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Measuring Dutch Dialect Speaking Tilburg University Essays on economics of language and family economics Yao, Yuxin Publication date: 2017 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Yao, Y. (2017). Essays on economics of language and family economics. CentER, Center for Economic Research. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. sep. 2021 Essays on Economics of Language and Family Economics PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. E.H.L. Aarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de Ruth First zaal van de Universiteit op dinsdag 5 september 2017 om 14.00 uur door Yuxin Yao geboren te Hubei, China. PROMOTIECOMMISSIE: PROMOTORES: Prof. dr. ir. J.C. van Ours Prof. dr. A.H.O. van Soest OVERIGE COMMISSIELEDEN: Prof. dr. J.H. Abbring Prof. dr. H. Oosterbeek Dr. M. Salm Acknowledgments My six years in Tilburg is a journey full of wonder. There are moments of laughters and tears, achievements and disappointments, and opportunities and challenges. I have understood better economics, the society and myself. I am always surrounded by wonderful people without whose support this dissertation would never be possible. They inspired me to choose an academic career and shaped the person who I am today. First and foremost, I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Jan van Ours. When I stepped in Jan’s office for the first time nervously talking about my research plan on peer effects, he was extremely patient, encouraging and inspiring. This gave me much confidence to dedicate to this area. During the past four years Jan provided me professional and rigorous guidance in labor economics and econometrics. But he never pushed me too hard. We usually had short and frequent talks during which he provided insightful comments and useful information, as well as kept track of my progress. Meanwhile, Jan motivated me to write single-authored papers and gave me much freedom of exploring new topics. Jan also encouraged me to act as an independent researcher, attending academic conferences, giving regular presentations and talking to invited speakers. Besides, Jan is a role model to me of being persistently enthusiastic about research as well as striking perfect work-life balance. In the past four years we coauthored three papers, and two of them were turned into publications. And I hope that I will have opportunities to keep working with and learning from him. I would also like to express my gratitude to the remaining members of my dissertation committee: Arthur van Soest, Jaap Abbring, Martin Salm and Hessel Oosterbeek. Their constructive sugges- tions significantly improved this dissertation. Many thanks to Arthur for being my co-supervisor. Arthur is extremely kind and helpful to answer my countless questions, as our instructor in advanced courses, as the director of graduate studies and as an excellent econometrician. It is my great pleasure to write papers with my coauthors, Jan van Ours and Asako Ohinata. Working with them is not only about collaboration in academia, but I also learned how to get papers published. I benefited greatly from Asako’s constructive comments on how to improve the introduction and highlight the contribution. I also enjoy attending seminars and having insightful discussion with Asako. In the fall semester of 2016, I had the chance of visiting the Institute for Research on Labor and Employment at UC Berkeley, thanks to my supervisor Jan van Ours and my host David Card. I am very grateful to David for providing insightful comments on my ideas and introducing me to the stimulating labor group at Berkeley. It is one of the most unforgettable experiences in my academic career. Each chapter in this dissertation was presented at several seminars and conferences. I thank all the participants who are patient to discuss ideas with me and provide useful feedback. And I feel lucky to have made friends with many young and promising economists. I also thank the department of economics and CentER graduate school for supporting my academic visits. Special thanks to Korine Bor who made the process so smooth. My Ph.D. life would not have been complete without the accompany of many friends. I am grateful to my previous colleagues for invaluable information: Ruixin Wang, Xu Lang, Ali Palali, Di Gong, Yang Zhou, Yifan Yu, Hong Li, Jan Kabatek, Gyula Seres, Hao Liang, Ran Xing, etc. I also thank Martin van Tuijl, Khulan Altangerel, Lucas Besters, Jakub Cerveny, and Shuai Chen for relaxing lunch and office chats. I also would like to thank my fellow students who spent years of graduate study with me: Mancy Luo, Lei Shu, Yilong Xu, Bo Zhou, Yan Xu, Xue Xu, Yuehui Wang, Kun Zheng, Xingang Wen, Chen He, Jingwen Zhang, Alaa Abi Morshed, Renata Rabovic, Amparo Nagore, Mahsa Jahandideh, Victor Gonzalez, Sebastian Dengler, Bas van Heiningen, Mario Rothfelder, Nicola Ciccarelli, etc. Special thanks to my old friends all the way from China to the Netherlands, Yichen Wen, Yuyu Zeng, Chi Chen, and the HUST alumni group. Finally, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my parents who give me unconditional support and love. Although we have been living in two continents, I know you are more proud of me than anyone else whenever I make progress. And to my boyfriend Chen Sun, my dearest friend and soulmate, thanks for sharing my happiness and stress, and more importantly, lighting up my dream and passion. Without their understanding, support and love, I would never have the courage to pursue the career as I want, live the life as I like, and become the person as I am. Yuxin Yao Tilburg, July 2017 Contents 1 Introduction1 2 Language Skills and Labor Market Performance of Immigrants in the Netherlands5 2.1 Introduction.............................. 6 2.2 Literature Review........................... 8 2.3 Language Skills and Labor Market Performance........... 10 2.3.1 Our Data............................ 10 2.3.2 Summary Statistics....................... 11 2.3.3 Stylized Facts ......................... 12 2.4 Empirical Analysis.......................... 13 2.4.1 Set-up of the Analysis..................... 13 2.4.2 Parameter Estimates...................... 15 2.5 Sensitivity Analysis.......................... 17 2.6 Conclusions.............................. 20 3 The Wage Penalty of Dialect-Speaking 31 3.1 Introduction.............................. 32 3.2 Data and Background......................... 34 3.2.1 Linguistic Background..................... 34 i 3.2.2 Data .............................. 36 3.3 Wage Effects of Dialect-speaking................... 38 3.3.1 Baseline Results........................ 38 3.3.2 Sensitivity Checks....................... 42 3.4 Causal Effects of Dialect-speaking.................. 45 3.4.1 An Instrumental Variables Method .............. 45 3.4.2 Propensity Score Matching .................. 50 3.5 Mechanisms.............................. 51 3.6 Conclusions.............................. 52 4 The Educational Consequences of Language Proficiency for Young Children 59 4.1 Introduction.............................. 60 4.2 Languages and Dialects in the Netherlands.............. 64 4.3 Data and Background......................... 65 4.3.1 PRIMA Data.......................... 65 4.3.2 Summary Statistics....................... 67 4.4 Dialect-speaking and Test Scores................... 69 4.5 Spillover Effects of Dialect-speaking................. 72 4.5.1 Set-up of the Analysis..................... 72 4.5.2 Random Allocation of Dialect Speakers across Classes . 74 4.5.3 Baseline Results........................ 76 4.5.4 Sensitivity Checks....................... 78 4.6 Conclusions.............................. 79 ii 5 Sex Ratio and Timing of the First Marriage in China: Evidence from the One-and-A-Half-Children Policy 99 5.1 Introduction..............................100 5.2 Background: the One-and-A-Half Children Policy . 104 5.3 Data..................................106 5.3.1 Description...........................106 5.3.2 Stylized Facts .........................108 5.4 Model.................................109 5.4.1 Identification Strategy.....................109 5.4.2 Model Set-up..........................111 5.5 Results ................................113 5.5.1 Results from Linear Models..................113 5.5.2 Baseline Results........................116 5.5.3 Mechanisms ..........................117 5.6 Sensitivity Checks ..........................119 5.7 Conclusions..............................121 Bibliography 141 iii List of Figures 2.1 Kernel density plots of hours of work ........................ 27 2.2 Kernel Density Plots of Log Hourly Wages ....................
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