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University of Alberta University of Alberta The value of stormwater wetlands for supporting multiple life-history stages of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) in the City of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada by Brett Ryan Scheffers A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology Department of Biological Sciences ©Brett Ryan Scheffers Fall 2010 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-67952-4 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-67952-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Examining Committee Cynthia Paszkowski, Biological Sciences Suzanne Bayley, Biological Sciences Glynnis Hood, Environmental Science and Studies, University of Alberta, Augustana I felt the tranquility of my desert sunrise. Uplifted by wing beats of a baby bee, I gained strength to carry on… I dedicate this thesis to my parents and my dog Guinness Abstract I reviewed 32 urban amphibian studies from North America and found most amphibians respond negatively to urbanization (69 negative responses, 6 positive and 35 no effect). Additionally, I conducted amphibian surveys (adult, egg, larvae, and metamorphs) at 75 wetlands located throughout the City of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, with a focus on the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus). Wetlands consisted of natural river valley and upland sites, and constructed stormwater wetlands. Breeding male wood frogs occured at 50% of stormwater wetlands versus 93% of natural wetlands. The presence of breeding males was best predicted by the proportion of native vegetation within 100 m of a wetland. Wood frogs successfullly reproduced on stormwater wetlands but relative abundances of eggs, tadpoles and metamorphs were lower than at natural sites. However, stormwater metamorphs were significantly larger which may contribute to higher survivorship and subsequent reproductive success. Stormwater wetlands are required to control flooding and run-off, therefore, future amphibian conservation efforts should focus on preserving native terrestrial habitat surrounding urban wetlands. Acknowledgments This study could not have been possible without the following organizations and people: S. Bayley, A. Calhoun, E. Carlos, J. Berton C. Harris, D. Haskell, G. Hood, J. Ornstein, L. Reid, N. Sodhi and N. Varsava provided helpful comments on this manuscript. C. Blais, T. Gingras, N. McCrea, B. Furman, L. Wiwchar and O. Yu all provided essential field assistance. E. Bayne, G. Hood, R. Moses, V. Patil all provided statistical guidance. J. Helder, L. Gyurek, W. Brockbank and many other City of Edmonton employees provided essential logistical assistance and resources. All the residents at urban wetlands were incredibly supportive (minus 1) throughout the duration of my research. C. Nielson provided invaluable assistance with all Geographical Information Sciences applications. Funding was provided by Alberta Conservation Association, Alberta North American Waterfowl Management Plan, Alberta Sports, Recreation, Parks and Wildlife Foundation, Canadian Circumpolar Institute, the City of Edmonton, Friends of Elk Island National Park, and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. I thank my supervisor Cindy Paszkowski for pushing me to become a better writer, more organized, and helping me realize that every word has numerous meanings. I thank my committee members, Glynnis Hood and Suzanne Bayley, for providing me with guidance and direction and educating me on knowing when to quit. Also, might I add, “there’s the data that you wish you had, and the data that you have”. My parents have been most supportive throughout all of my educational and non- educational endeavors. From supporting me when I moved away to boarding school, to what now seems like a never-ending pursuit of education; no matter what I’ve thrown at them, they always replied with open minds. For this, I am most grateful. Special thanks to my brothers Scott and Craig for being Scott and Craig. I also thank my Grandpa Scheffers for spurring my curiosity with nature; my father for always telling me stories about the wonders of this world, teaching me to always ask why, and showing me the finer details of persuasion and controversy; my grandma Klein for waking me up every morning at 4am to watch National Geographic; my Grandpa Klein for stubbornness, my Grandma Scheffers for instilling and supporting my artistic creativity that has been a pillar in my life thus far; and most importantly my mother who taught me the art of patience, persistence, and above all forgiveness, all virtues that seem to be essential in academia. Bert and Carlos provided me with a friendship; I hope everyone has the privilege to experience in life. Lastly, I want to thank my “family”, two “people” that have really made me complete with or with this Master’s degree, Jenn and Guinness. You both helped me maintain my sanity during the course of this degree and you reminded me of what is most important in life... Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1 Literature Cited ..........................................................................................................................5 2. Do we have the knowledge necessary to conserve urban amphibian populations in North America? .......................................................................................................................8 METHODS: COLLATING DATA FROM URBAN AMPHIBIAN STUDIES .....................11 Human population and amphibians across North America ...............................................12 Species-specific responses to urbanization ........................................................................11 Movement and species-specific responses to urbanization ..............................................13 What has been studied in urban amphibian ecology? ........................................................14 Taxonomic groups studied and sampling methods ............................................................15 Life-history stages and scale .............................................................................................16 RESULTS ...............................................................................................................................17 DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................................20 Urban amphibians in North America .................................................................................20 Limitations in urban amphibian ecology.............................................................................21 Amphibian groups considered in urban amphibian ecology ...............................................24 Life-history stages considered in urban amphibian ecology ...............................................25 Scale in urban amphibian ecology .....................................................................................26
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