Levée De Brouillard Sur La Guerre D'indochine / Viêtnam

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Levée De Brouillard Sur La Guerre D'indochine / Viêtnam NGUYÊN NGOC LÂN Introduction 1. La Conquête Impériale LEVÉE DE BROUILLARD SUR LA 2. La Guerre, la Défaite et la Résurgence 3. La Guerre d’Indochine commence GUERRE D’INDOCHINE / VIÊTNAM 4. La Fin de l’Indochine coloniale 5. Le Vietnam de la guerre froide 1940 - 1975 6. L’Américanisation de la guerre 7. L’Opposition croissante à la guerre 8. Le Point de rupture 9. La Vietnamisation 10. La Guerre se prolonge Conclusion AOÛT 2017 INTRODUCTION Pourtant, les bruits de la guerre d’Indochine qui commence restaient loin de Saigon qui menait toujours la belle vie - insouciante. Évidement il y avait quelques grenades lancées sur les terrasses à Je connais que très peu le Vietnam l’ayant quitté pour le Canada partir d’un motocycliste mais elles sont rapidement neutralisées par après le bac II, poursuivant mes études universitaires. Si on oublie des grillages métalliques et on les oublie très vite pour la dolce vita. les 6 premières années de l’enfance, il ne reste que 12 ans de jeunesse consciente dont 7 années confinées dans l’internat au De plus, nous pouvions aller passer tranquillement des vacances en lycée Alexandre Yersin, à Dalat. Autrement dit, pas ou peu de vécu. province, à Vinh Long sur les terres natale du côté maternel, où la vie paisible et facile à la campagne m’enchantait devant l’abondance Et pourtant, je suis un privilégié avec de riches expériences que la des arbres fruitiers, des poulets nourris au grain dans la cour et les plupart des autres jeunes dans leur cocon familial. On me racontait poissons prélevés frais sautillant dans l'arroyo : il suffit de bloquer les que j’étais un bébé souriant qui faisait craquer des officiers japonais 2 bouts du petit canal avec des planches de bois puis le vider d’eau, mais qu’à la fin notre famille se refugiait à Thu Duc, à 15 km de c’était aussi simple pour un repas – même pas besoin de pêcher ! Saigon afin d’éviter les bombes américaines larguées sur Saigon. Mais la guerre nous rattrapait en 1950 avec l’assassinat de mon Mes premiers souvenirs remontaient vers 5-6 ans avec des images grand père, administrateur à Gia Dinh à ce moment-là, car il refusait fugaces : les yeux paniqués d’un jeune homme du parti Vietnam toujours de se déplacer avec une escorte armée en disant qu’il Quôc Dân Dang (VNQDD), un poignard tremblant dans la main qui n’avait jamais rien fait de mal à personne. Avec le recul, je trouve se cachait dans le cabinet extérieur de la maison familiale, qu’il était bien idéaliste et trop naïf pour occuper un tel poste dans s’enfuyant dans le boisé voisin quand je l’avais surpris en ouvrant la une période trouble occupée par des loups car 2 jours plus tard, porte ou encore des gardes armées durant la nuit au palais de mon c’était au général Chamson de tomber dans un autre attentat. grand père du côté maternel alors qu’il était administrateur à Go Cong. C’était le temps de l’élimination entre les factions rivales après À cette époque, le monde des hauts fonctionnaires était déjà petit et la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale - avant le retour des français. celui des «dôc-phu» des lignées des anciens mandarins encore plus restreint, provenant des grandes familles qui se connaissaient Un peu plus précises sont les images dans mes premiers jours à la toutes. Ainsi, en faisant mes 400 coups et en me bagarrant avec le classe maternelle où j’excellais en dessin ou au découpage des petit garçon voisin d’en face, c’était sans surprise que j’apprenais papiers couleurs et puis au lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, rebaptisé que sa grande mère s’était plainte à ma grande mère «que votre Jean Jacques Rousseau plus tard, où je me rappelle très clairement petit-fils avait frappé mon petit-fils» et depuis, on était devenu bien qu’on m’apprenait le plus sérieusement du monde – et ce n’est pas copains jusqu’à son départ en France en 1955. Son père faisait un mythe mais je l’ai vraiment vécu – que «nos ancêtres sont des partie du cabinet de Sa Majesté Bao Dai. Autre exemple de proximité gaulois» en histoire par un professeur blanc venu de France. des lignées des «dôc phu», je jouais souvent avec la nièce de Mon esprit critique et rebelle, s’est probablement mis à éclore à ce Nguyên van Tâm qui sera Premier Ministre en remplaçant Trân van moment-là devant une telle aberration si absurde – remettant alors Huu. Mon copain au lycée Yersin qu’on verra un peu plus loin vient en question avec défiance toute affirmation qui se prétend être la également d’une grande famille et son père Lê quang Hoach fut seule vérité. aussi Premier Ministre sous l’empereur Bao Dai. En ces temps-là, le voyage par la route Saigon-Dalat de 303 km En pensionnat – véritable microcosme de l’école de vie où j’ai appris prenait une journée complète car le trajet devait se faire par convoi à me débrouiller - du lycée Yersin à Dalat où les internes venaient de militaire escorté par des blindés car la route serpentait à travers la différentes régions, aussi loin que la Thaïlande, le problème de jungle et les plantations d’hévéas de la firme Michelin. Notre famille langage se posait encore avec plus d’acuité : les variations des arrivait sans encombre à Dalat pour des vacances à la fin de la intonations régionales de Huê ou Quang Nam… sans compter les soirée pour apprendre le lendemain que le reste du convoi était dialectes des fils des chefs des tribus montagnards Rhadé qui se attaqué par le Viêt-Minh, laissant plusieurs victimes et carcasses de parlent en français entre eux pour se comprendre. voiture brûlées – tout juste après notre passage. C’est là que je commençais à réaliser le vrai sens de la doctrine «Diviser pour régner» et pourquoi la France perpétuait la division du En 1953, nous allions fêter le Têt - nouvel an vietnamien avec la Vietnam en 3 régions distincts Tonkin, Annam et Cochinchine et elle grande famille du côté paternel au Tonkin. C’était la première fois s’alliait avec les peuplades Lolo, Hmong, Méo, Rhadé … pour que je prenais l’avion – je me souviens encore, c’était un Bristol où la combattre le Viêt-Minh car ce sont les vietnamiens qui jadis les grosse tête de l’avion s’ouvrait pour charger sa cargaison. En voulant avaient refoulés sur les hauts-plateaux et les montagnes peu fertiles. nous prendre en photo souvenir, un officier était venu rappeler à mon père que c’était interdit de prendre des photos à l’aéroport Tân En 1963 durant mes études au Canada, Mme Nhu et sa fille avaient Son Nhut - à cause d’autres appareils militaires sur le tarmac, mais fait sensation à Montréal où les reporters de Radio-Canada étaient heureusement il n’a pas exigé de confisquer le film. Au Tonkin, je éblouis par leur français impeccable lors des entrevues alors que le visitais évidement Hanoi mais aussi Son Tay où le domaine familiale Québec parlait encore et surtout le «joual» - un lourd patois local. était rasé par le Viêt-Minh en 1946, il ne restait rien du bâtiment En 1964, durant les vacances de Noël et de Nouvel An, nous avions principal où se dressait l’autel des ancêtres tel que montré sur les reçu Phuc, le grand frère d’une camarade d’étude qui venait la photos d’époque, à part les dépendances des domestiques et l’étang rendre visite à Montréal, venant directement de fort Bragg aux États- derrière. On allait aussi visiter le delta et le port de Haiphong si bien Unis où il suivait une formation intensive d’officier de commando que j’avais pu voir également la fameuse ligne De Lattre avec ses avec le corps d’élite des Marines. C’était la première fois où je blockhaus et ses tours hérissés de fil barbelés. pouvais discuter face à face et échanger de vive voix avec quelqu’un En 1955, suite à la conférence de Genève, c’était l’exode massif de qui a vécu et combattu la guerre du Vietnam - autrement que celle plus d’un million d’habitants du Nord au Sud. Presque toute ma vue et retransmise à la télévision, chaque soir aux nouvelles. famille du côté paternel avait laissé Hanoi pour Saigon et nous les À ma question sur la valeur combative du Viêt-Cong, sa réponse hébergions chez nous durant les premières années, le temps de se était «difficile à mesurer car leur stratégie est de se battre seulement replacer, de trouver du travail et de nouveau logement. Habitué à quand la victoire est certaine, sinon le VC décroche et se fond dans l’accent et aux expressions du Nord chez nous à la maison, c’est à la jungle. Mais c’est également un Viêt, alors on devrait s’équivaloir.» ce moment là que j’avais réalisé le choc culturel subi par les gens du Sud qui ne comprenaient pas ce que disaient les Tonkinois pourtant Quant à la consommation d’alcool durant cette période des fêtes, il habitant le même pays. D’ailleurs, il y avait plusieurs accrochages, nous battait à plate couture sans jamais être ivre car il expliquait que surtout avec les catholiques des villages de Bui Chu & Phat Diêm qui boire était le seul plaisir du combattant pour oublier «car à la guerre, se tenaient souvent ensemble après l’exode.
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