION INVESTMENT PROJECT June 28, 2021

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

SAMOA AVIATION INVESTMENT PROJECT June 28, 2021 Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: ICR00005473 IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT IDA‐H9140 TF‐17019 IDA‐58050 IDA‐D4570 ON A Public Disclosure Authorized CREDIT/GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 30.63 MILLION (US$ 44.12 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE Public Disclosure Authorized INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA FOR THE SAMOA AVIATION INVESTMENT PROJECT June 28, 2021 Transport Global Practice Public Disclosure Authorized East Asia And Pacific Region CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Exchange Rate Effective, December 31, 2020 Currency Unit = Samoan Tala (WST) WST 2.59 = US$1 US$ 1.44 = SDR 1 FISCAL YEAR July 1 ‐ June 30 Regional Vice President: Victoria Kwakwa Country Director: (Acting) Paul Vallely Regional Director: Ranjit J. Lamech Practice Manager: Almud Weitz Task Team Leader(s): Noroarisoa Rabefaniraka, Nana S R H Soetantri ICR Main Contributor: Nana S R H Soetantri ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AF Additional Financing AGL Airfield Ground Lighting AGO Attorney General’s Office APW Faleolo International Airport ARFF Airfield Rescue and Fire Fighting ATC Air Traffic Control Equipment CAD Civil Aviation Division CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority CBA Cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) CEMP Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan CESMP Contractor’s Environmental and Social Management Plan China EXIM Bank Export‐Import Bank of China CMA Continuous Monitoring Approach CPS Country Partnership Strategy CoC Codes of Conduct COVID‐19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 D&S Design and Supervision DA Designated Account DSA Debt Sustainability Analysis EI Effective Implementation EIB European Investment Bank EIRR Economic Rate of Return EMP Environmental Management Plan GBV Gender‐Based Violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GoS Government of Samoa GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IA Implementing Agency IAM Infrastructure Assets Management Project ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IESMP Integrated Environmental and Social Management Plan IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Standard M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MALIAT Multilateral Agreements on the Liberalization of International Air Transport MNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MOF Ministry of Finance MWTI Ministry of Works, Transport and Infrastructure NPV Net Present Value NZCAA New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority PAIP Pacific Aviation Investment Program PASO Pacific Aviation Safety Office PDO Project Development Objective PESMP Project Environmental and Social Management Plan PIASA Pacific Islands Air Services Agreement PICASST Pacific Islands Civil Aviation Safety and Security Treaty PICs Pacific Island Countries PRIF Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility PUMA Planning and Urban Management Agency PST Project Support Team SAA Samoa Airport Authority SAIP Samoa Aviation Investment Project SCG Shanghai Construction Group SDR Special Drawing Rights SDS Strategy for the Development of Samoa STEP Systematic Tracking and Exchanges in Procurement TAL Tonga Airport Limited TFSU Technical and Fiduciary Services Unit TISCD Transport and Infrastructure Sector Coordination Division ToC Theory of Change USOAP Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program VAC Violence Against Children VFR Visiting Friends and Relatives VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal WST Samoan Tala TABLE OF CONTENTS DATA SHEET ...................................................................................................................... 1 I. PROJECT CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ................................................. 7 A. CONTEXT AT APPRAISAL ........................................................................................................... 7 B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES DURING IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................... 14 II. OUTCOME ............................................................................................................... 16 A. RELEVANCE OF PDOs .............................................................................................................. 16 B. ACHIEVEMENT OF PDOs (EFFICACY) ........................................................................................ 17 C. EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................. 20 D. JUSTIFICATION OF OVERALL OUTCOME RATING ..................................................................... 23 E. OTHER OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS (IF ANY) ............................................................................. 23 III. KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME ...................... 25 A. KEY FACTORS DURING PREPARATION..................................................................................... 25 B. KEY FACTORS DURING IMPLEMENTATION .............................................................................. 25 IV. BANK PERFORMANCE, COMPLIANCE ISSUES, AND RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME 26 A. QUALITY OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) ............................................................. 26 B. ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND FIDUCIARY COMPLIANCE ..................................................... 27 C. BANK PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................................. 29 D. RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME ........................................................................................ 30 V. LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................ 30 ANNEX 1. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND KEY OUTPUTS ..................................................... 34 ANNEX 2. BANK LENDING AND IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT/SUPERVISION ................... 43 ANNEX 3. PROJECT COST BY COMPONENT ...................................................................... 46 ANNEX 4. EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 47 ANNEX 5. BORROWER, CO‐FINANCIER AND OTHER PARTNER/STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS49 ANNEX 6. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS ............................................................................. 81 The World Bank Samoa Aviation Investment Project (P143408) DATA SHEET BASIC INFORMATION Product Information Project ID Project Name P143408 Samoa Aviation Investment Project Country Financing Instrument Samoa Investment Project Financing Original EA Category Revised EA Category Partial Assessment (B) Partial Assessment (B) Organizations Borrower Implementing Agency Independent State of Samoa Samoa Airport Authority, Ministry of Finance Page 1 of 81 The World Bank Samoa Aviation Investment Project (P143408) Project Development Objective (PDO) Original PDO The project development objective is to improve operational safety and oversight of international air transport and associated infrastructure. FINANCING Original Amount (US$) Revised Amount (US$) Actual Disbursed (US$) World Bank Financing 25,000,000 25,000,000 22,708,906 IDA‐H9140 300,000 299,100 299,100 TF‐17019 16,620,000 16,620,000 16,935,370 IDA‐58050 2,200,000 2,199,865 2,198,325 IDA‐D4570 Total 44,120,000 44,118,965 42,141,701 Non‐World Bank Financing 0 0 0 Borrower/Recipient 6,250,000 0 0 Total 6,250,000 0 0 Total Project Cost 50,370,000 44,118,965 42,141,702 KEY DATES Approval Effectiveness MTR Review Original Closing Actual Closing 06‐Mar‐2014 08‐May‐2014 28‐Apr‐2017 30‐Jun‐2019 31‐Dec‐2020 Page 2 of 81 The World Bank Samoa Aviation Investment Project (P143408) RESTRUCTURING AND/OR ADDITIONAL FINANCING Date(s) Amount Disbursed (US$M) Key Revisions 06‐Jun‐2016 1.77 Additional Financing Change in Results Framework Change in Components and Cost Change in Financing Plan Change in Legal Covenants Change in Implementation Schedule 18‐Apr‐2019 26.50 Additional Financing Change in Results Framework Change in Components and Cost Change in Loan Closing Date(s) Change in Institutional Arrangements Change in Procurement 22‐Mar‐2020 39.49 Change in Loan Closing Date(s) KEY RATINGS Outcome Bank Performance M&E Quality Highly Satisfactory Satisfactory Modest RATINGS OF PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN ISRs Actual No. Date ISR Archived DO Rating IP Rating Disbursements (US$M) 01 09‐May‐2014 Satisfactory Satisfactory .10 02 16‐Dec‐2014 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory .24 03 30‐Apr‐2015 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory .57 04 10‐Aug‐2015 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 1.02 Page 3 of 81 The World Bank Samoa Aviation Investment Project (P143408) 05 25‐Jan‐2016 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 1.54 06 13‐Aug‐2016 Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 1.77 07 21‐Feb‐2017 Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 2.76 08 23‐Jun‐2017 Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 3.18 09 30‐Nov‐2017 Satisfactory Satisfactory 4.71 10 19‐Apr‐2018 Satisfactory Satisfactory 10.85 11 02‐Nov‐2018 Satisfactory Satisfactory 15.45 12 04‐May‐2019 Satisfactory Satisfactory 26.50 13 23‐Jul‐2019 Satisfactory Satisfactory 27.65 14 19‐Dec‐2019 Satisfactory Satisfactory 38.25 15 22‐Jun‐2020 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 39.91 16 07‐Jan‐2021 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 41.84 SECTORS AND THEMES Sectors Major Sector/Sector (%) Transportation 100 Public Administration ‐ Transportation 8 Aviation 92 Themes Major Theme/ Theme (Level 2)/ Theme (Level 3) (%) Page 4 of 81 The World Bank Samoa Aviation Investment Project (P143408) Economic Policy 46 Trade 46 Trade Facilitation 46 Private Sector Development 46 Regional Integration 46 Finance 1 Finance for Development
Recommended publications
  • Research to Assess Impacts on Developing Countries of Measures To
    Annex VI - Case Study - Samoa Contents VI.1 General Description and Basic Economy 1 VI.2 Shipping and Aviation 2 VI.2.1 Aviation 2 VI.2.2 Shipping 3 VI.3 Trade and Tourism 4 VI.3.1 Exports 5 VI.3.2 Imports 5 VI.3.3 Tourism 6 VI.4 Key Demographics 6 VI.5 Impacts on Tourism and Trade 7 VI.6 Planned Port Expansions 7 VI.7 Modelling results 8 VI.8 Similar Countries 8 VI.1 General Description and Basic Economy The Independent State of Samoa is a collection of islands approximately half way between Hawaii and New Zealand in the Pacific Ocean. It gained independence from New Zealand in 1962, and was previously known as Western Samoa. It consists of two main islands, Savaii and Upolu, and several smaller islands and uninhabited islets. The total land area is 2,831 km2.1 The population of Samoa, at 184,0001, has shown only modest growth since 1990 and the rural population has remained fairly constant at between 78.0% and the current 80.1% over the same period.2 The island of Upolu is home to nearly three quarters of the nation’s population and also the capital city Apia, which has a population of 36,000 (2008 est.).1 The economy has traditionally been dependent upon local scale agriculture and fishing, and today development aid, private family remittances from overseas and agricultural exports are key factors. Agriculture employs two thirds of the country’s labour force and is responsible for 90% of exports, which include coconut oil, coconut cream, copra (dried coconut meat) and cacao.1 However, in terms of GDP agriculture makes up just 11.4%, with the industrial sector dominating at 58.6% (2004 est.) Tourism is an expanding sector, with receipts from tourism currently accounting for around 21% of GDP.2 The Samoan economy is considered one of the healthiest and most stable of the Pacific region.3 The country is in the lower-middle income category, with a ‘Medium’ HDI ranking it 99th in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Mavae and Tofiga
    Mavae and Tofiga Spatial Exposition of the Samoan Cosmogony and Architecture Albert L. Refiti A thesis submitted to� The Auckland University of Technology �In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Art & Design� Faculty of Design & Creative Technologies 2014 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... i Attestation of Authorship ...................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... vi Dedication ............................................................................................................................ viii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ix Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Leai ni tusiga ata: There are to be no drawings ............................................................. 1 2. Tautuanaga: Rememberance and service ....................................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 Spacing ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Urban Mobility in South-Eastern Asia and the Pacific
    Sustainable Urban Mobility in South-Eastern Asia and the Pacific Hoong-Chor Chin Regional study prepared for Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 Available from http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013 Hoong-Chor Chin is an Associate Professor and Director of Safety Studies Initiative at the Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore. A Professional Engineer, he has undertaken numerous consultancy and research work on Transportation Planning, Traffic Modelling and Road Safety Studies for local authorities and developers as well as organizations such as Asian Development Bank and Cities Development Initiative for Asia. Comments can be sent to: [email protected]. Disclaimer: This case study is published as submitted by the consultant, and it has not been edited by the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Member States. Nairobi, 2011 Contents 1. The Crisis of Sustainability in Urban Mobility: The Case of South-Eastern
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Samoa
    South Pacific Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) SAMOA COUNTRY REPORT National Consultant Report on: OCTOBER 2005 Promotion of Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in the Pacific Islands SOUTH PACIFIC GEOSCIENCE COMMISSION (SOPAC) NATIONAL CONSULTANT REPORT ON PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS REPORT ON SAMOA TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1 REPORT ON METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Environmentally Sustainable Transport.....................................................................................................4 1.2 Towards Achieving Environmental Sustainable Transport ......................................................................6 1.3 Sustainable Transport - Changing Our Way of Thinking.........................................................................9 1.4 Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases and Pollution.................................................................................12 1.5 The Pacific Context .....................................................................................................................................15 1.6 Samoa – A
    [Show full text]
  • April 07 1. Executive Summary. Representatives from the SWPHC
    SWPHC8-6 Report on CBC Technical Visit Samoa : April 07 1. Executive Summary. Representatives from the SWPHC and the IHB were pleased to attend the 11th PacMA and 1st Meeting of Ministers for Maritime Transport in Samoa. These meetings deliberated on the application of a range of IMO based policies, programmes, standards and procedures for the Pacific. The hydrographic presentation was well received and a paper was submitted to PacMA with the recommendation adopted by the Ministers of Transport. A number of opportunities were found to improve capacity building in the Pacific. Improving communication on hydrography is relatively straight forward and easily achieved. Linking local hydrographers with other maritime administrators and the sharing of in-country resources such as vessels has considerable merit. Further technical visits to specific countries with operational National Maritime Coordination Committees are recommended. Longer term value is likely to be gained from assessing the most critical capacity building needs and matching them against internal resources, training opportunities, the availability of local vessels and equipment and the services major Hydrographic Authorities are able to supply. Training opportunities described in IHO S-47 are not well known at this prevents countries from seeking access to teaching institutes through either scholarships or aid funding. 2. Background The 2nd meeting of the Capacity Building Committee, held in Fiji in November 2004, determined that support, in the form of a technical visit, was to be provided to the small Island States in the SWPHC. The original intent was to schedule a separate visit for each country however this proved to be logistically difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Projects in Colonial Fiji, 1945–60
    Med. Hist. (2017), vol. 61(2), pp. 200–224. c The Author 2017. Published by Cambridge University Press 2017 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/mdh.2017.2 Interweaving Ideas and Patchwork Programmes: Nutrition Projects in Colonial Fiji, 1945–60 SARAH CLARE HARTLEY* Centre for Global Health Histories, Department of History, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK Abstract: The influence of a range of actors is discernible in nutrition projects during the period after the Second World War in the South Pacific. Influences include: international trends in nutritional science, changing ideas within the British establishment about state responsibility for the welfare of its citizens and the responsibility of the British Empire for its subjects; the mixture of outside scrutiny and support for projects from post-war international and multi-governmental organisations, such as the South Pacific Commission. Nutrition research and projects conducted in Fiji for the colonial South Pacific Health Service and the colonial government also sought to address territory-specific socio-political issues, especially Fiji’s complex ethnic poli,tics. This study examines the subtle ways in which nutrition studies and policies reflected and reinforced these wider socio-political trends. It suggests that historians should approach health research and policy as a patchwork of territorial, international, and regional ideas and priorities, rather than looking for a single causality. Keywords: Colonialism, Fiji, History of Nutrition, Maternal and Child Health, Race, South Pacific Introduction In 1937 the governor of Fiji reported to the British Colonial Office that the islands were a fertile paradise with ‘no shortage of food amongst any section of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Daily Prayer Guide for All People Groups & LR-Upgs
    2020 Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & LR-Least-Reached-UPGs of Asia-Pacific Source: Joshua Project data, www.joshuaproject.net To order prayer resources or for inquiries, contact email: [email protected] 2020 Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & LR-UPGs of Asia-Pacific (China & Indonesia = separate DPG) ASIA-PACIFIC SUMMARY: 2,702 total PG; 1,289 FR & LR-UPG = Frontier & Least Reached-Unreached People Groups Downloaded from www.joshuaproject.net = January, 2020 LR-UPG defin: less than 2% Evangelical & less than 5% total Christian Frontier definition = FR = 0.1% Christian or less Color code: light green: new country I give credit & thanks to Asia Harvest & Create International for permission to use their people group photos. "Prayer is not the only thing we can can do, but it is the most important thing we can do!" Luke 10:2, Jesus told them, "The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few. Ask the Lord of the harvest, therefore, to send out workers into his harvest field." Let's dream God's dreams, and fulfill God's visions -- God dreams of all people groups knowing & loving Him! Revelation 7:9, "After this I looked and there before me was a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, tribe, people and language, standing before the throne and in front of the Lamb." Asia Pacific Countries -- Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & Frontier-FR & Least Reached-LR-UPGs Page 1 Pray People Group Country: Region: People Group % LR Primary Primary Photos of Daily: Name: Population: Christian: FR Language: Religion: People Groups: 1 Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Pidgin is a variety of Melanesian Pidgin currently estimated to be spoken by at least 420,000 people in the Solomon Islands, a nation whose population is about 500,000. Locally the language is known as Pijin and so I usually refer to it by this name throughout. The nation of Solomon Islands lies to the North-East of Australia. The capital, Honiara, is located at approximately longitude 160 degrees east and latitude 9 degrees south. Solomon Islands as a nation is a former British Protectorate that became independent in 1978. The indigenous population is mainly Melanesian with a few small Polynesian groups. Linguistically the nation is a complex mix of at least sixty Austronesian languages and half a dozen non-Austronesian (or Papuan) languages (Gordon 2005). I say ‘at least’ because that is the number reported by the Ethnologue, however, as an advisor to the 1999 Solomon Islands census I identified 123 language/dialect names. Eventually 93 language names were established for the census data collection. The languages so identified would not all be recognized as distinct languages by many linguists even though the speakers of these languages/dialects have some conception of their identity as varieties of languages. We can conclude that the Solomon Islands is a nation where language contact is inevitable and complex. Map Source: http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/worldguide/html/1020_map.html#map2 2 1.2 Previous Studies of Pijin Some time ago, Jourdan (1985b, p.1) noted in her sociolinguistic dissertation on Pijin that as far as scholars of Pacific Pidgins were concerned, hardly anything was known about Solomon Islands Pidgin.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Recovery Plan for Five Species from American Sāmoa
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Draft Recovery Plan for Five Species From American Sāmoa J. Malotaux R. Stirnemann Pe'ape'a Vai or Pacific Sheath-tailed BatBatBat Ma'oma'o Emballonura semicaudata semicaudata Gymnomyza samoensis Tu'aimeo or Friendly Ground-Dove J. Malotaux Gallicolumba stairi R. RundellRundellR. Rundell Eua zebrina R. Rundell Ostodes strigatus Draft Recovery Plan for Five Species from American Sāmoa Peʻapeʻa Vai or Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat, South Pacific Subspecies (Emballonura semicaudata semicaudata) Maʻomaʻo or Mao (Gymnomyza samoensis) Tuʻaimeo or Friendly Ground-Dove (Gallicolumba [=Alopecoenas] stairi) American Sāmoa Distinct Population Segment Eua zebrina Ostodes strigatus June 2020 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, Oregon Approved: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Regional Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions needed to recover and/or protect listed species. We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), publish recovery plans, sometimes preparing them with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Objectives of the recovery plan are accomplished, and funds made available, subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities with the same funds. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views or the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than our own. They represent our official position only after signed by the Director or Regional Director. Draft recovery plans are reviewed by the public and may be subject to additional peer review before the Service adopts them as final. Recovery objectives may be attained and funds expended contingent upon appropriations, priorities, and other budgetary constraints.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax in Pacific Island Countries and Territories: a Discussion Paper
    © SPC, 2015 – Cover design and photo: Muriel Borderie –SPC Publications Section Muriel –SPC Publications and photo: Borderie design © SPC, 2015 – Cover Sugar-sweetened beverage tax in Pacific Island countries and territories: CONTACT DETAILS Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPC Headquarters SPC Suva Regional Office SPC Pohnpei Regional Office SPC Solomon Islands BP D5, Private Mail Bag, PO Box Q, Country Office 98848 Noumea Cedex, Suva, Kolonia, Pohnpei, 96941 FM, PO Box 1468 A discussion paper New Caledonia Fiji Islands, Federated States of Honiara, Solomon Islands Telephone: +687 26 20 00 Telephone: +679 337 0733 Micronesia Telephone: + 677 25543 Fax: +687 26 38 18 Fax: +679 377 0021 Telephone: +691 3207 523 +677 25574 Fax: +691 3202 725 Fax: +677 25547 Email: [email protected] Website: www.spc.int Sugar-sweetened beverage tax in Pacific Island countries and territories: A discussion paper Prepared by Andrea McDonald for the Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community © Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2015 All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided that SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission. Original text: English Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data McDonald, Andrea Sugar-sweetened beverage tax in Pacific Island Countries and Territories: a discussion paper / prepared by Andrea McDonald 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Polynesian Oral Traditions RAWIRI TAONUI1
    Polynesian Oral Traditions RAWIRI TAONUI1 CREATION Creation traditions explain the origins of all things, including the universe, heavens and earth, the gods of nature, all things animate and inanimate in the phenomenological world, male and female forms, and life and death. These mythologies reflect deep-seated philosophical, religious, cultural and social beliefs about the nature of reality and the unknown, being and non- being and the relationship between all things; hence they are regarded as the most sacred of all traditions. MAORI SPEECHMAKING New Zealand Maori celebrated Rangi (Skyfather) and Papa (Earthmother) in whakatauki (aphorisms), waiata (songs) and whaikorero(formal speechmaking) as the following example shows: E mihi atu ki Te Matua, ki a Ranginui, ki a Rangiroa, Greetings to the Skyfather, the Great Heavens, Tawhirirangi, Te Hauwhakaora, the Expansive Heavens Te Hau e pangia nga kiri o te tangata. The Heavenly Winds, the Life Giving Winds, E mihi atu ki a Papatuanuku, ki a Papatuarangi the Winds that caress the skin of all people. Te Papa i takatakahia e nga matua tupuna, Greetings to the Earthmother, Te Papa i waihotia e ratou ma extending beyond the visible land, Te Papa e maroro ki te itinga, e maroro ki te opunga extending beyond the visible heavens Te Papaawhi, e awhi ana i a tatou, o tena, o tena, The Earthmother trampled by our ancestors, o tena o nga whakatupuranga e tupu ake nei the Earthmother left in heritage by them Te Ukaipo, Te Ukaiao mo tatou katoa. The Earthmother that stretches unto the sunrise, that stretches unto the sunset The Embracing Earthmother that embraces each of us from all generations She that sustains us in the night, that sustains us in the day.2 Skyfather And Earthmother The ancestors of the Polynesians transported and relocated their oral traditions as they migrated across the Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Hibiscus Around the World
    Hibiscus Around the World Letters to J.W. Staniford from Ross H. Gast Published by the AMERICAN HIBISCUS SOCIETY 1980 The transformation of ornamental hibiscus from obscure species to its present high state of cultivation is due to the work of amateur hybridizers rather than formal genetic research by plant scientists. It is to these men and women, creating beauty in their own gardens the world over, that this book is humbly dedicated. La Mesa, California March 1, 1980 Dear Reader: As this little volume is a series of communications between two friends deeply involved in the improvement of ornamental hibiscus, it seems quite appropriate that the usual introduction found on the lead pages of most books be presented in the form of a letter to the reader. After all, anyone interested in ornamental hibiscus is a friend of the writer and, therefore, a joint addressee of the letters reproduced herein. First in order is a presentation of the leading characters. The reader is advised that precedence in naming the first one is not dictated by her knowledge of the genetic history of ornamental hibiscus, but by her charm, and willingness to sacrifice self- interest and conform to the wishes of a somewhat ephemeral husband. I refer to Ella, the little four-foot eleven-inch tall lady I married 57 years ago. While she appreciates the beauty of hybrid hibiscus, her hobby is Yorkshire Terrier dogs. She has been a fancier of the breed since 1933 and has many American and Mexican champions to her credit. Obviously, her service as "Madame Secretary" of the world-wide search for new hibiscus species meant that she had to give up, for the time at least, her own hobby.
    [Show full text]