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The Dialect of Weert: Two Varieties Running head: THE DIALECT OF WEERT: TWO VARIETIES The dialect of Weert: use, appreciation and variation within the dialect Dion van der Looij 4527364 Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, the Netherlands December 18th 2017 Master thesis Supervisor: prof. R.W.N.M. van Hout Running head: THE DIALECT OF WEERT: TWO VARIETIES Words of thanks I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to those who have helped me at any stage of the process of writing this Master thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, prof. R. van Hout, professor and researcher at the Linguistics department of the Radboud University in Nijmegen. I wish to thank him for his much appreciated patience, his useful revisions of (sections of) my thesis and his suggestions for progressing in completing the thesis. I also wish to thank Mr Feijen, chairmen of Veldeke Weert, the local circle (kring) of the dialect association Veldeke, for providing information about the dialect varieties that are the subject of study in this thesis, and for his assistance in finding participants. In this regard, I Mr Moonen also deserves my thanks for his assistance in finding and contacting participants. Furthermore, my gratitude goes to Mr Maes, chief of the local news agency Midden-Limburg Actueel, who conceived the idea of recording and posting a short video containing an appeal for participating in the dialect interviews.Finally, a word of thanks is appropriate to all dialect speakers who agreed to participate in the interviews. The local municipal archives (Gemeentearchief Weert) deserve a special mention for granting access to a collection of newspapers issued halfway through the 20th century, in which I was able to find information about the expansion of town and about the population growth. THE DIALECT OF WEERT: TWO VARIETIES Abstract The topic of the current study was the dialect of the town of Weert. The first aspect of study was the (reported) domains of use and the beliefs about the appreciation of the dialect. The second aspect involved an empirical assessment of a described fairly systematic variation in so-called long close-mid vowels within the dialect. Use and appreciation were found to be highest within the family circle. Also, dialect speakers reportedly speak dialect less frequently with the younger generation than with their own and the older generation within the family. Regarding the distinction (varieties) in the dialect, there appears to be an age effect. Older dialect speakers seem to adhere more to the variety that is presumably spoken in their part of town than younger dialect speakers. A small effect of gender was found: male dialect speakers adhere more strongly to the dialect variety spoken in the part of town in which they live. Keywords: Weert, dialect, dialect use, appreciation, Stadsweerts, buitenijen, long close-mid vowels iii Table of contents Words of thanks .............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii 1. Dialect in the Netherlands and Limburg ..................................................................................... 6 1.1. The definition of dialect ....................................................................................................... 6 1.2. The current study ................................................................................................................. 8 2. Historical background ................................................................................................................11 2.1. Roman era and early Middle-Ages .................................................................................... 12 2.2. Late Middle-Ages .............................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1. Lord Philips de Montmorency and the castle of the Van Horn family ....................... 13 2.3. Weert during the Eighty Years’ War (or Dutch Revolt) (1568-1648) ................................ 14 2.4. Spanish Netherlands ........................................................................................................... 14 2.5. Austrian Netherlands and French occupation .................................................................... 15 2.5.1. Growth in the 19th and 20th century ............................................................................ 15 2.6. Post-war expansion ............................................................................................................ 17 3. The dialect of Limburg and Weert ............................................................................................ 21 3.1. The dialect region of Limburg ........................................................................................... 21 3.1.1. Dialect area of Central Limburgish ............................................................................. 21 3.2. Town and dialect of Weert ................................................................................................. 22 3.2.1. The dialect of Weert and the surrounding area ........................................................... 22 3.2. Town dialects ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.1. What is a town dialect? ............................................................................................... 24 3.2.2. The dialect of Weert: a town dialect? .......................................................................... 25 3.3. Second person singular personal pronouns ........................................................................ 25 3.4. Hypotheses and research question ..................................................................................... 26 3.4.1 Research questions ....................................................................................................... 27 4. Method ...................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1. Participant criteria .............................................................................................................. 29 4.2. Participants ......................................................................................................................... 31 4.3. Questionnaire ..................................................................................................................... 33 4.3.1. Translation task: ten Dutch sentences and selection of words .................................... 34 4.3.2. List of used words ....................................................................................................... 35 4.4. Procedure ........................................................................................................................... 38 2 THE DIALECT OF WEERT: TWO VARIETIES 4.4.1. Use of personal pronouns in dialect of Weert ............................................................. 39 5. Results on dialect use, appreciation and associations with the dialect ..................................... 41 5.1. Dialect use (questions 2, 3 and 4) .................................................................................. 41 5.2. Appreciation of the dialect ............................................................................................. 51 5.1.3. Associations with the dialect of Weert or Limburg (question 6) ................................ 55 6. Results on variation within the dialect of Weert ....................................................................... 61 6.1. Variation within Weert ....................................................................................................... 61 6.2. Variation in lexical items.................................................................................................... 64 6.3. The impact of variables dialect variety, gender, generation (age) and neighbourhood ..... 78 6.3.1. Gender and dialect variety and neighbourhood .......................................................... 78 6.3.2. Age (generation) and dialect variety and neighbourhood ........................................... 87 6.3.3. Proportion buitenijen/Stadsweerts varieties per participant ....................................... 96 6.4. Dialect variants of the lexical items in the Translation task .......................................... 98 6.5. Personal pronouns in the dialect of Weert (Translation task) .......................................... 106 7. Discussion and Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 109 7.1 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 109 7.1.1 Sub-question 1a and 1b: reported dialect use and views on dialect use .................... 109 7.1.3. Sub-question 1c: dialect use and command of the dialect ......................................... 111 7.1.4. Sub-question 2a: appreciation and importance of the dialect ....................................113 7.1.5. Sub-question 2b: associations with the dialect of Weert and Limburg ......................115 7.1.6. Analysis of comments on questions units questions 2 and 3 .....................................116 7.1.7. Sub-question 3a:
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